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"content": "\u003cp>The HIV research community is increasingly optimistic about the promising \"shock and kill\" approach to eradicating HIV from infected patients. Such removal of all traces of the virus from an individual's body would represent an actual cure for AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We know from the science that a cure can happen.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new small-scale human trial of the treatment is starting this week in New York and two sister sites, in Germany and Denmark. The trial will combine an anticancer drug, romidepsin, with antiretroviral drugs, also known as ARVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another small human study will start in January, followed by a larger human shock and kill trial in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shock and kill combines standard ARVs with an immune booster, a combo that’s been effective in test tube, animal and now human trials. The treatment flushes out and eradicates pockets of HIV, which lie inactive inside dormant immune cells even as antiretroviral drugs reduce the actively reproducing virus to undetectable levels in the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new trials follow validating shock and kill data from University of California, San Francisco researchers, shared at the HIV Cure Summit, held on Dec. 1 at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"mMgRCnE0h9dNvCoKR8ZADxCU0RnaFUGQ\"]\"I feel a very real sense of optimism based on the evidence that we know a cure can be achieved,” said Dr. Rowena Johnston, vice-president for amfAR, in a post-summit interview with KQED. “There is a fundamental understanding we have now of the barriers between us and a cure, and how we go about to solving the problems.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a related upcoming trial, a \u003cspan class=\"s1\">UCSF team will study whether an oral pill or IV drip is more effective in delivering drugs to tissue reservoirs where HIV hides. A separate observational study designed to serve as a reference for all HIV cure trials will monitor people who stop taking ARVs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Building on a Breakthrough\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The mood at the HIV Cure Summit was one of cautious optimism, in part fueled by reports from the first human shock and kill trial in Britain. In October, UK scientists conducting a 50-person study announced that the first patient to complete the treatment, a 44-year-old man given Vorinostat, ARVs and vaccines to prod the immune system, \u003c/span>showed no detectable signs of the virus in his blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In short, he appeared cured. But \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">HIV scientists worldwide quickly deemed any declaration of victory premature, cautioning that more time, as well as tissue samples, are needed to judge the treatment's efficacy. The UK trial will wrap up in 2018, and no results are expected until then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Animal Studies Offer Hope – And a Warning \u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The early human findings mirror promising results from numerous lab and \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/shock-and-kill-approach-cures-mice-hiv-world-first/\">animal studies\u003c/a> \u003c/span>employing shock and kill and related therapies. In October, researchers reported that several of eight monkeys given an immune therapy plus ARVs to flush out SIV, the simian cousin to HIV, now remain\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-aids-day-cure-analysis-idUSKBN13Q3BM\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\"> free\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of the virus after two years. The animals continue to be monitored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But another group has just issued a cautionary note. It may be that not all approaches to boosting the immune system will prove safe, even if effective. On Dec. 12, scientists reported \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmpro.com/news/2016/12/hiv-shock-and-kill-strategy-may-harm-patient-brains\" target=\"_blank\">brain inflammation\u003c/a> in a study of three SIV-infected macaques given a year’s course of Vorinostat; Ingenol-B, another latency-reversing agent; and ARVs. While Vorinostat has passed human safety studies, Ingenol-B has not, said Johnston.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"Our study sounds a major cautionary note about the potential for unintended consequences of the shock-and-kill treatment strategy,\" stated Janice Clements, a veteran AIDS researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>The Berlin Patient\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">At the UCSF summit, researchers stressed the difference between a full or sterilizing cure, which would constitute eradication of every last particle of HIV, and a functional cure, meaning remission. In the latter, the immune system prevents HIV from ever emerging out of dormancy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A total cure has only been achieved in one person to date: Timothy Ray Brown, also known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/09/how-did-berlin-patient-rid-himself-hiv\" target=\"_blank\">The Berlin Patient\u003c/a>. Brown was initially infected with HIV in 1995. After years of antiretroviral drugs, Brown, who also suffers from acute myeloid leukemia, underwent chemotherapy followed by two stem cell transplants from a donor whose immune cells were genetically resistant to HIV. Today, nine years later, Brown remains free of any trace of the virus in not only his bloodstream but in myriad tissue samples. He recently relocated to participate in studies in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The Berlin Patient gave us the proof of concept” for an HIV cure, said Kevin Frost, amfAR CEO and the summit spokesperson. Referring to the number of people with HIV globally, he said, “Now we have to go from N-1 to N-37 million.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Berlin Patient's case was unique and his treatment prohibitively expensive, out of reach to millions with HIV. In the short term, a more realistic remedy than eradication of the virus is remission without antiretroviral drugs. A small minority of long-term HIV survivors, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/Protected-from-HIV-elite-controllers-still-10420068.php\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">elite controllers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,\" already can manage without the drugs due to their own immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If shock and kill therapies prove effective and durable, they will also prove a boon for HIV prevention. Two major \u003ca href=\"https://hptn.org/research/studies/33\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">studies\u003c/span>\u003c/a> over the last five years in thousands of couples showed that individuals on ARVs with undetectable levels of HIV were \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://i-base.info/htb/30108\">not infectious. \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A number of preventive shock and kill vaccines are now being evaluated in new laboratory studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Needed: R&D for New Tools\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some of the buzz at the HIV Cure Summit focused on progress made with new tools to find, measure, and map latent HIV. UCSF's Peter Hunt introduced results of a new RNA-DNA probe that can simultaneously measure dormant and replicating HIV in tissue cells, as well as pinpoint the cell type. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That allows for mapping of not only the regions where reservoirs of HIV are lurking but the individual cells, explained Johnston. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s an incredible advance,\" Johnston said. \"There’s not a single group in the world who has done that.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Another UCSF researcher, Satish Pillai, presented a novel digital-drop technology and multifluid chip test that can analyze many cells at once. Such tools are critical to assess if patients off medicines will remain HIV-free.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Looking ahead, Frost of amfAR thought a barrier to more rapid progress is a lack of pharma investment in research and diagnostics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“In the development of antiretrovirals, the pace of research accelerated at a speed commensurate with the revenue generated,\" he said. \"With only a few exceptions, pharma hasn’t even come to the table on cure research yet.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">HIV cure proponents also worry about possible cuts in research dollars under incoming President Donald Trump.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But such hurdles haven’t dampened their growing faith in a cure. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We know from the science that a cure can happen,” said Pillai. “That’s definitely a reason to be hopeful. We just need more resources and more people involved to move us along faster.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The HIV research community is increasingly optimistic about the promising \"shock and kill\" approach to eradicating HIV from infected patients. Such removal of all traces of the virus from an individual's body would represent an actual cure for AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We know from the science that a cure can happen.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new small-scale human trial of the treatment is starting this week in New York and two sister sites, in Germany and Denmark. The trial will combine an anticancer drug, romidepsin, with antiretroviral drugs, also known as ARVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another small human study will start in January, followed by a larger human shock and kill trial in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shock and kill combines standard ARVs with an immune booster, a combo that’s been effective in test tube, animal and now human trials. The treatment flushes out and eradicates pockets of HIV, which lie inactive inside dormant immune cells even as antiretroviral drugs reduce the actively reproducing virus to undetectable levels in the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new trials follow validating shock and kill data from University of California, San Francisco researchers, shared at the HIV Cure Summit, held on Dec. 1 at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"I feel a very real sense of optimism based on the evidence that we know a cure can be achieved,” said Dr. Rowena Johnston, vice-president for amfAR, in a post-summit interview with KQED. “There is a fundamental understanding we have now of the barriers between us and a cure, and how we go about to solving the problems.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a related upcoming trial, a \u003cspan class=\"s1\">UCSF team will study whether an oral pill or IV drip is more effective in delivering drugs to tissue reservoirs where HIV hides. A separate observational study designed to serve as a reference for all HIV cure trials will monitor people who stop taking ARVs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Building on a Breakthrough\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The mood at the HIV Cure Summit was one of cautious optimism, in part fueled by reports from the first human shock and kill trial in Britain. In October, UK scientists conducting a 50-person study announced that the first patient to complete the treatment, a 44-year-old man given Vorinostat, ARVs and vaccines to prod the immune system, \u003c/span>showed no detectable signs of the virus in his blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In short, he appeared cured. But \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">HIV scientists worldwide quickly deemed any declaration of victory premature, cautioning that more time, as well as tissue samples, are needed to judge the treatment's efficacy. The UK trial will wrap up in 2018, and no results are expected until then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Animal Studies Offer Hope – And a Warning \u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The early human findings mirror promising results from numerous lab and \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/shock-and-kill-approach-cures-mice-hiv-world-first/\">animal studies\u003c/a> \u003c/span>employing shock and kill and related therapies. In October, researchers reported that several of eight monkeys given an immune therapy plus ARVs to flush out SIV, the simian cousin to HIV, now remain\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-aids-day-cure-analysis-idUSKBN13Q3BM\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\"> free\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of the virus after two years. The animals continue to be monitored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But another group has just issued a cautionary note. It may be that not all approaches to boosting the immune system will prove safe, even if effective. On Dec. 12, scientists reported \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmpro.com/news/2016/12/hiv-shock-and-kill-strategy-may-harm-patient-brains\" target=\"_blank\">brain inflammation\u003c/a> in a study of three SIV-infected macaques given a year’s course of Vorinostat; Ingenol-B, another latency-reversing agent; and ARVs. While Vorinostat has passed human safety studies, Ingenol-B has not, said Johnston.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"Our study sounds a major cautionary note about the potential for unintended consequences of the shock-and-kill treatment strategy,\" stated Janice Clements, a veteran AIDS researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>The Berlin Patient\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">At the UCSF summit, researchers stressed the difference between a full or sterilizing cure, which would constitute eradication of every last particle of HIV, and a functional cure, meaning remission. In the latter, the immune system prevents HIV from ever emerging out of dormancy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A total cure has only been achieved in one person to date: Timothy Ray Brown, also known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/09/how-did-berlin-patient-rid-himself-hiv\" target=\"_blank\">The Berlin Patient\u003c/a>. Brown was initially infected with HIV in 1995. After years of antiretroviral drugs, Brown, who also suffers from acute myeloid leukemia, underwent chemotherapy followed by two stem cell transplants from a donor whose immune cells were genetically resistant to HIV. Today, nine years later, Brown remains free of any trace of the virus in not only his bloodstream but in myriad tissue samples. He recently relocated to participate in studies in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The Berlin Patient gave us the proof of concept” for an HIV cure, said Kevin Frost, amfAR CEO and the summit spokesperson. Referring to the number of people with HIV globally, he said, “Now we have to go from N-1 to N-37 million.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Berlin Patient's case was unique and his treatment prohibitively expensive, out of reach to millions with HIV. In the short term, a more realistic remedy than eradication of the virus is remission without antiretroviral drugs. A small minority of long-term HIV survivors, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/Protected-from-HIV-elite-controllers-still-10420068.php\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">elite controllers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,\" already can manage without the drugs due to their own immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If shock and kill therapies prove effective and durable, they will also prove a boon for HIV prevention. Two major \u003ca href=\"https://hptn.org/research/studies/33\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">studies\u003c/span>\u003c/a> over the last five years in thousands of couples showed that individuals on ARVs with undetectable levels of HIV were \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://i-base.info/htb/30108\">not infectious. \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A number of preventive shock and kill vaccines are now being evaluated in new laboratory studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Needed: R&D for New Tools\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some of the buzz at the HIV Cure Summit focused on progress made with new tools to find, measure, and map latent HIV. UCSF's Peter Hunt introduced results of a new RNA-DNA probe that can simultaneously measure dormant and replicating HIV in tissue cells, as well as pinpoint the cell type. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That allows for mapping of not only the regions where reservoirs of HIV are lurking but the individual cells, explained Johnston. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s an incredible advance,\" Johnston said. \"There’s not a single group in the world who has done that.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Another UCSF researcher, Satish Pillai, presented a novel digital-drop technology and multifluid chip test that can analyze many cells at once. Such tools are critical to assess if patients off medicines will remain HIV-free.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Looking ahead, Frost of amfAR thought a barrier to more rapid progress is a lack of pharma investment in research and diagnostics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“In the development of antiretrovirals, the pace of research accelerated at a speed commensurate with the revenue generated,\" he said. \"With only a few exceptions, pharma hasn’t even come to the table on cure research yet.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">HIV cure proponents also worry about possible cuts in research dollars under incoming President Donald Trump.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But such hurdles haven’t dampened their growing faith in a cure. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We know from the science that a cure can happen,” said Pillai. “That’s definitely a reason to be hopeful. We just need more resources and more people involved to move us along faster.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "At TEDMED, Human Drama Comes First. And That’s a Good Thing",
"title": "At TEDMED, Human Drama Comes First. And That’s a Good Thing",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Is it any surprise that Oxford Dictionaries has named \u003ca href=\"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016\">post-truth\u003c/a> the 2016 word of the year?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxford says the word gained momentum after the Brexit vote and the American presidential election. It defines the adjective as \"relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A widely cited post-election Buzzfeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.is5qzqZ2ny#.exbMLMeNA7\">analysis\u003c/a> would seem to buttress the validity of that idea, by showing the wild social media success of fake news stories as compared to real ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does a science reporter like myself successfully relay information if so many people don’t care, necessarily, about its accuracy? (Or even if it's \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzagate_(conspiracy_theory)\">made up out of whole cloth\u003c/a>.) How do we get readers to pay attention to news that confronts erroneous but entrenched \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/ps_2016-10-04_politics-of-climate_0-01/\" target=\"_blank\">beliefs\u003c/a>, when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/politics/scott-pruitt-epa-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">people\u003c/a> filling the country's\u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/\" target=\"_blank\"> highest offices\u003c/a> ignore \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/\" target=\"_blank\">overwhelming evidence\u003c/a> to the contrary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may imagine, these questions have fueled many conversations, not to mention entire meetings, in our newsroom of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Stirring Hearts\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where TEDMED comes in. \u003ca href=\"http://tedmed.com/\">TEDMED's\u003c/a> approach to its annual conference reminded me that part of the answer is to continue to tell true stories based on good science, but with a focus on \u003ci>people\u003c/i>. (\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">See here\u003c/a> for a good example from KQED's State of Health.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-day event, TEDMED attracts a who’s who in medical innovation. When videos of the presentations go online, they typically receive between 500,000 to 1 million views. Last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/judson_brewer_a_simple_way_to_break_a_bad_habit\">talk\u003c/a> by psychiatrist Judson Brewer about a simple way to break a bad habit has drawn 5.6 million views and counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, when I wandered into a massive, dimly lit Palm Springs ballroom, decked out in plush couches and brightly colored velvet arm chairs, I thought I was cozying in for three days of speeches about gadgets and medical breakthroughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that wasn’t the case. The speakers rarely discussed data, instead focusing on what was inspiring, memorable, and most importantly, personal. All of which is key if what you're communicating confronts entrenched beliefs that are unlikely to shift without engaging the heart as well as the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Memorable Talks\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-300967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/emi.jpb_-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Spoken word poet Emtithal “Emi” Mahmoud on stage at TEDMED at the La Quinta Resort in Palm Springs. \" width=\"315\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoken word poet Emtithal “Emi” Mahmoud on stage at TEDMED at the La Quinta Resort in Palm Springs. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The theme of the opening session was \u003ci>Invisible Threats\u003c/i>. I assumed that meant speeches about airborne viruses like Ebola or Zika. But instead, Emitithal “Emi” Mahmoud, a spoken word poet from Sudan, took the stage. She performed an intimate piece about the emotional toll of violence in her country. Yes there were plenty of audience tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The invisible threats that we grapple with on a personal level, such as the biases that we hold or the traumas that we have gone through, but have not processed completely, affect how we influence and interact with other human beings,” Mahmoud told me after her performance. “Because in the long run, if you’re standing across from someone who needs help, and invisible barriers make you see them through a lens that makes you think they are not like you or they are an ‘other,’ chances are you are not going to help them. That’s incredibly dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the next few days, the speakers continued to share human stories that took the audience on surprising journeys all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300975\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-300975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who helps dying patients in their final days. \" width=\"314\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who helps dying patients in their final days. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones highlighted the undervalued role nurses play in the health care industry. She shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who runs an unusual nursing home. \"She uses ducks, goats and lambs for animal therapy with the residents who might not be able to remember their own name, but can rejoice in holding a baby lamb,\" Jones reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300973\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-300973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed shares inmate Mr. Burdick's story to illustrate how helping others can rehabilitate hardened criminals. \" width=\"314\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed shares inmate Mr. Burdick's story to illustrate how helping others can rehabilitate hardened criminals. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed revealed a unique rehabilitation program called the Gold Coats. Physically able inmates, wearing gold jackets, take care of older convicts who are struggling with dementia. She told the story of Mr. Burdick, incarcerated for 40 years, who helps elderly inmates shower, dress and eat daily. \"Society at large tends to reduce people to labels – criminal, thief, killer...\" Steed said. \"How do you explain the fact that a man who once took a life is now a caregiver? Which version of that person is the truth? The beautiful complexity of human nature is that \u003ci>both\u003c/i> are true. And by shouldering responsibility for someone who needs them, these men have begun to discover another way of life and a healthier, happier version of themselves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300974\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-300974\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar explores the lives of extreme altruists. \" width=\"314\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar explores the lives of extreme altruists. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar shared her research on the motivations behind altruism. She told the heroic tale of the Badeau family, a couple who kept adopting foster care children until they were housing 20 special needs kids. \"The thing about people like Sue and Hector is that they have a deep and happy sense of purpose,\" said MacFarquhar. \"Yes, they sacrifice a lot of comforts. But in exchange they know that they’ve changed many lives for the better, and they believe that they are living their own lives as they ought to. And how many of us can say that?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more traditional talks like psychiatrist Kafui Dzirasa’s use of neuroelectrical stimulation to treat mental illness, or Israeli internist Nir Barzilai’s research on extending life revolved around personal narratives that tugged at the audience’s emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data and good research is a prerequisite for any science reporting. But TEDMED's speakers reminded me that communicating science, in an era where accurate information must compete with agenda- or profit-driven \"news,\" is not necessarily about driving home the numbers that scientists prize. Translating those numbers into stories of people who are actually affected by what they represent is what ultimately will move people to take science seriously.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Is it any surprise that Oxford Dictionaries has named \u003ca href=\"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016\">post-truth\u003c/a> the 2016 word of the year?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxford says the word gained momentum after the Brexit vote and the American presidential election. It defines the adjective as \"relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A widely cited post-election Buzzfeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.is5qzqZ2ny#.exbMLMeNA7\">analysis\u003c/a> would seem to buttress the validity of that idea, by showing the wild social media success of fake news stories as compared to real ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does a science reporter like myself successfully relay information if so many people don’t care, necessarily, about its accuracy? (Or even if it's \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzagate_(conspiracy_theory)\">made up out of whole cloth\u003c/a>.) How do we get readers to pay attention to news that confronts erroneous but entrenched \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/ps_2016-10-04_politics-of-climate_0-01/\" target=\"_blank\">beliefs\u003c/a>, when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/politics/scott-pruitt-epa-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">people\u003c/a> filling the country's\u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/\" target=\"_blank\"> highest offices\u003c/a> ignore \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/\" target=\"_blank\">overwhelming evidence\u003c/a> to the contrary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may imagine, these questions have fueled many conversations, not to mention entire meetings, in our newsroom of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Stirring Hearts\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where TEDMED comes in. \u003ca href=\"http://tedmed.com/\">TEDMED's\u003c/a> approach to its annual conference reminded me that part of the answer is to continue to tell true stories based on good science, but with a focus on \u003ci>people\u003c/i>. (\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">See here\u003c/a> for a good example from KQED's State of Health.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-day event, TEDMED attracts a who’s who in medical innovation. When videos of the presentations go online, they typically receive between 500,000 to 1 million views. Last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/judson_brewer_a_simple_way_to_break_a_bad_habit\">talk\u003c/a> by psychiatrist Judson Brewer about a simple way to break a bad habit has drawn 5.6 million views and counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, when I wandered into a massive, dimly lit Palm Springs ballroom, decked out in plush couches and brightly colored velvet arm chairs, I thought I was cozying in for three days of speeches about gadgets and medical breakthroughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that wasn’t the case. The speakers rarely discussed data, instead focusing on what was inspiring, memorable, and most importantly, personal. All of which is key if what you're communicating confronts entrenched beliefs that are unlikely to shift without engaging the heart as well as the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Memorable Talks\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-300967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/emi.jpb_-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Spoken word poet Emtithal “Emi” Mahmoud on stage at TEDMED at the La Quinta Resort in Palm Springs. \" width=\"315\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoken word poet Emtithal “Emi” Mahmoud on stage at TEDMED at the La Quinta Resort in Palm Springs. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The theme of the opening session was \u003ci>Invisible Threats\u003c/i>. I assumed that meant speeches about airborne viruses like Ebola or Zika. But instead, Emitithal “Emi” Mahmoud, a spoken word poet from Sudan, took the stage. She performed an intimate piece about the emotional toll of violence in her country. Yes there were plenty of audience tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The invisible threats that we grapple with on a personal level, such as the biases that we hold or the traumas that we have gone through, but have not processed completely, affect how we influence and interact with other human beings,” Mahmoud told me after her performance. “Because in the long run, if you’re standing across from someone who needs help, and invisible barriers make you see them through a lens that makes you think they are not like you or they are an ‘other,’ chances are you are not going to help them. That’s incredibly dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the next few days, the speakers continued to share human stories that took the audience on surprising journeys all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300975\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-300975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who helps dying patients in their final days. \" width=\"314\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who helps dying patients in their final days. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones highlighted the undervalued role nurses play in the health care industry. She shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who runs an unusual nursing home. \"She uses ducks, goats and lambs for animal therapy with the residents who might not be able to remember their own name, but can rejoice in holding a baby lamb,\" Jones reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300973\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-300973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed shares inmate Mr. Burdick's story to illustrate how helping others can rehabilitate hardened criminals. \" width=\"314\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed shares inmate Mr. Burdick's story to illustrate how helping others can rehabilitate hardened criminals. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed revealed a unique rehabilitation program called the Gold Coats. Physically able inmates, wearing gold jackets, take care of older convicts who are struggling with dementia. She told the story of Mr. Burdick, incarcerated for 40 years, who helps elderly inmates shower, dress and eat daily. \"Society at large tends to reduce people to labels – criminal, thief, killer...\" Steed said. \"How do you explain the fact that a man who once took a life is now a caregiver? Which version of that person is the truth? The beautiful complexity of human nature is that \u003ci>both\u003c/i> are true. And by shouldering responsibility for someone who needs them, these men have begun to discover another way of life and a healthier, happier version of themselves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300974\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-300974\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar explores the lives of extreme altruists. \" width=\"314\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar explores the lives of extreme altruists. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar shared her research on the motivations behind altruism. She told the heroic tale of the Badeau family, a couple who kept adopting foster care children until they were housing 20 special needs kids. \"The thing about people like Sue and Hector is that they have a deep and happy sense of purpose,\" said MacFarquhar. \"Yes, they sacrifice a lot of comforts. But in exchange they know that they’ve changed many lives for the better, and they believe that they are living their own lives as they ought to. And how many of us can say that?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more traditional talks like psychiatrist Kafui Dzirasa’s use of neuroelectrical stimulation to treat mental illness, or Israeli internist Nir Barzilai’s research on extending life revolved around personal narratives that tugged at the audience’s emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data and good research is a prerequisite for any science reporting. But TEDMED's speakers reminded me that communicating science, in an era where accurate information must compete with agenda- or profit-driven \"news,\" is not necessarily about driving home the numbers that scientists prize. Translating those numbers into stories of people who are actually affected by what they represent is what ultimately will move people to take science seriously.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Baby boomers are getting high in increasing numbers, reflecting growing acceptance of the drug as treatment for various medical conditions, according to a study published in the journal \u003cem>Addiction\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings reveal overall use among the 50-and-older study group increased “significantly” from 2006 to 2013. Marijuana users peaked between ages 50 to 64, then declined among the 65-and-over crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Men used marijuana more frequently than women, the study showed, but marital status and educational levels were not major factors in determining users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study by researchers at New York University School of Medicine suggests more data is needed about the long-term health impact of marijuana use among seniors. Study participants said they did not perceive the drug as dangerous, a sign of changing attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was based on 47,140 responses collected from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph Palamar, a professor at the NYU medical school and a co-author of the study, said the findings reinforce the need for research and a call for providers to screen the elderly for drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They shouldn’t just assume that someone is not a drug user because they’re older,” Palamar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing use of the drug among the 50-and-older crowd reflects the national trend toward pushing cannabis into mainstream culture. Over 22 million people used the drug in 2015, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Eight states have legalized the drug for recreational use as well as medicinal use, according to Marijuana Policy Project, a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to enacting non-punitive marijuana policies across the United States. The drug has also proved to be a financial boon for state economies, generating over $19 million in September in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also uncovered an increasing diversity in marijuana users. Past-year use doubled among married couples and those earning less than $20,000 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More people living with medical conditions also sought out marijuana. The study showed the number of individuals living with two or more chronic conditions who used the drug over the past year more than doubled. Among those living with depression, the rate also doubled to 11.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palamar says the increase among the sick could be attributed to more individuals seeking to self-medicate. Historically, the plant was difficult to research due to the government crackdown on the substance. The Drug Enforcement Administration classifies the plant as a Schedule I substance, “defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin Han, assistant professor at the New York University School of Medicine and the study’s lead author, fears that marijuana used with prescription drugs could make the elderly more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes, particularly to falls and cognitive impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While there may be benefits to using marijuana such as chronic pain,” he said, “there may be risks that we don’t know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push and pull between state and federal governments has resulted in varying degrees of legality across the United States. Palamar says this variation places populations at risk of unknowingly breaking the law and getting arrested for drug possession. The issue poses one of the biggest public health concerns associated with marijuana, Palamar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike the marijuana of their youth, seniors living in states that legalized marijuana for medicinal use now can access a drug that has been tested for quality and purity, said Paul Armentano deputy director of NORML, a non-profit group advocating for marijuana legalization. Additionally, the plant is prescribed to manage diseases that usually strike in older age, pointing to an increasing desire to take a medication that has less side effects than traditional prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found over half of the users picked up the habit before turning 18, and over 90 percent of them before age 36.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are coming to a point where state lawmakers are responding to the rapidly emerging consensus-both public consensus and a scientific consensus — that marijuana is not an agent that possesses risks that qualifies it as a legally prohibited substance,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KHN’s coverage of end-of-life and serious illness issues is supported by The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Baby boomers are getting high in increasing numbers, reflecting growing acceptance of the drug as treatment for various medical conditions, according to a study published in the journal \u003cem>Addiction\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings reveal overall use among the 50-and-older study group increased “significantly” from 2006 to 2013. Marijuana users peaked between ages 50 to 64, then declined among the 65-and-over crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Men used marijuana more frequently than women, the study showed, but marital status and educational levels were not major factors in determining users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study by researchers at New York University School of Medicine suggests more data is needed about the long-term health impact of marijuana use among seniors. Study participants said they did not perceive the drug as dangerous, a sign of changing attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was based on 47,140 responses collected from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph Palamar, a professor at the NYU medical school and a co-author of the study, said the findings reinforce the need for research and a call for providers to screen the elderly for drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They shouldn’t just assume that someone is not a drug user because they’re older,” Palamar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing use of the drug among the 50-and-older crowd reflects the national trend toward pushing cannabis into mainstream culture. Over 22 million people used the drug in 2015, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Eight states have legalized the drug for recreational use as well as medicinal use, according to Marijuana Policy Project, a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to enacting non-punitive marijuana policies across the United States. The drug has also proved to be a financial boon for state economies, generating over $19 million in September in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also uncovered an increasing diversity in marijuana users. Past-year use doubled among married couples and those earning less than $20,000 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More people living with medical conditions also sought out marijuana. The study showed the number of individuals living with two or more chronic conditions who used the drug over the past year more than doubled. Among those living with depression, the rate also doubled to 11.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palamar says the increase among the sick could be attributed to more individuals seeking to self-medicate. Historically, the plant was difficult to research due to the government crackdown on the substance. The Drug Enforcement Administration classifies the plant as a Schedule I substance, “defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin Han, assistant professor at the New York University School of Medicine and the study’s lead author, fears that marijuana used with prescription drugs could make the elderly more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes, particularly to falls and cognitive impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While there may be benefits to using marijuana such as chronic pain,” he said, “there may be risks that we don’t know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push and pull between state and federal governments has resulted in varying degrees of legality across the United States. Palamar says this variation places populations at risk of unknowingly breaking the law and getting arrested for drug possession. The issue poses one of the biggest public health concerns associated with marijuana, Palamar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike the marijuana of their youth, seniors living in states that legalized marijuana for medicinal use now can access a drug that has been tested for quality and purity, said Paul Armentano deputy director of NORML, a non-profit group advocating for marijuana legalization. Additionally, the plant is prescribed to manage diseases that usually strike in older age, pointing to an increasing desire to take a medication that has less side effects than traditional prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found over half of the users picked up the habit before turning 18, and over 90 percent of them before age 36.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are coming to a point where state lawmakers are responding to the rapidly emerging consensus-both public consensus and a scientific consensus — that marijuana is not an agent that possesses risks that qualifies it as a legally prohibited substance,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KHN’s coverage of end-of-life and serious illness issues is supported by The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Anti-Smoking Researchers Target Hipsters. And Yes, They Know Who You Are",
"title": "Anti-Smoking Researchers Target Hipsters. And Yes, They Know Who You Are",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While no self-respecting hipsters would identify themselves as such, lots of people in the business of defining things -- from \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hipster\" target=\"_blank\">Merriam-Webster\u003c/a> -- are happy to do it for them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hipster haters may delight in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=hipsters+irritating\" target=\"_blank\">pejorative pigeonholing\u003c/a> of beard-festooned, flannel-loving millennials, some anti-tobacco researchers have analyzed, categorized and targeted this population not to condemn them, but to get them to quit smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers have created an actual 'brand' to communicate that Big Tobacco is antithetical to everything hipsters hold dear.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, as part of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfcancer.org/\" target=\"_blank\">initiative\u003c/a> aiming to reduce the incidence and mortality rate of residents with common cancers, researchers have begun creating \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/communesmokefree?hc_ref=SEARCH&fref=nf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facebook smoking cessation groups\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> under the banner of a “brand” created specifically for the hipster community.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The groups are an extension of\u003c/span>\u003cb> r\u003c/b>esearch funded by the National Cancer Institute on how to boost the impact\u003cb> \u003c/b>of public anti-smoking campaigns in the face of the overpowering marketing know-how of big tobacco companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Young adults are the focus because the tobacco industry has long set its sights on turning them into customers. Somewhat successfully, it turns out. In California, for instance, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">21-29-year-olds smoke at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/Documents/CDPH%20CTCP%20Refresh/Research%20and%20Evaluation/Facts%20and%20Figures/FactsFigures2016PrePrintEditionV2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">higher rate\u003c/a> than any other age group\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and while there has been a drop in smoking overall\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>the reduction among 20-somethings has lagged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an attempt\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to get the drop in the young adult smoking rate moving again, Dr. Pamela Ling of t\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">he University of California, San Francisco's Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">has been working with the Rescue marketing agency of San Diego to establish an anti-smoking brand called “Commune,” specifically targeting the nation's ample supply of hipsters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the brand is \"selling\" is the desire not to smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“One of the challenges around doing public health campaigns is that it’s really hard to sell the idea of not doing something,” says Ling. “If you’re selling cigarettes you can promote Marlboro, but if you’re selling not smoking Marlboro, you’re not really promoting anything. So the idea is creating a brand that competes with the tobacco brand.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Peer Crowds \u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To that end, the Rescue campaign has held \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pg/jointhecommune/events/?ref=page_internal\" target=\"_blank\">events\u003c/a> under the banner of the Commune brand in hipster drinking establishments in a handful of cities around the country. The lineups feature local bands and artists and the campaigns are currently active in Minneapolis and Duluth. The project ended an eight-year run in San Diego in February and a 3-year stint in San Francisco in June. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The campaigns use a marketing strategy called \u003ca href=\"http://rescueagency.com/files/pdf/Young_Adult_Social_Branding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">social branding\u003c/a>, which attempts to associate healthy behaviors with the values of individual subcultures, called \"peer crowds.\" In this model, a traditional demographic, such as young adults, is divided into cultural segments with shared interests, styles of dress, values, and media consumption habits\u003cb>. \u003c/b>Hipsters were the first target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to develop something that spoke to them authentically,” says Jeff Jordan, the founder and president of Rescue. “That’s really the value of segmentation. Not only can you concentrate your resources on a higher risk group, minimizing waste, but you can actually make something a lot more appealing and tailored to the group, so they actually listen to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The potential messaging power of using peer crowds like hipsters is illustrated in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83.full\">paper\u003c/a> by Jordan, Ling and UCSF statistician Nadra Lisha, looking at data from surveys of 3,366 18-26 year-olds, conducted in the watering holes of San Diego, San Francisco, and L.A. The researchers focused on bars because studies have found an association between tobacco marketing there and smoking. From the data, t\u003c/span>he researchers mapped use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, hookahs, cigars and smokeless tobacco to six different peer crowds. (A seventh group, LGBT, was added after subsequent studies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83/F1.large.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83/F1.large.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found membership in these groups to be a significant predictor of tobacco use on its own, independent of traditional demographics like ethnicity. For instance, while nearly 50 percent of Hispanics in the sample used at least one of the products, the hipster Hispanic rate was 55 percent while the Young Professional Hispanic rate just 39 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, Jordan, Ling and colleagues found, in a 2013 \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795790/\">study\u003c/a> of\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 13 to 20-year-old black youth in Richmond, Virginia, that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a Hip Hop peer group smoked at a much higher rate than two other African-American cohorts, called Mainstream and Preppy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Worth a Thousand Words\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay--but how do researchers know which peer group to assign each person to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What makes a hipster a hipster? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started by showing focus groups images of people with different clothing and hair styles. Individual photos elicited similar descriptions, which the researchers grouped together under different labels, like Hipster, Partier, or \"Homebody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When looking at the photos,\u003cstrong> \"\u003c/strong>the kind of narrative that people talk about is quite different,\" says Ling. “So you can say, OK … picture No. 27 is always put in the Partier group; people are talking about how they like to go out and have a good time and they drink beer and like sports.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having pegged certain photos to particular groups, the researchers then asked study participants to pick photos of people who “best fit into your main group of friends.” Those rankings were then combined with data from a list of bars the subjects patronized, and voilà -- you have been labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Researchers named one of the peer crowds \"Hipsters\" because it was a common term of description for certain photos. They don't, of course, use the word with their subjects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ykbVR-iZU8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “We don’t usually overtly say hipsters because it will turn off all the hipster\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">s,”\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ling says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building a Brand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first intervention started in San Diego in 2008. The researchers picked hipsters as a target because that was the group with the highest smoking rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to create a brand around an anti-smoking message. The name “Commune” tested best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The thing that tested well about Commune is the idea that this peer crowd supports each other, whether you’re an artist, a band, a DJ or you have your own little clothing store,” says Jordan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project then instituted monthly bar nights and other Commune-branded events, promoting them as a way to support the local community. Local is big with hipsters, according to the research. While taking in the music and art, attendees also got a good dose of anti-tobacco messaging. This was meant to counter tobacco advertising aimed at young barflies by ‘\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/ped.2010.0031\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">denormalizing’ \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the companies that sell cigarettes -- tying them to a host of perceived ills anathema to the hipster population. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"We have rejected big corporations for a long time, like Big Music that hinders creative freedom and Big Fashion that runs sweatshops,\" the \u003ca href=\"http://jointhecommune.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune website\u003c/a> says. \"Our stand against Big Tobacco is even more important, since the industry contributes to things like world hunger, deforestation, and neo-conservative policies.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The idea that Commune is trying to convey, says Ling, is that it's \"more authentically hipster than, say, Camel, that’s trying to come in here and sponsor tattoo artists and kind of pretending to be hipster, but they’re really not.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of a war of ideals,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dzS1c2HBA8&ab_channel=Rescue%3ATheBehaviorChangeAgency\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Come for the Music, Stay to Quit Smoking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Megan Younce, 32, attended \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/jointhecommune/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune Wednesday\u003c/a> events in San Diego when she was in her mid-20s.\u003c/span>“I had probably heard of it because of the bands and the local art,\" she says. \"One month it would be a girl who made jewelry, one month a painter, one month these girls who buy vintage clothing and alter them. Always a local person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Younce came for the cultural events of \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/jointhecommune/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune Wednesdays\u003c/a>, she stayed for a smoking cessation program that was eventually introduced. She's now been off cigarettes almost five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was she aware that the campaign had specifically designated her a hipster?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I definitely heard it from other people,\" she said. \"That doesn’t surprise me, considering where the events were held.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Measuring Results \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it turns out, it’s “really hard in this population to find the same hipster year after year,” Ling says. So in order to measure their campaign's efficacy, the researchers had to use \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_4201\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">time-location sampling\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, often employed with hard-to-reach populations. While they weren't able to track the exact people who initially signed up for the study, they went to the same bars where the Commune events had been held, to survey whoever was present in the right age range.In San Diego, using this method, the researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025707/\" target=\"_blank\">found a decrease in the hipster smoking rate \u003c/a>over three years, from 57 to 48 percent, and a daily smoking decrease from 22 to 15 percent. There was no decrease in the rate for non-hipster peer groups who were not part of the Commune project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other studies, in Albuquerque and Las Vegas, also found a smoking decrease in the Partier and LGBT groups after similar campaigns were run. A third study, in Oklahoma City, did not find a smoking decrease in the overall Partier population, but did find that the rate of daily smoking decreased for those who were aware of the brand called HAVOC. The rate actually increased for those who were not aware of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers acknowledge the limitations of these small studies, but feel that the evidence for the effectiveness of this approach is mounting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are cautious not to be overly confident about changes in tobacco use being attributable to our intervention,\" says Jordan. \"What gives us more confidence is the repetition of these findings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gibson, research director for the Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science at the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School for Communication, has studied anti-smoking communications for youth and young adults. She says other research corroborates that tailoring a message for distinct groups makes the target audience more likely to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Further, segmentation can help campaign planners put their message in places where those groups are more likely to come across them,\" she wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, she said, creating separate anti-tobacco communications strategies for different groups could actually cost more money than creating a one-size-fits-all message, given that individual sub-cultures like hipsters aren't the only young adult groups with a smoking problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If only hipsters are smoking, then perhaps there's no need for universal appeal, but that's not the situation,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data from San Francisco Commune intervention is being analyzed now, and Ling says she hopes to present it at the National Conference on Tobacco or Health in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, hipsters shouldn't feel singled out in having been stamped \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">with empirically proven traits. For instance, among the characteristics of Partiers, says Jordan, are prioritizing fashion and a tendency to be \"more concerned about their appearance.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science marches on.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Anti-tobacco researchers have created an actual 'brand' to communicate that Big Tobacco is antithetical to everything hipsters hold dear. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While no self-respecting hipsters would identify themselves as such, lots of people in the business of defining things -- from \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hipster\" target=\"_blank\">Merriam-Webster\u003c/a> -- are happy to do it for them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hipster haters may delight in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=hipsters+irritating\" target=\"_blank\">pejorative pigeonholing\u003c/a> of beard-festooned, flannel-loving millennials, some anti-tobacco researchers have analyzed, categorized and targeted this population not to condemn them, but to get them to quit smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers have created an actual 'brand' to communicate that Big Tobacco is antithetical to everything hipsters hold dear.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, as part of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfcancer.org/\" target=\"_blank\">initiative\u003c/a> aiming to reduce the incidence and mortality rate of residents with common cancers, researchers have begun creating \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/communesmokefree?hc_ref=SEARCH&fref=nf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facebook smoking cessation groups\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> under the banner of a “brand” created specifically for the hipster community.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The groups are an extension of\u003c/span>\u003cb> r\u003c/b>esearch funded by the National Cancer Institute on how to boost the impact\u003cb> \u003c/b>of public anti-smoking campaigns in the face of the overpowering marketing know-how of big tobacco companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Young adults are the focus because the tobacco industry has long set its sights on turning them into customers. Somewhat successfully, it turns out. In California, for instance, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">21-29-year-olds smoke at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/Documents/CDPH%20CTCP%20Refresh/Research%20and%20Evaluation/Facts%20and%20Figures/FactsFigures2016PrePrintEditionV2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">higher rate\u003c/a> than any other age group\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and while there has been a drop in smoking overall\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>the reduction among 20-somethings has lagged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an attempt\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to get the drop in the young adult smoking rate moving again, Dr. Pamela Ling of t\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">he University of California, San Francisco's Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">has been working with the Rescue marketing agency of San Diego to establish an anti-smoking brand called “Commune,” specifically targeting the nation's ample supply of hipsters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the brand is \"selling\" is the desire not to smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“One of the challenges around doing public health campaigns is that it’s really hard to sell the idea of not doing something,” says Ling. “If you’re selling cigarettes you can promote Marlboro, but if you’re selling not smoking Marlboro, you’re not really promoting anything. So the idea is creating a brand that competes with the tobacco brand.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Peer Crowds \u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To that end, the Rescue campaign has held \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pg/jointhecommune/events/?ref=page_internal\" target=\"_blank\">events\u003c/a> under the banner of the Commune brand in hipster drinking establishments in a handful of cities around the country. The lineups feature local bands and artists and the campaigns are currently active in Minneapolis and Duluth. The project ended an eight-year run in San Diego in February and a 3-year stint in San Francisco in June. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The campaigns use a marketing strategy called \u003ca href=\"http://rescueagency.com/files/pdf/Young_Adult_Social_Branding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">social branding\u003c/a>, which attempts to associate healthy behaviors with the values of individual subcultures, called \"peer crowds.\" In this model, a traditional demographic, such as young adults, is divided into cultural segments with shared interests, styles of dress, values, and media consumption habits\u003cb>. \u003c/b>Hipsters were the first target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to develop something that spoke to them authentically,” says Jeff Jordan, the founder and president of Rescue. “That’s really the value of segmentation. Not only can you concentrate your resources on a higher risk group, minimizing waste, but you can actually make something a lot more appealing and tailored to the group, so they actually listen to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The potential messaging power of using peer crowds like hipsters is illustrated in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83.full\">paper\u003c/a> by Jordan, Ling and UCSF statistician Nadra Lisha, looking at data from surveys of 3,366 18-26 year-olds, conducted in the watering holes of San Diego, San Francisco, and L.A. The researchers focused on bars because studies have found an association between tobacco marketing there and smoking. From the data, t\u003c/span>he researchers mapped use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, hookahs, cigars and smokeless tobacco to six different peer crowds. (A seventh group, LGBT, was added after subsequent studies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83/F1.large.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83/F1.large.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found membership in these groups to be a significant predictor of tobacco use on its own, independent of traditional demographics like ethnicity. For instance, while nearly 50 percent of Hispanics in the sample used at least one of the products, the hipster Hispanic rate was 55 percent while the Young Professional Hispanic rate just 39 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, Jordan, Ling and colleagues found, in a 2013 \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795790/\">study\u003c/a> of\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 13 to 20-year-old black youth in Richmond, Virginia, that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a Hip Hop peer group smoked at a much higher rate than two other African-American cohorts, called Mainstream and Preppy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Worth a Thousand Words\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay--but how do researchers know which peer group to assign each person to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What makes a hipster a hipster? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started by showing focus groups images of people with different clothing and hair styles. Individual photos elicited similar descriptions, which the researchers grouped together under different labels, like Hipster, Partier, or \"Homebody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When looking at the photos,\u003cstrong> \"\u003c/strong>the kind of narrative that people talk about is quite different,\" says Ling. “So you can say, OK … picture No. 27 is always put in the Partier group; people are talking about how they like to go out and have a good time and they drink beer and like sports.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having pegged certain photos to particular groups, the researchers then asked study participants to pick photos of people who “best fit into your main group of friends.” Those rankings were then combined with data from a list of bars the subjects patronized, and voilà -- you have been labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Researchers named one of the peer crowds \"Hipsters\" because it was a common term of description for certain photos. They don't, of course, use the word with their subjects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_ykbVR-iZU8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_ykbVR-iZU8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “We don’t usually overtly say hipsters because it will turn off all the hipster\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">s,”\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ling says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building a Brand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first intervention started in San Diego in 2008. The researchers picked hipsters as a target because that was the group with the highest smoking rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to create a brand around an anti-smoking message. The name “Commune” tested best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The thing that tested well about Commune is the idea that this peer crowd supports each other, whether you’re an artist, a band, a DJ or you have your own little clothing store,” says Jordan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project then instituted monthly bar nights and other Commune-branded events, promoting them as a way to support the local community. Local is big with hipsters, according to the research. While taking in the music and art, attendees also got a good dose of anti-tobacco messaging. This was meant to counter tobacco advertising aimed at young barflies by ‘\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/ped.2010.0031\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">denormalizing’ \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the companies that sell cigarettes -- tying them to a host of perceived ills anathema to the hipster population. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"We have rejected big corporations for a long time, like Big Music that hinders creative freedom and Big Fashion that runs sweatshops,\" the \u003ca href=\"http://jointhecommune.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune website\u003c/a> says. \"Our stand against Big Tobacco is even more important, since the industry contributes to things like world hunger, deforestation, and neo-conservative policies.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The idea that Commune is trying to convey, says Ling, is that it's \"more authentically hipster than, say, Camel, that’s trying to come in here and sponsor tattoo artists and kind of pretending to be hipster, but they’re really not.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of a war of ideals,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dzS1c2HBA8&ab_channel=Rescue%3ATheBehaviorChangeAgency\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Come for the Music, Stay to Quit Smoking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Megan Younce, 32, attended \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/jointhecommune/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune Wednesday\u003c/a> events in San Diego when she was in her mid-20s.\u003c/span>“I had probably heard of it because of the bands and the local art,\" she says. \"One month it would be a girl who made jewelry, one month a painter, one month these girls who buy vintage clothing and alter them. Always a local person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Younce came for the cultural events of \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/jointhecommune/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune Wednesdays\u003c/a>, she stayed for a smoking cessation program that was eventually introduced. She's now been off cigarettes almost five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was she aware that the campaign had specifically designated her a hipster?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I definitely heard it from other people,\" she said. \"That doesn’t surprise me, considering where the events were held.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Measuring Results \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it turns out, it’s “really hard in this population to find the same hipster year after year,” Ling says. So in order to measure their campaign's efficacy, the researchers had to use \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_4201\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">time-location sampling\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, often employed with hard-to-reach populations. While they weren't able to track the exact people who initially signed up for the study, they went to the same bars where the Commune events had been held, to survey whoever was present in the right age range.In San Diego, using this method, the researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025707/\" target=\"_blank\">found a decrease in the hipster smoking rate \u003c/a>over three years, from 57 to 48 percent, and a daily smoking decrease from 22 to 15 percent. There was no decrease in the rate for non-hipster peer groups who were not part of the Commune project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other studies, in Albuquerque and Las Vegas, also found a smoking decrease in the Partier and LGBT groups after similar campaigns were run. A third study, in Oklahoma City, did not find a smoking decrease in the overall Partier population, but did find that the rate of daily smoking decreased for those who were aware of the brand called HAVOC. The rate actually increased for those who were not aware of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers acknowledge the limitations of these small studies, but feel that the evidence for the effectiveness of this approach is mounting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are cautious not to be overly confident about changes in tobacco use being attributable to our intervention,\" says Jordan. \"What gives us more confidence is the repetition of these findings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gibson, research director for the Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science at the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School for Communication, has studied anti-smoking communications for youth and young adults. She says other research corroborates that tailoring a message for distinct groups makes the target audience more likely to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Further, segmentation can help campaign planners put their message in places where those groups are more likely to come across them,\" she wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, she said, creating separate anti-tobacco communications strategies for different groups could actually cost more money than creating a one-size-fits-all message, given that individual sub-cultures like hipsters aren't the only young adult groups with a smoking problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If only hipsters are smoking, then perhaps there's no need for universal appeal, but that's not the situation,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data from San Francisco Commune intervention is being analyzed now, and Ling says she hopes to present it at the National Conference on Tobacco or Health in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, hipsters shouldn't feel singled out in having been stamped \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">with empirically proven traits. For instance, among the characteristics of Partiers, says Jordan, are prioritizing fashion and a tendency to be \"more concerned about their appearance.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mary De Freze, who has heart problems, chronic lung disease and a history of falling, knows she may not have too many years left. And she’s clear about what she wants — and doesn’t want — at the end of her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be in a lot of pain and I don’t want to be kept alive by machines,” said De Freze, 81.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a recent fall landed De Freze in Stonebrook Healthcare Center with cracked ribs and a bruised spleen, the staff there helped her put those wishes on paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document they used, Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment, or POLST, gives patients a choice of how much medical care they want in an emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by a state law that took effect this year, a coalition of emergency and social service providers is working to create an electronic registry for POLST forms so they will be available to first responders and medical providers when they are neededC. The group is starting with a three-year pilot project in San Diego and Contra Costa counties that could serve as a model for a single, statewide registry. Paper-based POLST forms are used across the nation, but electronic registries exist only in a few states, including Oregon, New York and West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many adults have advance directives, which are legal documents that designate a surrogate decision-maker and list patients’ health care preferences. POLST forms go further, creating a set of medical orders that are signed by the provider and the patient or a legally recognized decision-maker. Unlike advance directives, they are specifically designed for people who are already seriously ill or near the end of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows that POLST forms help ensure patients’ end-of-life wishes are followed. But that only happens if doctors and other emergency providers can get them quickly. In California, the POLST form is a paper document and might not be at hand when patients need it. In many situations — a heart attack, a stroke or severe dementia — patients may not be able to communicate. And doctors may not be able to reach their families right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without information on what patients want, there is an increased chance their wishes won’t be followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take the time to fill out a POLST form, you want your health care wishes to be known and respected,” said Kate O’Malley, a senior program officer at the California Health Care Foundation, which is funding the pilot project in California. (California Healthline is an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A POLST registry “would be a big plus for being able to give people the care they want and not give them the care they don’t want,” said Jeffrey Klingman, a neurologist at Kaiser Permanente in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to do things to people they don’t want done,” he said. “On the other hand, I don’t want to delay treatment while I wait to figure out what they want done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_292639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-292639\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg\" alt=\"Audrey de Jesus, 83, filled out a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form at Chaparral House in Berkeley. De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants – comfort-focused treatment -- so there aren’t any questions in an emergency.\" width=\"370\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg 370w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2-240x160.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audrey de Jesus, 83, filled out a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form at Chaparral House in Berkeley. De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants – comfort-focused treatment -- so there aren’t any questions in an emergency. \u003ccite>(Anna Gorman/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oregon was the first state to use POLST forms in 1991. California has been using them for nearly 20 years. Filling out the forms is voluntary, but once they are completed and signed, they must be followed, and providers have immunity from criminal prosecution or civil liability when they do so in good faith. The forms are printed on bright pink paper and include decisions such as whether a patient should be resuscitated, admitted to the intensive care unit or have a feeding tube inserted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Chicotel, a staff attorney at California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform in San Francisco, said patients should document their wishes in advance but that there are some downsides to doing so only with POLST forms. They are not nearly as thorough as advance directives and don’t allow you to designate a decision-maker, he noted. “The most comprehensive health care planning you can do is to name an agent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Chicotel said many nursing home residents are being urged to complete POLST forms even if they aren’t seriously ill or at the end of life. He said if an electronic registry is created, it should also include advance health care directives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s electronic registry would be a secure, cloud-based portal for medical providers to submit and view POLST forms, regardless of whether the patient was at home, in the hospital or at a nursing home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An electronic registry is a “no-brainer,” said Judy Thomas, CEO of the Coalition for Compassionate Care of California, which coordinates the state’s POLST program. But implementation will be much harder because it will require the cooperation of state agencies, doctors, emergency personnel, and private and public health systems. Success will also depend in part on hospitals’ willingness to share records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not asking all health systems to share all information,” said Allen Namath, co-founder of Vynca, the technology vendor for the project. “But the value in these forms is being able to share them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients who go through the trouble of documenting their medical preferences shouldn’t have to worry about getting the wrong care, he said. “It is not a cardiology problem. It is not a cancer problem. Helping improve our end-of-life care … applies to everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego County already has a health information exchange that allows hospitals and health systems to share some data. But Contra Costa County is further behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” said Donald Waters, executive director of the Alameda-Contra Costa Medical Association, which is helping lead the pilot project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Waters said it’s worth the effort to overcome the hurdles because having documents uploaded means paramedics and others will know in an instant if patients want to be resuscitated or just kept comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Situations arise every day in which being able to access POLST forms electronically could improve end-of-life care, said Tom Sugarman, an emergency physician at Sutter Delta Medical Center in Antioch, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you come [to the hospital] in full cardiac arrest … we only have one or two minutes to make a decision,” said Sugarman, who educates doctors about POLST. “All physicians are going to err on the side of preserving life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, however, a patient may prefer comfort care, Sugarman said. A POLST form — if it is available — means families don’t have to make decisions during an emergency, he said. “The worst time to have that conversation is during a crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chaparral House, a nursing home in Berkeley, the POLST forms are in the residents’ folders at the nursing station. The forms go with patients to the hospital, but sometimes there is still a disconnect. Administrator KJ Page recalls one resident getting a feeding tube when he didn’t want one and another who almost underwent bypass surgery against his wishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Audrey de Jesus, 83, arrived at Chaparral House just a few months ago. She uses a wheelchair and an oxygen tank. Beside her bed sits a Bible and a book of Psalms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants — comfort-focused treatment — so there aren’t any questions in an emergency. “I want pain control and the least suffering for my family,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stonebrook Healthcare Center Social Services Director Shirley Jackson said filling out POLST forms is part of the admission process. “It’s almost like a driver’s license for the end of your life,” she said. “It’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having the form available electronically would make it much easier for everyone. “If, God forbid, you have to send somebody out in an emergency, especially if they are unresponsive, it’s right there in the chart,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Freze, a former certified nursing assistant, said she plans to put her pink form on her refrigerator when she leaves Stonebrook. She knows she could have an emergency and may not be able to tell doctors or paramedics what she wants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t communicate if you are in excruciating pain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mary De Freze, who has heart problems, chronic lung disease and a history of falling, knows she may not have too many years left. And she’s clear about what she wants — and doesn’t want — at the end of her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be in a lot of pain and I don’t want to be kept alive by machines,” said De Freze, 81.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a recent fall landed De Freze in Stonebrook Healthcare Center with cracked ribs and a bruised spleen, the staff there helped her put those wishes on paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document they used, Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment, or POLST, gives patients a choice of how much medical care they want in an emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by a state law that took effect this year, a coalition of emergency and social service providers is working to create an electronic registry for POLST forms so they will be available to first responders and medical providers when they are neededC. The group is starting with a three-year pilot project in San Diego and Contra Costa counties that could serve as a model for a single, statewide registry. Paper-based POLST forms are used across the nation, but electronic registries exist only in a few states, including Oregon, New York and West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many adults have advance directives, which are legal documents that designate a surrogate decision-maker and list patients’ health care preferences. POLST forms go further, creating a set of medical orders that are signed by the provider and the patient or a legally recognized decision-maker. Unlike advance directives, they are specifically designed for people who are already seriously ill or near the end of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows that POLST forms help ensure patients’ end-of-life wishes are followed. But that only happens if doctors and other emergency providers can get them quickly. In California, the POLST form is a paper document and might not be at hand when patients need it. In many situations — a heart attack, a stroke or severe dementia — patients may not be able to communicate. And doctors may not be able to reach their families right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without information on what patients want, there is an increased chance their wishes won’t be followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take the time to fill out a POLST form, you want your health care wishes to be known and respected,” said Kate O’Malley, a senior program officer at the California Health Care Foundation, which is funding the pilot project in California. (California Healthline is an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A POLST registry “would be a big plus for being able to give people the care they want and not give them the care they don’t want,” said Jeffrey Klingman, a neurologist at Kaiser Permanente in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to do things to people they don’t want done,” he said. “On the other hand, I don’t want to delay treatment while I wait to figure out what they want done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_292639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-292639\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg\" alt=\"Audrey de Jesus, 83, filled out a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form at Chaparral House in Berkeley. De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants – comfort-focused treatment -- so there aren’t any questions in an emergency.\" width=\"370\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg 370w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2-240x160.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audrey de Jesus, 83, filled out a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form at Chaparral House in Berkeley. De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants – comfort-focused treatment -- so there aren’t any questions in an emergency. \u003ccite>(Anna Gorman/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oregon was the first state to use POLST forms in 1991. California has been using them for nearly 20 years. Filling out the forms is voluntary, but once they are completed and signed, they must be followed, and providers have immunity from criminal prosecution or civil liability when they do so in good faith. The forms are printed on bright pink paper and include decisions such as whether a patient should be resuscitated, admitted to the intensive care unit or have a feeding tube inserted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Chicotel, a staff attorney at California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform in San Francisco, said patients should document their wishes in advance but that there are some downsides to doing so only with POLST forms. They are not nearly as thorough as advance directives and don’t allow you to designate a decision-maker, he noted. “The most comprehensive health care planning you can do is to name an agent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Chicotel said many nursing home residents are being urged to complete POLST forms even if they aren’t seriously ill or at the end of life. He said if an electronic registry is created, it should also include advance health care directives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s electronic registry would be a secure, cloud-based portal for medical providers to submit and view POLST forms, regardless of whether the patient was at home, in the hospital or at a nursing home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An electronic registry is a “no-brainer,” said Judy Thomas, CEO of the Coalition for Compassionate Care of California, which coordinates the state’s POLST program. But implementation will be much harder because it will require the cooperation of state agencies, doctors, emergency personnel, and private and public health systems. Success will also depend in part on hospitals’ willingness to share records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not asking all health systems to share all information,” said Allen Namath, co-founder of Vynca, the technology vendor for the project. “But the value in these forms is being able to share them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients who go through the trouble of documenting their medical preferences shouldn’t have to worry about getting the wrong care, he said. “It is not a cardiology problem. It is not a cancer problem. Helping improve our end-of-life care … applies to everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego County already has a health information exchange that allows hospitals and health systems to share some data. But Contra Costa County is further behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” said Donald Waters, executive director of the Alameda-Contra Costa Medical Association, which is helping lead the pilot project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Waters said it’s worth the effort to overcome the hurdles because having documents uploaded means paramedics and others will know in an instant if patients want to be resuscitated or just kept comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Situations arise every day in which being able to access POLST forms electronically could improve end-of-life care, said Tom Sugarman, an emergency physician at Sutter Delta Medical Center in Antioch, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you come [to the hospital] in full cardiac arrest … we only have one or two minutes to make a decision,” said Sugarman, who educates doctors about POLST. “All physicians are going to err on the side of preserving life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, however, a patient may prefer comfort care, Sugarman said. A POLST form — if it is available — means families don’t have to make decisions during an emergency, he said. “The worst time to have that conversation is during a crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chaparral House, a nursing home in Berkeley, the POLST forms are in the residents’ folders at the nursing station. The forms go with patients to the hospital, but sometimes there is still a disconnect. Administrator KJ Page recalls one resident getting a feeding tube when he didn’t want one and another who almost underwent bypass surgery against his wishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Audrey de Jesus, 83, arrived at Chaparral House just a few months ago. She uses a wheelchair and an oxygen tank. Beside her bed sits a Bible and a book of Psalms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants — comfort-focused treatment — so there aren’t any questions in an emergency. “I want pain control and the least suffering for my family,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stonebrook Healthcare Center Social Services Director Shirley Jackson said filling out POLST forms is part of the admission process. “It’s almost like a driver’s license for the end of your life,” she said. “It’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having the form available electronically would make it much easier for everyone. “If, God forbid, you have to send somebody out in an emergency, especially if they are unresponsive, it’s right there in the chart,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Freze, a former certified nursing assistant, said she plans to put her pink form on her refrigerator when she leaves Stonebrook. She knows she could have an emergency and may not be able to tell doctors or paramedics what she wants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t communicate if you are in excruciating pain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "U.S. Life Expectancy Drops For First Time Since 1993",
"title": "U.S. Life Expectancy Drops For First Time Since 1993",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>One of the fundamental ways scientists measure the well-being of a nation is tracking the rate at which its citizens die and how long they can be expected to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the news out of the federal goverment Thursday is disturbing: The overall U.S. death rate has increased for the first time in a decade, according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db267.htm\">analysis\u003c/a> of the latest data. And that led to a drop in overall life expectancy for the first time since 1993, particularly among people younger than 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a big deal,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.unc.edu/people/fellows/bio?person=morganp\">Philip Morgan\u003c/a>, a demographer at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill who was not involved in the new analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not a better indicator of well-being than life expectancy,\" he says. \"The fact that it's leveling off in the U.S. is a striking finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, there's a chance that the latest data, from 2015, could be just a one-time blip. In fact, a preliminary analysis from the first two quarters of 2016 suggests that may be the case, says Robert Anderson, chief of the mortality statistics branch at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/\">National Center for Health Statistics\u003c/a>, which released the new report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says government analysts are awaiting more data before reaching any definitive conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll have to see what happens in the second half of 2016,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he believes the data from 2015 are worth paying attention to. Over that year, the overall death rate increased from 724.6 per 100,000 people to 733.1 per 100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that's not a lot, it was enough to cause the overall life expectancy to fall slightly. That's only happened a few times in the past 50 years. The dip in 1993, for example, was due to high death rates from AIDS, flu, homicide and accidental deaths that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, the overall life expectancy, for someone born in 2015, fell from 78.9 years to 78.8 years. The life expectancy for the average American man fell two-tenths of a year — from 76.5 to 76.3. For women, it dropped one-tenth — from 81.3 to 81.2 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's remarkable,\" Morgan says. \"There are lots of things about this that are unexpected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the overall death rate for Americans increased because mortality from heart disease and stroke increased after declining for years. Deaths were also up from Alzheimer's disease, respiratory disease, kidney disease and diabetes. More Americans also died from unintentional injuries and suicide. In all, the decline was driven by increases in deaths from eight of the top 10 leading causes of death in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you see increases in so many of the leading causes of death, it's difficult to pinpoint one particular cause as the culprit,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity epidemic could be playing a role in the increase in deaths from heart disease, strokes, diabetes and possibly Alzheimer's. It could also be that doctors have reached the limit of what they can do to fight heart disease with current treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epidemic of prescription opioid painkillers and heroin abuse is probably fueling the increase in unintentional injuries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pop.upenn.edu/bio/arun-hendi\">Arun Hendi\u003c/a>, a demographer at Duke University, wrote in an email. The rise in drug abuse and suicide could be due to economic factors causing despair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Clearly, that could be related to the economic circumstances that many Americans have experienced in the last eight years, or so, since the recession,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://sociology.sas.upenn.edu/irma_elo\">Irma Elo\u003c/a>, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the cause, the trend is concerning, especially when the death rate is continuing to drop and life expectancy is still on the rise in most other industrialized countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty grim,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/%7Eaccase/\">Anne Case\u003c/a>, an economist at Princeton University studying the relationship between economics and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+Expectancy+In+U.S.+Drops+For+First+Time+In+Decades%2C+Report+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the fundamental ways scientists measure the well-being of a nation is tracking the rate at which its citizens die and how long they can be expected to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the news out of the federal goverment Thursday is disturbing: The overall U.S. death rate has increased for the first time in a decade, according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db267.htm\">analysis\u003c/a> of the latest data. And that led to a drop in overall life expectancy for the first time since 1993, particularly among people younger than 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a big deal,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.unc.edu/people/fellows/bio?person=morganp\">Philip Morgan\u003c/a>, a demographer at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill who was not involved in the new analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not a better indicator of well-being than life expectancy,\" he says. \"The fact that it's leveling off in the U.S. is a striking finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, there's a chance that the latest data, from 2015, could be just a one-time blip. In fact, a preliminary analysis from the first two quarters of 2016 suggests that may be the case, says Robert Anderson, chief of the mortality statistics branch at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/\">National Center for Health Statistics\u003c/a>, which released the new report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says government analysts are awaiting more data before reaching any definitive conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll have to see what happens in the second half of 2016,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he believes the data from 2015 are worth paying attention to. Over that year, the overall death rate increased from 724.6 per 100,000 people to 733.1 per 100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that's not a lot, it was enough to cause the overall life expectancy to fall slightly. That's only happened a few times in the past 50 years. The dip in 1993, for example, was due to high death rates from AIDS, flu, homicide and accidental deaths that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, the overall life expectancy, for someone born in 2015, fell from 78.9 years to 78.8 years. The life expectancy for the average American man fell two-tenths of a year — from 76.5 to 76.3. For women, it dropped one-tenth — from 81.3 to 81.2 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's remarkable,\" Morgan says. \"There are lots of things about this that are unexpected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the overall death rate for Americans increased because mortality from heart disease and stroke increased after declining for years. Deaths were also up from Alzheimer's disease, respiratory disease, kidney disease and diabetes. More Americans also died from unintentional injuries and suicide. In all, the decline was driven by increases in deaths from eight of the top 10 leading causes of death in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you see increases in so many of the leading causes of death, it's difficult to pinpoint one particular cause as the culprit,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity epidemic could be playing a role in the increase in deaths from heart disease, strokes, diabetes and possibly Alzheimer's. It could also be that doctors have reached the limit of what they can do to fight heart disease with current treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epidemic of prescription opioid painkillers and heroin abuse is probably fueling the increase in unintentional injuries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pop.upenn.edu/bio/arun-hendi\">Arun Hendi\u003c/a>, a demographer at Duke University, wrote in an email. The rise in drug abuse and suicide could be due to economic factors causing despair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Clearly, that could be related to the economic circumstances that many Americans have experienced in the last eight years, or so, since the recession,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://sociology.sas.upenn.edu/irma_elo\">Irma Elo\u003c/a>, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the cause, the trend is concerning, especially when the death rate is continuing to drop and life expectancy is still on the rise in most other industrialized countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty grim,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/%7Eaccase/\">Anne Case\u003c/a>, an economist at Princeton University studying the relationship between economics and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+Expectancy+In+U.S.+Drops+For+First+Time+In+Decades%2C+Report+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's called CRISPR-Cas9 — one of the century's biggest scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering\u003cem> — \u003c/em>and now three major universities are battling it out in court over who owns a patent on the revolutionary technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, UC Berkeley lawyers defended the university's claim to patent\u003cem> \u003c/em>CRISPR in a dispute that went before a panel of judges at the U.S Patent and Trademark headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard is also claiming it owns the rights to CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is a gene-editing tool that allows scientists to manipulate DNA by snipping out part of a mutated gene and substituting a healthy gene. It has huge implications \u003cem>—\u003c/em> from yielding new cancer therapies to correcting genetic disorders to modifying plant and animal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Editing DNA Using CRISPR\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"row textColumnWidth\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png\" alt=\"crispr01\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png\" alt=\"crispr02\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296420\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg\" alt=\"crispr_03_bug\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-160x285.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-240x427.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"If Berkeley wins it means they’re essentially going to control which commercial companies are able to develop the technology going forward and that will be a huge change in the status quo,\" says New York Law School professor says Jake Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says billions of dollars could be at stake. Companies that use the technology will likely need to pay royalties to whomever owns it -- Broad or Berkeley. Many start-ups including \u003ca href=\"https://www.addgene.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Addgene\u003c/a> -- a biotech non-profit working with Broad -- are already using CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard claim to have invented the technology and filed for patents.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley filed first and even though Broad filed later, Broad fast-tracked its application, which was approved while Berkeley's was still pending. This is what Berkeley is contesting -- the fact that Broad's application was approved while its own was still under review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court has already ruled that the patent will be issued to the scientists who prove the CRISPR technology works in transforming the genes of a particular kind of cell -- \u003cem>eukaryotic\u003c/em> cells, those found in plants and animals, including humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their research, Broad Institute bioengineer Feng Zhang and his team used eukaryotic cells, whereas UC Berkeley biochemist Jennifer Doudna used bacteria cells, not eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Doudna argues that UC Berkeley has a right to the patent because any skilled scientist could apply her team's research technique to eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's lawyers faced more intense questioning on Tuesday than the Broad's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It does speak to some of the judges' skepticism of the University of California's claims,\" says Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patent judges could make a decision by February but Sherkow says whichever side loses will likely appeal. So a final resolution may not come until 2018 or 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's called CRISPR-Cas9 — one of the century's biggest scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering\u003cem> — \u003c/em>and now three major universities are battling it out in court over who owns a patent on the revolutionary technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, UC Berkeley lawyers defended the university's claim to patent\u003cem> \u003c/em>CRISPR in a dispute that went before a panel of judges at the U.S Patent and Trademark headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard is also claiming it owns the rights to CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is a gene-editing tool that allows scientists to manipulate DNA by snipping out part of a mutated gene and substituting a healthy gene. It has huge implications \u003cem>—\u003c/em> from yielding new cancer therapies to correcting genetic disorders to modifying plant and animal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Editing DNA Using CRISPR\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"row textColumnWidth\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png\" alt=\"crispr01\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png\" alt=\"crispr02\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296420\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg\" alt=\"crispr_03_bug\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-160x285.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-240x427.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"If Berkeley wins it means they’re essentially going to control which commercial companies are able to develop the technology going forward and that will be a huge change in the status quo,\" says New York Law School professor says Jake Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says billions of dollars could be at stake. Companies that use the technology will likely need to pay royalties to whomever owns it -- Broad or Berkeley. Many start-ups including \u003ca href=\"https://www.addgene.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Addgene\u003c/a> -- a biotech non-profit working with Broad -- are already using CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard claim to have invented the technology and filed for patents.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley filed first and even though Broad filed later, Broad fast-tracked its application, which was approved while Berkeley's was still pending. This is what Berkeley is contesting -- the fact that Broad's application was approved while its own was still under review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court has already ruled that the patent will be issued to the scientists who prove the CRISPR technology works in transforming the genes of a particular kind of cell -- \u003cem>eukaryotic\u003c/em> cells, those found in plants and animals, including humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their research, Broad Institute bioengineer Feng Zhang and his team used eukaryotic cells, whereas UC Berkeley biochemist Jennifer Doudna used bacteria cells, not eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Doudna argues that UC Berkeley has a right to the patent because any skilled scientist could apply her team's research technique to eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's lawyers faced more intense questioning on Tuesday than the Broad's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It does speak to some of the judges' skepticism of the University of California's claims,\" says Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patent judges could make a decision by February but Sherkow says whichever side loses will likely appeal. So a final resolution may not come until 2018 or 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cuba Has a Lung Cancer Vaccine; Now U.S. Patients Will Test It",
"title": "Cuba Has a Lung Cancer Vaccine; Now U.S. Patients Will Test It",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mick Phillips' doctor is surprised he's still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 69-year-old Wisconsin man was diagnosed with late-stage lung cancer in 2010 and his doctor said he had less than a year to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For all intents and purposes he shouldn’t be here,\" says Phillips' oncologist, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fvho.org/providers/timothy-goggins-md/\" target=\"_blank\">Timothy Goggins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Goggins and Phillips both credit his survival to a lung cancer drug that isn't available in the U.S. and that Phillips has had to purchase illegally in Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Cancer won’t be cured, it will be turned into a chronic condition.’\u003ccite>Agustin Lage,Cuba’s Center of Molecular Immunology\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>U.S. researchers think if the treatment works it could be used to prevent lung cancer in patients that are high risk. \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Roswell Park Cancer Institute\u003c/a> in Buffalo, New York has begun testing CIMAvax, the Cuban-developed immunotherapy for lung cancer. If successful, the trial will pave the way for potential FDA approval, after which the drug could become commercially available in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicine has relatively minor side effects and appears to have \u003ca href=\"http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/27/1078-0432.CCR-15-0855\" target=\"_blank\">prolonged the lives of patients\u003c/a> who have stage four lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIMAvax stimulates the body's immune system to fight the lung cancer. In this way it's a vaccine, but one that you take to stop the spread of late-stage cancer rather than prevent it in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a flu vaccine,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/grace-dy\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Grace Dy\u003c/a>, principal investigator for the trial. \"It’s the same concept. You give a drug so the body develops an antibody to the drug;\u003cb> \u003c/b>you’re using your body’s own natural systems to develop a therapy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lung cancer kills \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/learn-about-lung-cancer/lung-cancer-fact-sheet.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 160,000 Americans\u003c/a> annually. \u003c/span>Most people are diagnosed at a late stage and more than half die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is likely the first time the \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02955290\" target=\"_blank\">FDA has allowed\u003c/a> a clinical trial of a Cuban-made therapy in a U.S. health care facility. It's not uncommon for the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>FDA to allow U.S. clinical trials in order to study therapies from other countries. It is extremely rare, however, for that therapy to come from Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's popular\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of mid-November, nearly 200 people had \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/cimavax-form/?utm_source=page&utm_medium=button&utm_term=form1&utm_content=cimavax\" target=\"_blank\">applied online\u003c/a> to participate in the 60-90 person Phase II and Phase III studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not surprised that there’s interest,” says Dr. Dy. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“When you have cancer and it’s potentially life-threatening you want to explore all the options.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-281617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Augustin Lage (left) in Havana with Mick Phillips, researcher Gisela Gonzalez, and Maya Phillips.\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Augustin Lage (left) in Havana with Mick Phillips, researcher Gisela Gonzalez, and Maya Phillips. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Maya Phillips)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mick Phillips didn't think he had much longer to live when he brought back CIMAvax from Cuba in 2011 and asked a nurse friend to give him the injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had a 5 percent chance of living five years,\" says Dr. Goggins who practices at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fvho.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Fox Valley Hemotology & Oncology\u003c/a> in Appleton, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Phillips is in remission from stage 4 lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I keep telling people, if you believe in God, it’s God,\" says Dr. Goggins. \"If you believe in science, it’s CIMAvax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>the Cancer Vaccine Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lung cancer cells feed off a protein called epidermal growth factor or EGF. The protein supports normal cell growth but also fuels cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine triggers the immune system to create antibodies that bind to and remove\u003cb> \u003c/b>EGF, thereby starving the cancer of its \"food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/RaP4TsslJGw?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normal cells can live without EGF and use other growth-promoting proteins instead. But the cancer cells can't, and without EGF they're unable to multiply and spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIMAvax has relatively few side effects when compared to chemotherapy, the traditional standard of care for late stage lung cancer. Chemo is hard on the body because it kills healthy cells (in addition to cancer cells) and causes side effects like hair loss, vomiting, loss of appetite and exhaustion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because CIMAvax doesn't kill cells, its side effects are relatively minor, such as chills or a fever that can be treated with over-the-counter medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuban patients that responded to CIMAvax had high levels of EGF, and t\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">heir bodies produced high levels of antibodies to combat the protein after they received the vaccine.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roswell Park will be looking to see if the same response emerges in its clinical trial— whether the most significant improvement is in patients with high EGF and antibody levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the study shows promise it could be good news for other types of cancer that also rely on EGF, such as prostate, breast and colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent \u003ca href=\"http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/24/1078-0432.CCR-15-0855\" target=\"_blank\">Cuban clinical trial \u003c/a>of CIMAvax is comparatively small at about 400 patients, which raises questions about how reliable the findings are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF oncologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.bivonalab.net/people/\" target=\"_blank\">Trever Bivona\u003c/a> says the study isn't large enough to determine whether the findings are statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_278549\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-278549\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3.jpeg\" alt=\"The lung cancer vaccine is currently available in Cuba, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. U.S. researchers start clinical trials this month.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-160x103.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-800x517.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-768x496.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-1020x659.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-1180x762.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-960x620.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-240x155.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-375x242.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-520x336.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The lung cancer vaccine is currently available in Cuba, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. U.S. researchers start clinical trials this month. \u003ccite>(Centro de Inmunología Molecular)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I think we need a bigger more controlled study before making any conclusions,\" Bivona says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other problem with the Cuba study is that it had no control group. It compared patients getting CIMAvax to patients getting palliative care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be preliminary findings here,\" Bivona says, \"but it’s certainly not a slam dunk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Cuban Drugs Be Approved Under Trump?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're contemplating a flight to Havana, it's important to note that most U.S. travel to Cuba is still restricted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control says people and companies can \u003ca href=\"https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Pages/licensing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">apply for a specific license\u003c/a> to visit Cuba and purchase pharmaceuticals like CIMAvax. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because the relationship between\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cuba and America has warmed, federal officials could potentially approve an application due to this change in \"foreign relations.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, President-elect Donald Trump has vowed to overturn all of President Obama's executive orders. Though it's unclear what that means, Obama's \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/fact-sheet-charting-new-course-cuba\" target=\"_blank\">2014 executive order\u003c/a> on Cuba expanded opportunities for Americans to legally visit Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Vice President-elect Mike Pence has specifically said he will \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/mike-pence-cuba-executive-orders-229827\" target=\"_blank\">reverse Barack Obama’s executive orders on Cuba\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, Dr. Dy says CIMAvax won't be available in pharmacies anytime soon. Roswell Park will start phase I of the clinical trial this month and it'll be months before it can start phase II and then phase III. She says an ambitious goal would be to have the medicine available by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mick Phillips' doctor is surprised he's still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 69-year-old Wisconsin man was diagnosed with late-stage lung cancer in 2010 and his doctor said he had less than a year to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For all intents and purposes he shouldn’t be here,\" says Phillips' oncologist, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fvho.org/providers/timothy-goggins-md/\" target=\"_blank\">Timothy Goggins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Goggins and Phillips both credit his survival to a lung cancer drug that isn't available in the U.S. and that Phillips has had to purchase illegally in Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Cancer won’t be cured, it will be turned into a chronic condition.’\u003ccite>Agustin Lage,Cuba’s Center of Molecular Immunology\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>U.S. researchers think if the treatment works it could be used to prevent lung cancer in patients that are high risk. \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Roswell Park Cancer Institute\u003c/a> in Buffalo, New York has begun testing CIMAvax, the Cuban-developed immunotherapy for lung cancer. If successful, the trial will pave the way for potential FDA approval, after which the drug could become commercially available in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicine has relatively minor side effects and appears to have \u003ca href=\"http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/27/1078-0432.CCR-15-0855\" target=\"_blank\">prolonged the lives of patients\u003c/a> who have stage four lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIMAvax stimulates the body's immune system to fight the lung cancer. In this way it's a vaccine, but one that you take to stop the spread of late-stage cancer rather than prevent it in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a flu vaccine,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/grace-dy\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Grace Dy\u003c/a>, principal investigator for the trial. \"It’s the same concept. You give a drug so the body develops an antibody to the drug;\u003cb> \u003c/b>you’re using your body’s own natural systems to develop a therapy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lung cancer kills \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/learn-about-lung-cancer/lung-cancer-fact-sheet.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 160,000 Americans\u003c/a> annually. \u003c/span>Most people are diagnosed at a late stage and more than half die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is likely the first time the \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02955290\" target=\"_blank\">FDA has allowed\u003c/a> a clinical trial of a Cuban-made therapy in a U.S. health care facility. It's not uncommon for the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>FDA to allow U.S. clinical trials in order to study therapies from other countries. It is extremely rare, however, for that therapy to come from Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's popular\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of mid-November, nearly 200 people had \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/cimavax-form/?utm_source=page&utm_medium=button&utm_term=form1&utm_content=cimavax\" target=\"_blank\">applied online\u003c/a> to participate in the 60-90 person Phase II and Phase III studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not surprised that there’s interest,” says Dr. Dy. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“When you have cancer and it’s potentially life-threatening you want to explore all the options.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-281617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Augustin Lage (left) in Havana with Mick Phillips, researcher Gisela Gonzalez, and Maya Phillips.\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Augustin Lage (left) in Havana with Mick Phillips, researcher Gisela Gonzalez, and Maya Phillips. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Maya Phillips)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mick Phillips didn't think he had much longer to live when he brought back CIMAvax from Cuba in 2011 and asked a nurse friend to give him the injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had a 5 percent chance of living five years,\" says Dr. Goggins who practices at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fvho.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Fox Valley Hemotology & Oncology\u003c/a> in Appleton, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Phillips is in remission from stage 4 lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I keep telling people, if you believe in God, it’s God,\" says Dr. Goggins. \"If you believe in science, it’s CIMAvax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>the Cancer Vaccine Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lung cancer cells feed off a protein called epidermal growth factor or EGF. The protein supports normal cell growth but also fuels cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine triggers the immune system to create antibodies that bind to and remove\u003cb> \u003c/b>EGF, thereby starving the cancer of its \"food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/RaP4TsslJGw?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normal cells can live without EGF and use other growth-promoting proteins instead. But the cancer cells can't, and without EGF they're unable to multiply and spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIMAvax has relatively few side effects when compared to chemotherapy, the traditional standard of care for late stage lung cancer. Chemo is hard on the body because it kills healthy cells (in addition to cancer cells) and causes side effects like hair loss, vomiting, loss of appetite and exhaustion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because CIMAvax doesn't kill cells, its side effects are relatively minor, such as chills or a fever that can be treated with over-the-counter medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuban patients that responded to CIMAvax had high levels of EGF, and t\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">heir bodies produced high levels of antibodies to combat the protein after they received the vaccine.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roswell Park will be looking to see if the same response emerges in its clinical trial— whether the most significant improvement is in patients with high EGF and antibody levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the study shows promise it could be good news for other types of cancer that also rely on EGF, such as prostate, breast and colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent \u003ca href=\"http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/24/1078-0432.CCR-15-0855\" target=\"_blank\">Cuban clinical trial \u003c/a>of CIMAvax is comparatively small at about 400 patients, which raises questions about how reliable the findings are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF oncologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.bivonalab.net/people/\" target=\"_blank\">Trever Bivona\u003c/a> says the study isn't large enough to determine whether the findings are statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_278549\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-278549\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3.jpeg\" alt=\"The lung cancer vaccine is currently available in Cuba, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. U.S. researchers start clinical trials this month.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-160x103.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-800x517.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-768x496.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-1020x659.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-1180x762.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-960x620.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-240x155.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-375x242.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-520x336.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The lung cancer vaccine is currently available in Cuba, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. U.S. researchers start clinical trials this month. \u003ccite>(Centro de Inmunología Molecular)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I think we need a bigger more controlled study before making any conclusions,\" Bivona says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other problem with the Cuba study is that it had no control group. It compared patients getting CIMAvax to patients getting palliative care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be preliminary findings here,\" Bivona says, \"but it’s certainly not a slam dunk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Cuban Drugs Be Approved Under Trump?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're contemplating a flight to Havana, it's important to note that most U.S. travel to Cuba is still restricted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control says people and companies can \u003ca href=\"https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Pages/licensing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">apply for a specific license\u003c/a> to visit Cuba and purchase pharmaceuticals like CIMAvax. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because the relationship between\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cuba and America has warmed, federal officials could potentially approve an application due to this change in \"foreign relations.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, President-elect Donald Trump has vowed to overturn all of President Obama's executive orders. Though it's unclear what that means, Obama's \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/fact-sheet-charting-new-course-cuba\" target=\"_blank\">2014 executive order\u003c/a> on Cuba expanded opportunities for Americans to legally visit Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Vice President-elect Mike Pence has specifically said he will \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/mike-pence-cuba-executive-orders-229827\" target=\"_blank\">reverse Barack Obama’s executive orders on Cuba\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, Dr. Dy says CIMAvax won't be available in pharmacies anytime soon. Roswell Park will start phase I of the clinical trial this month and it'll be months before it can start phase II and then phase III. She says an ambitious goal would be to have the medicine available by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>James Heilman isn't an easy man to get a hold of; he kept offering us odd, off-hour windows of availability to do a phone interview. When we finally connected, he explained: He works the night shift as an emergency room physician in British Columbia. He also puts in time as a clinical assistant professor in emergency medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cstrong>How to check the accuracy of Wikipedia pages\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nYou can check how Wikipedians rate the quality and thoroughness of every entry on the encyclopedia by clicking on the \"Talk\" tab near the top left of each page. There you will find the page's rating, which will fall somewhere on this \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Assessment#Quality_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scale\u003c/a>. Here are lists of the health articles with the \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Classhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">highest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=GA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second-highest ratings\u003c/a>; these are the most trustworthy health entries.\u003c/span>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then there's the 60 -- count'em, 60 -- hours a week he toils away editing Wikipedia, the massive online encyclopedia written and edited by, well, anyone who wants to give it a whirl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My wife likes to joke that Wikipedia's my mistress; I prefer to call it our first child,” he says, chuckling with a tinge of self-awareness that he's gone a bit off the rails in his goal of making the copious health-related pages on the site more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does an emergency doc become an obsessive Wikipedian?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 years ago, he says, during a quiet night shift, he got to browsing one of the medical articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought, 'Oh, my God this is really bad,'\" he says. \"And then I saw the edit button, and I realized, oh, my God, I could fix the internet! I sort of got madly hooked. I’ve been trying to fix the Internet ever since.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accuracy Questioned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that quest was creating the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WikiProject Medicine\u003c/a> group, where 320 like-minded editors work on the site's \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">health content. \u003c/a>Heilman estimates about half are medical professionals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I thought ‘Oh, my God this is really bad.' And then I saw the edit button, and I realized, oh, my God, I could fix the internet!\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Reworking Wikipedia health entries is not a trivial task. A 2014 study found about 25,000 pages of English-language health-related articles. That number is now up to 32,000, Heilman says. The health pages worldwide attracted almost \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376174/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">4.9 billion pageviews\u003c/a> in 2013. A 2012 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0142159X.2012.737064?scroll=top&needAccess=true&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">survey\u003c/a> of several hundred medical students found 94 percent use the site for health information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite its popularity, the reliability of Wikipedia's medical content has often been questioned. A 2011 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241521/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">review \u003c/a>on the accuracy and thoroughness of the site's medical entries found mixed results. Other studies show that the site fell short in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24276492\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gastroenterology and hepatology\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://aop.sagepub.com/content/42/12/1814.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug information\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193353/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statins\u003c/a> (later \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106930#pone.0106930-Kupferberg1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">improved\u003c/a>), and issues of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijporlonline.com/article/S0165-5876(12)00336-9/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ear, nose and throat\u003c/a>. Other studies found the website provided better information in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sdi.12059/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nephrology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/quality-of-information-sources-about-mental-disorders-a-comparison-of-wikipedia-with-centrally-controlled-web-and-printed-sources/595CEE672BB7C503101FAF5A9E303673\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">depression and schizophrenia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">To get good health info online:\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Check multiple, high-quality sources like those from academic and government institutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Be alert for sites that contain information that conflicts with other sources, a possible indication of low-quality information.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consult \u003ca href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UpToDate\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PubMed\u003c/a>, and peer-reviewed journals for primary research on a topic.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If using Wikipedia, click the 'Talk' tab at the top of each page to see how the site's editors have rated the quality of the article. Look at the footnotes to check the sources of assertions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But just recently, in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(16)30254-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Lancet: Global Health, \u003c/a>\u003c/em>researchers reported that Wikipedia entries on stillbirths were missing critical information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> comparing peer-reviewed literature to the site's articles on 10 different widespread diseases and conditions found a significant number of assertions in the Wikipedia material that were unsupported by the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman doesn't think much of that study; he co-wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://community-archive.cochrane.org/news/blog/wikipedia%E2%80%99s-medical-content-really-90-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rebuttal\u003c/a> to it with other medical experts/Wikipedians. Still, he acknowledges \"there's a lot of work to do\" to bring health entries up to snuff. The reality of that is borne out by the small number of health articles -- \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Class%20featured%20health%20articles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">63\u003c/a> -- that have received the highest grade by Wikipedia editors. Those articles qualify as featured articles on the encyclopedia's front page. (The next-best level -- \"good\" -- contains a mere \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=GA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">200 articles\u003c/a>.) The \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Assessment#Quality_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">criteria\u003c/a> for a \"featured\" article is comprehensiveness, neutrality and accuracy. That means the information has been verified against high-quality sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calls to Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/wikipedia-is-already-the-worlds-dr-google-its-time-for-doctors-and-researchers-to-make-it-better-66769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">article\u003c/a> last month on the academic publishing site \"The Conversation\" by Thomas Shafee, one of the researchers who wrote about Wikipedia's inadequate \"stillbirth\" entries, is headlined \"Wikipedia is already the world’s ‘Dr Google’ -- it’s time for doctors and researchers to make it better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health professionals have a duty to improve the accuracy of medical entries in Wikipedia, because it’s the first port of call for people all over the world seeking medical information,\" Shafee wrote. \"The accuracy of the site is vital, because every medical entry... has the potential for immediate \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/4/08-056713/en/\">real-world health consequences\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others agree. University of California, San Francisco psychiatrist Amin Azzam recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/publishahead/Why_Medical_Schools_Should_Embrace_Wikipedia__.98408.aspx\">report\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Academic Medicine \u003c/em>titled “Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Improving Wikipedia\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to improve the entire site, including the health section, are underway. Hundreds of students in both the U.S. and Canada, for example, are working as editors through the \u003ca href=\"https://wikiedu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wiki Education Foundation\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco that acts as a bridge between Wikipedia and academia. The organization encourages university faculty to assign students Wikipedia entries as a part of coursework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than write a biography of a woman scientist for their class that their instructor would read and throw away and never engage in again,\" says the foundation's LiAnna Davis, \"these students instead have the opportunity to create content for Wikipedia where thousands of people can gain from their work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmacology students at the University of California, San Francisco, for example, are \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UCSF_School_of_Medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">working to improve entries\u003c/a> on popular drugs like the HIV antiviral drug \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacavir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abacavir\u003c/a>. Students in a voice disorders class at McGill University in Montreal are adding information about \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">laryngitis\u003c/a>. Students fill in missing information, improve gross inadequacies, and rewrite articles using fewer technical terms to appeal to the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, 280 science classes at universities in the U.S. and Canada have added content to 3,650 articles and generated 300 new entries receiving more than 102 million views, says Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman points to many efforts to improve articles, and a \u003ca href=\"http://translatorswithoutborders.org/?s=wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">collaboration\u003c/a> with the group Translators Without Borders to rewrite Wikipedia medical content in as many languages as possible. That \u003ca href=\"https://opensource.com/life/16/11/support-indian-languages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">includes Odia\u003c/a>, spoken by tens of millions of people in India that is not included in\u003ca href=\"https://translate.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Google Translate\u003c/a>. Heilman also cites as a success the Wikipedia entry for dengue fever, which was published in the peer-reviewed open-access journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242787/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Open Medicine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal agencies are also tapping Wikipedia. The National Institutes of Health is creating an online biomedical \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/topics/health/a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dictionary\u003c/a> for PubMed Health. which provides consumer-friendly research information.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/topics/health/a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>The NIH usually creates the definitions by drawing on material in its own collection, but sometimes It will use Wikipedia as a source. Both organizations benefit, as the NIH will flag Heilman if it comes across something inaccurate in the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman fervently hopes more health and science academics and professionals will help expand the accuracy of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I spend a fair amount of time trying to convince my colleagues to come work on Wikipedia,\" he says. \"As a physician I believe all people deserve access to quality health care information.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Find Good Health Info\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ... after all is said and done, how should the average person approach looking for health information on the Web?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azzam, the UCSF psychiatrist who called for medical schools to embrace Wikipedia, would actually first send patients to government sites like the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and National Library of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of those sites have information targeting 'lay' people,\" he wrote in an email. \"Additionally there are national advocacy organizations for specific disease and/or health conditions. For example, as a psychiatrist I will refer my patients and their families to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who do use Wikipedia, he recommends using the \"Talk\" tab near the top left of every page. That will take you to a rating of how thorough and accurate Wikipedia editors think the page is. He also looks at the references that each assertion of fact in Wikipedia entries are required to link to. (You can do this by clicking on the superscript numbers at the end of a sentence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That gives me some idea of how much to trust the content,\" Azzam says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommends consulting multiple sources to ferret out any outliers, a method that is \"effectively a proxy measure for validity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to consult material that health professionals use themselves, he recommends \u003ca href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UpToDate\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PubMed\u003c/a>, and peer-reviewed journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health information is on a \"continuum,\" he believes, with subscription-only top tier scholarly journals on one end and the user-created Wikipedia on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe [journal] content to be the scientific truth as we know it because content experts have peer-reviewed the manuscripts,\" he says. \"But the challenge at that extreme is gaining access to that knowledge, especially with high-cost subscription charges.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is why he's working with students to improve Wikipedia, \"pulling that pole toward the other end of the spectrum.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since so many consumers of health information online are reading that content, I want to be a part of a movement to make it as high quality as possible!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Heilman, the avid health editor, he also recommends checking multiple, high-quality sources when looking for specific health information, paying attention to what they agree on. But that doesn't mean he's going to give up on improving Wikipedia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a physician, I can help one person at a time,\" he says. \"But as a Wikipedian, I can make a difference in millions and millions of people’s lives.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>James Heilman isn't an easy man to get a hold of; he kept offering us odd, off-hour windows of availability to do a phone interview. When we finally connected, he explained: He works the night shift as an emergency room physician in British Columbia. He also puts in time as a clinical assistant professor in emergency medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cstrong>How to check the accuracy of Wikipedia pages\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nYou can check how Wikipedians rate the quality and thoroughness of every entry on the encyclopedia by clicking on the \"Talk\" tab near the top left of each page. There you will find the page's rating, which will fall somewhere on this \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Assessment#Quality_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scale\u003c/a>. Here are lists of the health articles with the \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Classhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">highest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=GA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second-highest ratings\u003c/a>; these are the most trustworthy health entries.\u003c/span>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then there's the 60 -- count'em, 60 -- hours a week he toils away editing Wikipedia, the massive online encyclopedia written and edited by, well, anyone who wants to give it a whirl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My wife likes to joke that Wikipedia's my mistress; I prefer to call it our first child,” he says, chuckling with a tinge of self-awareness that he's gone a bit off the rails in his goal of making the copious health-related pages on the site more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does an emergency doc become an obsessive Wikipedian?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 years ago, he says, during a quiet night shift, he got to browsing one of the medical articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought, 'Oh, my God this is really bad,'\" he says. \"And then I saw the edit button, and I realized, oh, my God, I could fix the internet! I sort of got madly hooked. I’ve been trying to fix the Internet ever since.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accuracy Questioned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that quest was creating the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WikiProject Medicine\u003c/a> group, where 320 like-minded editors work on the site's \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">health content. \u003c/a>Heilman estimates about half are medical professionals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I thought ‘Oh, my God this is really bad.' And then I saw the edit button, and I realized, oh, my God, I could fix the internet!\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Reworking Wikipedia health entries is not a trivial task. A 2014 study found about 25,000 pages of English-language health-related articles. That number is now up to 32,000, Heilman says. The health pages worldwide attracted almost \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376174/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">4.9 billion pageviews\u003c/a> in 2013. A 2012 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0142159X.2012.737064?scroll=top&needAccess=true&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">survey\u003c/a> of several hundred medical students found 94 percent use the site for health information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite its popularity, the reliability of Wikipedia's medical content has often been questioned. A 2011 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241521/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">review \u003c/a>on the accuracy and thoroughness of the site's medical entries found mixed results. Other studies show that the site fell short in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24276492\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gastroenterology and hepatology\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://aop.sagepub.com/content/42/12/1814.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug information\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193353/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statins\u003c/a> (later \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106930#pone.0106930-Kupferberg1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">improved\u003c/a>), and issues of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijporlonline.com/article/S0165-5876(12)00336-9/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ear, nose and throat\u003c/a>. Other studies found the website provided better information in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sdi.12059/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nephrology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/quality-of-information-sources-about-mental-disorders-a-comparison-of-wikipedia-with-centrally-controlled-web-and-printed-sources/595CEE672BB7C503101FAF5A9E303673\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">depression and schizophrenia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">To get good health info online:\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Check multiple, high-quality sources like those from academic and government institutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Be alert for sites that contain information that conflicts with other sources, a possible indication of low-quality information.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consult \u003ca href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UpToDate\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PubMed\u003c/a>, and peer-reviewed journals for primary research on a topic.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If using Wikipedia, click the 'Talk' tab at the top of each page to see how the site's editors have rated the quality of the article. Look at the footnotes to check the sources of assertions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But just recently, in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(16)30254-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Lancet: Global Health, \u003c/a>\u003c/em>researchers reported that Wikipedia entries on stillbirths were missing critical information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> comparing peer-reviewed literature to the site's articles on 10 different widespread diseases and conditions found a significant number of assertions in the Wikipedia material that were unsupported by the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman doesn't think much of that study; he co-wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://community-archive.cochrane.org/news/blog/wikipedia%E2%80%99s-medical-content-really-90-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rebuttal\u003c/a> to it with other medical experts/Wikipedians. Still, he acknowledges \"there's a lot of work to do\" to bring health entries up to snuff. The reality of that is borne out by the small number of health articles -- \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Class%20featured%20health%20articles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">63\u003c/a> -- that have received the highest grade by Wikipedia editors. Those articles qualify as featured articles on the encyclopedia's front page. (The next-best level -- \"good\" -- contains a mere \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=GA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">200 articles\u003c/a>.) The \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Assessment#Quality_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">criteria\u003c/a> for a \"featured\" article is comprehensiveness, neutrality and accuracy. That means the information has been verified against high-quality sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calls to Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/wikipedia-is-already-the-worlds-dr-google-its-time-for-doctors-and-researchers-to-make-it-better-66769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">article\u003c/a> last month on the academic publishing site \"The Conversation\" by Thomas Shafee, one of the researchers who wrote about Wikipedia's inadequate \"stillbirth\" entries, is headlined \"Wikipedia is already the world’s ‘Dr Google’ -- it’s time for doctors and researchers to make it better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health professionals have a duty to improve the accuracy of medical entries in Wikipedia, because it’s the first port of call for people all over the world seeking medical information,\" Shafee wrote. \"The accuracy of the site is vital, because every medical entry... has the potential for immediate \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/4/08-056713/en/\">real-world health consequences\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others agree. University of California, San Francisco psychiatrist Amin Azzam recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/publishahead/Why_Medical_Schools_Should_Embrace_Wikipedia__.98408.aspx\">report\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Academic Medicine \u003c/em>titled “Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Improving Wikipedia\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to improve the entire site, including the health section, are underway. Hundreds of students in both the U.S. and Canada, for example, are working as editors through the \u003ca href=\"https://wikiedu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wiki Education Foundation\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco that acts as a bridge between Wikipedia and academia. The organization encourages university faculty to assign students Wikipedia entries as a part of coursework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than write a biography of a woman scientist for their class that their instructor would read and throw away and never engage in again,\" says the foundation's LiAnna Davis, \"these students instead have the opportunity to create content for Wikipedia where thousands of people can gain from their work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmacology students at the University of California, San Francisco, for example, are \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UCSF_School_of_Medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">working to improve entries\u003c/a> on popular drugs like the HIV antiviral drug \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacavir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abacavir\u003c/a>. Students in a voice disorders class at McGill University in Montreal are adding information about \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">laryngitis\u003c/a>. Students fill in missing information, improve gross inadequacies, and rewrite articles using fewer technical terms to appeal to the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, 280 science classes at universities in the U.S. and Canada have added content to 3,650 articles and generated 300 new entries receiving more than 102 million views, says Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman points to many efforts to improve articles, and a \u003ca href=\"http://translatorswithoutborders.org/?s=wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">collaboration\u003c/a> with the group Translators Without Borders to rewrite Wikipedia medical content in as many languages as possible. That \u003ca href=\"https://opensource.com/life/16/11/support-indian-languages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">includes Odia\u003c/a>, spoken by tens of millions of people in India that is not included in\u003ca href=\"https://translate.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Google Translate\u003c/a>. Heilman also cites as a success the Wikipedia entry for dengue fever, which was published in the peer-reviewed open-access journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242787/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Open Medicine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal agencies are also tapping Wikipedia. The National Institutes of Health is creating an online biomedical \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/topics/health/a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dictionary\u003c/a> for PubMed Health. which provides consumer-friendly research information.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/topics/health/a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>The NIH usually creates the definitions by drawing on material in its own collection, but sometimes It will use Wikipedia as a source. Both organizations benefit, as the NIH will flag Heilman if it comes across something inaccurate in the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman fervently hopes more health and science academics and professionals will help expand the accuracy of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I spend a fair amount of time trying to convince my colleagues to come work on Wikipedia,\" he says. \"As a physician I believe all people deserve access to quality health care information.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Find Good Health Info\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ... after all is said and done, how should the average person approach looking for health information on the Web?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azzam, the UCSF psychiatrist who called for medical schools to embrace Wikipedia, would actually first send patients to government sites like the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and National Library of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of those sites have information targeting 'lay' people,\" he wrote in an email. \"Additionally there are national advocacy organizations for specific disease and/or health conditions. For example, as a psychiatrist I will refer my patients and their families to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who do use Wikipedia, he recommends using the \"Talk\" tab near the top left of every page. That will take you to a rating of how thorough and accurate Wikipedia editors think the page is. He also looks at the references that each assertion of fact in Wikipedia entries are required to link to. (You can do this by clicking on the superscript numbers at the end of a sentence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That gives me some idea of how much to trust the content,\" Azzam says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommends consulting multiple sources to ferret out any outliers, a method that is \"effectively a proxy measure for validity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to consult material that health professionals use themselves, he recommends \u003ca href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UpToDate\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PubMed\u003c/a>, and peer-reviewed journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health information is on a \"continuum,\" he believes, with subscription-only top tier scholarly journals on one end and the user-created Wikipedia on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe [journal] content to be the scientific truth as we know it because content experts have peer-reviewed the manuscripts,\" he says. \"But the challenge at that extreme is gaining access to that knowledge, especially with high-cost subscription charges.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is why he's working with students to improve Wikipedia, \"pulling that pole toward the other end of the spectrum.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since so many consumers of health information online are reading that content, I want to be a part of a movement to make it as high quality as possible!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Heilman, the avid health editor, he also recommends checking multiple, high-quality sources when looking for specific health information, paying attention to what they agree on. But that doesn't mean he's going to give up on improving Wikipedia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a physician, I can help one person at a time,\" he says. \"But as a Wikipedian, I can make a difference in millions and millions of people’s lives.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "LGBT Health Advocates Fear Backlash as Trump Picks Tom Price for HHS",
"title": "LGBT Health Advocates Fear Backlash as Trump Picks Tom Price for HHS",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Update Tuesday, Nov. 29\u003c/strong> Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/28/502566553/trump-chooses-rep-tom-price-an-obamacare-foe-to-run-hhs\" target=\"_blank\">will nominate\u003c/a> Rep. Tom Price (R-Ga.) as secretary of Health and Human Services. Price is an avowed opponent of the Affordable Care Act, repeatedly introducing legislation to repeal President Obama's signature health care legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">If you're wondering about Price's record on LGBT issues, the former orthopedic surgeon, like many other Republicans, has received a zero over the last three sessions of Congress on the Human Rights Campaign's \u003ca href=\"http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/114thCongressionalScorecard.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">congressional scorecard\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">More from \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/29/503720671/5-things-to-know-about-rep-tom-prices-health-care-ideas\" target=\"_blank\">NPR \u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Since Donald Trump’s surprise election Nov. 8, \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">LGBT health advocates have been holding their breath to see who the president-elect will pick for the cabinet-level position of secretary of Health and Human Services. Like many other health care stakeholders, these leaders are keeping a weather eye on whether Trump is serious about his \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform\" target=\"_blank\">campaign promise\u003c/a> to dismantle the Affordable Care Act — a long-sought but out-of-reach goal for congressional Republicans under President Obama — as well as a proposed reform of Medicaid that would result in reductions in aid to the poor.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A number of names have been bandied about for the HHS job, including newest rumored frontrunner Rep. Tom Price\u003cb>, \u003c/b>R-Georgia, and Andrew Bremberg, who is \u003ca href=\"http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20161111/NEWS/161119989?utm_source=modernhealthcare&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20161111-NEWS-161119989&utm_campaign=mh-alert\" target=\"_blank\">leading Trump's health transition\u003c/a> and worked at the agency during the administration of President George W. Bush. Other familiar names include Florida Gov. Rick Scott, ex-Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee and ex-Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">While Trump has been skimpy on details of what may replace the health care law, he has proposed allowing insurers to sell health plans across state lines, establishing block grants for state Medicaid programs, and allowing people to deduct their health care premiums from their federal income tax. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A study by The Commonwealth Fund estimates the repeal of the ACA and the implementation of these replacement policies\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>would cause more than 20 million people, most of whom are low-income, to lose health coverage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>LGBT Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Trump's agenda has progressives worried about the possible rollback of health services for gay people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“It’s an agenda that destroys the national health safety net,” says Matt Kavanaugh, a seasoned health policy activist with the Global Health Access Project, which campaigns for drug access for people with HIV across the globe. \"We have a lot of people with HIV who depend on these programs.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">He’s particularly worried about a shift in Medicaid to block grants awarded to states, which could spell cuts in HIV programs — something seen in the 1990s. Before the ACA extended health coverage of expensive anti-retroviral drugs, those with HIV relied on the federal AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) to gain access to medication. But state-administered ADAP programs were plagued by budget cuts, creating long waiting lists for drug access. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“One of the most important things that happened with Medicaid expansion is that people were able to move off of ADAP and not just get HIV drugs but full [health] insurance,” Kavanaugh says. “If that rolls back, it’s likely we will see huge problems with ADAP.” That in turn could hurt the U.S. effort to control HIV, he says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As evidence of what he says is the incoming administration's “clear, intensely anti-gay agenda,\" Kavanaugh points to the GOP party platform’s last-minute promotion of so-called \"gay conversion therapy,\" long \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/just-the-facts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">discredited by the psychological profession\u003c/a> and illegal as a treatment for minors in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/conversion_therapy\" target=\"_blank\">number of states\u003c/a>. The therapy is also \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/11/19/gays-can-be-reformed-just-like-arsonists-trumps-new-domestic-policy-adviser-has-said/\" target=\"_blank\">endorsed\u003c/a> by the head of Trump's domestic policy transition team, former Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell, a senior fellow at the Family Research Council, which publicly \u003ca href=\"http://www.frc.org/homosexuality\" target=\"_blank\">states\u003c/a> that homosexuality \"is harmful to the persons who engage in it and to society at large.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Vice President-elect Mike Pence also has a \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4406337/mike-pence-gay-rights-lgbt-religious-freedom/\" target=\"_blank\">record\u003c/a> of opposing LGBT rights and is a staunch social conservative. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ben Plumley, head of the Pangaea Global AIDS project, pointed to a 2015 spike of 90 new HIV cases linked to injection drug use in rural Scott County, Indiana, where Pence was governor, as an example of ineffective health policy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">S\u003c/span>tate health officials had urged Pence to implement a needle exchange program, but that was a nonstarter with the governor. With cases rising, however, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention weighed in with the same recommendation. Pence said he would pray on the matter, and eventually he issued an executive order to implement needle exchange in Scott County. Tens of thousands of clean disposable needles were quickly distributed, and HIV cases diminished to a trickle. AmfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, later called the epidemic \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/under-pences-leadership-response-to-heroin-epidemic-criticized-as-ineffective-226759\" target=\"_blank\">totally preventable\u003c/a>.\" Meanwhile, heroin-related hepatitis C cases are still \u003ca href=\"http://www.fox19.com/story/30451992/hiv-hepatitis-c-outbreak-continues-in-indiana\" target=\"_blank\">snowballing\u003c/a> in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kavanaugh is also worried about the push for religious waivers at the state and local levels, which would allow agencies, individuals and private health providers with federal contracts to opt out of providing services to LGBT citizens. Two such bills are pending in Florida and Texas, and copycat bills are being drafted in other states. One of the potential health care leaders in a Trump administration, Bobby Jindal, issued an executive order in Louisiana to give a religious waiver to those opposed to same-sex marriage. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Violence is also a potential issue. Since the election, the Southern Poverty Law Center has tracked a \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/18/update-incidents-hateful-harassment-election-day-now-number-701\" target=\"_blank\">spike in hate crimes\u003c/a> — including 80 reported against LGBT individuals. Almost two-thirds of the incidents, some of which were anecdotal, occurred in the first three days following the election, the group says, and \"the trend line points to a steady drop-off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no doubt the LGBT community is feeling increased pressure. Calls to LGBT suicide prevention hotlines went way up in the immediate wake of Trump’s election, \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/11/suicide-hotline-calls-lgbt-trump\" target=\"_blank\">Mother Jones\u003c/a> has reported. Callers worried about loss of health access to hormones and gender surgery, as well as fear of discrimination from health providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You’re going to see increasing numbers of people with challenges,\" says Kavanaugh. \"It's going to be a test of our solidarity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">LGBT leaders interviewed by KQED said they repeatedly tried during and since the election to meet with Trump officials to discuss their concerns, including the choice for HHS, to no avail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"We've gotten no response,\" said Pangaea head Ben Plumley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">KQED's efforts to reach the campaign for comment were unsuccessful. So were efforts to obtain comments from health policy aides at Rep. Nancy Pelosi's office about Democratic efforts to influence the top health pick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The president-elect's health care proposals plus the conservative names floated as possible health officials in the new administration have LGBT health advocates extremely concerned. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Update Tuesday, Nov. 29\u003c/strong> Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/28/502566553/trump-chooses-rep-tom-price-an-obamacare-foe-to-run-hhs\" target=\"_blank\">will nominate\u003c/a> Rep. Tom Price (R-Ga.) as secretary of Health and Human Services. Price is an avowed opponent of the Affordable Care Act, repeatedly introducing legislation to repeal President Obama's signature health care legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">If you're wondering about Price's record on LGBT issues, the former orthopedic surgeon, like many other Republicans, has received a zero over the last three sessions of Congress on the Human Rights Campaign's \u003ca href=\"http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/114thCongressionalScorecard.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">congressional scorecard\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">More from \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/29/503720671/5-things-to-know-about-rep-tom-prices-health-care-ideas\" target=\"_blank\">NPR \u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Since Donald Trump’s surprise election Nov. 8, \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">LGBT health advocates have been holding their breath to see who the president-elect will pick for the cabinet-level position of secretary of Health and Human Services. Like many other health care stakeholders, these leaders are keeping a weather eye on whether Trump is serious about his \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform\" target=\"_blank\">campaign promise\u003c/a> to dismantle the Affordable Care Act — a long-sought but out-of-reach goal for congressional Republicans under President Obama — as well as a proposed reform of Medicaid that would result in reductions in aid to the poor.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A number of names have been bandied about for the HHS job, including newest rumored frontrunner Rep. Tom Price\u003cb>, \u003c/b>R-Georgia, and Andrew Bremberg, who is \u003ca href=\"http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20161111/NEWS/161119989?utm_source=modernhealthcare&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20161111-NEWS-161119989&utm_campaign=mh-alert\" target=\"_blank\">leading Trump's health transition\u003c/a> and worked at the agency during the administration of President George W. Bush. Other familiar names include Florida Gov. Rick Scott, ex-Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee and ex-Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">While Trump has been skimpy on details of what may replace the health care law, he has proposed allowing insurers to sell health plans across state lines, establishing block grants for state Medicaid programs, and allowing people to deduct their health care premiums from their federal income tax. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A study by The Commonwealth Fund estimates the repeal of the ACA and the implementation of these replacement policies\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>would cause more than 20 million people, most of whom are low-income, to lose health coverage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>LGBT Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Trump's agenda has progressives worried about the possible rollback of health services for gay people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“It’s an agenda that destroys the national health safety net,” says Matt Kavanaugh, a seasoned health policy activist with the Global Health Access Project, which campaigns for drug access for people with HIV across the globe. \"We have a lot of people with HIV who depend on these programs.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">He’s particularly worried about a shift in Medicaid to block grants awarded to states, which could spell cuts in HIV programs — something seen in the 1990s. Before the ACA extended health coverage of expensive anti-retroviral drugs, those with HIV relied on the federal AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) to gain access to medication. But state-administered ADAP programs were plagued by budget cuts, creating long waiting lists for drug access. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“One of the most important things that happened with Medicaid expansion is that people were able to move off of ADAP and not just get HIV drugs but full [health] insurance,” Kavanaugh says. “If that rolls back, it’s likely we will see huge problems with ADAP.” That in turn could hurt the U.S. effort to control HIV, he says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As evidence of what he says is the incoming administration's “clear, intensely anti-gay agenda,\" Kavanaugh points to the GOP party platform’s last-minute promotion of so-called \"gay conversion therapy,\" long \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/just-the-facts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">discredited by the psychological profession\u003c/a> and illegal as a treatment for minors in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/conversion_therapy\" target=\"_blank\">number of states\u003c/a>. The therapy is also \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/11/19/gays-can-be-reformed-just-like-arsonists-trumps-new-domestic-policy-adviser-has-said/\" target=\"_blank\">endorsed\u003c/a> by the head of Trump's domestic policy transition team, former Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell, a senior fellow at the Family Research Council, which publicly \u003ca href=\"http://www.frc.org/homosexuality\" target=\"_blank\">states\u003c/a> that homosexuality \"is harmful to the persons who engage in it and to society at large.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Vice President-elect Mike Pence also has a \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4406337/mike-pence-gay-rights-lgbt-religious-freedom/\" target=\"_blank\">record\u003c/a> of opposing LGBT rights and is a staunch social conservative. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ben Plumley, head of the Pangaea Global AIDS project, pointed to a 2015 spike of 90 new HIV cases linked to injection drug use in rural Scott County, Indiana, where Pence was governor, as an example of ineffective health policy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">S\u003c/span>tate health officials had urged Pence to implement a needle exchange program, but that was a nonstarter with the governor. With cases rising, however, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention weighed in with the same recommendation. Pence said he would pray on the matter, and eventually he issued an executive order to implement needle exchange in Scott County. Tens of thousands of clean disposable needles were quickly distributed, and HIV cases diminished to a trickle. AmfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, later called the epidemic \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/under-pences-leadership-response-to-heroin-epidemic-criticized-as-ineffective-226759\" target=\"_blank\">totally preventable\u003c/a>.\" Meanwhile, heroin-related hepatitis C cases are still \u003ca href=\"http://www.fox19.com/story/30451992/hiv-hepatitis-c-outbreak-continues-in-indiana\" target=\"_blank\">snowballing\u003c/a> in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kavanaugh is also worried about the push for religious waivers at the state and local levels, which would allow agencies, individuals and private health providers with federal contracts to opt out of providing services to LGBT citizens. Two such bills are pending in Florida and Texas, and copycat bills are being drafted in other states. One of the potential health care leaders in a Trump administration, Bobby Jindal, issued an executive order in Louisiana to give a religious waiver to those opposed to same-sex marriage. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Violence is also a potential issue. Since the election, the Southern Poverty Law Center has tracked a \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/18/update-incidents-hateful-harassment-election-day-now-number-701\" target=\"_blank\">spike in hate crimes\u003c/a> — including 80 reported against LGBT individuals. Almost two-thirds of the incidents, some of which were anecdotal, occurred in the first three days following the election, the group says, and \"the trend line points to a steady drop-off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no doubt the LGBT community is feeling increased pressure. Calls to LGBT suicide prevention hotlines went way up in the immediate wake of Trump’s election, \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/11/suicide-hotline-calls-lgbt-trump\" target=\"_blank\">Mother Jones\u003c/a> has reported. Callers worried about loss of health access to hormones and gender surgery, as well as fear of discrimination from health providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You’re going to see increasing numbers of people with challenges,\" says Kavanaugh. \"It's going to be a test of our solidarity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">LGBT leaders interviewed by KQED said they repeatedly tried during and since the election to meet with Trump officials to discuss their concerns, including the choice for HHS, to no avail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"We've gotten no response,\" said Pangaea head Ben Plumley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">KQED's efforts to reach the campaign for comment were unsuccessful. So were efforts to obtain comments from health policy aides at Rep. Nancy Pelosi's office about Democratic efforts to influence the top health pick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Have pity on those poor parents desperately trying to coax a protesting toddler to eat something she has pushed away in disgust. While moms and dads may fault themselves for an inability to evoke the magic words that will open-sesame their offspring's mouth, it turns out there's a good chance some of that child's -- er, shall we say \"discretion\" -- is innate.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Parents who model good eating habits and avoid conflict at the table do better at getting their kids to eat foods they find unappealing. Two weeks of exposure to vegetables -- with a reward -- has also been shown to work.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Once again, it's in the genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27739065\" target=\"_blank\">study \u003c/a>concludes that around half of toddlers' fussiness probably is genetically determined. Researchers at University College London looked at 1,932 Welsh and English twin pairs and their families. When the children were 16 months old, the parents were given the 35-item \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/hbrc/resources/resources_eb/CEBQwithscores.pdf\">Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire\u003c/a> as a gauge of how fussy each child was about food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out how much of this behavior was genetic, the researchers looked at 626 identical twin pairs to see how often both children scored similarly on the questionnaire. Since identical twins essentially have the same DNA, both children will exhibit a purely genetic trait -- every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not what the researchers found. While the identical twins often shared the same level of food fussiness, it did not occur 100 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So genetics appears not to be the whole story: It could be the twins’ shared environment accounts for their similar but not identical eating habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the role of environment in shaping the toddlers' pickiness, the study also\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>looked at\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>1,306 pairs of fraternal twins, who share the same amount of DNA as any two siblings—around 50 percent on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something is purely environmental, two twins in a fraternal pair should share the same trait as often as two twins in an identical pair. The researchers found that this was not the case. The fraternal twins were actually less likely to share the same eating behavior compared to identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study suggests that both genetics \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the environment play a role in food fussiness. After crunching the data, the researchers conclude that each accounts for somewhere between 41 and 52 percent of the behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Your Toddler to Eat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enough with the numbers. The takeaway for parents: Don't give up hope that you can have an influence on what your fussy children are willing to eat. Skillful parenting can make a difference if you start early, and the sooner the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2530930/\">study \u003c/a>from 2005 suggested that parents could best affect their children's eating habits by eating well themselves and avoiding conflicts at the dinner table.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cstrong>A note about twin studies\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere is some \u003ca href=\"https://www.madinamerica.com/2013/03/the-trouble-with-twin-studies/\" target=\"_blank\">debate\u003c/a> about how well studies of identical versus fraternal twins determine the level of genetic influence in a particular trait. These comparisons rely on the assumption that the shared environment of fraternal twins is the same as the shared environment of identical twins. The potential flaw is that identical twins may be treated more alike than fraternal twins. If that is true, twin studies would \u003cem>overestimate\u003c/em> the role of genetics, as environmental factors could be the real reason for greater levels of similarity in identical twins.\u003c/span>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These researchers examined the eating habits of 173 girls, once when they were 7 years old and again when they were 9. At both junctures, the parents were interviewed to understand both their eating habits and how they tried to encourage their daughters to eat healthier foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results showed that modeling food behaviors worked far better than trying to force a child to eat better. In other words: Don't preach broccoli when you're sneaking hot dogs yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4037818/\">study \u003c/a>from University College London, this one from 2014, suggests an alternative to pitched battles at the dinner table. Try repeatedly exposing your children to a food they dislike and reward offer a reward when they venture a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach can pay off big. The researchers had parents offer a small bite of a \"target vegetable\" that their three-year-olds didn’t like each day for 14 days. If the children ate it, they were rewarded with a sticker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two weeks of repeated exposure and reward, only around 13 percent of these kids still said they disliked the food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a big contrast to the control group, for which no instructions were issued. A whopping 90 percent of these kids still would not unclamp their jaws and eat the yucky food at the end of the trial period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a little bit of parental effort and some stickers can go a long way. Genetics plays a big role in kids' fussiness but it isn't the only factor. If parents eat a wide variety of food and patiently keep offering new foods to their kids, these parents may end up with less fussy kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or ... you could do it this way:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNNpydUfduo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Have pity on those poor parents desperately trying to coax a protesting toddler to eat something she has pushed away in disgust. While moms and dads may fault themselves for an inability to evoke the magic words that will open-sesame their offspring's mouth, it turns out there's a good chance some of that child's -- er, shall we say \"discretion\" -- is innate.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Parents who model good eating habits and avoid conflict at the table do better at getting their kids to eat foods they find unappealing. Two weeks of exposure to vegetables -- with a reward -- has also been shown to work.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Once again, it's in the genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27739065\" target=\"_blank\">study \u003c/a>concludes that around half of toddlers' fussiness probably is genetically determined. Researchers at University College London looked at 1,932 Welsh and English twin pairs and their families. When the children were 16 months old, the parents were given the 35-item \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/hbrc/resources/resources_eb/CEBQwithscores.pdf\">Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire\u003c/a> as a gauge of how fussy each child was about food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out how much of this behavior was genetic, the researchers looked at 626 identical twin pairs to see how often both children scored similarly on the questionnaire. Since identical twins essentially have the same DNA, both children will exhibit a purely genetic trait -- every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not what the researchers found. While the identical twins often shared the same level of food fussiness, it did not occur 100 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So genetics appears not to be the whole story: It could be the twins’ shared environment accounts for their similar but not identical eating habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the role of environment in shaping the toddlers' pickiness, the study also\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>looked at\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>1,306 pairs of fraternal twins, who share the same amount of DNA as any two siblings—around 50 percent on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If something is purely environmental, two twins in a fraternal pair should share the same trait as often as two twins in an identical pair. The researchers found that this was not the case. The fraternal twins were actually less likely to share the same eating behavior compared to identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study suggests that both genetics \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the environment play a role in food fussiness. After crunching the data, the researchers conclude that each accounts for somewhere between 41 and 52 percent of the behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Your Toddler to Eat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enough with the numbers. The takeaway for parents: Don't give up hope that you can have an influence on what your fussy children are willing to eat. Skillful parenting can make a difference if you start early, and the sooner the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2530930/\">study \u003c/a>from 2005 suggested that parents could best affect their children's eating habits by eating well themselves and avoiding conflicts at the dinner table.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cstrong>A note about twin studies\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere is some \u003ca href=\"https://www.madinamerica.com/2013/03/the-trouble-with-twin-studies/\" target=\"_blank\">debate\u003c/a> about how well studies of identical versus fraternal twins determine the level of genetic influence in a particular trait. These comparisons rely on the assumption that the shared environment of fraternal twins is the same as the shared environment of identical twins. The potential flaw is that identical twins may be treated more alike than fraternal twins. If that is true, twin studies would \u003cem>overestimate\u003c/em> the role of genetics, as environmental factors could be the real reason for greater levels of similarity in identical twins.\u003c/span>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These researchers examined the eating habits of 173 girls, once when they were 7 years old and again when they were 9. At both junctures, the parents were interviewed to understand both their eating habits and how they tried to encourage their daughters to eat healthier foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results showed that modeling food behaviors worked far better than trying to force a child to eat better. In other words: Don't preach broccoli when you're sneaking hot dogs yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4037818/\">study \u003c/a>from University College London, this one from 2014, suggests an alternative to pitched battles at the dinner table. Try repeatedly exposing your children to a food they dislike and reward offer a reward when they venture a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach can pay off big. The researchers had parents offer a small bite of a \"target vegetable\" that their three-year-olds didn’t like each day for 14 days. If the children ate it, they were rewarded with a sticker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two weeks of repeated exposure and reward, only around 13 percent of these kids still said they disliked the food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a big contrast to the control group, for which no instructions were issued. A whopping 90 percent of these kids still would not unclamp their jaws and eat the yucky food at the end of the trial period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a little bit of parental effort and some stickers can go a long way. Genetics plays a big role in kids' fussiness but it isn't the only factor. If parents eat a wide variety of food and patiently keep offering new foods to their kids, these parents may end up with less fussy kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or ... you could do it this way:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/KNNpydUfduo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/KNNpydUfduo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of CNET's \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/tech-enabled/\" target=\"_blank\">Tech Enabled\u003c/a>\" series about the role technology plays in helping the disability community.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtual reality and augmented reality are often associated with gaming. For many people, the allure has to do with the ability to visit an alien world or an exotic location -- to go someplace or do something they couldn't do otherwise. Bridging worlds seems to be a sweet spot for these technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VR and AR don't necessarily have to take users to far-off or fictional places. They also can better connect people with vision issues to the everyday world. Most take for granted the ability to sit at a computer at work and read the text on the screen, or freely and confidently walk around their home or office. These technologies aim to help people reclaim some of the vision they may have lost and to make it easier to function in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization estimates that 246 million people have low vision, which includes blurry vision, tunnel vision or blind spots that can't be corrected. The WHO also estimates that 90 percent of those who have vision problems, not just low vision, tend to have low incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank Werblin, professor of neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, is working to bring a lower-cost vision aid to the low-vision community. About a year and a half ago, he realized he could do this by piggybacking on virtual-reality technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_284322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-284322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png\" alt=\"IrisVision is an app that magnifies whatever the user is looking at. It can be used with a Samsung Gear VR headset, pictured.. \" width=\"719\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png 719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-160x106.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-240x159.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-375x249.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-520x345.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">IrisVision is an app that magnifies whatever the user is looking at. It can be used with a Samsung Gear VR headset, pictured.. \u003ccite>(Sarah Tew/CNET)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>IrisVision is an app that uses a Samsung Gear VR headset. It's responsive to the wearer's head movements and will magnify whatever they're directly looking at, while still providing a wide field of view. It's meant to help users better see the world, even read on a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges he's trying to address is cost. Wearable vision aids can go as high as $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a huge price gap between a magnifying glass, which you could buy for $25 or $50, and what these people could really use, which is a wearable portable device, which is many thousands of dollars,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IrisVision is available online for $2,500, and in certain clinics around the country on an experimental basis. The price includes the software, headset and phone needed to power the Gear VR. Werblin, who for 44 years has been studying the way the retina functions, even took it to the California School for the Blind in Fremont, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lazy Eye No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werblin's not the first to use virtual-reality hardware. James Blaha had dealt with amblyopia, or lazy eye, his whole life. In the process of researching the condition and tinkering with an early Oculus Rift VR headset, the now-founder and CEO of Vivid Vision, a company that makes therapy solutions for the condition, discovered he could strengthen his weaker eye using virtual reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amblyopia occurs when one eye is far less effective than the other, and the brain tries to suppress it. This creates problems with depth perception that can make it hard to cross a busy street or drive, among other things. Conventional wisdom in the medical field has held that if the problem isn't fixed by the age of 8, it won't be fixed at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blaha is proving that idea wrong. By cranking up the brightness in the goggles for just his weaker eye, he essentially forced his brain to stop suppressing the eye. He started seeing in 3D for the first time in his life, including seeing the keys on his keyboard in relief. These days, he has 90 percent normal depth perception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sort of outside the context of VR, particularly for the patients who use it, and definitely for the doctors who are not playing any of the VR games, typically,\" Blaha said of his company, which now has ties to about 50 clinics in the US and Canada, plus a few in Europe and Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivid Vision is also working with UC Berkeley on improving depth perception in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Your Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the people who have difficulty seeing at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OxSight, formerly known as VA-ST, is a startup out of the University of Oxford that makes applications for those with vision problems. Its SmartSpecs headset is built as a portable device for those who are legally blind or partially sighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SmartSpecs, which don't have a price just yet, boost the visibility of objects and faces by accentuating those objects and their edges against a darkened background. They even work in darkness, helping users find doorways or navigate around furniture. SmartSpecs' algorithms look for things like faces, including facial expressions, and text in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the real trick is coming up with ways of delivering relevant information to the user without bombarding them with irrelevant info,\" said co-founder Stephen Hicks, who is also a university research lecturer and Royal Academy of Engineering enterprise fellow at Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SmartSpecs wants to give users more confidence and independence. It's set to launch mid 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have the potential,\" he said, \"to make a dent in this feeling of isolation and helplessness that many visually impaired individuals experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of CNET's \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/tech-enabled/\" target=\"_blank\">Tech Enabled\u003c/a>\" series about the role technology plays in helping the disability community.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtual reality and augmented reality are often associated with gaming. For many people, the allure has to do with the ability to visit an alien world or an exotic location -- to go someplace or do something they couldn't do otherwise. Bridging worlds seems to be a sweet spot for these technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VR and AR don't necessarily have to take users to far-off or fictional places. They also can better connect people with vision issues to the everyday world. Most take for granted the ability to sit at a computer at work and read the text on the screen, or freely and confidently walk around their home or office. These technologies aim to help people reclaim some of the vision they may have lost and to make it easier to function in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization estimates that 246 million people have low vision, which includes blurry vision, tunnel vision or blind spots that can't be corrected. The WHO also estimates that 90 percent of those who have vision problems, not just low vision, tend to have low incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank Werblin, professor of neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, is working to bring a lower-cost vision aid to the low-vision community. About a year and a half ago, he realized he could do this by piggybacking on virtual-reality technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_284322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-284322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png\" alt=\"IrisVision is an app that magnifies whatever the user is looking at. It can be used with a Samsung Gear VR headset, pictured.. \" width=\"719\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png 719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-160x106.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-240x159.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-375x249.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-520x345.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">IrisVision is an app that magnifies whatever the user is looking at. It can be used with a Samsung Gear VR headset, pictured.. \u003ccite>(Sarah Tew/CNET)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>IrisVision is an app that uses a Samsung Gear VR headset. It's responsive to the wearer's head movements and will magnify whatever they're directly looking at, while still providing a wide field of view. It's meant to help users better see the world, even read on a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges he's trying to address is cost. Wearable vision aids can go as high as $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a huge price gap between a magnifying glass, which you could buy for $25 or $50, and what these people could really use, which is a wearable portable device, which is many thousands of dollars,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IrisVision is available online for $2,500, and in certain clinics around the country on an experimental basis. The price includes the software, headset and phone needed to power the Gear VR. Werblin, who for 44 years has been studying the way the retina functions, even took it to the California School for the Blind in Fremont, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lazy Eye No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werblin's not the first to use virtual-reality hardware. James Blaha had dealt with amblyopia, or lazy eye, his whole life. In the process of researching the condition and tinkering with an early Oculus Rift VR headset, the now-founder and CEO of Vivid Vision, a company that makes therapy solutions for the condition, discovered he could strengthen his weaker eye using virtual reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amblyopia occurs when one eye is far less effective than the other, and the brain tries to suppress it. This creates problems with depth perception that can make it hard to cross a busy street or drive, among other things. Conventional wisdom in the medical field has held that if the problem isn't fixed by the age of 8, it won't be fixed at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blaha is proving that idea wrong. By cranking up the brightness in the goggles for just his weaker eye, he essentially forced his brain to stop suppressing the eye. He started seeing in 3D for the first time in his life, including seeing the keys on his keyboard in relief. These days, he has 90 percent normal depth perception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sort of outside the context of VR, particularly for the patients who use it, and definitely for the doctors who are not playing any of the VR games, typically,\" Blaha said of his company, which now has ties to about 50 clinics in the US and Canada, plus a few in Europe and Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivid Vision is also working with UC Berkeley on improving depth perception in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Your Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the people who have difficulty seeing at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OxSight, formerly known as VA-ST, is a startup out of the University of Oxford that makes applications for those with vision problems. Its SmartSpecs headset is built as a portable device for those who are legally blind or partially sighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SmartSpecs, which don't have a price just yet, boost the visibility of objects and faces by accentuating those objects and their edges against a darkened background. They even work in darkness, helping users find doorways or navigate around furniture. SmartSpecs' algorithms look for things like faces, including facial expressions, and text in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the real trick is coming up with ways of delivering relevant information to the user without bombarding them with irrelevant info,\" said co-founder Stephen Hicks, who is also a university research lecturer and Royal Academy of Engineering enterprise fellow at Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SmartSpecs wants to give users more confidence and independence. It's set to launch mid 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have the potential,\" he said, \"to make a dent in this feeling of isolation and helplessness that many visually impaired individuals experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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