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"disqusTitle": "Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, biologist Nathan Stephenson was surveying giant sequoias in a clearing in Sequoia National Park. He looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 35 years studying giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, Stephenson had never seen a mature giant sequoia with that many brown leaves. He looked in the park’s records, which go back 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one had ever reported that before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Half a dozen giant sequoias, like the one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Half a dozen giant sequoias, like this one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, he and his team surveyed 4,300 of the approximately 160,000 giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They found that one percent of them had shed half or more of their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trees lose foliage as a way to cope with drought,” said Stephenson, who works for the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only half a dozen giant sequoias have died in the Sierra Nevada’s Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought began, said the parks’ science coordinator Koren Nydick. But the fact that some giant sequoias started to show signs of stress last year caused concern among scientists because the trees are normally long-lived, with some known to be more than 3,000 years old. And all around them in the Sierra, some 6 million trees of other species have died, according to a U.S. Forest Service survey in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing firs, pines, incense cedars and oaks are all dying at a rate we’ve never seen before,” said Stephenson. “Even during the 1977 drought in California we didn’t see this many trees dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97695\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The severity of the damage on some of the sequoias led him and other biologists to investigate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the USGS and the Carnegie Institution for Science counted the number of giant sequoias with brown leaves, climbed 50 of the trees to see if they were having trouble transporting water to their treetops and flew over giant sequoia groves to make images of their water content using special equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ conclusion: some giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park are showing signs of stress, but it’s unclear which trees might be at the highest risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias require more water than any other tree, said tree biologist Anthony Ambrose, of the University of California, Berkeley. On a hot summer day, they can suck up 500 to 800 gallons. That’s twice as much water as a California household uses in a day. And it’s not just any water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water comes primarily from snow that slowly melts during the spring and recharges the groundwater,” said Ambrose, “so that during the summer months they have sufficient water to sustain their growth and physiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that during California’s historic drought, little snow has been available to the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last two winters here have been by far the warmest on record,” said Stephenson, “and what that’s meant is there’s been almost no snow on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August and September, Ambrose and Wendy Baxter, another UC biologist, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. They collected leaves from their treetops –sometimes the equivalent of 30 stories up-- using a simple rig that allows them to hoist themselves up on a rope while hardly touching the bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a beautiful view up here,” said Baxter, as she looked out over the top of the forest from her vantage point 300 feet up. She used small shears to cut a clump of leaves from the treetop and stuffed them in plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great heights, giant sequoias are able to draw water up to leaves at their treetops. Inside each of the trees’ cells, water gets pulled up to the top of the tree as if it were being sucked up through a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we clip it, the water retracts back into the stem, kind of like a rubber band,” said Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back on the ground, she handed the bags to UC Berkeley technician Ken Schwab, who placed a group of leaves inside a round metal device called a pressure chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we put our stem into the pressure chamber,” said Baxter, “the amount of pressure that it takes to force the water back out is an indication of how much tension it was under.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher the pressure required to push the water out, the more stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the trees are definitely as stressed as we’ve ever measured giant sequoia,” said Ambrose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Ambrose and Baxter took measurements in two sites in the forest where some of the giant sequoias had lost half of their leaves in 2014 and in two sites where trees had looked healthier. They found that the most water-stressed trees and the least stressed ones could be found in all sites. Perhaps, Ambrose said, some trees within a particular site have more access to groundwater, their roots reaching deep underground into cracks and crevices that other trees can’t get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In comparison with the summer of 2014, fewer giant sequoias lost half of their leaves this summer, said Stephenson. He thinks that perhaps the trees “did all the hard work of adjusting to the drought last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out what trees will succumb to drought is a difficult business, said Greg Asner, of Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Sometimes, Asner said, trees lose lots of leaves and later rebound when they have access to water. Other times, trees look healthy, but are in fact water-stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asner designed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars in trees using a technology called laser-guided spectral imaging. This summer he flew over and made images of the giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. On the resulting map, the sequoias on the west side of Giant Forest appear orange and red, a sign that they’re doing worst in terms of their water content. The trees on the east side of the forest appear in blue, a sign that they have more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \u003ccite>(Greg Asner/Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But only repeated flights can accurately pinpoint the most vulnerable giant sequoias, said Asner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot tell if a tree is improving or declining in a single mapping,” he said. “By re-flying we can see the total amount of water change in each canopy, and that will be the best possible measure of how each tree is doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists say, they can’t draw conclusions about just how stressed the iconic giant sequoia trees are after four years of severe drought, or how many might be at risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the research, however, is important in establishing a baseline that will allow them to monitor giant sequoias for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main concern isn’t necessarily the current drought right now; it’s looking to the future,” said Stephenson. “If the climate continues to warm, it will put more stress on the giant sequoias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the drought continues, or if the trees show significant decline as the climate continues to warm, giant sequoias might need some human intervention in the future to survive climate change. That could take the form of prescribed burns to reduce competition for water from surrounding trees. Parks officials could even decide to irrigate some of their most famous giant sequoias, such as the General Sherman, billed as the world’s largest tree, said Nydick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If temperatures continue to increase, as they’re almost certain to,” said Ambrose, “at what point will they reach a threshold where they can’t recover?”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, biologist Nathan Stephenson was surveying giant sequoias in a clearing in Sequoia National Park. He looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 35 years studying giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, Stephenson had never seen a mature giant sequoia with that many brown leaves. He looked in the park’s records, which go back 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one had ever reported that before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Half a dozen giant sequoias, like the one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Half a dozen giant sequoias, like this one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, he and his team surveyed 4,300 of the approximately 160,000 giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They found that one percent of them had shed half or more of their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trees lose foliage as a way to cope with drought,” said Stephenson, who works for the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only half a dozen giant sequoias have died in the Sierra Nevada’s Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought began, said the parks’ science coordinator Koren Nydick. But the fact that some giant sequoias started to show signs of stress last year caused concern among scientists because the trees are normally long-lived, with some known to be more than 3,000 years old. And all around them in the Sierra, some 6 million trees of other species have died, according to a U.S. Forest Service survey in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing firs, pines, incense cedars and oaks are all dying at a rate we’ve never seen before,” said Stephenson. “Even during the 1977 drought in California we didn’t see this many trees dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97695\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The severity of the damage on some of the sequoias led him and other biologists to investigate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the USGS and the Carnegie Institution for Science counted the number of giant sequoias with brown leaves, climbed 50 of the trees to see if they were having trouble transporting water to their treetops and flew over giant sequoia groves to make images of their water content using special equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ conclusion: some giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park are showing signs of stress, but it’s unclear which trees might be at the highest risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias require more water than any other tree, said tree biologist Anthony Ambrose, of the University of California, Berkeley. On a hot summer day, they can suck up 500 to 800 gallons. That’s twice as much water as a California household uses in a day. And it’s not just any water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water comes primarily from snow that slowly melts during the spring and recharges the groundwater,” said Ambrose, “so that during the summer months they have sufficient water to sustain their growth and physiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that during California’s historic drought, little snow has been available to the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last two winters here have been by far the warmest on record,” said Stephenson, “and what that’s meant is there’s been almost no snow on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August and September, Ambrose and Wendy Baxter, another UC biologist, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. They collected leaves from their treetops –sometimes the equivalent of 30 stories up-- using a simple rig that allows them to hoist themselves up on a rope while hardly touching the bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a beautiful view up here,” said Baxter, as she looked out over the top of the forest from her vantage point 300 feet up. She used small shears to cut a clump of leaves from the treetop and stuffed them in plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great heights, giant sequoias are able to draw water up to leaves at their treetops. Inside each of the trees’ cells, water gets pulled up to the top of the tree as if it were being sucked up through a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we clip it, the water retracts back into the stem, kind of like a rubber band,” said Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back on the ground, she handed the bags to UC Berkeley technician Ken Schwab, who placed a group of leaves inside a round metal device called a pressure chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we put our stem into the pressure chamber,” said Baxter, “the amount of pressure that it takes to force the water back out is an indication of how much tension it was under.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher the pressure required to push the water out, the more stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the trees are definitely as stressed as we’ve ever measured giant sequoia,” said Ambrose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Ambrose and Baxter took measurements in two sites in the forest where some of the giant sequoias had lost half of their leaves in 2014 and in two sites where trees had looked healthier. They found that the most water-stressed trees and the least stressed ones could be found in all sites. Perhaps, Ambrose said, some trees within a particular site have more access to groundwater, their roots reaching deep underground into cracks and crevices that other trees can’t get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In comparison with the summer of 2014, fewer giant sequoias lost half of their leaves this summer, said Stephenson. He thinks that perhaps the trees “did all the hard work of adjusting to the drought last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out what trees will succumb to drought is a difficult business, said Greg Asner, of Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Sometimes, Asner said, trees lose lots of leaves and later rebound when they have access to water. Other times, trees look healthy, but are in fact water-stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asner designed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars in trees using a technology called laser-guided spectral imaging. This summer he flew over and made images of the giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. On the resulting map, the sequoias on the west side of Giant Forest appear orange and red, a sign that they’re doing worst in terms of their water content. The trees on the east side of the forest appear in blue, a sign that they have more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \u003ccite>(Greg Asner/Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But only repeated flights can accurately pinpoint the most vulnerable giant sequoias, said Asner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot tell if a tree is improving or declining in a single mapping,” he said. “By re-flying we can see the total amount of water change in each canopy, and that will be the best possible measure of how each tree is doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists say, they can’t draw conclusions about just how stressed the iconic giant sequoia trees are after four years of severe drought, or how many might be at risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the research, however, is important in establishing a baseline that will allow them to monitor giant sequoias for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main concern isn’t necessarily the current drought right now; it’s looking to the future,” said Stephenson. “If the climate continues to warm, it will put more stress on the giant sequoias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the drought continues, or if the trees show significant decline as the climate continues to warm, giant sequoias might need some human intervention in the future to survive climate change. That could take the form of prescribed burns to reduce competition for water from surrounding trees. Parks officials could even decide to irrigate some of their most famous giant sequoias, such as the General Sherman, billed as the world’s largest tree, said Nydick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If temperatures continue to increase, as they’re almost certain to,” said Ambrose, “at what point will they reach a threshold where they can’t recover?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "America's Veterans, By the Numbers",
"title": "America's Veterans, By the Numbers",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOn Nov. 11, 1919, the first anniversary marking the end of World War I -- the supposed \"war to end all wars\" -- Americans began celebrating what was then called Armistice Day. It later became a national holiday, and in 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation changing the name to Veterans Day to honor those who fought for the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a brief snapshot of America's veteran population in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">18.5 million: Total veteran population\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">That's according to the U.S. Census' \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/DP02\">American Community Survey \u003c/a>(the figure reported by the Department of Veterans Affairs is slightly higher). The population has markedly decreased in recent years (down from nearly 22 million in 2010), with the decline in living World War II and Korean War vets. Veterans today make up nearly 8 percent of the nation's adult population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">In 2016, only three states had a million or more veterans: California (1.6 million), Texas (1.5 million) and Florida (1.4 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2718px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20105 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41.jpg\" alt=\"Military veterans observing a moment of silience.\" width=\"2718\" height=\"1800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41.jpg 2718w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-1440x954.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2718px) 100vw, 2718px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Military veterans observing a moment of silience. \u003ccite>(Navy photo by Journalist Seaman S. C. Irwin/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">1.6 million: Female veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The number of female veterans has grown markedly since the Gulf Wars, when significant numbers of women began enlisting in the military and participating in combat operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20104\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 3008px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20104 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf.jpg\" alt=\"Four F-15 Eagle pilots from the 3rd Wing walk to their respective jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, on Wednesday, July 5, for the fini flight of Maj. Andrea Misener (far left). To her right are Capt. Jammie Jamieson, Maj. Carey Jones and Capt. Samantha Weeks. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Keith Brown)\" width=\"3008\" height=\"1960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf.jpg 3008w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-400x261.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-1440x938.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-960x626.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3008px) 100vw, 3008px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four F-15 Eagle pilots from the 3rd Wing walk to their respective jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Keith Brown) \u003ccite>(Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">11.6: Percent of black veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">Roughly one in five of those enlisted in the military today are black. Additionally, 6.1 percent were Hispanic; 1.6 percent were Asian; 0.7 percent were American Indian or Alaska Native; 0.2 percent were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander; and 1.2 percent were some other race. 78 percent were non-Hispanic white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S2101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20108\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 670px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large.jpg\" alt=\"President Obama greets a group of black veterans at the White House.\" width=\"670\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large.jpg 670w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Obama greets a group of black veterans at the White House. \u003ccite>(Twitter/@BarackObama)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">6.7 million: Vietnam veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Vietnam veterans comprised the largest living group of veterans. About 5.5 million veterans served during the Gulf War era (representing service from August 1990 to present); 1.1 million served in World War II; 2.0 million served in the Korean War; and 4.4 million served in peacetime only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam.jpg\" alt=\"Vietnam War veteran Michael Sullivan Sr. waves a Prisoner of War/Missing in Action flag during the Vietnam veterans ceremony in Huntsville, AL.\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vietnam War veteran Michael Sullivan Sr. waves a Prisoner of War/Missing in Action flag during the Vietnam veterans ceremony in Huntsville, AL. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">4 million: Veterans with disabilities\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2016, approximately 4 million veterans had a \"service-connected disability,\" defined as disease or injury (mental or physical) incurred or aggravated during active military service. The Department of Veterans Affairs ranks the severity of a veteran's disability from 0 to 100 percent, which determines eligibility for compensation. 1.3 million veterans had a rating of 70 percent or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/zeXMw_DQGU4\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">40,000: Homeless veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There were nearly 40,000 (homeless veterans in 2016 (counted across the nation on a single night in January 2016). Veterans are still overrepresented among America's homeless population (about 8 percent). But the veteran homeless population has actually decreased by \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2016/HUDNo_16-117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half\u003c/a> since 2010, a result of increased local and federal efforts to provide housing and support services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeless veterans tend to be male (91 percent), single (98 percent), live in a city (76 percent), and have a mental and/or physical disability (54 percent), according to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, based on the 2016 point-in-time count data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black veterans are substantially overrepresented among homeless veterans, comprising 39 percent of the total homeless veteran population but only 11 percent of the total veteran population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/fact-sheet-veteran-homelessness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Alliance to End Homelessness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_L8o35Ds6Tw\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>America's War Dead\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>America has never been a stranger to war. In our relatively short history as a nation, we've fought a lot of them: 11 official wars and numerous other domestic and international military conflicts that have collectively resulted in a huge number of casualties on both sides of the battlefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a sober fact we're reminded of on Veterans Day and Memorial Day, particularly in light of the nearly 7,000 U.S. troops killed, and the many more wounded, over the last decade in our most recent and ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, even as the U.S. military continues to grow more inclusive, Americans on average are far less likely than previous generations to either be involved in an armed military conflict or to know a friend or family member serving in one. That's in large part because the military has been an all-volunteer force since the end of the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Paul Waldman of the \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Prospect\u003c/a> wrote in a 2014 article:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of Americans who were in uniform peaked during the national mobilizations of World War I and World War II, particularly the latter, when more than 16 million Americans were in the armed forces. As a proportion of the population, 14 times as many Americans served in World War II as did in the wars of the last decade.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also stark, notes Waldman, is the rate of U.S. fatalities rates in today's conflicts as compared to those of even the recent past: \"In Vietnam, the figure was one death for every 58 who deployed, and in both World War I and World War II it was around one in 40. During the Civil War it was one in five. That of course meant that many more Americans would know someone who died.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, modern American warfare has become less a national sacrifice than it once was, with a significantly smaller percentage of the nation's population bearing the burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that some of these figures, particularly those from older conflicts, are rough estimates. Sources are listed beneath the chart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/ac52f636-e624-4c5b-9248-3b4aa7804453?src=embed\" title=\"U.S. War Deaths\" width=\"802\" height=\"870\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>- War fatalities/deployments: \u003ca href=\"http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dept. of Veterans Affairs \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Defense\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n- Population figures: \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Waldman, American Prospect\u003c/a> (based on U.S. Census data from the year each war began)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOn Nov. 11, 1919, the first anniversary marking the end of World War I -- the supposed \"war to end all wars\" -- Americans began celebrating what was then called Armistice Day. It later became a national holiday, and in 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation changing the name to Veterans Day to honor those who fought for the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a brief snapshot of America's veteran population in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">18.5 million: Total veteran population\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">That's according to the U.S. Census' \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/DP02\">American Community Survey \u003c/a>(the figure reported by the Department of Veterans Affairs is slightly higher). The population has markedly decreased in recent years (down from nearly 22 million in 2010), with the decline in living World War II and Korean War vets. Veterans today make up nearly 8 percent of the nation's adult population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">In 2016, only three states had a million or more veterans: California (1.6 million), Texas (1.5 million) and Florida (1.4 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2718px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20105 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41.jpg\" alt=\"Military veterans observing a moment of silience.\" width=\"2718\" height=\"1800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41.jpg 2718w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-1440x954.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2718px) 100vw, 2718px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Military veterans observing a moment of silience. \u003ccite>(Navy photo by Journalist Seaman S. C. Irwin/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">1.6 million: Female veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The number of female veterans has grown markedly since the Gulf Wars, when significant numbers of women began enlisting in the military and participating in combat operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20104\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 3008px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20104 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf.jpg\" alt=\"Four F-15 Eagle pilots from the 3rd Wing walk to their respective jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, on Wednesday, July 5, for the fini flight of Maj. Andrea Misener (far left). To her right are Capt. Jammie Jamieson, Maj. Carey Jones and Capt. Samantha Weeks. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Keith Brown)\" width=\"3008\" height=\"1960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf.jpg 3008w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-400x261.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-1440x938.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-960x626.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3008px) 100vw, 3008px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four F-15 Eagle pilots from the 3rd Wing walk to their respective jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Keith Brown) \u003ccite>(Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">11.6: Percent of black veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">Roughly one in five of those enlisted in the military today are black. Additionally, 6.1 percent were Hispanic; 1.6 percent were Asian; 0.7 percent were American Indian or Alaska Native; 0.2 percent were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander; and 1.2 percent were some other race. 78 percent were non-Hispanic white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S2101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20108\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 670px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large.jpg\" alt=\"President Obama greets a group of black veterans at the White House.\" width=\"670\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large.jpg 670w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Obama greets a group of black veterans at the White House. \u003ccite>(Twitter/@BarackObama)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">6.7 million: Vietnam veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Vietnam veterans comprised the largest living group of veterans. About 5.5 million veterans served during the Gulf War era (representing service from August 1990 to present); 1.1 million served in World War II; 2.0 million served in the Korean War; and 4.4 million served in peacetime only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam.jpg\" alt=\"Vietnam War veteran Michael Sullivan Sr. waves a Prisoner of War/Missing in Action flag during the Vietnam veterans ceremony in Huntsville, AL.\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vietnam War veteran Michael Sullivan Sr. waves a Prisoner of War/Missing in Action flag during the Vietnam veterans ceremony in Huntsville, AL. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">4 million: Veterans with disabilities\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2016, approximately 4 million veterans had a \"service-connected disability,\" defined as disease or injury (mental or physical) incurred or aggravated during active military service. The Department of Veterans Affairs ranks the severity of a veteran's disability from 0 to 100 percent, which determines eligibility for compensation. 1.3 million veterans had a rating of 70 percent or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zeXMw_DQGU4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zeXMw_DQGU4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">40,000: Homeless veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There were nearly 40,000 (homeless veterans in 2016 (counted across the nation on a single night in January 2016). Veterans are still overrepresented among America's homeless population (about 8 percent). But the veteran homeless population has actually decreased by \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2016/HUDNo_16-117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half\u003c/a> since 2010, a result of increased local and federal efforts to provide housing and support services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeless veterans tend to be male (91 percent), single (98 percent), live in a city (76 percent), and have a mental and/or physical disability (54 percent), according to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, based on the 2016 point-in-time count data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black veterans are substantially overrepresented among homeless veterans, comprising 39 percent of the total homeless veteran population but only 11 percent of the total veteran population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/fact-sheet-veteran-homelessness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Alliance to End Homelessness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_L8o35Ds6Tw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_L8o35Ds6Tw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>America's War Dead\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>America has never been a stranger to war. In our relatively short history as a nation, we've fought a lot of them: 11 official wars and numerous other domestic and international military conflicts that have collectively resulted in a huge number of casualties on both sides of the battlefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a sober fact we're reminded of on Veterans Day and Memorial Day, particularly in light of the nearly 7,000 U.S. troops killed, and the many more wounded, over the last decade in our most recent and ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, even as the U.S. military continues to grow more inclusive, Americans on average are far less likely than previous generations to either be involved in an armed military conflict or to know a friend or family member serving in one. That's in large part because the military has been an all-volunteer force since the end of the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Paul Waldman of the \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Prospect\u003c/a> wrote in a 2014 article:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of Americans who were in uniform peaked during the national mobilizations of World War I and World War II, particularly the latter, when more than 16 million Americans were in the armed forces. As a proportion of the population, 14 times as many Americans served in World War II as did in the wars of the last decade.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also stark, notes Waldman, is the rate of U.S. fatalities rates in today's conflicts as compared to those of even the recent past: \"In Vietnam, the figure was one death for every 58 who deployed, and in both World War I and World War II it was around one in 40. During the Civil War it was one in five. That of course meant that many more Americans would know someone who died.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, modern American warfare has become less a national sacrifice than it once was, with a significantly smaller percentage of the nation's population bearing the burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that some of these figures, particularly those from older conflicts, are rough estimates. Sources are listed beneath the chart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/ac52f636-e624-4c5b-9248-3b4aa7804453?src=embed\" title=\"U.S. War Deaths\" width=\"802\" height=\"870\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>- War fatalities/deployments: \u003ca href=\"http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dept. of Veterans Affairs \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Defense\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n- Population figures: \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Waldman, American Prospect\u003c/a> (based on U.S. Census data from the year each war began)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brendan Monroe is known for drawings, paintings and sculptures of organic landscapes and otherworldly creatures. Art School visited with the artist during a transitional moment when he’d just completed a new body of work in collaboration with Heath Ceramics. Exploring clay as a new medium, Monroe continued his experiments with shape and form, increasing his use of color and experimenting with different approaches to glazing and firing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monroe’s visual vocabulary is inspired by scientific processes and internal landscapes. Combined with the expertise of the artisans at Heath Ceramics, a studio that has been handcrafting ceramic objects since 1948, Monroe’s visions were brought to life from sketches into three dimensional space. In this episode of Art School, learn how clay creatures are sculpted, cast, glazed and fired in a kiln, and hear more about Brendan Monroe’s artistic process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See more of Brendan's work here: \u003ca href=\"http://brendanmonroe.tumblr.com/\">http://brendanmonroe.tumblr.com/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brendan Monroe is known for drawings, paintings and sculptures of organic landscapes and otherworldly creatures. Art School visited with the artist during a transitional moment when he’d just completed a new body of work in collaboration with Heath Ceramics. Exploring clay as a new medium, Monroe continued his experiments with shape and form, increasing his use of color and experimenting with different approaches to glazing and firing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monroe’s visual vocabulary is inspired by scientific processes and internal landscapes. Combined with the expertise of the artisans at Heath Ceramics, a studio that has been handcrafting ceramic objects since 1948, Monroe’s visions were brought to life from sketches into three dimensional space. In this episode of Art School, learn how clay creatures are sculpted, cast, glazed and fired in a kiln, and hear more about Brendan Monroe’s artistic process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See more of Brendan's work here: \u003ca href=\"http://brendanmonroe.tumblr.com/\">http://brendanmonroe.tumblr.com/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a 3-D world, so why not let students create and learn in 3-D? In so many disciplines -- architecture, computer science, entertainment, engineering -- it’s becoming increasingly useful to problem-solve and be creative in three dimensions. With \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gjR60TSn8Q&feature=youtu.be\">360 degree video\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/earth/\">Google Earth’s 3-D maps\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oculus.com/en-us/rift/\">Oculus Rift’s virtual reality headset\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/atap/project-tango/about-project-tango/\">Google’s soon-to-be-released 3-D mapping phone\u003c/a>, students, too, will be more immersed in 3-D technology than ever before. Luckily, there are some great tools out there to create 3-D projects in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3-D Modeling Tools\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith \u003ca href=\"http://www.sketchup.com/3Dfor/k12-education\">Google Sketch Up\u003c/a>, students can design, create, and use 3-D shapes to assemble basic models of just about anything -- create a 3-D floor plan, design a building or create a simple game. Want to talk about the Eiffel Tower? Why not let students explore it? There’s a 3-D warehouse where you can browse through millions of existing models that you can use in your classroom. Best of all, the application is free to download and use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it has a slightly higher learning curve, \u003ca href=\"http://www.blender.org/\">Blender\u003c/a> has been designed as an application that can produce professional 3-D modeling and animation projects. There are even \u003ca href=\"http://www.brokenairplane.com/2011/07/blender-3d-modeling-resources-for.html\">simple tutorials\u003c/a> that can show students and teachers how to get up and running with the software, which is also free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Virtual Reality with Cardboard\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThink that virtual reality requires a lot of money and fancy technology? Think again. \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/get/cardboard/\">Google Cardboard\u003c/a> is a fold-out cardboard headset for your mobile phone, creating do-it-yourself virtual reality. You can buy pre-fabricated kits, but Google provides free specs, allowing students to build their own cardboard viewers. The headset works with a bunch of apps, letting students \u003ca href=\"http://www.tiltbrush.com/\">paint in 3-D\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jauntvr.preview.tnf\">climb the face of a mountain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to go 3-D but stay analog, NASA has simple instructions to \u003ca href=\"http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/classroom/glasses.shtml\">build 3-D glasses\u003c/a> and to \u003ca href=\"http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/classroom/3d.shtml\">create your own 3-D images\u003c/a> from cardboard or poster board. Students take a picture of a person or landscape, then they take another, similar picture from a slightly different perspective a few inches away. When looked at with the 3-D glasses, the image will appear three-dimensional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Immersive Learning with Augmented Reality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the magical world of \u003ci>Harry Potter\u003c/i>, students walk through hallways lined with paintings that come alive and are interactive. With the advent of augmented reality, teachers and students can interact with their world by creating layers of digital information on top of the physical world using their smartphone. There are a ton of apps that take advantage of augmented reality’s potential to create immersive learning experiences, letting students \u003ca href=\"http://theawesomer.com/elements-4d-blocks/248498/\">manipulate and combine elements from the periodic table\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/spacecraft-3d/id541089908?mt=8\">learn and interact with NASA spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want more ideas or more information regarding augmented reality in the classroom, check out the education blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.twoguysandsomeipads.com/\">Two Guys and Some iPads\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at our short video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/29/3-d-mapping-your-world-with-a-backpack/\">Engineering Is 3-D Mapping Your World with a Backpack\u003c/a> for some inspiration and to get your 3-D juices flowing!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Educators, we’d love your input. Have you used any 3-D technologies in the classroom? Is there any activity or app that you really like? Let us know by leaving some feedback in the comments section below or tweet us @KQEDedspace.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a 3-D world, so why not let students create and learn in 3-D? In so many disciplines -- architecture, computer science, entertainment, engineering -- it’s becoming increasingly useful to problem-solve and be creative in three dimensions. With \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gjR60TSn8Q&feature=youtu.be\">360 degree video\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/earth/\">Google Earth’s 3-D maps\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oculus.com/en-us/rift/\">Oculus Rift’s virtual reality headset\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/atap/project-tango/about-project-tango/\">Google’s soon-to-be-released 3-D mapping phone\u003c/a>, students, too, will be more immersed in 3-D technology than ever before. Luckily, there are some great tools out there to create 3-D projects in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3-D Modeling Tools\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith \u003ca href=\"http://www.sketchup.com/3Dfor/k12-education\">Google Sketch Up\u003c/a>, students can design, create, and use 3-D shapes to assemble basic models of just about anything -- create a 3-D floor plan, design a building or create a simple game. Want to talk about the Eiffel Tower? Why not let students explore it? There’s a 3-D warehouse where you can browse through millions of existing models that you can use in your classroom. Best of all, the application is free to download and use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it has a slightly higher learning curve, \u003ca href=\"http://www.blender.org/\">Blender\u003c/a> has been designed as an application that can produce professional 3-D modeling and animation projects. There are even \u003ca href=\"http://www.brokenairplane.com/2011/07/blender-3d-modeling-resources-for.html\">simple tutorials\u003c/a> that can show students and teachers how to get up and running with the software, which is also free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Virtual Reality with Cardboard\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThink that virtual reality requires a lot of money and fancy technology? Think again. \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/get/cardboard/\">Google Cardboard\u003c/a> is a fold-out cardboard headset for your mobile phone, creating do-it-yourself virtual reality. You can buy pre-fabricated kits, but Google provides free specs, allowing students to build their own cardboard viewers. The headset works with a bunch of apps, letting students \u003ca href=\"http://www.tiltbrush.com/\">paint in 3-D\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jauntvr.preview.tnf\">climb the face of a mountain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to go 3-D but stay analog, NASA has simple instructions to \u003ca href=\"http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/classroom/glasses.shtml\">build 3-D glasses\u003c/a> and to \u003ca href=\"http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/classroom/3d.shtml\">create your own 3-D images\u003c/a> from cardboard or poster board. Students take a picture of a person or landscape, then they take another, similar picture from a slightly different perspective a few inches away. When looked at with the 3-D glasses, the image will appear three-dimensional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Immersive Learning with Augmented Reality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the magical world of \u003ci>Harry Potter\u003c/i>, students walk through hallways lined with paintings that come alive and are interactive. With the advent of augmented reality, teachers and students can interact with their world by creating layers of digital information on top of the physical world using their smartphone. There are a ton of apps that take advantage of augmented reality’s potential to create immersive learning experiences, letting students \u003ca href=\"http://theawesomer.com/elements-4d-blocks/248498/\">manipulate and combine elements from the periodic table\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/spacecraft-3d/id541089908?mt=8\">learn and interact with NASA spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want more ideas or more information regarding augmented reality in the classroom, check out the education blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.twoguysandsomeipads.com/\">Two Guys and Some iPads\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at our short video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/29/3-d-mapping-your-world-with-a-backpack/\">Engineering Is 3-D Mapping Your World with a Backpack\u003c/a> for some inspiration and to get your 3-D juices flowing!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Educators, we’d love your input. Have you used any 3-D technologies in the classroom? Is there any activity or app that you really like? Let us know by leaving some feedback in the comments section below or tweet us @KQEDedspace.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
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"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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