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"content": "\u003cp>Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost imperceptibly, Miron Peshkin, age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack, delirium, antibiotic-resistant infections, and six months of medical care, shifts his head to indicate “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The younger Peshkin, 48, studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes, Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How funny it is,” Peshkin said, “that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. 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All three have donated their genetic code and cells to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cells have been altered to reproduce indefinitely. Their usefulness to research will far outlast Miron’s life, and probably his mother’s and Peshkin’s too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what Peshkin’s aiming for, he said, quoting Woody Allen’s famous line about wanting to achieve immortality — not through his work — but by not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Peshkin continues to fight for his father’s life, despite the increasing futility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, he understands that his father is old and unlikely to recover. But no, he isn’t ready to stop aggressive medical care, Peshkin has told the chaplain at the Catholic hospital that treated his father, and at the Jewish nursing home where Miron now lies in a world mostly his own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin highlights the irony: Persecuted for decades in Russia for being Jewish, Miron has no real faith — except in science. And yet these people of faith want to decide his fate. Plus, Peshkin has come, over the six months of his father’s illness, to doubt the medical care that keeps him alive. Too many times doctors told him his father was gone; only to have him bounce back and become himself once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every day Peshkin drives to the nursing home to stroke his father’s head, stretch his arms, talk to him, and check in with caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Peshkin continues to struggle with the question that has haunted him since childhood: Why must his father die?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just didn’t make sense the whole idea that you have to get old, your parents, your loved ones have to get old and die,” Peshkin said. “It just made absolutely no sense to me and it still doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 993px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 04\" width=\"993\" height=\"509\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>(Left) Aaron Peshkin with young Miron Peshkin in 1924. (Right) Miron Peshkin and Leonid Peshkin in 1973. Courtesy Leon Peshkin.\u003c/strong>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lifelong Interest in Longevity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-aging research is one of today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/22/laura-deming-profile-longevity-fund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hottest fields\u003c/a>. Billionaires donate fortunes to advance work aimed at slowing the hands of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the genesis of Peshkin’s interest in longevity goes back 43 years, to the streets of Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking in the park with his babysitter, they crossed paths with a fancy funeral — big crowd, brass band, bright red open casket. Peshkin doesn’t remember who died, but he does remember the questions it left him with: What is death? Why do we have to die? Why put someone in a box who looks so alive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents had always answered his questions before. But this time, their explanations were inadequate and awkward. Their inability to satisfy his curiosity made as big an impression on him as the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father was a scientist, first in the aviation industry and then — when he was kicked out for being Jewish — in the oil and gas business, studying how liquified gas moves through sand. Working for the state, Miron didn’t earn much, so he translated technical documents from German and English into Russian for extra cash. Peshkin’s mother, Klavdia Logvinskaya, worked herself up from lab technician to engineer, researching additives that influence the properties of metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were always demanding of their son. They told Peshkin he had to be 10 times better than everyone else to overcome the discrimination he would face as a Jew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, almost all the adults Peshkin knew were the Ph.D.-level scientists who were his parents’ friends. “It was clear that science is the only thing worth doing in life,” he said. As a young boy, a family friend showed him how to memorize a string of 50 facts after just a few minutes of study. “It gave me this idea of power over nature,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 10, after watching some television hospital dramas, Peshkin remembers taking a cord from an old desk lamp and having it at the ready to shock his father’s heart, in case he went into cardiac arrest. “It’s very good he never had a heart attack, because I would have finished him,” Peshkin said dryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin came to the United States in 1995 to attend Brown University, where he trained in statistical machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, before switching to systems biology. His parents joined him in Boston a decade ago as political refugees, fleeing anti-Semitism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother, sitting in his office recently after a nearby doctor’s appointment, reminds him in Russian that he also promised to build an engine to replace their failing hearts, so they would never die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still holds onto that dream of keeping them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I’m not a very religious man. I don’t think there is some kind of rational design or purpose,” he said. “Even if there is, I’m not ready to accept [it].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for Clues to Reverse Aging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most exciting, perhaps fanciful, biomedical research involves slowing the aging process. Research in animals is especially tantalizing. Deprive a worm of calories and it will live longer. A number of drugs extend life in animals and are being studied to see if they can reduce the risk of age-related diseases in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-aging scientists themselves pop supplements or gratefully accept diagnoses of pre-diabetes so they can start taking drugs that have shown promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin’s own research focuses on the water flea, Latin name Daphnia, an insect barely visible to the naked eye. Known primarily as food for aquarium fish, these mostly transparent crustaceans eat algae and protozoa and survive for about 40 days when kept at room temperature. (They live longer in warmer environments.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that “on average” that troubles Peshkin. No one knows the full range of a Daphnia’s lifespan. So, if a Daphnia lives for 60 days while given a particular drug, is that a potential silver bullet or simply the water flea equivalent of human outlier, akin to his father living to 96? Or if they continue having offspring and resist turning opaque — the water flea version of going gray — does that mean that he’s extended their “healthspan,” which is the true goal of all anti-aging research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said water fleas make a good research species because of their relatively short lifespans, and because unlike flies or worms, they can be precisely dosed with medication. It’s hard to tell how much an individual fly is consuming; worms are very efficient at excreting nutrients they don’t need. Water fleas, on the other hand, have to absorb the medication Peshkin gives them, because they’re swimming in it, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can reproduce asexually, unless under stress, so all of his Daphnia are identical genetic clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mentioned one cool trick with Daphnia that many middle school sciences classes try: Add caffeine to their water and you can watch their heartbeats speed up. (When Peshkin’s wife was pregnant seven yeas ago, he was worried about her addiction to coffee. He pumped tadpoles full of caffeine during their entire developmental process — and saw no issues in their offspring. His wife remains addicted.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, before Peshkin’s research funding didn’t come through and his water fleas died, he got encouraging early results from the fleas when he tried them on a drug called Wortmannin, shown to extend the life of fruit flies. He froze one Daphnia every day so he could later examine the genes that were turned on and off during development, and as the animal aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s starting to build up his colony again in collaboration with Marc Kirschner, the founding director of Harvard’s systems biology department. “Our target is getting a steady supply of old animals. It’s trickier than it sounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares his scientific process to the child’s game Twenty Questions. “I use drugs as questions,” he said, interrogating them to see if they can extend the life of water fleas, and therefore, potentially, humans. “I want to find the minimal number of questions that allow you to get an answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 01\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin in his office at Harvard Medical School. His genome will become the reference for labs all over the world. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Henrietta Lacks 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human cells used most often in research labs around the world came originally from a Maryland woman named \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacksfamily.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henrietta Lacks\u003c/a>, who died of cervical cancer in 1951. The doctors who treated her did not get her permission before shipping descendants of her cells all over the world. The ethics of that were questionable back then and are certainly unacceptable today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Harvard geneticist George Church set out to amass human genome, health and trait data for research, he made informed consent a huge part of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron was the 15th person to sign up for the Personal Genome Project, which now counts hundreds of participants; Peshkin and his mother soon followed. The three don’t share the privacy concerns some people have about making their genetic information public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t invent my genome,” Peshkin said. “This idea that it’s mine in the sense of property is sort of foreign to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother said she can’t imagine ways that publishing her genome might hurt her. “This is for science and scientists,” Logvinskaya said in Russian, while Peshkin translated. “Those are not villains. Those are not random people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years after volunteering their information, Personal Genome Project organizers approached the family with a request: Would they participate in a federally funded effort to develop a standard for genetic sequencing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other fields set standards. A cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, for instance, sits in a basement vault in the U.K., providing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/where-and-how-is-the-uks-national-standard-kilogram-stored-(faq-mass-and-density)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference weight\u003c/a> used around the world for a kilogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when scientists sequence a genome, they have no way of knowing the accuracy of that sequence or whether it’s good enough, because they have no high-quality benchmark to compare it to. It’s that benchmark that the Genome in a Bottle project is working to create, said Justin Zook, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-leader of the initiative. In addition to the Peshkin family, they’ve now sequenced one pilot genome and one man of Han Chinese descent. They plan to add that man’s parents soon, and eventually others that reflect more ethnic and racial diversity, Zook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said he briefly contemplated one far-out concern with the project: If his was the reference genome, could his own body become valuable to a scientist who wanted to, say, test an Alzheimer’s drug on the real person it was designed to treat?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If my brain is the best brain for the experiment because they’ve been working with cells derived from me, maybe there’s suddenly a price on my head,” Peshkin said. “It’s more like a great plot for a movie, and I dismissed it because I thought it’s a very, very unlikely scenario to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data associated with the Genome in a Bottle samples were downloaded to about 15,000 computers worldwide in 2017, Zook said, suggesting that there’s a strong appetite for the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weirdly, Peshkin won’t be able to study his own samples; it wouldn’t be safe. Like Henrietta Lacks’ original cells, the ones he donated have been modified to reproduce indefinitely, which is essential for their scientific usefulness. But that makes them extremely dangerous to Peshkin himself — and only him. If he comes into contact with his own modified cells, his body won’t recognize them as foreign. “They will keep multiplying and growing on me and eventually will kill me,” he said matter-of-factly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 05\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin exercises his father’s arm to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Privacy vs. Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Personal Genome Project is now considering what tissue to collect from Miron when his heart or another organ finally gives out, said Michael F. Chou, a lecturer in genetics and director of human subjects research for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron’s gene sequence and tissue will be publicly available and connected with his health records; \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/gtex-useful-expression-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other\u003c/a> gene expression data from tissue has been anonymized. Without that personal data, researchers can’t know if their pancreatic tissue sample came from a diabetic who died of a heart attack in his 50s, for instance, or from someone like Miron, who has lived nearly two decades longer than the average American male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound morbid to contemplate such ideas. But though Peshkin still sees death as pointless and illogical, it would be even more meaningless in his view to bury an intact body in the ground where it can do no good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the best we can do is leave our body to science, even though a lot of science is also a waste,” Peshkin said. “I think that science is the best thing we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t much more time left to make these kinds of decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two weeks Miron has slipped further away. Peshkin is sure his father, whose 97th birthday is July 9, can still hear him. But Miron is not as responsive as he was, his eyes are less alert, his stare more vacant. Peshkin would have given up already if his father hadn’t bounced back twice before, though he concedes that chances are now slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father’s palliative care team has scheduled a meeting for Wednesday afternoon. Peshkin expects they will pressure him to dial back on Miron’s aggressive medical care, potentially hastening his demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders aloud when he will be ready to accept what he still doesn’t think should be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I will try to fend it off for a little longer,” Peshkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misclassified Daphnia on first reference and Peshkin’s field of research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/20/anti-aging-researcher-father-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost imperceptibly, Miron Peshkin, age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack, delirium, antibiotic-resistant infections, and six months of medical care, shifts his head to indicate “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The younger Peshkin, 48, studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes, Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How funny it is,” Peshkin said, “that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50, and he’s still around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home, Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away, in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth, glass-fronted incubator stocked with tiny crustaceans called water fleas. Peshkin is raising them to try to understand their natural lifespan. Once he knows how unusual it is for these bugs to survive past the 40 days they typically live at room temperature, he will begin dosing them with drugs to see if he can extend that trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin prepares to feed water fleas in his lab at Harvard Medical School. He studies their life cycle to better understand aging in humans. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Peshkin and his parents also contribute to research in a less conventional way. All three have donated their genetic code and cells to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cells have been altered to reproduce indefinitely. Their usefulness to research will far outlast Miron’s life, and probably his mother’s and Peshkin’s too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what Peshkin’s aiming for, he said, quoting Woody Allen’s famous line about wanting to achieve immortality — not through his work — but by not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Peshkin continues to fight for his father’s life, despite the increasing futility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, he understands that his father is old and unlikely to recover. But no, he isn’t ready to stop aggressive medical care, Peshkin has told the chaplain at the Catholic hospital that treated his father, and at the Jewish nursing home where Miron now lies in a world mostly his own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin highlights the irony: Persecuted for decades in Russia for being Jewish, Miron has no real faith — except in science. And yet these people of faith want to decide his fate. Plus, Peshkin has come, over the six months of his father’s illness, to doubt the medical care that keeps him alive. Too many times doctors told him his father was gone; only to have him bounce back and become himself once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every day Peshkin drives to the nursing home to stroke his father’s head, stretch his arms, talk to him, and check in with caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Peshkin continues to struggle with the question that has haunted him since childhood: Why must his father die?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just didn’t make sense the whole idea that you have to get old, your parents, your loved ones have to get old and die,” Peshkin said. “It just made absolutely no sense to me and it still doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 993px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 04\" width=\"993\" height=\"509\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>(Left) Aaron Peshkin with young Miron Peshkin in 1924. (Right) Miron Peshkin and Leonid Peshkin in 1973. Courtesy Leon Peshkin.\u003c/strong>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lifelong Interest in Longevity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-aging research is one of today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/22/laura-deming-profile-longevity-fund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hottest fields\u003c/a>. Billionaires donate fortunes to advance work aimed at slowing the hands of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the genesis of Peshkin’s interest in longevity goes back 43 years, to the streets of Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking in the park with his babysitter, they crossed paths with a fancy funeral — big crowd, brass band, bright red open casket. Peshkin doesn’t remember who died, but he does remember the questions it left him with: What is death? Why do we have to die? Why put someone in a box who looks so alive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents had always answered his questions before. But this time, their explanations were inadequate and awkward. Their inability to satisfy his curiosity made as big an impression on him as the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father was a scientist, first in the aviation industry and then — when he was kicked out for being Jewish — in the oil and gas business, studying how liquified gas moves through sand. Working for the state, Miron didn’t earn much, so he translated technical documents from German and English into Russian for extra cash. Peshkin’s mother, Klavdia Logvinskaya, worked herself up from lab technician to engineer, researching additives that influence the properties of metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were always demanding of their son. They told Peshkin he had to be 10 times better than everyone else to overcome the discrimination he would face as a Jew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, almost all the adults Peshkin knew were the Ph.D.-level scientists who were his parents’ friends. “It was clear that science is the only thing worth doing in life,” he said. As a young boy, a family friend showed him how to memorize a string of 50 facts after just a few minutes of study. “It gave me this idea of power over nature,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 10, after watching some television hospital dramas, Peshkin remembers taking a cord from an old desk lamp and having it at the ready to shock his father’s heart, in case he went into cardiac arrest. “It’s very good he never had a heart attack, because I would have finished him,” Peshkin said dryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin came to the United States in 1995 to attend Brown University, where he trained in statistical machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, before switching to systems biology. His parents joined him in Boston a decade ago as political refugees, fleeing anti-Semitism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother, sitting in his office recently after a nearby doctor’s appointment, reminds him in Russian that he also promised to build an engine to replace their failing hearts, so they would never die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still holds onto that dream of keeping them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I’m not a very religious man. I don’t think there is some kind of rational design or purpose,” he said. “Even if there is, I’m not ready to accept [it].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for Clues to Reverse Aging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most exciting, perhaps fanciful, biomedical research involves slowing the aging process. Research in animals is especially tantalizing. Deprive a worm of calories and it will live longer. A number of drugs extend life in animals and are being studied to see if they can reduce the risk of age-related diseases in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-aging scientists themselves pop supplements or gratefully accept diagnoses of pre-diabetes so they can start taking drugs that have shown promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin’s own research focuses on the water flea, Latin name Daphnia, an insect barely visible to the naked eye. Known primarily as food for aquarium fish, these mostly transparent crustaceans eat algae and protozoa and survive for about 40 days when kept at room temperature. (They live longer in warmer environments.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that “on average” that troubles Peshkin. No one knows the full range of a Daphnia’s lifespan. So, if a Daphnia lives for 60 days while given a particular drug, is that a potential silver bullet or simply the water flea equivalent of human outlier, akin to his father living to 96? Or if they continue having offspring and resist turning opaque — the water flea version of going gray — does that mean that he’s extended their “healthspan,” which is the true goal of all anti-aging research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said water fleas make a good research species because of their relatively short lifespans, and because unlike flies or worms, they can be precisely dosed with medication. It’s hard to tell how much an individual fly is consuming; worms are very efficient at excreting nutrients they don’t need. Water fleas, on the other hand, have to absorb the medication Peshkin gives them, because they’re swimming in it, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can reproduce asexually, unless under stress, so all of his Daphnia are identical genetic clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mentioned one cool trick with Daphnia that many middle school sciences classes try: Add caffeine to their water and you can watch their heartbeats speed up. (When Peshkin’s wife was pregnant seven yeas ago, he was worried about her addiction to coffee. He pumped tadpoles full of caffeine during their entire developmental process — and saw no issues in their offspring. His wife remains addicted.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, before Peshkin’s research funding didn’t come through and his water fleas died, he got encouraging early results from the fleas when he tried them on a drug called Wortmannin, shown to extend the life of fruit flies. He froze one Daphnia every day so he could later examine the genes that were turned on and off during development, and as the animal aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s starting to build up his colony again in collaboration with Marc Kirschner, the founding director of Harvard’s systems biology department. “Our target is getting a steady supply of old animals. It’s trickier than it sounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares his scientific process to the child’s game Twenty Questions. “I use drugs as questions,” he said, interrogating them to see if they can extend the life of water fleas, and therefore, potentially, humans. “I want to find the minimal number of questions that allow you to get an answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 01\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin in his office at Harvard Medical School. His genome will become the reference for labs all over the world. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Henrietta Lacks 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human cells used most often in research labs around the world came originally from a Maryland woman named \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacksfamily.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henrietta Lacks\u003c/a>, who died of cervical cancer in 1951. The doctors who treated her did not get her permission before shipping descendants of her cells all over the world. The ethics of that were questionable back then and are certainly unacceptable today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Harvard geneticist George Church set out to amass human genome, health and trait data for research, he made informed consent a huge part of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron was the 15th person to sign up for the Personal Genome Project, which now counts hundreds of participants; Peshkin and his mother soon followed. The three don’t share the privacy concerns some people have about making their genetic information public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t invent my genome,” Peshkin said. “This idea that it’s mine in the sense of property is sort of foreign to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother said she can’t imagine ways that publishing her genome might hurt her. “This is for science and scientists,” Logvinskaya said in Russian, while Peshkin translated. “Those are not villains. Those are not random people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years after volunteering their information, Personal Genome Project organizers approached the family with a request: Would they participate in a federally funded effort to develop a standard for genetic sequencing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other fields set standards. A cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, for instance, sits in a basement vault in the U.K., providing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/where-and-how-is-the-uks-national-standard-kilogram-stored-(faq-mass-and-density)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference weight\u003c/a> used around the world for a kilogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when scientists sequence a genome, they have no way of knowing the accuracy of that sequence or whether it’s good enough, because they have no high-quality benchmark to compare it to. It’s that benchmark that the Genome in a Bottle project is working to create, said Justin Zook, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-leader of the initiative. In addition to the Peshkin family, they’ve now sequenced one pilot genome and one man of Han Chinese descent. They plan to add that man’s parents soon, and eventually others that reflect more ethnic and racial diversity, Zook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said he briefly contemplated one far-out concern with the project: If his was the reference genome, could his own body become valuable to a scientist who wanted to, say, test an Alzheimer’s drug on the real person it was designed to treat?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If my brain is the best brain for the experiment because they’ve been working with cells derived from me, maybe there’s suddenly a price on my head,” Peshkin said. “It’s more like a great plot for a movie, and I dismissed it because I thought it’s a very, very unlikely scenario to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data associated with the Genome in a Bottle samples were downloaded to about 15,000 computers worldwide in 2017, Zook said, suggesting that there’s a strong appetite for the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weirdly, Peshkin won’t be able to study his own samples; it wouldn’t be safe. Like Henrietta Lacks’ original cells, the ones he donated have been modified to reproduce indefinitely, which is essential for their scientific usefulness. But that makes them extremely dangerous to Peshkin himself — and only him. If he comes into contact with his own modified cells, his body won’t recognize them as foreign. “They will keep multiplying and growing on me and eventually will kill me,” he said matter-of-factly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 05\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin exercises his father’s arm to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Privacy vs. Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Personal Genome Project is now considering what tissue to collect from Miron when his heart or another organ finally gives out, said Michael F. Chou, a lecturer in genetics and director of human subjects research for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron’s gene sequence and tissue will be publicly available and connected with his health records; \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/gtex-useful-expression-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other\u003c/a> gene expression data from tissue has been anonymized. Without that personal data, researchers can’t know if their pancreatic tissue sample came from a diabetic who died of a heart attack in his 50s, for instance, or from someone like Miron, who has lived nearly two decades longer than the average American male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound morbid to contemplate such ideas. But though Peshkin still sees death as pointless and illogical, it would be even more meaningless in his view to bury an intact body in the ground where it can do no good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the best we can do is leave our body to science, even though a lot of science is also a waste,” Peshkin said. “I think that science is the best thing we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t much more time left to make these kinds of decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two weeks Miron has slipped further away. Peshkin is sure his father, whose 97th birthday is July 9, can still hear him. But Miron is not as responsive as he was, his eyes are less alert, his stare more vacant. Peshkin would have given up already if his father hadn’t bounced back twice before, though he concedes that chances are now slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father’s palliative care team has scheduled a meeting for Wednesday afternoon. Peshkin expects they will pressure him to dial back on Miron’s aggressive medical care, potentially hastening his demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders aloud when he will be ready to accept what he still doesn’t think should be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I will try to fend it off for a little longer,” Peshkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misclassified Daphnia on first reference and Peshkin’s field of research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/20/anti-aging-researcher-father-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A newer kind of flu vaccine only worked a little bit better in seniors this past winter than traditional shots, the government reported Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=\"KXBdyTHy0L9va48xe5z0NXt2XKlPVwbS\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, flu vaccines barely worked at all in keeping people 65 and older out of the hospital, with roughly 24 percent effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best performance was by a new shot called Flucelvax; it was about 26.5 percent effective in that age group. The difference wasn’t as large as some had hoped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big problem is still the same — we need better vaccines. But these incremental improvements are very important,” said Brendan Flannery, a flu expert at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings of the Food and Drug Administration study were presented in Atlanta Wednesday to a panel that advises the government on vaccine recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of flu shots in the U.S. are made in chicken eggs. Seqirus’ Flucelvax is made by growing viruses in animal cells instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. just went through one of the most severe flu seasons in more than a decade, driven by a nasty flu bug that tends to cause more hospitalizations and deaths, particularly among the elderly. Researchers are finding vaccines made in eggs don’t work well against that kind of flu bug. Growing vaccines in cells is thought to provide a better match.[contextly_sidebar id=\"SIPkA9pviyI2gEn0Y0I5LPZgobNyBGYN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Seqirus said it was encouraged by the results and is doing additional analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA study included more than 13 million Medicare beneficiaries. It looked at what kind of flu shots they got and whether they came down with a flu that put them in the hospital. Flu diagnoses were not based on lab confirmations, though, so the results could have underestimated the vaccines’ effectiveness if other bugs had made them sick, experts noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also showed that a higher-dose, egg-based vaccine intended for seniors worked slightly better than the traditional dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Americans of all ages, the CDC estimates that flu shots were 40 percent effective against all strains this past season. They were far less effective against the kind that made most people sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A newer kind of flu vaccine only worked a little bit better in seniors this past winter than traditional shots, the government reported Wednesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, flu vaccines barely worked at all in keeping people 65 and older out of the hospital, with roughly 24 percent effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best performance was by a new shot called Flucelvax; it was about 26.5 percent effective in that age group. The difference wasn’t as large as some had hoped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big problem is still the same — we need better vaccines. But these incremental improvements are very important,” said Brendan Flannery, a flu expert at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings of the Food and Drug Administration study were presented in Atlanta Wednesday to a panel that advises the government on vaccine recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of flu shots in the U.S. are made in chicken eggs. Seqirus’ Flucelvax is made by growing viruses in animal cells instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. just went through one of the most severe flu seasons in more than a decade, driven by a nasty flu bug that tends to cause more hospitalizations and deaths, particularly among the elderly. Researchers are finding vaccines made in eggs don’t work well against that kind of flu bug. Growing vaccines in cells is thought to provide a better match.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Seqirus said it was encouraged by the results and is doing additional analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA study included more than 13 million Medicare beneficiaries. It looked at what kind of flu shots they got and whether they came down with a flu that put them in the hospital. Flu diagnoses were not based on lab confirmations, though, so the results could have underestimated the vaccines’ effectiveness if other bugs had made them sick, experts noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also showed that a higher-dose, egg-based vaccine intended for seniors worked slightly better than the traditional dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Americans of all ages, the CDC estimates that flu shots were 40 percent effective against all strains this past season. They were far less effective against the kind that made most people sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Report For Defense Department Ranks Top Threats From 'Synthetic Biology'",
"title": "Report For Defense Department Ranks Top Threats From 'Synthetic Biology'",
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"content": "\u003cp>New genetic tools are making it easier and cheaper to engineer viruses and bacteria, and a report commissioned by the Department of Defense has now ranked the top threats posed by the rapidly advancing field of \"synthetic biology.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"gb9g2YDw6S8Tv2v2EUI0TWtfXV5po4Qp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest concerns is the ability to recreate known viruses from scratch in the lab. That means a lab could make a deadly virus that is normally kept under lock and key, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/\">smallpox\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, recreating pretty much any virus can be done relatively easily. It requires a certain amount of expertise and resources and knowledge,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/microbiology-immunology/michael-j-imperiale-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Imperiale\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at the University of Michigan who chaired the committee convened by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> to assess the state of synthetic biology and offer advice to defense officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an example of what's possible, Imperiale pointed to the recent and controversial creation of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/17/585385308/did-pox-virus-research-put-potential-profits-ahead-of-public-safety\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">horsepox,\u003c/a> a cousin of smallpox, in a Canadian laboratory. \"These things can now be done,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another top danger listed in the report, which was released Tuesday, is making existing bacteria or viruses more dangerous. That could happen, by, say, giving them antibiotic resistance or altering them so that they produce toxins or evade vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one scenario pondered by the experts is the creation of microbes that would produce harmful biochemicals in humans while living on the skin or in the gut. This possibility, the report notes, \"is of high concern because its novelty challenges potential mitigation options.\" Public health officials might not even recognize that they were witnessing a biological attack if the dangerous material was delivered to victims in such an unusual way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, the committee examined about a dozen different synthetic biology technologies that could be potentially misused. For each, they considered how likely it was to be usable as a weapon, how much expertise or resources would be needed, and how well governments would be able to recognize and manage an attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are certain capabilities that may not be possible now, but in those cases we tried to identify what the bottlenecks or barriers might be that, if overcome, would enable those to be more possible,\" Imperiale says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"hU2ywe0bo5FhMcFg3CwThXSqo89g4izl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the least concerning possibilities, because of the knowledge and technical barriers, was inventing a brand new pathogen by taking a \"mix and match\" approach to combining genetic parts from multiple organisms, according to the report. It notes that making even simple changes to viruses can produce \"drastic deficiencies\" in key viral properties, \"making any such effort especially difficult,\" and that \"the difficulty increases as the distance from natural pathogens increases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was exactly the scenario that recently unfolded in a table-top exercise conducted last month by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. During the event, experts in pandemic response and national security grappled with a fictional virus called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/about-the-center/pressroom/press_releases/2018-05-15_clade-x-policy-recommendations.html\">Clade X\u003c/a>\" that was created by a terrorist group that inserted genetic elements of deadly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/29/615079779/why-it-s-difficult-for-viruses-to-turn-in-to-deadly-pandemics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nipah\u003c/a> virus into a normally-mild \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parainfluenza/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human parainfluenza virus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terrorist group in this scenario wanted to depopulate the Earth, and deliberately released the contagious virus at multiple spots around the globe. The resulting pandemic killed 150 million people within a year as officials struggled to contain the social and economic chaos until a vaccine could be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people don't think about very often is the potential for an engineered organism to become an epidemic or even a pandemic. One of the goals of this exercise was to show that an engineered organism could be the cause of something that we are not really preparing for,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-staff/profiles/inglesby/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Tom Inglesby\u003c/a>, director of the Johns Hopkins center. \"What we wanted to show in the exercise was that there are different ways of getting to a pandemic. And we need to be prepared for all of them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the public health response to an engineered outbreak would be the same as to a natural outbreak, the exercise showed. That means a possible line of defense is beefing up public health infrastructure such as disease surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, as the new report notes, the same synthetic biology tools that could be used to harm could also be used to fight this threat, by allowing the rapid creation of better medicines, vaccines, and diagnostics.[contextly_sidebar id=\"9JS7pw28z71O9Hau5X1qfcsxIFZNY5TF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://silver.med.harvard.edu/\">Pamela Silver\u003c/a>, a synthetic biologist at Harvard who was not on the committee but reviewed its report, said that the assessment is \"timely, given that there's a lot of attention being paid to genetic engineering because of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a>,\" the new tool that has made it much easier to edit genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She does worry, though, that because this report ranked potential threats, \"somebody might say 'oh, here are the three things we have to worry about the most,' and then ignore the others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this assessment was made based on today's technology, she says, but it's clear that biology changes rapidly and is full of surprises. \"So what's the next CRISPR? What's the next big thing?\" Silver asks. \"We need to anticipate, as well. Biology is a rapidly moving field and we need to stay on top of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she just recently was looking at a preprint of a scientific paper about engineering bacteria, \"and I noticed that it was from high school students. That's just amazing to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report+For+Defense+Department+Ranks+Top+Threats+From+%27Synthetic+Biology%27+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New genetic tools are making it easier and cheaper to engineer viruses and bacteria, and a report commissioned by the Department of Defense has now ranked the top threats posed by the rapidly advancing field of \"synthetic biology.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest concerns is the ability to recreate known viruses from scratch in the lab. That means a lab could make a deadly virus that is normally kept under lock and key, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/\">smallpox\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, recreating pretty much any virus can be done relatively easily. It requires a certain amount of expertise and resources and knowledge,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/microbiology-immunology/michael-j-imperiale-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Imperiale\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at the University of Michigan who chaired the committee convened by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> to assess the state of synthetic biology and offer advice to defense officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an example of what's possible, Imperiale pointed to the recent and controversial creation of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/17/585385308/did-pox-virus-research-put-potential-profits-ahead-of-public-safety\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">horsepox,\u003c/a> a cousin of smallpox, in a Canadian laboratory. \"These things can now be done,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another top danger listed in the report, which was released Tuesday, is making existing bacteria or viruses more dangerous. That could happen, by, say, giving them antibiotic resistance or altering them so that they produce toxins or evade vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one scenario pondered by the experts is the creation of microbes that would produce harmful biochemicals in humans while living on the skin or in the gut. This possibility, the report notes, \"is of high concern because its novelty challenges potential mitigation options.\" Public health officials might not even recognize that they were witnessing a biological attack if the dangerous material was delivered to victims in such an unusual way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, the committee examined about a dozen different synthetic biology technologies that could be potentially misused. For each, they considered how likely it was to be usable as a weapon, how much expertise or resources would be needed, and how well governments would be able to recognize and manage an attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are certain capabilities that may not be possible now, but in those cases we tried to identify what the bottlenecks or barriers might be that, if overcome, would enable those to be more possible,\" Imperiale says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the least concerning possibilities, because of the knowledge and technical barriers, was inventing a brand new pathogen by taking a \"mix and match\" approach to combining genetic parts from multiple organisms, according to the report. It notes that making even simple changes to viruses can produce \"drastic deficiencies\" in key viral properties, \"making any such effort especially difficult,\" and that \"the difficulty increases as the distance from natural pathogens increases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was exactly the scenario that recently unfolded in a table-top exercise conducted last month by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. During the event, experts in pandemic response and national security grappled with a fictional virus called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/about-the-center/pressroom/press_releases/2018-05-15_clade-x-policy-recommendations.html\">Clade X\u003c/a>\" that was created by a terrorist group that inserted genetic elements of deadly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/29/615079779/why-it-s-difficult-for-viruses-to-turn-in-to-deadly-pandemics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nipah\u003c/a> virus into a normally-mild \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parainfluenza/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human parainfluenza virus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terrorist group in this scenario wanted to depopulate the Earth, and deliberately released the contagious virus at multiple spots around the globe. The resulting pandemic killed 150 million people within a year as officials struggled to contain the social and economic chaos until a vaccine could be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people don't think about very often is the potential for an engineered organism to become an epidemic or even a pandemic. One of the goals of this exercise was to show that an engineered organism could be the cause of something that we are not really preparing for,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-staff/profiles/inglesby/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Tom Inglesby\u003c/a>, director of the Johns Hopkins center. \"What we wanted to show in the exercise was that there are different ways of getting to a pandemic. And we need to be prepared for all of them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the public health response to an engineered outbreak would be the same as to a natural outbreak, the exercise showed. That means a possible line of defense is beefing up public health infrastructure such as disease surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, as the new report notes, the same synthetic biology tools that could be used to harm could also be used to fight this threat, by allowing the rapid creation of better medicines, vaccines, and diagnostics.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://silver.med.harvard.edu/\">Pamela Silver\u003c/a>, a synthetic biologist at Harvard who was not on the committee but reviewed its report, said that the assessment is \"timely, given that there's a lot of attention being paid to genetic engineering because of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a>,\" the new tool that has made it much easier to edit genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She does worry, though, that because this report ranked potential threats, \"somebody might say 'oh, here are the three things we have to worry about the most,' and then ignore the others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this assessment was made based on today's technology, she says, but it's clear that biology changes rapidly and is full of surprises. \"So what's the next CRISPR? What's the next big thing?\" Silver asks. \"We need to anticipate, as well. Biology is a rapidly moving field and we need to stay on top of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she just recently was looking at a preprint of a scientific paper about engineering bacteria, \"and I noticed that it was from high school students. That's just amazing to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report+For+Defense+Department+Ranks+Top+Threats+From+%27Synthetic+Biology%27+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Little Evidence for Alternative Autism Treatment Sold by 'Brain Balance' Franchise",
"title": "Little Evidence for Alternative Autism Treatment Sold by 'Brain Balance' Franchise",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Some parents see it coming. Natalie was not that kind of parent.[contextly_sidebar id=\"uOHnnzKYOmBeTGoKuvAQzedxhPZkeU99\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the director and a teacher at her older son's day care sat her down one afternoon in 2011 to detail the 3-year-old's difficulty socializing and his tendency to chatter endlessly about topics his peers showed no interest in, she still didn't get the message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her son, the two educators eventually spelled out, might be on the autism spectrum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was in tears at the end,\" she says. \"When I got home, I was just devastated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie broke the news to her wife, Stephanie, whose mind fast-forwarded to a distressing future. Would her son — a squat, cheerful boy who, despite his affectionate nature, didn't have any playmates — ever be able to make friends?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a doctor eventually confirmed he had an autism spectrum disorder, the diagnosis came with a suggestion: Perhaps the boy would benefit from Prozac when he turned 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was when both of us fell apart in that meeting,\" Natalie says. For both parents, medication wasn't an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prozac is a very powerful drug for adults. Why would you give it to a 7-year-old?\" Stephanie wondered after the doctor's visit. \"I welled up with all of this emotion. And I said I will not let that happen.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"4sXIngF1woiIEbdfxhHX6lYzTUKP5vdD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(To protect their privacy, we are only using Natalie's and Stephanie's first names. We are not naming their children.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear of psychotropic drugs led the family to pursue alternative treatments for autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, they dropped gluten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then one day, as Natalie roamed the aisles of a gluten-free expo in a Chicago suburb not far from where the family lives, she came across a booth for a Brain Balance Achievement Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie says the program claimed to help with disorders ranging from dyslexia to ADHD and autism. Best of all, it didn't involve prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were very excited,\" Stephanie says. \"Maybe we found a solution that wasn't going to be about medicine. I was very, very hopeful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>It will completely, absolutely, 100 percent change your life\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie had stumbled upon one of 113 Brain Balance franchises across the country. Seventeen more are in the works. In the dozen years since its inception, Brain Balance says, it has helped roughly 25,000 children. The company says it is currently taking in over $50 million in annual revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Brain Balance isn't the only purveyor of alternative approaches for developmental disorders in the U.S., the scale of the enterprise sets it apart. The company's approach is still relatively new and not widely known, meaning many experts in the field of childhood development have not vetted its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance says its nonmedical and drug-free program helps children who struggle with ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and learning and processing disorders. The company says it addresses a child's challenges with a combination of physical exercises, nutritional guidance and academic training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigation of Brain Balance reveals a company whose promises have resonated with parents averse to medication. But Brain Balance also appears to have overstated the scientific evidence in its messaging to families, who can easily spend over $10,000 in six months, a common length of enrollment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's metrics for consumer satisfaction are impressive. Customers rate the program, on average, an 8.5 on a 10-point scale in surveys, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ratings square with comments in online forums and in interviews NPR conducted with 18 parents who enrolled their children. Across the country, about three dozen centers are run by parents who began as happy customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brain Balance's website\u003c/a> is where caretakers encounter the company's strongest pitch: dozens upon dozens of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-stories/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">parent testimonials\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAaow0Kk0g8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">television commercials\u003c/a> begins with a montage of formerly frustrated mothers. But, they all agree, Brain Balance put an end to their kids' challenges. One woman insists \"it will completely, absolutely, 100 percent change your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Autism \"can become a thing of the past\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man who created Brain Balance, Robert Melillo, is often introduced as \"Dr. Melillo\" in media appearances. He has a doctorate and an active license in chiropractic. He is also acknowledged as an expert in the field of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tQtAs3d05E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">functional neurology\u003c/a>, chiropractic's \u003ca href=\"https://chiromt.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12998-017-0151-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial alternative\u003c/a> to mainstream neurology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo's \u003ca href=\"http://drrobertmelillo.com/about/\">biography\u003c/a> states he has master's degrees in neuroscience and clinical rehabilitation neuropsychology, though it does not say from where. A \u003ca href=\"http://members.fclb.org/staff_online/staff/uploads/individual/0_34022299_Melillo%20CV.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">curriculum vitae for Melillo\u003c/a> that NPR found on a website for chiropractic licensing boards says the master's in neuroscience came from the Carrick Institute for Graduate Studies, a chiropractic academy in Florida that isn't accredited by any of the agencies recognized by the Department of Education. His second master's degree is from a now-defunct program at Touro College, a private educational organization based in New York.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qHKhvNx0WtImHmg2ZAaY7Wq5YHOgE9Ba\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo says it was during an intense period of research in the 1990s, while his own son struggled with attention issues, that he conceived of a single disorder to explain everything from autism to ADHD to dyslexia. He called it functional disconnection syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he writes in his book, \u003cem>Disconnected Kids,\u003c/em> the syndrome occurs when \"areas in the brain, especially the two hemispheres of the brain, are not electrically balanced, or synchronized.\" The particulars of this imbalance are not clearly defined in the book, but numerous metaphors — some involving concert orchestras with bad timing or tuning — paint a picture of a child's brain unable to communicate with itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Melillo, a weak right hemisphere (the emotional half) can lead to autism and ADHD; a weak left hemisphere (the logical half) often causes learning disorders like dyslexia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he argues in the book that for people who follow his program, \"ADHD, dyslexia, and even autism, among others, can become a thing of the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He even appears to see his program as the answer to societal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, one day after the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla., Melillo used his public Facebook page to envision a world where Brain Balance had reached the shooter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't help but wonder if Brain Balance and Brain Integration could have prevented this tragedy,\" Melillo \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/DrRobertMelillo/photos/a.262064050637436.1073741828.262055963971578/902197553290746/?type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote in the post\u003c/a> alongside a news report in which the shooter's relatives said the teenager had been diagnosed with autism and took medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to make the whole world more aware of Brain Imbalances and how they can be helped especially in kids,\" he added. \"This is my mission now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens at Brain Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephanie and Natalie say they watched their older son from the other side of a two-way mirror as a Brain Balance staff member ran him through a series of tests during his baseline assessment. Later, they received his results: eight pages of ratings in unfamiliar categories.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AjksKQkvNBCw7ARjvhMRqANHG340k0k4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have two master's [degrees] and a Ph.D., and I needed them explained to me,\" Natalie says. Their son had a weak right hemisphere. Additionally, his \"frontal lobe acquisition\" was lacking. His primitive reflexes were also in bad shape, according to the assessment, portions of which were shared with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center recommended six months of one-hour sessions three times a week, a common course of intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's approach breaks down into three broad categories: academic, nutrition and sensory-motor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/academic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">academic exercises\u003c/a> focus on the same areas targeted by many after-school tutoring programs. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/nutrition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nutritional component\u003c/a> recommends decreasing a child's intake of gluten, dairy and refined sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, and most complex, prong of Brain Balance's intervention is its \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/sensory-motor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sensory-motor training\u003c/a>, a diverse set of physical exercises. Parents and former employees describe activities like walking across balance beams, syncing actions with a computerized metronome and being spun in swivel chairs.[contextly_sidebar id=\"X9IS4CBjwH4LHwMmOzWNlEgWq0OztSoK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consistent with Melillo's theory, Brain Balance focuses much of its sensory-motor training on one-half of the child's body to send strengthening signals up and across to the supposedly weak, opposite hemisphere of the brain. (Much of the human brain indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23931149\">maps to the opposite\u003c/a> half of the human body.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, with a \"right brain weak\" child like Stephanie and Natalie's son, Brain Balance may have him wear a vibrating armband on his left biceps or eyeglasses that allow light only onto the left visual field. Or they may simply have him stand on his left leg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has not been uncommon for parents to enroll their children for at least six months, costing roughly $12,000. The company recently said its average enrollment is now about four months. Assessments and optional nutritional supplements and blood tests can add hundreds of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program isn't covered by insurance. Brain Balance offers payment plans to parents who can't cover the cost immediately. As of publication, close to 200 families have solicited money from relatives and friends with \u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/mvc.php?route=category&term=%22brain%20balance%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GoFundMe.com\u003c/a> campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie and Stephanie were quoted $5,000 for their first three months, with the option to re-up for more after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're talking about your child's self-esteem and knowing it's the most important thing, what are you going to do?\" Stephanie says. \"Maybe work a few more years and take a little bit out of your retirement so that maybe — if you nip this thing in the bud — he's able to have a better life going forward?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dipped into their retirement savings and enrolled both their sons at a total cost of more than $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Cutting edge\" science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In numerous media appearances, Melillo hasn't been shy about publicizing the strength of his program's scientific evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This isn't smoke and mirrors. This is real stuff. ... [Parents] are going to get real answers,\" Melillo \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/uaMbTtcFhvU?t=5m16s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told a radio host in 2010\u003c/a>. \"We've shown in our centers that we can correct these problems completely. We've proved that in research,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/7XJ8ouQgmtA?t=1m56s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said on TV in 2014\u003c/a>. \"We use really cutting-edge brain science to address the issue,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/KhmgeWUrkwo?t=49s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in 2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a dozen experts in autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, dyslexia and childhood psychiatry interviewed by NPR all identified flaws in Brain Balance's approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said the company's idea of imbalanced hemispheres was too simplistic and built upon the popular, discredited myth of the logical left brain and the intuitive right brain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"cWTrlOd6AlGxpGOvjVNIxgehcBIwY6uh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't make sense,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedykrieger.org/professional-training/training-disciplines/special-education-fellowship/leadership/mark-mahone-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Mahone\u003c/a>, a pediatric neuropsychologist at the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore. \"In virtually every activity that one does ... both hemispheres of the brain are very, very active. ... It's not as simple as just being a left- or a right-hemisphere problem. Nothing is that simple.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the three-pronged Brain Balance regimen, experts NPR spoke with said there is no solid evidence suggesting gluten, dairy or sugar consumption affects ADHD, autism or dyslexia. And although physical exercise may have modest impacts on inattention and tutoring can help in school, these interventions can be found elsewhere for much less money. No expert suggested either as a front-line remedy for ADHD or autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors and researchers NPR interviewed also questioned the diagnostic metrics Brain Balance uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the company tests children for the primitive reflexes that drive infants to instinctively suckle or grab a finger. Natalie and Stephanie were told their son's lingering primitive reflexes were connected to his behavioral issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But multiple pediatricians said it is exceptionally rare for children older than 4 to retain any primitive reflexes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically by 1 year of age these primitive reflexes have disappeared,\" says Dr. Andrew Adesman, a developmental pediatrician at Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York. \"The major exception is children who have cerebral palsy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo disagreed with the experts' opinions. \"I think they're completely wrong,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pediatricians rarely look at primitive reflexes after infancy, but if they did, they will find that, in many cases, they are still there,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo also pushed back against the medical consensus that autism, ADHD and dyslexia aren't caused by hemispheric differences and that gluten doesn't affect such disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can show you a lot of papers that actually say that there is a relationship between food sensitivities, gluten sensitivity and different types of issues and conditions,\" he says. \"So again, it depends on the expert.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Evidence based\"?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two published studies of Brain Balance, which the company has said show that 81 percent of children with ADHD no longer displayed symptoms after three months in the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have two studies now,\" Melillo said \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/AVp295htBVI?t=4m52s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on local TV\u003c/a> in 2013. \"So that means that we qualify as what we call 'evidence based' at this point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance \u003ca href=\"https://blog.brainbalancecenters.com/2013/07/control-study-shows-brain-balance-eliminates-adhd-symptoms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">touted one of the studies on its blog\u003c/a> with the headline, \"Control Study Shows Brain Balance Eliminates ADHD Symptoms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies, however, have serious scientific shortcomings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo, someone with a clear financial interest in the outcome, co-authored \u003ca href=\"http://www.carolinabraincenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The_effect_of_hemisphere_specific_remediation_strategies_on_the_academic_performance_outcome_of_children_with_ADD_ADHD_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first one\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also had parents rate their own children's improvement in ADHD symptoms but \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420809-2010-BB-Study.html#document/p5/a415343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">didn't compare\u003c/a> them with other kids who weren't in Brain Balance.[contextly_sidebar id=\"40It7ERz2X1PbU5Xz4PrJhqRCedRiEbu\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a control group, a study cannot definitively determine whether an intervention — a pill or procedure or program — is the reason for improvement or whether any change is simply the placebo effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.feingold.org/Research/PDFstudies/Leisman2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second study\u003c/a> did feature a control group of children with ADHD who didn't do Brain Balance. But it compared them with the same children from the first study published years earlier instead of randomly assigning children into simultaneous treatment and control groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My issue with these data is that there's no legitimate comparison for the treatment group, so we really don't know if [Brain Balance] helps,\" says Dr. Paul Wang, deputy director for clinical research at the Simons Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experts NPR consulted took issue with other aspects of the studies as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kids in the treatment and control groups \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420810-2013-BB-Study.html#document/p3/a415322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differed in important ways\u003c/a>, the experts said, rendering comparisons between them less meaningful. The two groups weren't drawn from the same centers; all of the treatment group was medicated while only 60 percent of the controls were; and at baseline the controls scored more severe on an ADHD rating scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, even though the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420810-2013-BB-Study.html#document/p5/a429871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second\u003c/a> study reused the treatment group data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420809-2010-BB-Study.html#document/p6/a415327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first\u003c/a> study published years earlier, it reported different improvements on those same kids' test scores. The lead author on both studies, Gerry Leisman, a professor of neuro and rehabilitation sciences at the University of Haifa in Israel, explained one of the test score differences as a \"reviewer correction\" but did not provide explanations for any of the six remaining discrepancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James McGough, a professor of clinical psychiatry at UCLA's David Geffen Medical School, wasn't convinced by Brain Balance's published research. \"It means absolutely nothing. ... What we have here, in my view, is a marketing piece.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"ul2FBC3owyMkUEM8UijiLxV0mmmsmz4s\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one state remains similarly unconvinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Wisconsin's Department of Health Services determined Brain Balance had \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/tiac/brain-balance-january-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">insufficient evidence\u003c/a>\" to show it was a \"proven and effective treatment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and/or other developmental disabilities,\" as the \u003cem>Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://archive.jsonline.com/business/company-pushes-brain-balancing-program-for-learning-disabilities-evidence-lacking-b99551698z1-324854621.html\">reported\u003c/a>. The state assigned Brain Balance to the second-lowest ranking on its five-tier system. The only lower ranking is for \"potentially harmful\" treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Balance defends its approach\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked by NPR why Brain Balance hadn't been tested more thoroughly before its nationwide expansion began a decade ago, Melillo says the company was \"faced with a dilemma.\" While he did feel an obligation to validate his approach, he says he knew Brain Balance worked and didn't want to deprive his clients of its benefits while waiting for clinical trials. \"All these 25,000 families that we've helped, are they left suffering for years on end?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What was done to date was commensurate to the resources that we had,\" says Aleem Choudhry, the chairman of Brain Balance and a managing member at Crane Street Capital, which invested in the franchise in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says ADHD was the only disorder to be studied thus far because — contrary to the opinion of all the experts contacted by NPR — it is neurologically equivalent to others like autism, dyslexia and OCD. If Brain Balance improves ADHD symptoms, Melillo says, \"then we believe that we're going to get the same results in the other types of issues, because they're really the same problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo also says the company's proprietary records from about 80,000 before-and-after client assessments qualify as corroboration. Melillo disputed the idea that his company's own data may require third-party review. \"Data is data,\" he says. \"There's no bias in the way we collect this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study of a \u003ca href=\"https://drteicher.wordpress.com/2015/11/20/non-pharmacological-treatment-for-adhd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">computerized version of Brain Balance\u003c/a> is underway at a Harvard-affiliated hospital and features a concurrent control group of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Melillo says that questions about the research behind Brain Balance ultimately miss a larger, more important point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Families are out there struggling and suffering, and they don't really give a crap about the data or the research, to be quite honest,\" he says. \"When they go through it and they see the difference in their child ... that's what matters to them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choudhry, the company's chairman, later clarified that \"we very much do care about the data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No easy answer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With both their boys enrolled in Brain Balance, the routine for Stephanie and Natalie's family was frantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a week, Stephanie would ferry their sons against traffic to and from their sessions. Family dinners became more rushed. Soccer and swimming were abandoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lost time is often a hidden cost of any form of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mothers began observing changes in their older son. They say his previously weak sense of smell suddenly blossomed, first for brownies and then other foods. And he became less obsessed with characters he had repetitively sketched in his notebooks and imbued with rich inner lives. (His parents are torn as to whether this was a positive development.) He also advanced in certain Brain Balance measures, including his primitive reflexes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that the needle didn't move on some of those dimensions,\" says Natalie. \"But if you step back at the 10,000- or 100,000-foot view and say, 'Is this kid different in a way that his life is going to be better or altered?' the answer is 'No.' OK, so now he can smell brownies that he couldn't smell before but is his life different?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she and her wife began to feel discouraged, thinking about the \"aura around this program that says your child's going to be different and better-adjusted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Rossen of the National Association of School Psychologists isn't surprised by Brain Balance's popularity as an option beyond what schools and insurance will cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many parents are frustrated by mainstream medicine's limits when it comes to complex disorders like autism. And schools are sometimes too strapped for resources to provide students with learning disorders all the help their parents may want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most parents will say they would die for their children,\" Rossen says. \"So to say, 'I want to provide some therapy and pay a few thousand dollars' is quite short of dying for them and it's totally reasonable.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"trKt9lVGGL2hYvUb63mGVzd7zTqN7BTZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says \"the problem is they are easy prey for certain providers that can make promises that cannot necessarily be kept or are not necessarily backed by scientific data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For parents looking to find evidence-based third-party interventions, experts suggest the \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Works Clearinghouse\u003c/a>, which is backed by the Department of Education, or the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's \u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/nrepp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">own resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's protocol doesn't appear to pose any physical or developmental harms to children. Instead, the program's costs may come in other ways: siphoning away time and money, and prolonging the hope in some parents that their child may one day shed his or her disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Susan Hyman, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Rochester who has studied autism treatments for decades, says many alternative providers do this by offering an unrealistically simple solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were to come to a traditional provider who said, 'You know I'm going to have you work really, really, really hard. ... I might have some drugs. Drugs have side effects. And 90 percent of the time, as an adult, he is still going to have autism,' that's a far less attractive message than 'I can help you.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond Brain Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of their older son's second three-month session at Brain Balance, Stephanie and Natalie had completely soured on it. They stopped believing that vibrating armbands and spinning in swivel chairs would translate to social success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to not continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, in second grade, their older son began to work with a social worker at school who taught him how to have socially acceptable conversation with his peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Stephanie and Natalie did something else — the unthinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They put their son on a medication called Strattera. Calibrating the proper dosage with tolerable side effects was a drawn-out process, but eventually they reached an equilibrium. Their older son ended up with a new diagnosis that has some overlap with autism but is more consistent with ADHD, which the medication treats.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Mk0Q9RIDdUaNoWDya3YvMRUEK35nUdWD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he seems to be navigating the world more successfully than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday last August, their older son — who once plaintively asked his parents, \"Why aren't I invited to birthday parties?\" — had just wrapped up a party to celebrate turning 10 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie and Stephanie had pizzas delivered and rented a truck lined with pleather sofas on one side and video game systems along the other. The children sat in pairs and used their greasy fingers to dispatch their avatars against each other in virtual battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were yelling my son's name and saying 'Come play with me! Come play with me!' \" recalls Natalie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birthday boy says he invited almost all of his friends, from school and camp, and all but one showed up, which was more than he could have ever imagined before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because,\" he says before pausing. \"I haven't had friends for a bit. Until I got my medicine. I got some treatment. I got help. Now, I have tons of friends.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The reporter, Chris Benderev, can be contacted at cbenderev@npr.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Cutting+Edge%27+Program+For+Children+With+Autism+And+ADHD+Rests+On+Razor-Thin+Evidence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With 113 locations in the U.S., Brain Balance says its drug-free approach has helped tens of thousands of children. But experts say there's insufficient proof of its effectiveness.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some parents see it coming. Natalie was not that kind of parent.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the director and a teacher at her older son's day care sat her down one afternoon in 2011 to detail the 3-year-old's difficulty socializing and his tendency to chatter endlessly about topics his peers showed no interest in, she still didn't get the message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her son, the two educators eventually spelled out, might be on the autism spectrum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was in tears at the end,\" she says. \"When I got home, I was just devastated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie broke the news to her wife, Stephanie, whose mind fast-forwarded to a distressing future. Would her son — a squat, cheerful boy who, despite his affectionate nature, didn't have any playmates — ever be able to make friends?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a doctor eventually confirmed he had an autism spectrum disorder, the diagnosis came with a suggestion: Perhaps the boy would benefit from Prozac when he turned 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was when both of us fell apart in that meeting,\" Natalie says. For both parents, medication wasn't an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prozac is a very powerful drug for adults. Why would you give it to a 7-year-old?\" Stephanie wondered after the doctor's visit. \"I welled up with all of this emotion. And I said I will not let that happen.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(To protect their privacy, we are only using Natalie's and Stephanie's first names. We are not naming their children.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear of psychotropic drugs led the family to pursue alternative treatments for autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, they dropped gluten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then one day, as Natalie roamed the aisles of a gluten-free expo in a Chicago suburb not far from where the family lives, she came across a booth for a Brain Balance Achievement Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie says the program claimed to help with disorders ranging from dyslexia to ADHD and autism. Best of all, it didn't involve prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were very excited,\" Stephanie says. \"Maybe we found a solution that wasn't going to be about medicine. I was very, very hopeful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>It will completely, absolutely, 100 percent change your life\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie had stumbled upon one of 113 Brain Balance franchises across the country. Seventeen more are in the works. In the dozen years since its inception, Brain Balance says, it has helped roughly 25,000 children. The company says it is currently taking in over $50 million in annual revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Brain Balance isn't the only purveyor of alternative approaches for developmental disorders in the U.S., the scale of the enterprise sets it apart. The company's approach is still relatively new and not widely known, meaning many experts in the field of childhood development have not vetted its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance says its nonmedical and drug-free program helps children who struggle with ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and learning and processing disorders. The company says it addresses a child's challenges with a combination of physical exercises, nutritional guidance and academic training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigation of Brain Balance reveals a company whose promises have resonated with parents averse to medication. But Brain Balance also appears to have overstated the scientific evidence in its messaging to families, who can easily spend over $10,000 in six months, a common length of enrollment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's metrics for consumer satisfaction are impressive. Customers rate the program, on average, an 8.5 on a 10-point scale in surveys, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ratings square with comments in online forums and in interviews NPR conducted with 18 parents who enrolled their children. Across the country, about three dozen centers are run by parents who began as happy customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brain Balance's website\u003c/a> is where caretakers encounter the company's strongest pitch: dozens upon dozens of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-stories/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">parent testimonials\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAaow0Kk0g8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">television commercials\u003c/a> begins with a montage of formerly frustrated mothers. But, they all agree, Brain Balance put an end to their kids' challenges. One woman insists \"it will completely, absolutely, 100 percent change your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Autism \"can become a thing of the past\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man who created Brain Balance, Robert Melillo, is often introduced as \"Dr. Melillo\" in media appearances. He has a doctorate and an active license in chiropractic. He is also acknowledged as an expert in the field of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tQtAs3d05E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">functional neurology\u003c/a>, chiropractic's \u003ca href=\"https://chiromt.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12998-017-0151-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial alternative\u003c/a> to mainstream neurology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo's \u003ca href=\"http://drrobertmelillo.com/about/\">biography\u003c/a> states he has master's degrees in neuroscience and clinical rehabilitation neuropsychology, though it does not say from where. A \u003ca href=\"http://members.fclb.org/staff_online/staff/uploads/individual/0_34022299_Melillo%20CV.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">curriculum vitae for Melillo\u003c/a> that NPR found on a website for chiropractic licensing boards says the master's in neuroscience came from the Carrick Institute for Graduate Studies, a chiropractic academy in Florida that isn't accredited by any of the agencies recognized by the Department of Education. His second master's degree is from a now-defunct program at Touro College, a private educational organization based in New York.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo says it was during an intense period of research in the 1990s, while his own son struggled with attention issues, that he conceived of a single disorder to explain everything from autism to ADHD to dyslexia. He called it functional disconnection syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he writes in his book, \u003cem>Disconnected Kids,\u003c/em> the syndrome occurs when \"areas in the brain, especially the two hemispheres of the brain, are not electrically balanced, or synchronized.\" The particulars of this imbalance are not clearly defined in the book, but numerous metaphors — some involving concert orchestras with bad timing or tuning — paint a picture of a child's brain unable to communicate with itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Melillo, a weak right hemisphere (the emotional half) can lead to autism and ADHD; a weak left hemisphere (the logical half) often causes learning disorders like dyslexia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he argues in the book that for people who follow his program, \"ADHD, dyslexia, and even autism, among others, can become a thing of the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He even appears to see his program as the answer to societal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, one day after the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla., Melillo used his public Facebook page to envision a world where Brain Balance had reached the shooter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't help but wonder if Brain Balance and Brain Integration could have prevented this tragedy,\" Melillo \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/DrRobertMelillo/photos/a.262064050637436.1073741828.262055963971578/902197553290746/?type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote in the post\u003c/a> alongside a news report in which the shooter's relatives said the teenager had been diagnosed with autism and took medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to make the whole world more aware of Brain Imbalances and how they can be helped especially in kids,\" he added. \"This is my mission now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens at Brain Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephanie and Natalie say they watched their older son from the other side of a two-way mirror as a Brain Balance staff member ran him through a series of tests during his baseline assessment. Later, they received his results: eight pages of ratings in unfamiliar categories.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have two master's [degrees] and a Ph.D., and I needed them explained to me,\" Natalie says. Their son had a weak right hemisphere. Additionally, his \"frontal lobe acquisition\" was lacking. His primitive reflexes were also in bad shape, according to the assessment, portions of which were shared with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center recommended six months of one-hour sessions three times a week, a common course of intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's approach breaks down into three broad categories: academic, nutrition and sensory-motor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/academic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">academic exercises\u003c/a> focus on the same areas targeted by many after-school tutoring programs. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/nutrition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nutritional component\u003c/a> recommends decreasing a child's intake of gluten, dairy and refined sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, and most complex, prong of Brain Balance's intervention is its \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/sensory-motor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sensory-motor training\u003c/a>, a diverse set of physical exercises. Parents and former employees describe activities like walking across balance beams, syncing actions with a computerized metronome and being spun in swivel chairs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consistent with Melillo's theory, Brain Balance focuses much of its sensory-motor training on one-half of the child's body to send strengthening signals up and across to the supposedly weak, opposite hemisphere of the brain. (Much of the human brain indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23931149\">maps to the opposite\u003c/a> half of the human body.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, with a \"right brain weak\" child like Stephanie and Natalie's son, Brain Balance may have him wear a vibrating armband on his left biceps or eyeglasses that allow light only onto the left visual field. Or they may simply have him stand on his left leg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has not been uncommon for parents to enroll their children for at least six months, costing roughly $12,000. The company recently said its average enrollment is now about four months. Assessments and optional nutritional supplements and blood tests can add hundreds of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program isn't covered by insurance. Brain Balance offers payment plans to parents who can't cover the cost immediately. As of publication, close to 200 families have solicited money from relatives and friends with \u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/mvc.php?route=category&term=%22brain%20balance%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GoFundMe.com\u003c/a> campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie and Stephanie were quoted $5,000 for their first three months, with the option to re-up for more after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're talking about your child's self-esteem and knowing it's the most important thing, what are you going to do?\" Stephanie says. \"Maybe work a few more years and take a little bit out of your retirement so that maybe — if you nip this thing in the bud — he's able to have a better life going forward?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dipped into their retirement savings and enrolled both their sons at a total cost of more than $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Cutting edge\" science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In numerous media appearances, Melillo hasn't been shy about publicizing the strength of his program's scientific evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This isn't smoke and mirrors. This is real stuff. ... [Parents] are going to get real answers,\" Melillo \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/uaMbTtcFhvU?t=5m16s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told a radio host in 2010\u003c/a>. \"We've shown in our centers that we can correct these problems completely. We've proved that in research,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/7XJ8ouQgmtA?t=1m56s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said on TV in 2014\u003c/a>. \"We use really cutting-edge brain science to address the issue,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/KhmgeWUrkwo?t=49s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in 2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a dozen experts in autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, dyslexia and childhood psychiatry interviewed by NPR all identified flaws in Brain Balance's approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said the company's idea of imbalanced hemispheres was too simplistic and built upon the popular, discredited myth of the logical left brain and the intuitive right brain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't make sense,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedykrieger.org/professional-training/training-disciplines/special-education-fellowship/leadership/mark-mahone-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Mahone\u003c/a>, a pediatric neuropsychologist at the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore. \"In virtually every activity that one does ... both hemispheres of the brain are very, very active. ... It's not as simple as just being a left- or a right-hemisphere problem. Nothing is that simple.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the three-pronged Brain Balance regimen, experts NPR spoke with said there is no solid evidence suggesting gluten, dairy or sugar consumption affects ADHD, autism or dyslexia. And although physical exercise may have modest impacts on inattention and tutoring can help in school, these interventions can be found elsewhere for much less money. No expert suggested either as a front-line remedy for ADHD or autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors and researchers NPR interviewed also questioned the diagnostic metrics Brain Balance uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the company tests children for the primitive reflexes that drive infants to instinctively suckle or grab a finger. Natalie and Stephanie were told their son's lingering primitive reflexes were connected to his behavioral issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But multiple pediatricians said it is exceptionally rare for children older than 4 to retain any primitive reflexes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically by 1 year of age these primitive reflexes have disappeared,\" says Dr. Andrew Adesman, a developmental pediatrician at Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York. \"The major exception is children who have cerebral palsy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo disagreed with the experts' opinions. \"I think they're completely wrong,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pediatricians rarely look at primitive reflexes after infancy, but if they did, they will find that, in many cases, they are still there,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo also pushed back against the medical consensus that autism, ADHD and dyslexia aren't caused by hemispheric differences and that gluten doesn't affect such disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can show you a lot of papers that actually say that there is a relationship between food sensitivities, gluten sensitivity and different types of issues and conditions,\" he says. \"So again, it depends on the expert.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Evidence based\"?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two published studies of Brain Balance, which the company has said show that 81 percent of children with ADHD no longer displayed symptoms after three months in the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have two studies now,\" Melillo said \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/AVp295htBVI?t=4m52s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on local TV\u003c/a> in 2013. \"So that means that we qualify as what we call 'evidence based' at this point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance \u003ca href=\"https://blog.brainbalancecenters.com/2013/07/control-study-shows-brain-balance-eliminates-adhd-symptoms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">touted one of the studies on its blog\u003c/a> with the headline, \"Control Study Shows Brain Balance Eliminates ADHD Symptoms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies, however, have serious scientific shortcomings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo, someone with a clear financial interest in the outcome, co-authored \u003ca href=\"http://www.carolinabraincenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The_effect_of_hemisphere_specific_remediation_strategies_on_the_academic_performance_outcome_of_children_with_ADD_ADHD_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first one\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also had parents rate their own children's improvement in ADHD symptoms but \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420809-2010-BB-Study.html#document/p5/a415343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">didn't compare\u003c/a> them with other kids who weren't in Brain Balance.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a control group, a study cannot definitively determine whether an intervention — a pill or procedure or program — is the reason for improvement or whether any change is simply the placebo effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.feingold.org/Research/PDFstudies/Leisman2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second study\u003c/a> did feature a control group of children with ADHD who didn't do Brain Balance. But it compared them with the same children from the first study published years earlier instead of randomly assigning children into simultaneous treatment and control groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My issue with these data is that there's no legitimate comparison for the treatment group, so we really don't know if [Brain Balance] helps,\" says Dr. Paul Wang, deputy director for clinical research at the Simons Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experts NPR consulted took issue with other aspects of the studies as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kids in the treatment and control groups \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420810-2013-BB-Study.html#document/p3/a415322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differed in important ways\u003c/a>, the experts said, rendering comparisons between them less meaningful. The two groups weren't drawn from the same centers; all of the treatment group was medicated while only 60 percent of the controls were; and at baseline the controls scored more severe on an ADHD rating scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, even though the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420810-2013-BB-Study.html#document/p5/a429871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second\u003c/a> study reused the treatment group data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420809-2010-BB-Study.html#document/p6/a415327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first\u003c/a> study published years earlier, it reported different improvements on those same kids' test scores. The lead author on both studies, Gerry Leisman, a professor of neuro and rehabilitation sciences at the University of Haifa in Israel, explained one of the test score differences as a \"reviewer correction\" but did not provide explanations for any of the six remaining discrepancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James McGough, a professor of clinical psychiatry at UCLA's David Geffen Medical School, wasn't convinced by Brain Balance's published research. \"It means absolutely nothing. ... What we have here, in my view, is a marketing piece.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one state remains similarly unconvinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Wisconsin's Department of Health Services determined Brain Balance had \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/tiac/brain-balance-january-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">insufficient evidence\u003c/a>\" to show it was a \"proven and effective treatment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and/or other developmental disabilities,\" as the \u003cem>Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://archive.jsonline.com/business/company-pushes-brain-balancing-program-for-learning-disabilities-evidence-lacking-b99551698z1-324854621.html\">reported\u003c/a>. The state assigned Brain Balance to the second-lowest ranking on its five-tier system. The only lower ranking is for \"potentially harmful\" treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Balance defends its approach\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked by NPR why Brain Balance hadn't been tested more thoroughly before its nationwide expansion began a decade ago, Melillo says the company was \"faced with a dilemma.\" While he did feel an obligation to validate his approach, he says he knew Brain Balance worked and didn't want to deprive his clients of its benefits while waiting for clinical trials. \"All these 25,000 families that we've helped, are they left suffering for years on end?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What was done to date was commensurate to the resources that we had,\" says Aleem Choudhry, the chairman of Brain Balance and a managing member at Crane Street Capital, which invested in the franchise in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says ADHD was the only disorder to be studied thus far because — contrary to the opinion of all the experts contacted by NPR — it is neurologically equivalent to others like autism, dyslexia and OCD. If Brain Balance improves ADHD symptoms, Melillo says, \"then we believe that we're going to get the same results in the other types of issues, because they're really the same problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo also says the company's proprietary records from about 80,000 before-and-after client assessments qualify as corroboration. Melillo disputed the idea that his company's own data may require third-party review. \"Data is data,\" he says. \"There's no bias in the way we collect this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study of a \u003ca href=\"https://drteicher.wordpress.com/2015/11/20/non-pharmacological-treatment-for-adhd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">computerized version of Brain Balance\u003c/a> is underway at a Harvard-affiliated hospital and features a concurrent control group of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Melillo says that questions about the research behind Brain Balance ultimately miss a larger, more important point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Families are out there struggling and suffering, and they don't really give a crap about the data or the research, to be quite honest,\" he says. \"When they go through it and they see the difference in their child ... that's what matters to them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choudhry, the company's chairman, later clarified that \"we very much do care about the data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No easy answer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With both their boys enrolled in Brain Balance, the routine for Stephanie and Natalie's family was frantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a week, Stephanie would ferry their sons against traffic to and from their sessions. Family dinners became more rushed. Soccer and swimming were abandoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lost time is often a hidden cost of any form of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mothers began observing changes in their older son. They say his previously weak sense of smell suddenly blossomed, first for brownies and then other foods. And he became less obsessed with characters he had repetitively sketched in his notebooks and imbued with rich inner lives. (His parents are torn as to whether this was a positive development.) He also advanced in certain Brain Balance measures, including his primitive reflexes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that the needle didn't move on some of those dimensions,\" says Natalie. \"But if you step back at the 10,000- or 100,000-foot view and say, 'Is this kid different in a way that his life is going to be better or altered?' the answer is 'No.' OK, so now he can smell brownies that he couldn't smell before but is his life different?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she and her wife began to feel discouraged, thinking about the \"aura around this program that says your child's going to be different and better-adjusted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Rossen of the National Association of School Psychologists isn't surprised by Brain Balance's popularity as an option beyond what schools and insurance will cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many parents are frustrated by mainstream medicine's limits when it comes to complex disorders like autism. And schools are sometimes too strapped for resources to provide students with learning disorders all the help their parents may want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most parents will say they would die for their children,\" Rossen says. \"So to say, 'I want to provide some therapy and pay a few thousand dollars' is quite short of dying for them and it's totally reasonable.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says \"the problem is they are easy prey for certain providers that can make promises that cannot necessarily be kept or are not necessarily backed by scientific data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For parents looking to find evidence-based third-party interventions, experts suggest the \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Works Clearinghouse\u003c/a>, which is backed by the Department of Education, or the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's \u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/nrepp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">own resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's protocol doesn't appear to pose any physical or developmental harms to children. Instead, the program's costs may come in other ways: siphoning away time and money, and prolonging the hope in some parents that their child may one day shed his or her disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Susan Hyman, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Rochester who has studied autism treatments for decades, says many alternative providers do this by offering an unrealistically simple solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were to come to a traditional provider who said, 'You know I'm going to have you work really, really, really hard. ... I might have some drugs. Drugs have side effects. And 90 percent of the time, as an adult, he is still going to have autism,' that's a far less attractive message than 'I can help you.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond Brain Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of their older son's second three-month session at Brain Balance, Stephanie and Natalie had completely soured on it. They stopped believing that vibrating armbands and spinning in swivel chairs would translate to social success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to not continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, in second grade, their older son began to work with a social worker at school who taught him how to have socially acceptable conversation with his peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Stephanie and Natalie did something else — the unthinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They put their son on a medication called Strattera. Calibrating the proper dosage with tolerable side effects was a drawn-out process, but eventually they reached an equilibrium. Their older son ended up with a new diagnosis that has some overlap with autism but is more consistent with ADHD, which the medication treats.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he seems to be navigating the world more successfully than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday last August, their older son — who once plaintively asked his parents, \"Why aren't I invited to birthday parties?\" — had just wrapped up a party to celebrate turning 10 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie and Stephanie had pizzas delivered and rented a truck lined with pleather sofas on one side and video game systems along the other. The children sat in pairs and used their greasy fingers to dispatch their avatars against each other in virtual battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were yelling my son's name and saying 'Come play with me! Come play with me!' \" recalls Natalie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birthday boy says he invited almost all of his friends, from school and camp, and all but one showed up, which was more than he could have ever imagined before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because,\" he says before pausing. \"I haven't had friends for a bit. Until I got my medicine. I got some treatment. I got help. Now, I have tons of friends.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The reporter, Chris Benderev, can be contacted at cbenderev@npr.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Cutting+Edge%27+Program+For+Children+With+Autism+And+ADHD+Rests+On+Razor-Thin+Evidence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Rita Adele Steyn's mother had a double mastectomy in her 40s because she had so many lumps in her breasts. Her first cousin died of breast cancer. And Steyn's sister is going through chemotherapy for the disease now. Steyn worries she might be next.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2jv7QCmynDbyHW9qUVcm6pRU4NOR220R\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes you feel like you beat the odds. And sometimes you feel like the odds are against you,\" said Steyn, 42, who lives in Tampa, Fla. \"And right now I feel like the odds are against me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Steyn jumped at the chance when she heard about a company offering an inexpensive and easy new way to get her DNA tested for genetic mutations that sharply increase the risk for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">breast cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought it would be good to get tested,\" says Steyn. \"I thought this is something I should know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ordered a $200 testing kit from the company, 23andme, spit into a small plastic tube, sent it back and waited for the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic testing used to be uncommon and ordered only by doctors. They used it mainly to diagnose rare conditions, to find out whether prospective parents are carrying genetic diseases, or to determine whether patients are at risk for diseases in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more people are getting their DNA analyzed for health reasons, in the comfort of their own homes. As genetic testing has gotten easier, faster and more affordable, it has become a multimillion-dollar industry, with many companies aggressively marketing convenient, inexpensive tests directly to consumers. About one-third of Americans say they or a family member have considered getting a genetic test, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/01/616126056/poll-genealogical-curiosity-is-a-top-reason-for-dna-tests-privacy-a-concern\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a recent NPR-IBM Watson Health Poll\u003c/a>. And millions of people have gotten them, for a variety of reasons.[contextly_sidebar id=\"5sGM4fbYVp0AOmgc16BrIla2iYM1tjtz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This health-related testing is probably the next big step in using genomic information in our lives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2783639\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Cook-Deegan\u003c/a>, who studies health policy at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others find the trend troubling. The tests have limitations and can be hard to interpret without a doctor or genetic counselor to weigh in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pros and Cons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company Steyn used, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23andMe\u003c/a>, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591423146/test-for-breast-cancer-gene-will-be-available-in-weeks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">became the first to win approval\u003c/a> from the Food and Drug Administration to market a genetic test for cancer directly to consumers without a doctor's order. It spent $27.9 million on advertising in the first quarter of 2018, according to the tracking firm Kantar Media. (NPR receives financial support from 23andMe.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is set to grow even more as restrictions on the medical uses of these tests are eased. The Food and Drug Administration recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm583885.htm\">announced\u003c/a> plans to make it easier for these kinds of tests to win approval.[contextly_sidebar id=\"6BR65Pmc5xtQQjBssPMWnhSlrwXrhHIz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many physicians welcome the trend, saying it's giving people valuable information. Consumers can find out early whether they are at increased risk for cancer, Alzheimer's and other diseases — and take steps to protect themselves. The testing can also sometimes help identify the safest and most effective medications to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Direct-to-consumer genetics companies are leading the way toward democratizing genetics and making it available to more and more people to learn about their risks and intervene in ways to keep themselves healthy,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://personalizedmedicine.partners.org/About/Leadership-Team/Robert%20Green.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Green\u003c/a>, a medical geneticist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other genetic specialists, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/im/patients/general-medicine-internal-medicine-clinic/james-evans-md-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Evans\u003c/a>, a professor of genetics and medicine at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, argue genetic testing is still in its infancy and that the results are often inconclusive and confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that it's an unfortunate development that will likely cause considerable mischief,\" Evans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is that patients can be easily overwhelmed when results are misleading or murky. Genetic testing is still best done through doctors, he says, working with specially trained genetic counselors who can guide patients every step of the way.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xJAmUsouQpJLM7V2Qt8t7fJx04FgVQwG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people deserve is well-thought-out information,\" Evans says. \"The only people who will really benefit are the investors in these companies that market these incomplete and misleading tests.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies are offering newer forms of genetic testing that decipher and analyze every gene known to carry instructions for producing proteins that might reveal mutations — a process called \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testing/sequencing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">whole exome sequencing\u003c/a>. Still others analyze the entire genetic code, which is called \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/WholeGenomeSequencingProgramWGS/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">whole genome sequencing\u003c/a>, which may find additional clues to disease. They will then analyze customers' genomes for any variations known to be associated with diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach 23andMe takes is a rapid, but older, process. It analyzes short pieces of DNA for genetic variations known as \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">single nucleotide variations (SNPs)\u003c/a> associated with specific diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for 23andMe, all of the companies still require a doctor's order to get this testing. But an increasing number of these companies will find a physician to sign off on that for customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all about empowering consumers and making it as easy as possible for people to get these insights,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/blog/author/elissa-levin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elissa Levin\u003c/a>, director of policy and clinical services at \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/\">Helix\u003c/a>, a genetic testing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/louanne-hudgins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louanne Hudgins\u003c/a>, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acmg.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics\u003c/a>, says she's \"very concerned\" about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individuals should be evaluated by medical professionals who are not conflicted, meaning they do not somehow work for a company,\" Hudgins says. \"Doctors who are contracted by companies are going to say, 'Do the test' no matter what, even if the test may not be indicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies defend the practice, saying the doctors they find for customers may be better suited than the average physician.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of doctors have had maybe one class in genetics,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.color.com/team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Othman Laraki\u003c/a>, CEO of Color Genomics, another genetic testing company. \"I think it's much more important to have someone who has a background in genetics than just simply have someone who you can physically meet with.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"z5IAPc8KdOy51FSsfsI8mbgyU8TgOGr0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Privacy is another concern. Genetic testing companies say they have strict policies and procedures to protect customers' information. But some firms provide access to the genetic information they collect on an anonymous basis to drug companies and others to use for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent breaches of privacy by companies that collect information about people, such as Facebook, have underscored the risks of electronic data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm really hoping that the security practices associated with genetic information are quite strong,\" says Cook-Deegan. \"The companies say they're strong. Time will tell if that's true.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/gina.cfm\">federal law\u003c/a> prohibits the use of genetic information to discriminate against the people for health insurance or jobs. But that law does not protect against the use of genetic information in making decisions about other things, such as life and long-term care insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are the types of things you really ought to consider when thinking about doing this kind of genetic testing — not whether there's a special on the testing this week,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://louisville.edu/bioethics/directory/mark-a.-rothstein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Rothstein\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and a bioethicist at the University of Louisville School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Results — With Limitations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month after sending in her sample, Steyn got a notice that the results of her breast cancer test were ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm really nervous,\" she said as she read through the company's explanation of what her results do and do not mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She paused in silence after she clicked to get the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says zero variants detected,\" Steyn finally said, meaning the test had not found any mutations that would increase her risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guess I do feel really relieved. It does make me feel better,\" she said, her voice cracking. \"I guess I just feel my chances are better now, you know?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics worry the testing is misleading — and relying on it could be dangerous. It tests for only three mutations in two genes known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRCA1 and BRCA2\u003c/a> that can increase the risk for breast and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ovarian cancer\u003c/a>. Women could still have one of the thousands of other mutations that increase the risk, or be at risk for other, nongenetic reasons.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yoPuviqWfqVzH92JGqeNFv9hvL3T9Qlf\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern is that if a woman's 23andMe test shows she's free of the risky mutations, she may think she's in the clear and not do things she should do, such as get regular mammograms or undergo more thorough genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be very blunt, I worry that women who undertake testing from 23andMe could believe that they do not carry a mutation when in fact they do, and as a consequence could die of breast or ovarian cancer,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gs.washington.edu/faculty/king.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary-Claire King\u003c/a>, a University of Washington geneticist who helped identify the breast cancer genes. \"I do not want to see that happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company argues that it makes the test's limitations very clear and encourages women to talk to their doctor about the results and possibly seek more extensive genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women who discover they have one of the risky gene variants, the information could be crucial, according to \u003ca href=\"https://medical.23andme.com/medical-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stacey Detweiller\u003c/a>, a medical affairs associate and genetic counselor at 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our mission is helping people access, understand and benefit from the human genome,\" Detweiller says. \"There's steps that can be taken from knowing this information that could be life-saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyn and the two other women NPR followed through the process of taking the test seemed to understand the test's limitations. They said they knew they couldn't rely on it, but they were curious to see the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Steyn admits that she felt somewhat less urgency to get a mammogram or additional testing because of the 23andMe test results, especially since she doesn't have health insurance at the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm glad I did it, especially in light of the fact that I find myself in a position where I do have to wait to see a doctor now because of the insurance situation I find myself in,\" Steyn says. \"Now I feel a little bit better about waiting. Beforehand, I probably would have not waited and figure out a way to afford this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Results+Of+At-Home+Genetic+Tests+For+Health+Can+Be+Hard+To+Interpret+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rita Adele Steyn's mother had a double mastectomy in her 40s because she had so many lumps in her breasts. Her first cousin died of breast cancer. And Steyn's sister is going through chemotherapy for the disease now. Steyn worries she might be next.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes you feel like you beat the odds. And sometimes you feel like the odds are against you,\" said Steyn, 42, who lives in Tampa, Fla. \"And right now I feel like the odds are against me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Steyn jumped at the chance when she heard about a company offering an inexpensive and easy new way to get her DNA tested for genetic mutations that sharply increase the risk for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">breast cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought it would be good to get tested,\" says Steyn. \"I thought this is something I should know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ordered a $200 testing kit from the company, 23andme, spit into a small plastic tube, sent it back and waited for the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic testing used to be uncommon and ordered only by doctors. They used it mainly to diagnose rare conditions, to find out whether prospective parents are carrying genetic diseases, or to determine whether patients are at risk for diseases in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more people are getting their DNA analyzed for health reasons, in the comfort of their own homes. As genetic testing has gotten easier, faster and more affordable, it has become a multimillion-dollar industry, with many companies aggressively marketing convenient, inexpensive tests directly to consumers. About one-third of Americans say they or a family member have considered getting a genetic test, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/01/616126056/poll-genealogical-curiosity-is-a-top-reason-for-dna-tests-privacy-a-concern\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a recent NPR-IBM Watson Health Poll\u003c/a>. And millions of people have gotten them, for a variety of reasons.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This health-related testing is probably the next big step in using genomic information in our lives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2783639\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Cook-Deegan\u003c/a>, who studies health policy at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others find the trend troubling. The tests have limitations and can be hard to interpret without a doctor or genetic counselor to weigh in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pros and Cons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company Steyn used, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23andMe\u003c/a>, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591423146/test-for-breast-cancer-gene-will-be-available-in-weeks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">became the first to win approval\u003c/a> from the Food and Drug Administration to market a genetic test for cancer directly to consumers without a doctor's order. It spent $27.9 million on advertising in the first quarter of 2018, according to the tracking firm Kantar Media. (NPR receives financial support from 23andMe.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is set to grow even more as restrictions on the medical uses of these tests are eased. The Food and Drug Administration recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm583885.htm\">announced\u003c/a> plans to make it easier for these kinds of tests to win approval.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many physicians welcome the trend, saying it's giving people valuable information. Consumers can find out early whether they are at increased risk for cancer, Alzheimer's and other diseases — and take steps to protect themselves. The testing can also sometimes help identify the safest and most effective medications to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Direct-to-consumer genetics companies are leading the way toward democratizing genetics and making it available to more and more people to learn about their risks and intervene in ways to keep themselves healthy,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://personalizedmedicine.partners.org/About/Leadership-Team/Robert%20Green.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Green\u003c/a>, a medical geneticist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other genetic specialists, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/im/patients/general-medicine-internal-medicine-clinic/james-evans-md-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Evans\u003c/a>, a professor of genetics and medicine at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, argue genetic testing is still in its infancy and that the results are often inconclusive and confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that it's an unfortunate development that will likely cause considerable mischief,\" Evans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is that patients can be easily overwhelmed when results are misleading or murky. Genetic testing is still best done through doctors, he says, working with specially trained genetic counselors who can guide patients every step of the way.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people deserve is well-thought-out information,\" Evans says. \"The only people who will really benefit are the investors in these companies that market these incomplete and misleading tests.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies are offering newer forms of genetic testing that decipher and analyze every gene known to carry instructions for producing proteins that might reveal mutations — a process called \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testing/sequencing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">whole exome sequencing\u003c/a>. Still others analyze the entire genetic code, which is called \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/WholeGenomeSequencingProgramWGS/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">whole genome sequencing\u003c/a>, which may find additional clues to disease. They will then analyze customers' genomes for any variations known to be associated with diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach 23andMe takes is a rapid, but older, process. It analyzes short pieces of DNA for genetic variations known as \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">single nucleotide variations (SNPs)\u003c/a> associated with specific diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for 23andMe, all of the companies still require a doctor's order to get this testing. But an increasing number of these companies will find a physician to sign off on that for customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all about empowering consumers and making it as easy as possible for people to get these insights,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/blog/author/elissa-levin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elissa Levin\u003c/a>, director of policy and clinical services at \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/\">Helix\u003c/a>, a genetic testing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/louanne-hudgins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louanne Hudgins\u003c/a>, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acmg.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics\u003c/a>, says she's \"very concerned\" about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individuals should be evaluated by medical professionals who are not conflicted, meaning they do not somehow work for a company,\" Hudgins says. \"Doctors who are contracted by companies are going to say, 'Do the test' no matter what, even if the test may not be indicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies defend the practice, saying the doctors they find for customers may be better suited than the average physician.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of doctors have had maybe one class in genetics,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.color.com/team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Othman Laraki\u003c/a>, CEO of Color Genomics, another genetic testing company. \"I think it's much more important to have someone who has a background in genetics than just simply have someone who you can physically meet with.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Privacy is another concern. Genetic testing companies say they have strict policies and procedures to protect customers' information. But some firms provide access to the genetic information they collect on an anonymous basis to drug companies and others to use for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent breaches of privacy by companies that collect information about people, such as Facebook, have underscored the risks of electronic data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm really hoping that the security practices associated with genetic information are quite strong,\" says Cook-Deegan. \"The companies say they're strong. Time will tell if that's true.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/gina.cfm\">federal law\u003c/a> prohibits the use of genetic information to discriminate against the people for health insurance or jobs. But that law does not protect against the use of genetic information in making decisions about other things, such as life and long-term care insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are the types of things you really ought to consider when thinking about doing this kind of genetic testing — not whether there's a special on the testing this week,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://louisville.edu/bioethics/directory/mark-a.-rothstein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Rothstein\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and a bioethicist at the University of Louisville School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Results — With Limitations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month after sending in her sample, Steyn got a notice that the results of her breast cancer test were ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm really nervous,\" she said as she read through the company's explanation of what her results do and do not mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She paused in silence after she clicked to get the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says zero variants detected,\" Steyn finally said, meaning the test had not found any mutations that would increase her risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guess I do feel really relieved. It does make me feel better,\" she said, her voice cracking. \"I guess I just feel my chances are better now, you know?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics worry the testing is misleading — and relying on it could be dangerous. It tests for only three mutations in two genes known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRCA1 and BRCA2\u003c/a> that can increase the risk for breast and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ovarian cancer\u003c/a>. Women could still have one of the thousands of other mutations that increase the risk, or be at risk for other, nongenetic reasons.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern is that if a woman's 23andMe test shows she's free of the risky mutations, she may think she's in the clear and not do things she should do, such as get regular mammograms or undergo more thorough genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be very blunt, I worry that women who undertake testing from 23andMe could believe that they do not carry a mutation when in fact they do, and as a consequence could die of breast or ovarian cancer,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gs.washington.edu/faculty/king.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary-Claire King\u003c/a>, a University of Washington geneticist who helped identify the breast cancer genes. \"I do not want to see that happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company argues that it makes the test's limitations very clear and encourages women to talk to their doctor about the results and possibly seek more extensive genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women who discover they have one of the risky gene variants, the information could be crucial, according to \u003ca href=\"https://medical.23andme.com/medical-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stacey Detweiller\u003c/a>, a medical affairs associate and genetic counselor at 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our mission is helping people access, understand and benefit from the human genome,\" Detweiller says. \"There's steps that can be taken from knowing this information that could be life-saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyn and the two other women NPR followed through the process of taking the test seemed to understand the test's limitations. They said they knew they couldn't rely on it, but they were curious to see the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Steyn admits that she felt somewhat less urgency to get a mammogram or additional testing because of the 23andMe test results, especially since she doesn't have health insurance at the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm glad I did it, especially in light of the fact that I find myself in a position where I do have to wait to see a doctor now because of the insurance situation I find myself in,\" Steyn says. \"Now I feel a little bit better about waiting. Beforehand, I probably would have not waited and figure out a way to afford this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Results+Of+At-Home+Genetic+Tests+For+Health+Can+Be+Hard+To+Interpret+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>U.S. regulators have approved the first generic version of an under-the-tongue film for treating opioid addiction.[contextly_sidebar id=\"0aUmI4gi0W92FnpTgKsDzebI0XydwaN6\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration on Thursday approved a generic version of Suboxone, a film strip that dissolves under the tongue. Used daily, it reduces withdrawal symptoms, cravings for opioids and the high from abusing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medication combines buprenorphine and naloxone. It’s used along with counseling and other behavioral therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The generic version will be sold by partners Mylan N.V. and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories SA. They didn’t immediately respond to questions about when their version will be available or what it will cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brand-name Suboxone film costs about $200 a month without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA said the approval was aimed at making the treatment available to more people.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Does Vitamin D Really Protect Against Colorectal Cancer?",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's been clear for many years that vitamin D helps keep bones strong, but studies have been inconclusive and conflicting about the vitamin's value in protecting against certain cancers, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">colorectal cancer\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=\"9k4uFVtwqiLPQYTYxUgc0nIsJORbVOWp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a large international \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jnci/djy087\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> provides the strongest evidence yet that vitamin D may indeed be protective against colorectal cancer and that a deficiency may increase the risk of this cancer. The findings appear Thursday in the \u003cem>Journal of the National Cancer Institute\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For both men and women, deficient levels of vitamin D were associated with a 30 percent increased risk of colorectal cancer,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-researchers/marjorie-mccullough-bio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marji McCullough\u003c/a>, a nutritional epidemiologist with the American Cancer Society and study co-author. People who had higher circulating blood levels of vitamin D\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>above the range deemed \"sufficient,\" had a 22 percent lower risk, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study pooled findings from 17 previous studies that included 12,813 adults in the U.S., Europe and Asia. Those studies collectively looked at 5,706 people with colorectal cancer and 7,107 people of a similar age and race who didn't have cancer. Women's menopausal status was also taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine what role vitamin D might be playing, researchers looked at participants' blood samples collected in the years before their cancer diagnosis. They also considered the established risk factors for colorectal cancer, including smoking, low physical activity and high body mass index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our findings suggest what's optimal for bone health may not be optimal for colorectal risk reduction,\" McCullough says, which could mean higher doses are needed to prevent cancer. Current recommendations for vitamin D supplementation are based solely on studies showing conclusively that it does preserve bone health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particularly provocative finding of the study, McCullough says, is the relatively strong correlation between higher blood levels of vitamin D and lower risk of colorectal cancer in women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know why,\" she says. One hypothesis is that there is some interaction between vitamin D and female hormones. Or it's possible vitamin D prevents cancer by reducing the proliferation of tumor cells or by stopping their growth and \"actually killing those cells,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies like this do not prove cause and effect but rather show only that there may be a connection between the levels of vitamin D circulating through the body and cancer. Still, the authors of the paper write that the results \"substantially strengthen the evidence, previously considered inconclusive, for a causal relationship\" between low vitamin D levels and colorectal cancer.[contextly_sidebar id=\"MAqLylPcwu1QCC3r4WiQXhzaSDOZfRPb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another interesting observation in the study, McCullough says, was that beyond a certain level, increasingly higher amounts of vitamin D in the blood had no additional benefit. At the highest levels above what is considered \"adequate,\" there was no further reduction in risk. In other words, she says, \"more is not necessarily better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her take-home message: Don't race out and buy high doses of vitamin D \"just in case.\" Overdoing it can be toxic. Taking too much vitamin D can cause kidney stones and, in very rare cases, death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of whether vitamin D supplements should be used at all to prevent colorectal cancer is still up in the air. \"The key question now is whether intervening with people who have low levels of vitamin D can make a difference,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/jeffrey-a-meyerhardt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Jeffrey Meyerhardt\u003c/a>, director of the Gastrointestinal Cancer Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study didn't evaluate whether adding vitamin D through food, sunlight or supplements made a difference in cancer risk. It was limited to looking at the level of vitamin D in people's blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, a large \u003ca href=\"https://www.vitalstudy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> involving more than 25,000 patients is underway at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston to find out whether taking vitamin D supplements might reduce the risk of numerous cancers as well as heart disease and stroke. Meyerhardt says answers may be available in the coming year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he suggests people talk with their health care provider about having a blood test to measure vitamin D levels. If you're starting in the deficient range, he says, some doctors might prescribe high doses, to be taken each week for a month or two, and then prescribe lower, maintenance levels.[contextly_sidebar id=\"x4oXchtt2cZV7lIWDVrGT7XXeJne7cWq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer society's McCullough says it is generally \u003ca href=\"https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/nutrition/calcium-and-vitamin-d-important-every-age\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> that adults have a daily intake of 600 international units of vitamin D up to age 70. Men and women over age 70 should increase their uptake to 800 IUs daily, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People should talk with their doctor because different individuals have different needs, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It depends on where you live and what race you are, because darker skin tends to absorb less vitamin D.\" Sun, age, genetics and weight also play a role in how the body processes vitamin D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vitamin D can be obtained from vitamin D-rich foods such as egg yolks, salmon, trout, swordfish, tuna and sardines. Numerous foods are fortified with vitamin D including cow's milk, almond milk, soy milk, some cereals and some orange juices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have a serving of salmon, that's about 500 IUs, and a cup of milk would give you 100 IUs,\" McCullough says, which adds up to the daily recommended dose of 600 IUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Meyerhardt says most people don't eat enough fatty fish to reach the recommended vitamin D intake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most vitamin D doesn't really come from your diet\" in most cases, he says. And he says multivitamins contain relatively low levels of vitamin D. \"So you really have to take a supplement\" to meet recommended doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vitamin D is often called the \"sunshine\" vitamin, because exposure to sunlight can stimulate production of the vitamin. But exposure to sun is generally not recommended as a way to boost vitamin D, McCullough says, since at excessive levels it can raise the risk of melanoma and other skin cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 20 medical centers and organizations participated in the study, including Harvard, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Does+Vitamin+D+Really+Protect+Against+Colorectal+Cancer%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's been clear for many years that vitamin D helps keep bones strong, but studies have been inconclusive and conflicting about the vitamin's value in protecting against certain cancers, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">colorectal cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a large international \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jnci/djy087\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> provides the strongest evidence yet that vitamin D may indeed be protective against colorectal cancer and that a deficiency may increase the risk of this cancer. The findings appear Thursday in the \u003cem>Journal of the National Cancer Institute\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For both men and women, deficient levels of vitamin D were associated with a 30 percent increased risk of colorectal cancer,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-researchers/marjorie-mccullough-bio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marji McCullough\u003c/a>, a nutritional epidemiologist with the American Cancer Society and study co-author. People who had higher circulating blood levels of vitamin D\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>above the range deemed \"sufficient,\" had a 22 percent lower risk, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study pooled findings from 17 previous studies that included 12,813 adults in the U.S., Europe and Asia. Those studies collectively looked at 5,706 people with colorectal cancer and 7,107 people of a similar age and race who didn't have cancer. Women's menopausal status was also taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine what role vitamin D might be playing, researchers looked at participants' blood samples collected in the years before their cancer diagnosis. They also considered the established risk factors for colorectal cancer, including smoking, low physical activity and high body mass index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our findings suggest what's optimal for bone health may not be optimal for colorectal risk reduction,\" McCullough says, which could mean higher doses are needed to prevent cancer. Current recommendations for vitamin D supplementation are based solely on studies showing conclusively that it does preserve bone health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particularly provocative finding of the study, McCullough says, is the relatively strong correlation between higher blood levels of vitamin D and lower risk of colorectal cancer in women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know why,\" she says. One hypothesis is that there is some interaction between vitamin D and female hormones. Or it's possible vitamin D prevents cancer by reducing the proliferation of tumor cells or by stopping their growth and \"actually killing those cells,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies like this do not prove cause and effect but rather show only that there may be a connection between the levels of vitamin D circulating through the body and cancer. Still, the authors of the paper write that the results \"substantially strengthen the evidence, previously considered inconclusive, for a causal relationship\" between low vitamin D levels and colorectal cancer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another interesting observation in the study, McCullough says, was that beyond a certain level, increasingly higher amounts of vitamin D in the blood had no additional benefit. At the highest levels above what is considered \"adequate,\" there was no further reduction in risk. In other words, she says, \"more is not necessarily better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her take-home message: Don't race out and buy high doses of vitamin D \"just in case.\" Overdoing it can be toxic. Taking too much vitamin D can cause kidney stones and, in very rare cases, death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of whether vitamin D supplements should be used at all to prevent colorectal cancer is still up in the air. \"The key question now is whether intervening with people who have low levels of vitamin D can make a difference,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/jeffrey-a-meyerhardt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Jeffrey Meyerhardt\u003c/a>, director of the Gastrointestinal Cancer Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study didn't evaluate whether adding vitamin D through food, sunlight or supplements made a difference in cancer risk. It was limited to looking at the level of vitamin D in people's blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, a large \u003ca href=\"https://www.vitalstudy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> involving more than 25,000 patients is underway at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston to find out whether taking vitamin D supplements might reduce the risk of numerous cancers as well as heart disease and stroke. Meyerhardt says answers may be available in the coming year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he suggests people talk with their health care provider about having a blood test to measure vitamin D levels. If you're starting in the deficient range, he says, some doctors might prescribe high doses, to be taken each week for a month or two, and then prescribe lower, maintenance levels.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer society's McCullough says it is generally \u003ca href=\"https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/nutrition/calcium-and-vitamin-d-important-every-age\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> that adults have a daily intake of 600 international units of vitamin D up to age 70. Men and women over age 70 should increase their uptake to 800 IUs daily, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People should talk with their doctor because different individuals have different needs, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It depends on where you live and what race you are, because darker skin tends to absorb less vitamin D.\" Sun, age, genetics and weight also play a role in how the body processes vitamin D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vitamin D can be obtained from vitamin D-rich foods such as egg yolks, salmon, trout, swordfish, tuna and sardines. Numerous foods are fortified with vitamin D including cow's milk, almond milk, soy milk, some cereals and some orange juices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have a serving of salmon, that's about 500 IUs, and a cup of milk would give you 100 IUs,\" McCullough says, which adds up to the daily recommended dose of 600 IUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Meyerhardt says most people don't eat enough fatty fish to reach the recommended vitamin D intake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most vitamin D doesn't really come from your diet\" in most cases, he says. And he says multivitamins contain relatively low levels of vitamin D. \"So you really have to take a supplement\" to meet recommended doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vitamin D is often called the \"sunshine\" vitamin, because exposure to sunlight can stimulate production of the vitamin. But exposure to sun is generally not recommended as a way to boost vitamin D, McCullough says, since at excessive levels it can raise the risk of melanoma and other skin cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 20 medical centers and organizations participated in the study, including Harvard, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Does+Vitamin+D+Really+Protect+Against+Colorectal+Cancer%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "U.S. Suicide Rates Are Rising Faster Among Women Than Men",
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"content": "\u003cp>The number of people dying by suicide in the United States has risen by about 30 percent in the past two decades. And while the majority of suicide-related deaths today are among boys and men, a study published Thursday by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Health Statistics\u003c/a> finds that the number of girls and women taking their own lives is rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically there's between three and four times as many suicides among males as among females,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/injury/ice/steering_committee.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Holly Hedegaard\u003c/a>, a medical epidemiologist at the NCHS and the main author of the new \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db309.htm\">study\u003c/a>. In 2016, about 21 boys or men out of 100,000 took their own lives. On the other hand, just six girls or women out of 100,000 died by suicide that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Hedegaard and her colleagues compared the rise in the rates of death by suicide from 2000 to 2016, the increase was significantly larger for females — increasing by 21 percent for boys and men, compared with 50 percent for girls and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's \"sort of a narrowing of the [gender] gap in rates,\" Hedegaard notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest change was seen among women in late middle age. \"For females between the ages of 45 and 64, the suicide rate increased by 60 percent,\" she says. \"That's a pretty large increase in a relatively short period of time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the increase for women was more than double the increase for men \"did indeed surprise me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.emory.edu/grady/emory-at-grady/doctors/kaslow.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nadine Kaslow\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Emory University and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.emory.edu/stories/2012/11/psych_kaslow_apa_president/campus.html\">past president\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/\">American Psychological Association\u003c/a>, who was not involved in the study. She says she finds the overall trends for both men and women \"disturbing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't yet know the reasons behind the steeper rise in the number of girls and women taking their own lives, says Kaslow. \"We're really just beginning to see these differences, and so people are just now beginning to look at this.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"k6MDe9evjHueopXOQ84nJ1lOI9jYSpJm\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there are different factors at play in each case, excessive stress is a known risk factor for suicide overall, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People often die by suicide when they just feel totally overwhelmed,\" Kaslow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Psychological Association, women say their \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stress levels have risen\u003c/a> in recent years. And middle-aged women belonging to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/30/170694962/middle-aged-breadwinners-become-part-of-the-sandwich-generation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sandwich generation\u003c/a> are especially feeling the pressure of their many responsibilities at home and at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So they may be taking care of children, of parents, have work demands and then more responsibilities,\" Kaslow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also been \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016/cb16-192.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a rise\u003c/a> in the last few decades in the number of single-parent households headed by women. That means more women trying to do everything alone, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so there's, sort of, stress everywhere,\" she says. \"They may not have time to take care of themselves, to be kind to themselves, to get the social support they need.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report also shows that more adolescent girls are choosing to end their lives, notes Kaslow. So the problem is not specific to middle-aged women, but across all age groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Suicide is a public health concern,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://afsp.org/about-afsp/jill-harkavy-friedman-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jill Harkavy-Friedman\u003c/a>, the vice president of research at the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. The statistics published Thursday underscore the need for a national prevention effort, she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also looked at the means of suicide, as recorded in death certificates, and found that firearms remain an important method, particularly for boys and men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For males, pretty much from age 15 and older, the majority of the suicides [involved] firearms,\" says Hedegaard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that limiting access to lethal-means of any kind can reduce suicide,\" Harkavy-Friedman says, \"especially if you limit access during a crisis moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help prevent suicide, society needs to offer better access to mental health care, she says. And each one of us can do our bit, too, by watching out for the warnings signs among friends and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be aware, she says, if you notice something's changing in a loved one, friend or colleague. For example, if their mood is changing, she says, \"maybe they're more irritable, or withdrawn. Maybe they're talking about being a burden.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At times like these, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it is important\u003c/a> to let people know they're not alone. \"It sounds simple,\" she says. \"But it does make a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Suicide+Rates+Are+Rising+Faster+Among+Women+Than+Men&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You can help prevent suicide, researchers say, by knowing the signs and reaching out. More boys and men in the U.S. take their own lives than women and girls, but that difference has narrowed.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The number of people dying by suicide in the United States has risen by about 30 percent in the past two decades. And while the majority of suicide-related deaths today are among boys and men, a study published Thursday by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Health Statistics\u003c/a> finds that the number of girls and women taking their own lives is rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically there's between three and four times as many suicides among males as among females,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/injury/ice/steering_committee.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Holly Hedegaard\u003c/a>, a medical epidemiologist at the NCHS and the main author of the new \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db309.htm\">study\u003c/a>. In 2016, about 21 boys or men out of 100,000 took their own lives. On the other hand, just six girls or women out of 100,000 died by suicide that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Hedegaard and her colleagues compared the rise in the rates of death by suicide from 2000 to 2016, the increase was significantly larger for females — increasing by 21 percent for boys and men, compared with 50 percent for girls and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's \"sort of a narrowing of the [gender] gap in rates,\" Hedegaard notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest change was seen among women in late middle age. \"For females between the ages of 45 and 64, the suicide rate increased by 60 percent,\" she says. \"That's a pretty large increase in a relatively short period of time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the increase for women was more than double the increase for men \"did indeed surprise me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.emory.edu/grady/emory-at-grady/doctors/kaslow.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nadine Kaslow\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Emory University and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.emory.edu/stories/2012/11/psych_kaslow_apa_president/campus.html\">past president\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/\">American Psychological Association\u003c/a>, who was not involved in the study. She says she finds the overall trends for both men and women \"disturbing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't yet know the reasons behind the steeper rise in the number of girls and women taking their own lives, says Kaslow. \"We're really just beginning to see these differences, and so people are just now beginning to look at this.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there are different factors at play in each case, excessive stress is a known risk factor for suicide overall, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People often die by suicide when they just feel totally overwhelmed,\" Kaslow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Psychological Association, women say their \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stress levels have risen\u003c/a> in recent years. And middle-aged women belonging to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/30/170694962/middle-aged-breadwinners-become-part-of-the-sandwich-generation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sandwich generation\u003c/a> are especially feeling the pressure of their many responsibilities at home and at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So they may be taking care of children, of parents, have work demands and then more responsibilities,\" Kaslow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also been \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016/cb16-192.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a rise\u003c/a> in the last few decades in the number of single-parent households headed by women. That means more women trying to do everything alone, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so there's, sort of, stress everywhere,\" she says. \"They may not have time to take care of themselves, to be kind to themselves, to get the social support they need.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report also shows that more adolescent girls are choosing to end their lives, notes Kaslow. So the problem is not specific to middle-aged women, but across all age groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Suicide is a public health concern,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://afsp.org/about-afsp/jill-harkavy-friedman-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jill Harkavy-Friedman\u003c/a>, the vice president of research at the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. The statistics published Thursday underscore the need for a national prevention effort, she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also looked at the means of suicide, as recorded in death certificates, and found that firearms remain an important method, particularly for boys and men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For males, pretty much from age 15 and older, the majority of the suicides [involved] firearms,\" says Hedegaard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that limiting access to lethal-means of any kind can reduce suicide,\" Harkavy-Friedman says, \"especially if you limit access during a crisis moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help prevent suicide, society needs to offer better access to mental health care, she says. And each one of us can do our bit, too, by watching out for the warnings signs among friends and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be aware, she says, if you notice something's changing in a loved one, friend or colleague. For example, if their mood is changing, she says, \"maybe they're more irritable, or withdrawn. Maybe they're talking about being a burden.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At times like these, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it is important\u003c/a> to let people know they're not alone. \"It sounds simple,\" she says. \"But it does make a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Suicide+Rates+Are+Rising+Faster+Among+Women+Than+Men&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Karl Deisseroth, a Stanford University professor of bioengineering and psychiatry, has been awarded an international prize worth more than $900,000 for his work in illuminating brain activity with light. The exact amount of the prize was 100 million yen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Karl has created a revolutionary technology that has broadened our understanding of brain disorders and may one day yield treatments to the millions with these disorders.'\u003ccite>Lloyd Minor, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth is receiving the 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kyoto Prize\u003c/a> for advanced technology. Awards are also granted for basic sciences, and arts and philosophy. Some of its recipients have gone on to win the Nobel Prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/about_pi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deisseroth,\u003c/a> the youngest person to ever receive the prize, is being honored for developing \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/optogenetics/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, a technology that uses light-sensitive proteins to manipulate brain cell activity. The method allows scientists to glean more information about brain disorders and to probe how the nervous system works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is humbling to see all the distinguished people who have won the Kyoto Prize, and to be listed with them. It is wonderful to see pure basic science discoveries recognized in this way,\" said Deisseroth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique developed by Deisseroth and his team manipulates cellular activity by delivering a pulse of light to a particular cell through an optical fiber that has been implanted in the animal’s brain. The method yields information on how brain cells give rise to sensations, memories and actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_442697\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-442697\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kyoto prize medal. \u003ccite>(Inamori Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A brilliant and innovative investigator, Karl has created a revolutionary technology that has broadened our understanding of brain disorders and may one day yield treatments to the millions with these disorders,” said Dr. Lloyd Minor, dean of the \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/a>, in a statement. “His receipt of the Kyoto Prize is inordinately well-deserved and the product of his unmatched scientific vision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth has said his research\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/optogenetics-controlling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> was motivated by\u003c/a> a desire to better understand psychiatric disorders, the leading cause of years of life lost to death or disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth’s research, developed between 2004 and 2009, is used by laboratories around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thousands of laboratories around the world have used optogenetics to satisfy their own curiosity about the natural world, and to test ideas in a broad range of systems and species,\" he said. \"Many people are also studying brain diseases, and optogenetics-guided clinical trials have already started with some success, bringing a new kind of hope to people affected by these diseases such as substance dependence and depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/CE6uNFFZ0qc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes optogenetics so groundbreaking is its level of precision in controlling defined activity within specific cells, according to I-Han Chou, senior editor at the journal \"Nature\".[contextly_sidebar id=\"08EVHeybNXS0fTuglKI55A1KVy7EFUpl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you imagine the brain as this city, up until now we have been looking at it as if from space,\" Chou\u003ca href=\"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/what-is-optogenetics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told the\u003c/a> World Economic Forum site. \"We haven't had the tools to do anything beyond seeing what the whole city block is doing. What you actually want to know is what the individual components of the city are, what the people are doing, and what's the information being transported from one part of the city to another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique could transform how neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease are treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When things go wrong with the brain it is just so devastating. One of the hopes for optogenetics is that if it can work in humans, it might be used as a tool for restoring brain function,\" Chou added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Karl Deisseroth, the Stanford University professor who developed a groundbreaking method for probing how brain cells behave and communicate, is the recipient of the 2018 Kyoto Prize for advanced technology. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Karl Deisseroth, a Stanford University professor of bioengineering and psychiatry, has been awarded an international prize worth more than $900,000 for his work in illuminating brain activity with light. The exact amount of the prize was 100 million yen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Karl has created a revolutionary technology that has broadened our understanding of brain disorders and may one day yield treatments to the millions with these disorders.'\u003ccite>Lloyd Minor, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth is receiving the 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kyoto Prize\u003c/a> for advanced technology. Awards are also granted for basic sciences, and arts and philosophy. Some of its recipients have gone on to win the Nobel Prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/about_pi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deisseroth,\u003c/a> the youngest person to ever receive the prize, is being honored for developing \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/optogenetics/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, a technology that uses light-sensitive proteins to manipulate brain cell activity. The method allows scientists to glean more information about brain disorders and to probe how the nervous system works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is humbling to see all the distinguished people who have won the Kyoto Prize, and to be listed with them. It is wonderful to see pure basic science discoveries recognized in this way,\" said Deisseroth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique developed by Deisseroth and his team manipulates cellular activity by delivering a pulse of light to a particular cell through an optical fiber that has been implanted in the animal’s brain. The method yields information on how brain cells give rise to sensations, memories and actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_442697\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-442697\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kyoto prize medal. \u003ccite>(Inamori Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A brilliant and innovative investigator, Karl has created a revolutionary technology that has broadened our understanding of brain disorders and may one day yield treatments to the millions with these disorders,” said Dr. Lloyd Minor, dean of the \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/a>, in a statement. “His receipt of the Kyoto Prize is inordinately well-deserved and the product of his unmatched scientific vision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth has said his research\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/optogenetics-controlling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> was motivated by\u003c/a> a desire to better understand psychiatric disorders, the leading cause of years of life lost to death or disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth’s research, developed between 2004 and 2009, is used by laboratories around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thousands of laboratories around the world have used optogenetics to satisfy their own curiosity about the natural world, and to test ideas in a broad range of systems and species,\" he said. \"Many people are also studying brain diseases, and optogenetics-guided clinical trials have already started with some success, bringing a new kind of hope to people affected by these diseases such as substance dependence and depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/CE6uNFFZ0qc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes optogenetics so groundbreaking is its level of precision in controlling defined activity within specific cells, according to I-Han Chou, senior editor at the journal \"Nature\".\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you imagine the brain as this city, up until now we have been looking at it as if from space,\" Chou\u003ca href=\"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/what-is-optogenetics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told the\u003c/a> World Economic Forum site. \"We haven't had the tools to do anything beyond seeing what the whole city block is doing. What you actually want to know is what the individual components of the city are, what the people are doing, and what's the information being transported from one part of the city to another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique could transform how neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease are treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When things go wrong with the brain it is just so devastating. One of the hopes for optogenetics is that if it can work in humans, it might be used as a tool for restoring brain function,\" Chou added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Doctors Told Not To Order Electrocardiograms For Low-Risk Patients",
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"content": "\u003cp>Doctors shouldn't routinely perform electrocardiograms on patients at low risk for heart disease, an influential federal panel is recommending.[contextly_sidebar id=\"e1JGLWb5PPSqJTZMPu1oxhGludnQREkn\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While an ECG test of the heart's electrical activity is safe and inexpensive, the benefits for patients at low risk of heart disease are very low and the results can trigger possibly dangerous, unnecessary follow-up testing and treatment, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In low-risk people, definitely don't do it,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://apps.medicine.uab.edu/facultydirectory/FacultyData.asp?Entity=SOM&FID=55574\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Seth Landefeld\u003c/a>, chairman of the department of medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Landefeld is on the committee that developed the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.6848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommendation against routine ECGs in low-risk patients\u003c/a> was published Tuesday in \u003cem>JAMA,\u003c/em> the \u003cem>Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In people who are at low risk for cardiovascular disease, there is no evidence of benefits of doing ECG screening that would outweigh the possible harms,\" he says. \"And, in fact, the harms may well outweigh the benefits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in rare cases, follow-up tests like \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-20384904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">angiograms\u003c/a> can inadvertently damage the heart, Landefeld says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other doctors welcomed the new recommendations, noting they are consistent with those of many other medical groups. \"I think their recommendations are very reasonable,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.tulane.edu/departments/medicine-cardiology-clinical-radiology/faculty/robert-c-hendel-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Hendel\u003c/a>, chief of cardiology at Tulane University, speaking on behalf of the American College of Cardiology.[contextly_sidebar id=\"0v58FJHtga8wMvZaz5r88FbZKH9Smcv6\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECGs use electrodes to measure the electrical activity of the heart and can identify irregular rhythms. Despite years of recommendations against routine ECGs, data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/namcs_summary/2015_namcs_web_tables.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicate\u003c/a> the test is done as part of about 4 percent of routine exams. In 2015, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/namcs_summary/2015_namcs_web_tables.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found that about 40 million ECGs \u003c/a>were performed in doctors' offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hendel and others hope the uniformity of the recommendations will finally persuade more doctors to stop using the test so commonly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's really no benefit and it may open a can of worms, then why are we doing it?\" Hendel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other routine tests that spot risk factors, such as high blood pressure and cholesterol, are much more useful in identifying people at elevated risk for heart attacks and strokes, the panel and others say. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cardiovascular disease\u003c/a> is the leading cause of death in the United States.[contextly_sidebar id=\"aKFvcSrIqI0Llzq9ccxeP2ojnieKP0Vz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's happened is that the conventional risk factors have become so strong and so useful in preventing heart disease that the value of doing a routine ECG as part of an annual physical has faded,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://uhealthsystem.com/doctors/profile/1114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Robert Myerburg\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, who wrote an editorial accompanying the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many doctors have continued to offer the test, often because patients want it, he says. An uncomplicated ECG on a patient at rest commonly costs about $50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel concluded there was insufficient evidence to recommend for or against doing ECGs for people considered to be moderate or high risk because they have some other risk factors, such as high blood pressure or diabetes. So doctors should decide whether to order the test for those patients on an individual basis, the panel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some patients might also consider getting one ECG to have as a baseline for comparison later in life, Tulane's Hendel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Doctors+Told+Not+To+Order+Electrocardiograms+For+Low-Risk+Patients&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Doctors shouldn't routinely perform electrocardiograms on patients at low risk for heart disease, an influential federal panel is recommending.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While an ECG test of the heart's electrical activity is safe and inexpensive, the benefits for patients at low risk of heart disease are very low and the results can trigger possibly dangerous, unnecessary follow-up testing and treatment, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In low-risk people, definitely don't do it,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://apps.medicine.uab.edu/facultydirectory/FacultyData.asp?Entity=SOM&FID=55574\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Seth Landefeld\u003c/a>, chairman of the department of medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Landefeld is on the committee that developed the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.6848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommendation against routine ECGs in low-risk patients\u003c/a> was published Tuesday in \u003cem>JAMA,\u003c/em> the \u003cem>Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In people who are at low risk for cardiovascular disease, there is no evidence of benefits of doing ECG screening that would outweigh the possible harms,\" he says. \"And, in fact, the harms may well outweigh the benefits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in rare cases, follow-up tests like \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-20384904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">angiograms\u003c/a> can inadvertently damage the heart, Landefeld says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other doctors welcomed the new recommendations, noting they are consistent with those of many other medical groups. \"I think their recommendations are very reasonable,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.tulane.edu/departments/medicine-cardiology-clinical-radiology/faculty/robert-c-hendel-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Hendel\u003c/a>, chief of cardiology at Tulane University, speaking on behalf of the American College of Cardiology.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECGs use electrodes to measure the electrical activity of the heart and can identify irregular rhythms. Despite years of recommendations against routine ECGs, data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/namcs_summary/2015_namcs_web_tables.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicate\u003c/a> the test is done as part of about 4 percent of routine exams. In 2015, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/namcs_summary/2015_namcs_web_tables.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found that about 40 million ECGs \u003c/a>were performed in doctors' offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hendel and others hope the uniformity of the recommendations will finally persuade more doctors to stop using the test so commonly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's really no benefit and it may open a can of worms, then why are we doing it?\" Hendel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other routine tests that spot risk factors, such as high blood pressure and cholesterol, are much more useful in identifying people at elevated risk for heart attacks and strokes, the panel and others say. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cardiovascular disease\u003c/a> is the leading cause of death in the United States.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's happened is that the conventional risk factors have become so strong and so useful in preventing heart disease that the value of doing a routine ECG as part of an annual physical has faded,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://uhealthsystem.com/doctors/profile/1114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Robert Myerburg\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, who wrote an editorial accompanying the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many doctors have continued to offer the test, often because patients want it, he says. An uncomplicated ECG on a patient at rest commonly costs about $50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel concluded there was insufficient evidence to recommend for or against doing ECGs for people considered to be moderate or high risk because they have some other risk factors, such as high blood pressure or diabetes. So doctors should decide whether to order the test for those patients on an individual basis, the panel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some patients might also consider getting one ECG to have as a baseline for comparison later in life, Tulane's Hendel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Doctors+Told+Not+To+Order+Electrocardiograms+For+Low-Risk+Patients&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Simple Saliva Test Could Identify Men at Greatest Risk of Prostate Cancer",
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"content": "\u003cp>A team of scientists at London's\u003ca href=\"https://www.icr.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Institute of Cancer Research\u003c/a> have developed a \"spit test\" that can be used to identify men most likely to develop prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in U.S. men.[contextly_sidebar id=\"KO4wdzhP8pt1tRs02KEaCVL4V511U4Nk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1 in 9 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/about/key-statistics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Cancer Society. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0142-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Monday in the journal Nature Genetics, identified the 1 percent of men with the highest genetic risk for prostate cancer. This group is nearly six times more likely to develop prostate cancer than the general population, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the study.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers, funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, utilized a new DNA analysis method to study the genes of more than 70,000 people. They looked at 150 DNA markers and found that the top 10 percent of men at highest risk for prostate cancer were found to nearly three times the risk of developing the disease. From Gizmodo:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Some 45,000 of the subjects had already developed prostate cancer, while 25,000 hadn’t. So the researchers compared the two groups, singling out any inherited genetic variations that might have contributed to their cancer risk.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Based on this data, the study said that researchers discovered 63 new variants that have previously not been associated with prostate cancer. Rosalind Eeles, a geneticist and co-author of the study, said those men found to be at greater genetic risk can receive proper screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we are particularly excited by the test is that this can be offered in general practice as a spit test to really try and identify who is most at risk of prostate cancer so we can offer them targeted screening,” Eeles \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/11/trials-begin-of-a-saliva-test-for-prostate-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told T\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/11/trials-begin-of-a-saliva-test-for-prostate-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Guardian.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most men diagnosed with the disease do not die from it, according to the American Cancer Society. Risk factors include family history, advanced age, and those of African descent.[contextly_sidebar id=\"go4zed6vsFCKAoaAAycufIdrqinev6En\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6 in 10 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in men aged 65 or older. From Gizmodo:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the US, people over the age of 50 are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/early-detection/acs-recommendations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">generally screened\u003c/a> for prostate cancer via the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test...But the saliva test could reveal especially high-risk people who need annual screening regardless of their PSA level.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad-slot__label\">\n\u003cp>Researchers\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> now plan a trial\u003c/a> run of the new test at a limited number of clinics to help devise treatments that could reduce cases of prostate cancer among this high-risk group.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\"We are on the cusp of moving from theory to practice -- from explaining how genetics affect prostate cancer risk, to testing for genetic risk and attempting to prevent the disease,\" Paul Workman, chief executive at The Institute of Cancer Research, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. \"This study also gives us important information about the causes of prostate cancer and the potential role of the immune system, which could ultimately be employed in the design of new treatments.\"\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_/59666047/theguardian.com/science/article/ng_7__container__\" class=\"ad-slot__content\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A team of scientists at London's\u003ca href=\"https://www.icr.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Institute of Cancer Research\u003c/a> have developed a \"spit test\" that can be used to identify men most likely to develop prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in U.S. men.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1 in 9 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/about/key-statistics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Cancer Society. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0142-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Monday in the journal Nature Genetics, identified the 1 percent of men with the highest genetic risk for prostate cancer. This group is nearly six times more likely to develop prostate cancer than the general population, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the study.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers, funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, utilized a new DNA analysis method to study the genes of more than 70,000 people. They looked at 150 DNA markers and found that the top 10 percent of men at highest risk for prostate cancer were found to nearly three times the risk of developing the disease. From Gizmodo:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Some 45,000 of the subjects had already developed prostate cancer, while 25,000 hadn’t. So the researchers compared the two groups, singling out any inherited genetic variations that might have contributed to their cancer risk.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Based on this data, the study said that researchers discovered 63 new variants that have previously not been associated with prostate cancer. Rosalind Eeles, a geneticist and co-author of the study, said those men found to be at greater genetic risk can receive proper screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we are particularly excited by the test is that this can be offered in general practice as a spit test to really try and identify who is most at risk of prostate cancer so we can offer them targeted screening,” Eeles \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/11/trials-begin-of-a-saliva-test-for-prostate-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told T\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/11/trials-begin-of-a-saliva-test-for-prostate-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Guardian.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most men diagnosed with the disease do not die from it, according to the American Cancer Society. Risk factors include family history, advanced age, and those of African descent.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6 in 10 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in men aged 65 or older. From Gizmodo:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the US, people over the age of 50 are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/early-detection/acs-recommendations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">generally screened\u003c/a> for prostate cancer via the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test...But the saliva test could reveal especially high-risk people who need annual screening regardless of their PSA level.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad-slot__label\">\n\u003cp>Researchers\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> now plan a trial\u003c/a> run of the new test at a limited number of clinics to help devise treatments that could reduce cases of prostate cancer among this high-risk group.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\"We are on the cusp of moving from theory to practice -- from explaining how genetics affect prostate cancer risk, to testing for genetic risk and attempting to prevent the disease,\" Paul Workman, chief executive at The Institute of Cancer Research, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. \"This study also gives us important information about the causes of prostate cancer and the potential role of the immune system, which could ultimately be employed in the design of new treatments.\"\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_/59666047/theguardian.com/science/article/ng_7__container__\" class=\"ad-slot__content\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Science Writer Explores The 'Perversions And Potential' Of Genetic Tests",
"title": "A Science Writer Explores The 'Perversions And Potential' Of Genetic Tests",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/618870881/618969757\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a science columnist for\u003cem> The New York Times, \u003c/em>Carl Zimmer had reported extensively about genetics and the role gene mutations play in various ailments. After a while, he got to wondering about what secrets his own genetic code holds.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AyWMyOjcCCjd9Wr45bM9omzK5fGeueow\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wanted to know if there was anything I needed to worry about,\" Zimmer says. \"We all think back to our relatives who got sick and then wonder, 'Is that in me?'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Zimmer worked with a genetics counselor to get his entire genome sequenced — an experience he describes as \"very nerve-wracking.\" He worried that he would discover a mutation that would put him on the path for a particular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, the counselor told Zimmer he has a \"boring genome.\" Though Zimmer initially hoped for a more \"exciting and exotic\" assessment, the counselor reminded him \"A boring genome is a really good genome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zimmer writes about the broader implications of genetic research and testing in his new book, \u003cem>She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions and Potential of Heredity\u003c/em>.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YtqF4uhyPE2pCelB55bttG0XpqJfRSq3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how the new genetic editing technology known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a> works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens with CRISPR is that scientists will design a molecule — think of it as a probe — and it will search around in the DNA in a cell until if finds a very specific short sequence. And it will grab onto it, and it brings on with it basically molecular scissors, which will then cut the DNA at that spot — kind of like cutting tape. And you can cut out a segment of DNA. And if you just do that, DNA will heal itself. Basically the two loose ends will stitch themselves together, and now that piece is just missing. Or you can add in a little piece of different DNA, and you can actually get the cell to put in that new piece of DNA where you just cut out the old one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether CRISPR technology could be used to treat diseases in humans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're just on the verge of human trials. They will be starting, hopefully very soon, for diseases like sickle-cell anemia. There's actually a lot of research on muscular dystrophy as well. There are a few key diseases where scientists think these would be the best places to start. To basically inject CRISPR molecules into people's bodies; these CRISPR molecules would then go to certain kinds of cells and repair one particular spot in their DNA. And that treats the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We shouldn't look at this as a panacea. ... There have been earlier kinds of treatments known as gene therapy, where you basically try to add an extra gene into someone's cells. And that [seemed] like it was just a slam dunk, but then it turned out to not work very well for years and years. ... So CRISPR could be even more exciting and truly revolutionary. We just have to wait and see what this first generation of human clinical trials show us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his visit to an insectarium where a scientist is breeding genetically modified mosquitoes that are resistant to malaria\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, you have to gown up before you go in there. ... And then you go through an air lock, and then you're in this room where there are mosquitoes living in all their different life cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there's a dark room where the female mosquitoes are laying their eggs, because they like to do it in the dark. And then the scientists pull the eggs out from these rooms and they inject DNA into them and then they put them in water, because that's where mosquito larvae like to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so you go into this other room where there are these tubs of water, and these snake-like things are slithering around in there and then they develop into adults. And the females need to drink blood; so [researchers] found that the containers for movie popcorn work really well. What they do is, they basically clamp a warm container of calves' blood on top of them, and then the mosquitoes are underneath — on the underside of the plastic lid — basically poking through and drinking the blood and fattening themselves up. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell that they've been genetically altered because they have red eyes, which is kind of spooky. But you look at that and you say, well, that means that these could be the cure for malaria. It really could happen. And hundreds of thousands of people die every year of malaria. We've thrown everything we can at it and this parasite is still knocking us down worldwide. So, maybe this could be it – so, that's actually quite exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how genetic testing was used in the Golden State Killer case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden State Killer case\u003c/a>, what somebody decided to do was take the DNA that they had from these crime scenes, and upload it to one of these open-access sites — not a commercial site — and then see if they could find any close matches. And they found that there were some people that looked like they were distant cousins of this person. And they went and did the genealogical research to figure out \"Well, how would they be related?\" And then said \"OK, who are the possible relatives that this person could be, and where do they live?\" And that actually helped narrow down their search until they made an arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether genetic testing companies will protect user privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can choose different levels of privacy with a lot of these services. So, for example, some people will say \"I want you to look at my DNA. I want you to tell me about my ancestry.\" ... For 23 and Me they'll give you a few bits of information about your medical conditions, and that's it. But they will try to get you to opt in to sharing your data for their own basic research. At 23 and Me, for example, there's a whole team of researchers who are studying all sorts of ... diseases, sleep patterns and so on. And then they will also go into partnerships with drug development companies who will take their data, looking at, say, 50,000 people with lupus and 50,000 people who don't have lupus, and try to look for the genetic differences. Those could point the way toward possible drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Phyllis Myers and Seth Kelley produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz and Seth Kelley adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Science+Writer+Explores+The+%27Perversions+And+Potential%27+Of+Genetic+Tests&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Carl Zimmer wondered what secrets lurked in his genetic code — so he decided to have his genome sequenced. He writes about the implications of the study of genetics in \u003cem>She Has Her Mother's Laugh.\u003c/em>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/618870881/618969757\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a science columnist for\u003cem> The New York Times, \u003c/em>Carl Zimmer had reported extensively about genetics and the role gene mutations play in various ailments. After a while, he got to wondering about what secrets his own genetic code holds.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wanted to know if there was anything I needed to worry about,\" Zimmer says. \"We all think back to our relatives who got sick and then wonder, 'Is that in me?'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Zimmer worked with a genetics counselor to get his entire genome sequenced — an experience he describes as \"very nerve-wracking.\" He worried that he would discover a mutation that would put him on the path for a particular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, the counselor told Zimmer he has a \"boring genome.\" Though Zimmer initially hoped for a more \"exciting and exotic\" assessment, the counselor reminded him \"A boring genome is a really good genome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zimmer writes about the broader implications of genetic research and testing in his new book, \u003cem>She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions and Potential of Heredity\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how the new genetic editing technology known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a> works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens with CRISPR is that scientists will design a molecule — think of it as a probe — and it will search around in the DNA in a cell until if finds a very specific short sequence. And it will grab onto it, and it brings on with it basically molecular scissors, which will then cut the DNA at that spot — kind of like cutting tape. And you can cut out a segment of DNA. And if you just do that, DNA will heal itself. Basically the two loose ends will stitch themselves together, and now that piece is just missing. Or you can add in a little piece of different DNA, and you can actually get the cell to put in that new piece of DNA where you just cut out the old one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether CRISPR technology could be used to treat diseases in humans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're just on the verge of human trials. They will be starting, hopefully very soon, for diseases like sickle-cell anemia. There's actually a lot of research on muscular dystrophy as well. There are a few key diseases where scientists think these would be the best places to start. To basically inject CRISPR molecules into people's bodies; these CRISPR molecules would then go to certain kinds of cells and repair one particular spot in their DNA. And that treats the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We shouldn't look at this as a panacea. ... There have been earlier kinds of treatments known as gene therapy, where you basically try to add an extra gene into someone's cells. And that [seemed] like it was just a slam dunk, but then it turned out to not work very well for years and years. ... So CRISPR could be even more exciting and truly revolutionary. We just have to wait and see what this first generation of human clinical trials show us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his visit to an insectarium where a scientist is breeding genetically modified mosquitoes that are resistant to malaria\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, you have to gown up before you go in there. ... And then you go through an air lock, and then you're in this room where there are mosquitoes living in all their different life cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there's a dark room where the female mosquitoes are laying their eggs, because they like to do it in the dark. And then the scientists pull the eggs out from these rooms and they inject DNA into them and then they put them in water, because that's where mosquito larvae like to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so you go into this other room where there are these tubs of water, and these snake-like things are slithering around in there and then they develop into adults. And the females need to drink blood; so [researchers] found that the containers for movie popcorn work really well. What they do is, they basically clamp a warm container of calves' blood on top of them, and then the mosquitoes are underneath — on the underside of the plastic lid — basically poking through and drinking the blood and fattening themselves up. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell that they've been genetically altered because they have red eyes, which is kind of spooky. But you look at that and you say, well, that means that these could be the cure for malaria. It really could happen. And hundreds of thousands of people die every year of malaria. We've thrown everything we can at it and this parasite is still knocking us down worldwide. So, maybe this could be it – so, that's actually quite exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how genetic testing was used in the Golden State Killer case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden State Killer case\u003c/a>, what somebody decided to do was take the DNA that they had from these crime scenes, and upload it to one of these open-access sites — not a commercial site — and then see if they could find any close matches. And they found that there were some people that looked like they were distant cousins of this person. And they went and did the genealogical research to figure out \"Well, how would they be related?\" And then said \"OK, who are the possible relatives that this person could be, and where do they live?\" And that actually helped narrow down their search until they made an arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether genetic testing companies will protect user privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can choose different levels of privacy with a lot of these services. So, for example, some people will say \"I want you to look at my DNA. I want you to tell me about my ancestry.\" ... For 23 and Me they'll give you a few bits of information about your medical conditions, and that's it. But they will try to get you to opt in to sharing your data for their own basic research. At 23 and Me, for example, there's a whole team of researchers who are studying all sorts of ... diseases, sleep patterns and so on. And then they will also go into partnerships with drug development companies who will take their data, looking at, say, 50,000 people with lupus and 50,000 people who don't have lupus, and try to look for the genetic differences. Those could point the way toward possible drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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