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Satellite images and measurements from missions such as the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter improve scientific understanding of how Earth’s moon and other rocky planets in the solar system evolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/moon-phase-night-sky-video-crashcourse-1004/moon-phases-crash-course-astronomy/\">Moon Phases | Crash Course Astronomy\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBecause the moon is a sphere and orbits the earth every 29.5 days, the way we see it in the night sky changes with time. Learn what the phases of the moon are, why they occur, how we see them and what they are called.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/npls13.sci.ess.eiu.insidemoon/investigating-the-moons-interior-nasa-planetary-sciences/\"> Investigating the Moon’s Interior | NASA Planetary Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDiscover how scientists plan to use data from the GRAIL mission and a map of the moon’s gravitational field to learn about its internal structure. By comparing data about the moon’s gravity with information about its topography, scientists can gain a better understanding of the moon’s formation and evolution, and learn about the development of other rocky planets. A false-color map shows the variations in the lunar gravitational field as measured by the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.moonorbit/why-doesnt-the-moon-fall-down/\"> Why Doesn’t the Moon Fall Down?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAstronomer Doris Daou explains how the forces of speed and gravity keep the moon in a constant orbit around Earth in this animated video segment adapted from NASA. The moon, Earth’s natural satellite, seems to hover in the sky, unaffected by gravity. However, the reason the moon stays in orbit is precisely because of gravity — a universal force that attracts objects. With the right combination of speed and gravity, satellites can fall around, instead of into, the body that they orbit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind,” July 20 marks the 47th anniversary of Neil Armstrong’s walk on the moon. Get a deeper understanding of the moon with these resources. Begin with a quick quiz from KQED QUEST, then expand your horizon with videos and images from NASA, NOVA, Earth and Sky, and Crash Course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/fbc2c22a-b23c-424e-828d-c6ec5f3e6876/fbc2c22a-b23c-424e-828d-c6ec5f3e6876/\">Quiz: The Moon\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn an average lifetime, a person experiences about 936 full moons. But how old is the moon? How was it formed? Take the QUEST Quiz to find out how much you really know about the Earth’s moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mcqEy9lBlEs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mcqEy9lBlEs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2.\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/23/peeling-away-the-moons-mysteries/\">Peeling Away the Moon’s Mysteries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe moon often seems like an ancient relic of space exploration, that dusty, dry ball of rock and soil that we visited decades ago and have since left alone—possibly because we found nothing there but dust, rock and soil? Not so fast. Exploration in the past few years has revealed aspects of the moon that are building a whole new understanding of what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.moon/the-origin-of-the-moon/\">T\u003cstrong>he Origin of the Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nMost planetary scientists expected that lunar samples brought to Earth at the end of each of the six Apollo missions would confirm one of three leading hypotheses of the moon’s origin. Instead, samples left all three explanations unconfirmed, requiring the development of a new hypothesis for how the moon formed. This video segment adapted from NOVA shows Apollo 15 astronauts collecting a type of rock that would help change our understanding of the moon’s — and Earth’s — earliest history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/npls12.sci.ess.eiu.evolutionmoon/evolution-of-the-moon/\">Evolution of the Moon\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn about the evolution of Earth’s moon, from its initial formation to its current state, in this video from NASA. Real satellite imagery, as well as simulations, explore how the moon has changed over time. The video looks at how the moon likely formed–about 4.5 billion years ago, how impacts from large objects formed maria, and how additional impacts from smaller objects continue to cause cratering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.moonsurf/explore-the-moon/\"> Explore the Moon\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Exploration at its best” is how astronaut Dave Scott described his experience as he stepped onto the moon on July 30, 1971. The moon is probably not humankind’s final frontier. However, more than 30 years after the completion of the last mission to the moon, the Apollo missions still stand out as six of the most ambitious and heroic voyages in exploration history. These interactive images from NOVA provide panoramic views of each of the six Apollo landing sites and offer a hint of what astronauts faced on the surface of the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/npls12.sci.ess.eiu.tourmoon/tour-of-the-moon-nasa-planetary-sciences/\">\u003cstrong>Tour of the Moon | NASA Planetary Sciences\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nTake a tour of the moon’s surface features in this video from NASA. Images and topographic maps show craters, rocks, mountains, basins and valleys, including the Orientale basin, Shackleton crater, South Pole-Aitken basin, Tycho crater, Aristarchus plateau, Mare Serenitatis, Compton-Belkovich volcano, Jackson crater and Tsiolkovsky crater. False colors indicate elevation: blue areas are lowest and red areas are highest. Satellite images and measurements from missions such as the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter improve scientific understanding of how Earth’s moon and other rocky planets in the solar system evolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/moon-phase-night-sky-video-crashcourse-1004/moon-phases-crash-course-astronomy/\">Moon Phases | Crash Course Astronomy\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBecause the moon is a sphere and orbits the earth every 29.5 days, the way we see it in the night sky changes with time. Learn what the phases of the moon are, why they occur, how we see them and what they are called.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/npls13.sci.ess.eiu.insidemoon/investigating-the-moons-interior-nasa-planetary-sciences/\"> Investigating the Moon’s Interior | NASA Planetary Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDiscover how scientists plan to use data from the GRAIL mission and a map of the moon’s gravitational field to learn about its internal structure. By comparing data about the moon’s gravity with information about its topography, scientists can gain a better understanding of the moon’s formation and evolution, and learn about the development of other rocky planets. A false-color map shows the variations in the lunar gravitational field as measured by the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.moonorbit/why-doesnt-the-moon-fall-down/\"> Why Doesn’t the Moon Fall Down?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAstronomer Doris Daou explains how the forces of speed and gravity keep the moon in a constant orbit around Earth in this animated video segment adapted from NASA. The moon, Earth’s natural satellite, seems to hover in the sky, unaffected by gravity. However, the reason the moon stays in orbit is precisely because of gravity — a universal force that attracts objects. With the right combination of speed and gravity, satellites can fall around, instead of into, the body that they orbit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Communities across the nation are still shaken after a series of violent police-related incidents that unfolded over three days last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The events included the fatal shooting of two black men -- in Baton Rogue, La. on Tuesday and St. Paul, Minn. on Wednesday -- and the killings of five officers gunned down by a lone sniper at a Thursday protest in Dallas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As have other high profile incidents of police violence over the past two years, last week's events redrew national attention to the ongoing issue of police force, particularly in low-income communities of color, where arrest rates are often disproportionately high and relations between law enforcement and residents are frequently tense, mistrustful and violent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also underscored the importance of understanding your rights and responsibilities if stopped by the police. Knowing how to act appropriately during these interactions can help avoid potentially dangerous confrontations. Cartoon journalist Andy Warner explains the rules of engagement (source links below).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Police_rights_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-22195 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Police_rights_full.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"4323\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Police_rights_full.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Police_rights_full-400x2789.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\n\u003ch4>Sources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5994305/michael-brown-case-investigation-legal-police-kill-force-murder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vox: \"When is it legal for a cop to shoot you?\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/273/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cornell Law: Tennessee v. Garner Supreme Court ruling on police force\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://police.ucdavis.edu/docs/know_your_rights.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ACLU: Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/miranda_warning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cornell Legal Information Institute: Miranda Warnings\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.aclupa.org/issues/policepractices/your-right-record-and-observe-police/taking-photos-video-and-audio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ACLU (PA): Overview of photo, video and audio recording rights\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-9829\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/10/SelfPortrait-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"SelfPortrait\" width=\"82\" height=\"82\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Andy Warner's comic journalism has been published by Symbolia, Slate, \u003ca href=\"http://popsci.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">popsci.com\u003c/a>, American Public Media, Campus Progress and more. You can see more of his work at: \u003ca href=\"http://andywarnercomics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">andywarnercomics.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://andywarnercomics.tumblr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">andywarnercomics.tumblr.com\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Communities across the nation are still shaken after a series of violent police-related incidents that unfolded over three days last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The events included the fatal shooting of two black men -- in Baton Rogue, La. on Tuesday and St. Paul, Minn. on Wednesday -- and the killings of five officers gunned down by a lone sniper at a Thursday protest in Dallas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As have other high profile incidents of police violence over the past two years, last week's events redrew national attention to the ongoing issue of police force, particularly in low-income communities of color, where arrest rates are often disproportionately high and relations between law enforcement and residents are frequently tense, mistrustful and violent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also underscored the importance of understanding your rights and responsibilities if stopped by the police. Knowing how to act appropriately during these interactions can help avoid potentially dangerous confrontations. Cartoon journalist Andy Warner explains the rules of engagement (source links below).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Police_rights_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-22195 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Police_rights_full.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"4323\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Police_rights_full.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/11/Police_rights_full-400x2789.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\n\u003ch4>Sources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/8/13/5994305/michael-brown-case-investigation-legal-police-kill-force-murder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vox: \"When is it legal for a cop to shoot you?\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/273/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cornell Law: Tennessee v. Garner Supreme Court ruling on police force\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://police.ucdavis.edu/docs/know_your_rights.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ACLU: Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/miranda_warning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cornell Legal Information Institute: Miranda Warnings\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.aclupa.org/issues/policepractices/your-right-record-and-observe-police/taking-photos-video-and-audio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ACLU (PA): Overview of photo, video and audio recording rights\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-9829\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/10/SelfPortrait-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"SelfPortrait\" width=\"82\" height=\"82\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Andy Warner's comic journalism has been published by Symbolia, Slate, \u003ca href=\"http://popsci.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">popsci.com\u003c/a>, American Public Media, Campus Progress and more. You can see more of his work at: \u003ca href=\"http://andywarnercomics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">andywarnercomics.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://andywarnercomics.tumblr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">andywarnercomics.tumblr.com\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "MAP: Why Black Women Outnumber Black Men in the Bay Area and Beyond",
"title": "MAP: Why Black Women Outnumber Black Men in the Bay Area and Beyond",
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"content": "\u003cp>For every 100 black women living in the Bay Area, there are only 88 black men, according to a KQED Lowdown analysis.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gender imbalance is notably greater than in any other racial group, and reflects the disproportionately high rate of incarceration among black males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/statewide.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20320\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20320\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/statewide.png\" alt=\"hadkjfhkjashkj\" width=\"794\" height=\"929\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/statewide.png 794w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/statewide-400x468.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans made up about 7 percent of the San Francisco Bay Area's total population, according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Yet they accounted for almost 40 percent of people from the Bay Area in prison. The majority of this prison population is male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lowdown borrowed a methodology used by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/20/upshot/missing-black-men.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times\u003c/a> in its April 2015 analysis of “missing black men\" nationwide. Across the country, the gender imbalance in the black community is actually higher than it is in the Bay Area: the Times calculated 83 black men for every 100 black women (our analysis found 82 per 100) -- or approximately 1.5 million black men “missing” from daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, about 12,500 – or 12 percent — of primarily working-age black men (ages 25 to 54) are, in a sense, “missing” from daily life. In other words, these men, who under different circumstances would be a part of their local communities, are not present. The black gender imbalance is greatest in Alameda and Contra Costa counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20313\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-20313 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-800x1368.png\" alt=\"men per women\" width=\"800\" height=\"1368\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-800x1368.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-400x684.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-1180x2018.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-960x1642.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women.png 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The gender imbalance among blacks throughout California resembles that in the Bay Area, for what appear to be similar reasons. Statewide, there are 89 black men for every 100 black women, according to our analysis. That amounts to roughly 53,000 more black women than black men living in California households. The imbalance is greatest in Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While African-Americans make up about 6 percent of California’s total population, they make up nearly 30 percent of the state’s prison population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maps below show Bay Area and regional Los Angeles communities with the greatest gender imbalances among black residents. The imbalance of men to women is shown in absolute numbers and divided by designated U.S. Census tracts (a statistical subdivision of a county used for population counts). Only tracts with more than 200 black adults and a deficit of more than 50 black men are shown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20319\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-20319 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1.png\" alt=\"share of prison <a href=\" width=\"1626\" height=\"1370\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1.png 1626w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-400x337.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-800x674.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-1440x1213.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-1180x994.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-960x809.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1626px) 100vw, 1626px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Our analysis assumes a roughly even male-to-female birthrate for every race and shows the number of “prime-age” adults between 25 and 54 years old living in households, as reported in the 2010 Census.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracts shaded in red have the largest gender disparities. Note that the geographically large \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/CensusTract_356002.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area census tract 356002\u003c/a> includes parts of Richmond, Martinez and Hercules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://ckukreja16.cartodb.com/viz/085bc030-71ee-11e5-9a04-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" width=\"1000\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://ckukreja16.cartodb.com/viz/df1fb9d0-7358-11e5-b649-0e674067d321/embed_map\" width=\"1000\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The economic impact of this is huge,” said Brian Goldstein, Director of Policy and Development at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cjcj.org/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice\u003c/a> (CJCJ), a San Francisco-based criminal justice advocacy group. Not only are large numbers of black men removed from the workforce, Goldstein said, those released from jail or prison often find their earning potential significantly diminished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldstein also points out that there are many hidden costs associated with such a big gender imbalance, including family instability and the loss of civic engagement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The collateral consequences,\" he added, \"extend far beyond the individuals who are incarcerated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Additional factors\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Higher mortality rates resulting from accidents, heart disease and, most notably, homicide also appear to affect the gender imbalance in black communities both in the Bay Area and statewide. Although the number of black homicide victims in California has fallen sharply over the last decade – from 758 in 2005 to 510 in 2014 – the rate remains disproportionately high: more than 30 percent of all homicide victims in the state are black. And almost 90 percent of these victims are men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers also point to a historical under-counting of black men in the national census, as well as high rates of black male military deployment and those living in other “non-institutional facilities” such as mental hospitals or homeless shelters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These factors, however, pale in comparison to the impact of mass incarceration on the overall gender imbalance in the black community, both locally and statewide.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For every 100 black women living in the Bay Area, there are only 88 black men, according to a KQED Lowdown analysis.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gender imbalance is notably greater than in any other racial group, and reflects the disproportionately high rate of incarceration among black males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/statewide.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20320\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20320\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/statewide.png\" alt=\"hadkjfhkjashkj\" width=\"794\" height=\"929\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/statewide.png 794w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/statewide-400x468.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans made up about 7 percent of the San Francisco Bay Area's total population, according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Yet they accounted for almost 40 percent of people from the Bay Area in prison. The majority of this prison population is male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lowdown borrowed a methodology used by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/20/upshot/missing-black-men.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times\u003c/a> in its April 2015 analysis of “missing black men\" nationwide. Across the country, the gender imbalance in the black community is actually higher than it is in the Bay Area: the Times calculated 83 black men for every 100 black women (our analysis found 82 per 100) -- or approximately 1.5 million black men “missing” from daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, about 12,500 – or 12 percent — of primarily working-age black men (ages 25 to 54) are, in a sense, “missing” from daily life. In other words, these men, who under different circumstances would be a part of their local communities, are not present. The black gender imbalance is greatest in Alameda and Contra Costa counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20313\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-20313 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-800x1368.png\" alt=\"men per women\" width=\"800\" height=\"1368\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-800x1368.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-400x684.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-1180x2018.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women-960x1642.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/men-per-women.png 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The gender imbalance among blacks throughout California resembles that in the Bay Area, for what appear to be similar reasons. Statewide, there are 89 black men for every 100 black women, according to our analysis. That amounts to roughly 53,000 more black women than black men living in California households. The imbalance is greatest in Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While African-Americans make up about 6 percent of California’s total population, they make up nearly 30 percent of the state’s prison population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maps below show Bay Area and regional Los Angeles communities with the greatest gender imbalances among black residents. The imbalance of men to women is shown in absolute numbers and divided by designated U.S. Census tracts (a statistical subdivision of a county used for population counts). Only tracts with more than 200 black adults and a deficit of more than 50 black men are shown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20319\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-20319 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1.png\" alt=\"share of prison <a href=\" width=\"1626\" height=\"1370\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1.png 1626w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-400x337.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-800x674.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-1440x1213.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-1180x994.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/share-of-prison-pop1-960x809.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1626px) 100vw, 1626px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Our analysis assumes a roughly even male-to-female birthrate for every race and shows the number of “prime-age” adults between 25 and 54 years old living in households, as reported in the 2010 Census.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracts shaded in red have the largest gender disparities. Note that the geographically large \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/CensusTract_356002.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area census tract 356002\u003c/a> includes parts of Richmond, Martinez and Hercules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://ckukreja16.cartodb.com/viz/085bc030-71ee-11e5-9a04-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" width=\"1000\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://ckukreja16.cartodb.com/viz/df1fb9d0-7358-11e5-b649-0e674067d321/embed_map\" width=\"1000\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The economic impact of this is huge,” said Brian Goldstein, Director of Policy and Development at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cjcj.org/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice\u003c/a> (CJCJ), a San Francisco-based criminal justice advocacy group. Not only are large numbers of black men removed from the workforce, Goldstein said, those released from jail or prison often find their earning potential significantly diminished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldstein also points out that there are many hidden costs associated with such a big gender imbalance, including family instability and the loss of civic engagement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The collateral consequences,\" he added, \"extend far beyond the individuals who are incarcerated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Additional factors\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Higher mortality rates resulting from accidents, heart disease and, most notably, homicide also appear to affect the gender imbalance in black communities both in the Bay Area and statewide. Although the number of black homicide victims in California has fallen sharply over the last decade – from 758 in 2005 to 510 in 2014 – the rate remains disproportionately high: more than 30 percent of all homicide victims in the state are black. And almost 90 percent of these victims are men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers also point to a historical under-counting of black men in the national census, as well as high rates of black male military deployment and those living in other “non-institutional facilities” such as mental hospitals or homeless shelters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These factors, however, pale in comparison to the impact of mass incarceration on the overall gender imbalance in the black community, both locally and statewide.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis Explained",
"title": "Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis Explained",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/PvLSN3Vr8W0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico is drowning in debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->The cash-strapped U.S. island territory in the Caribbean hasn’t been financially sound for at least a decade, and for years has borrowed huge sums of money to make ends meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s buried under $72 billion of debt - equivalent to about $20,000 per resident. Puerto Rico’s governor called the situation a “death spiral” and last summer conceded that the amount was simply \"not payable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the past year, Puerto Rico has repeatedly defaulted (skipped out) on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-defaults-on-principal-of-422-million-debt-payment.html\">large debt payments\u003c/a>. And last Friday, the island did something that hasn’t happened on any U.S. territory since the height of the Great Depression in the 1930s: it skipped out on a \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/12/investing/puerto-rico-debt-crisis/?iid=EL\">$3 billion payment\u003c/a> to creditors who held general obligation bonds, a debt it was legally required to pay back before funding anything else, even emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to stop the bleeding, Congress passed a financial rescue bill on June 30, placing the island’s finances under the control of a federally-appointed oversight board.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What does the new law do?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The new law is called the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act -- PROMESA, for short. It creates an oversight board tasked with resolving the island’s crisis by negotiating with Puerto Rico's creditors –- the bondholders -- and the Puerto Rican government to \"restructure\" the debt. That might mean allowing Puerto Rico to pay it back over a longer period of time and convincing creditors to forgive some of what they’re owed. The full text of the law is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-114s2328enr/pdf/BILLS-114s2328enr.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most importantly, the measure shields Puerto Rico until 2017 from being sued by creditors if it misses a debt payment. This, in theory, buys the board time to come up with a deal without Puerto Rico getting slapped with lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t mistake it for a bailout. It’s far from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PROMESA doesn't actually provide any money to Puerto Rico's government. It just shifts decision-making authority from its locally elected government to the federal oversight board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board will have seven voting members who are supposed to be experts in finance or law. The members will be appointed by President Obama, with input from Republican and Democratic leaders in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one of those seats is reserved for someone who lives or works in Puerto Rico. And to the chagrin of Puerto Rican officials, members of its own government are barred from serving.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why doesn’t Puerto Rico just declare bankruptcy?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico’s status as a U.S. territory is definitely not working in its favor at the moment. Unlike cities or counties in U.S. states, the island can’t file for bankruptcy – as\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=248568485\"> Detroit did in 2013\u003c/a>. The federal government has been unwilling to declare emergency measures to help the island’s most vulnerable residents, as it might have if a U.S. state were undergoing a similar crisis. And unlike sovereign nations, such as Greece, it can’t seek emergency assistance from the International Monetary Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who supports the law?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>PROMESA garnered a rare showing of bipartisan support, including the backing of both President Obama \u003ci>and\u003c/i> House Speaker Paul Ryan. Most members of Congress see it as the best way to manage a bad situation. Some Republicans worry it sets a precedent for federal intervention in fiscally-troubled states, although party leaders are quick to emphasize that it is by no means a taxpayer bailout. And some Democrats are unhappy about a provision in the law that would decrease the minimum wage for young workers on the island to $4.25/hour. Nonetheless, the bill passed both the House and the Senate by wide margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who's opposed to it?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The island's governor, Alejandro Garcia Padilla, has been less enthusiastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia Padilla argues that PROMESA's oversight board would place too much power in the hands of outside, unelected officials, undermining the rights of Puerto Ricans to determine their own destiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He now appears, however, to have reluctantly accepted this path as a necessary evil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico has turned into “a colony of Wall Street,” Garcia Padilla said during a recent press conference. “We are starting the process of putting it back in the hands of Puerto Ricans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Congress, \u003ca href=\"https://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/menendez-speaks-in-opposition-to-house-puerto-rico-bill\">Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.)\u003c/a> has been most the vocal opponent of the measure, calling it \"blatant neocolonialism.\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.c-span.org/video/?c4608491/promesa-testimony\">Sen. Bernie Sanders (D-Vt.)\u003c/a> has consistently echoed that assessment, referring to PROMESA as a \"terrible piece of legislation\" that \"treat[s] Puerto Rico as a colony.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Puerto Rican residents have publicly protested the bill, labeling it an instrument of colonialism. A smaller contingent have even\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-debt-relief-law-stirs-colonial-resentment.html?_r=1\"> called for a “Prexit”\u003c/a> – a Puerto Rican exit from the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How bad are conditions on the island?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Pretty bad. Sen. Harry Reid (D-Nev.) recently\u003ca href=\"http://www.reid.senate.gov/press_releases/2016-06-29-reid-puerto-rico-bill-is-far-from-perfect-but-we-must-address-the-economic-crisis#.V3aSxZMrLow\"> described\u003c/a> the situation as nothing short of \"a humanitarian disaster.” The crisis hits the island’s public services and poorest residents particularly hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 150 schools have already been shuttered for lack of funds, and hundreds more are expected to close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the looming threat of a Zika virus outbreak, Puerto Rico's largest\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/03/468907162/puerto-ricos-growing-financial-crisis-threatens-health-care-too\"> pediatric hospital\u003c/a> recently cut its hours and shut down two wings. Another hospital is operating without electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Puerto Rican officials have raised taxes and laid off thousands of public employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico’s unemployment rate has climbed to nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.pr.htm\">12 percent\u003c/a>, more than double the national rate. And almost half of the island’s residents now live below the federal poverty line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this has prompted a mass exodus, particularly among sets of desperately-needed skilled workers, like doctors, who are moving in droves to the mainland. In the past decade, almost 10 percent of the population has departed, according to recent Census data.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How did Puerto Rico get into this mess?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A combination of factors. For starters, Puerto Rico for decades was a manufacturing powerhouse, fueled by U.S. companies that received a hefty tax break for basing their operations there. In 2006, though, that incentive was phased out and companies relocated, spurring a major drop in the island’s revenue and jobs. Economic conditions deteriorated further when the U.S. financial crisis hit in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/OwTJ1daiUfQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also been extremely easy – much too easy, it turns out – for Puerto Rico to borrow money. Lending has generally been through municipal bonds, which are “triple tax exempt.” This means that anyone who buys a Puerto Rican bond (which, in effect, lends money to the Puerto Rican government) doesn't have to pay federal, state, or local taxes on the interest they earn. Large numbers of investors, including big hedge funds, gravitated toward Puerto Rican bonds despite strong signs its economy was tanking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, borrowed cash poured in. As Puerto Rico’s inefficient government spent much more than it took in, public debt skyrocketed -- from $43.5 billion in 2006 to $72 billion today. Now it’s loans are due, and the island can hardly begin to pay them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What’s next?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Once its members are chosen, the oversight board will begin working on a deal that can at least temporarily stabilize the island's finances. In the long run, investors will most likely have to accept that Puerto Rico simply won’t be able to pay back the full amount it owes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Puerto Rico’s poorest residents will continue to be hit hardest, as the island endures prolonged cost-cutting measures, similar to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/17/confused-about-the-greek-economic-crisis-heres-whats-going-on/\"> Greece’s austerity reforms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will probably mean even fewer jobs, increased taxes and further cuts to education, health and other and crucial public services, which in turn will accelerate the exodus to the mainland for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, things in Puerto Rico stand to get worse before they get better.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "22680 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=22680",
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"description": "https://youtu.be/PvLSN3Vr8W0 Puerto Rico is drowning in debt.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/PvLSN3Vr8W0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/PvLSN3Vr8W0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Puerto Rico is drowning in debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->The cash-strapped U.S. island territory in the Caribbean hasn’t been financially sound for at least a decade, and for years has borrowed huge sums of money to make ends meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s buried under $72 billion of debt - equivalent to about $20,000 per resident. Puerto Rico’s governor called the situation a “death spiral” and last summer conceded that the amount was simply \"not payable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the past year, Puerto Rico has repeatedly defaulted (skipped out) on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-defaults-on-principal-of-422-million-debt-payment.html\">large debt payments\u003c/a>. And last Friday, the island did something that hasn’t happened on any U.S. territory since the height of the Great Depression in the 1930s: it skipped out on a \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/12/investing/puerto-rico-debt-crisis/?iid=EL\">$3 billion payment\u003c/a> to creditors who held general obligation bonds, a debt it was legally required to pay back before funding anything else, even emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to stop the bleeding, Congress passed a financial rescue bill on June 30, placing the island’s finances under the control of a federally-appointed oversight board.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What does the new law do?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The new law is called the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act -- PROMESA, for short. It creates an oversight board tasked with resolving the island’s crisis by negotiating with Puerto Rico's creditors –- the bondholders -- and the Puerto Rican government to \"restructure\" the debt. That might mean allowing Puerto Rico to pay it back over a longer period of time and convincing creditors to forgive some of what they’re owed. The full text of the law is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-114s2328enr/pdf/BILLS-114s2328enr.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most importantly, the measure shields Puerto Rico until 2017 from being sued by creditors if it misses a debt payment. This, in theory, buys the board time to come up with a deal without Puerto Rico getting slapped with lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t mistake it for a bailout. It’s far from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PROMESA doesn't actually provide any money to Puerto Rico's government. It just shifts decision-making authority from its locally elected government to the federal oversight board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board will have seven voting members who are supposed to be experts in finance or law. The members will be appointed by President Obama, with input from Republican and Democratic leaders in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one of those seats is reserved for someone who lives or works in Puerto Rico. And to the chagrin of Puerto Rican officials, members of its own government are barred from serving.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why doesn’t Puerto Rico just declare bankruptcy?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico’s status as a U.S. territory is definitely not working in its favor at the moment. Unlike cities or counties in U.S. states, the island can’t file for bankruptcy – as\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=248568485\"> Detroit did in 2013\u003c/a>. The federal government has been unwilling to declare emergency measures to help the island’s most vulnerable residents, as it might have if a U.S. state were undergoing a similar crisis. And unlike sovereign nations, such as Greece, it can’t seek emergency assistance from the International Monetary Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who supports the law?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>PROMESA garnered a rare showing of bipartisan support, including the backing of both President Obama \u003ci>and\u003c/i> House Speaker Paul Ryan. Most members of Congress see it as the best way to manage a bad situation. Some Republicans worry it sets a precedent for federal intervention in fiscally-troubled states, although party leaders are quick to emphasize that it is by no means a taxpayer bailout. And some Democrats are unhappy about a provision in the law that would decrease the minimum wage for young workers on the island to $4.25/hour. Nonetheless, the bill passed both the House and the Senate by wide margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who's opposed to it?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The island's governor, Alejandro Garcia Padilla, has been less enthusiastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia Padilla argues that PROMESA's oversight board would place too much power in the hands of outside, unelected officials, undermining the rights of Puerto Ricans to determine their own destiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He now appears, however, to have reluctantly accepted this path as a necessary evil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico has turned into “a colony of Wall Street,” Garcia Padilla said during a recent press conference. “We are starting the process of putting it back in the hands of Puerto Ricans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Congress, \u003ca href=\"https://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/menendez-speaks-in-opposition-to-house-puerto-rico-bill\">Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.)\u003c/a> has been most the vocal opponent of the measure, calling it \"blatant neocolonialism.\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.c-span.org/video/?c4608491/promesa-testimony\">Sen. Bernie Sanders (D-Vt.)\u003c/a> has consistently echoed that assessment, referring to PROMESA as a \"terrible piece of legislation\" that \"treat[s] Puerto Rico as a colony.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Puerto Rican residents have publicly protested the bill, labeling it an instrument of colonialism. A smaller contingent have even\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-debt-relief-law-stirs-colonial-resentment.html?_r=1\"> called for a “Prexit”\u003c/a> – a Puerto Rican exit from the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How bad are conditions on the island?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Pretty bad. Sen. Harry Reid (D-Nev.) recently\u003ca href=\"http://www.reid.senate.gov/press_releases/2016-06-29-reid-puerto-rico-bill-is-far-from-perfect-but-we-must-address-the-economic-crisis#.V3aSxZMrLow\"> described\u003c/a> the situation as nothing short of \"a humanitarian disaster.” The crisis hits the island’s public services and poorest residents particularly hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 150 schools have already been shuttered for lack of funds, and hundreds more are expected to close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the looming threat of a Zika virus outbreak, Puerto Rico's largest\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/03/468907162/puerto-ricos-growing-financial-crisis-threatens-health-care-too\"> pediatric hospital\u003c/a> recently cut its hours and shut down two wings. Another hospital is operating without electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Puerto Rican officials have raised taxes and laid off thousands of public employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico’s unemployment rate has climbed to nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.pr.htm\">12 percent\u003c/a>, more than double the national rate. And almost half of the island’s residents now live below the federal poverty line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this has prompted a mass exodus, particularly among sets of desperately-needed skilled workers, like doctors, who are moving in droves to the mainland. In the past decade, almost 10 percent of the population has departed, according to recent Census data.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How did Puerto Rico get into this mess?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A combination of factors. For starters, Puerto Rico for decades was a manufacturing powerhouse, fueled by U.S. companies that received a hefty tax break for basing their operations there. In 2006, though, that incentive was phased out and companies relocated, spurring a major drop in the island’s revenue and jobs. Economic conditions deteriorated further when the U.S. financial crisis hit in 2008.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/OwTJ1daiUfQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/OwTJ1daiUfQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s also been extremely easy – much too easy, it turns out – for Puerto Rico to borrow money. Lending has generally been through municipal bonds, which are “triple tax exempt.” This means that anyone who buys a Puerto Rican bond (which, in effect, lends money to the Puerto Rican government) doesn't have to pay federal, state, or local taxes on the interest they earn. Large numbers of investors, including big hedge funds, gravitated toward Puerto Rican bonds despite strong signs its economy was tanking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, borrowed cash poured in. As Puerto Rico’s inefficient government spent much more than it took in, public debt skyrocketed -- from $43.5 billion in 2006 to $72 billion today. Now it’s loans are due, and the island can hardly begin to pay them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What’s next?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Once its members are chosen, the oversight board will begin working on a deal that can at least temporarily stabilize the island's finances. In the long run, investors will most likely have to accept that Puerto Rico simply won’t be able to pay back the full amount it owes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Puerto Rico’s poorest residents will continue to be hit hardest, as the island endures prolonged cost-cutting measures, similar to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/17/confused-about-the-greek-economic-crisis-heres-whats-going-on/\"> Greece’s austerity reforms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will probably mean even fewer jobs, increased taxes and further cuts to education, health and other and crucial public services, which in turn will accelerate the exodus to the mainland for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, things in Puerto Rico stand to get worse before they get better.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Five Works From Art History That Illuminate the Fourth of July",
"headTitle": "Five Works From Art History That Illuminate the Fourth of July | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>PBS LearningMedia has \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/search/?q=bridgeman\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">thousands of images\u003c/a> from the Bridgeman Art Library, one of the largest archives of historical art images in the world. These resources spark interest in works of art and can strengthen cross-curricular learning. In honor of Independence Day, take a quick look at Bridgeman Art Library paintings that illuminate fireworks displays. Collect images to use with students to ignite a discussion about how different cultures use fireworks displays for celebrations. Register for a free \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org\">PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a> account for full access to thousands more media resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir154135fre/fireworks-xir154135-fre/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fireworks\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThomas, Antoine Jean-Baptiste (1791-1834); French. Medium: colour engraving. Date: 19th Century. Provenance: Museo di Roma, Rome, Italy / Giraudon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13797\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksjb.jpg\" alt=\"Fireworks (colour engraving)\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksjb.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksjb-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xyc281159eng/a-fireworks-display-xyc281159-eng/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Fireworks Display\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCarmichael, John Wilson (1800-68). English. Medium: watercolour on paper. Date: 19th Century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13798\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks-display.jpg\" alt=\"A Fireworks Display (w/c on paper)\" width=\"600\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks-display.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks-display-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir387336fre/fire-detail-of-fireworks-c1640-41-xir387336-fre/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cbr>\nFire, detail of fireworks, c.1640-41\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDeruet, Claude (1588-1662); French. Medium: oil on canvas. Date: 17th Century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13802\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/details.jpg\" alt=\"Fire, detail of fireworks, c.1640-41 (oil on canvas) (detail of 387335)\" width=\"582\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/details.jpg 582w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/details-400x412.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/details-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir240951fre/view-of-a-firework-display-in-the-jardin-xir240951-fre/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>View of a firework display in the Jardin du Luxembourg, 28th November 1807\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFrench School, (19th century); French. Medium: coloured engraving. Date: 19th Century. Vue d’un beau feu d’artifice tire au Luxembourg; celebrating the return of the Imperial guard; Provenance: Musee de la Ville de Paris, Musee Carnavalet, Paris, France / Giraudon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13801\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks.jpg\" alt=\"View of a firework display in the Jardin du Luxembourg, 28th November 1807 (coloured engraving)\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xcf314387eng/a-view-of-the-fire-workes-and-illuminations-at-his-grace-the-duke-of-richmonds-at-white-hall-and-on-the-river-thames-on-monday-15-may-1749-xcf314387-eng/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cbr>\nA view of the Fire-workes and Illuminations at his Grace the Duke of Richmond’s at White-hall and on the River Thames, on Monday 15 May, 1749\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEnglish School, (18th century). Medium: hand-coloured engraving. Date: 18th Century. The event was part of the celebrations for the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13799\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksilluminations.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the Fire-workes and Illuminations at his Grace the Duke of Richmond's at White-hall and on the River Thames, on Monday 15 May, 1749 (hand-coloured engraving)\" width=\"600\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksilluminations.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksilluminations-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>PBS LearningMedia has \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/search/?q=bridgeman\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">thousands of images\u003c/a> from the Bridgeman Art Library, one of the largest archives of historical art images in the world. These resources spark interest in works of art and can strengthen cross-curricular learning. In honor of Independence Day, take a quick look at Bridgeman Art Library paintings that illuminate fireworks displays. Collect images to use with students to ignite a discussion about how different cultures use fireworks displays for celebrations. Register for a free \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org\">PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a> account for full access to thousands more media resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir154135fre/fireworks-xir154135-fre/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fireworks\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThomas, Antoine Jean-Baptiste (1791-1834); French. Medium: colour engraving. Date: 19th Century. Provenance: Museo di Roma, Rome, Italy / Giraudon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13797\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksjb.jpg\" alt=\"Fireworks (colour engraving)\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksjb.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksjb-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xyc281159eng/a-fireworks-display-xyc281159-eng/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Fireworks Display\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCarmichael, John Wilson (1800-68). English. Medium: watercolour on paper. Date: 19th Century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13798\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks-display.jpg\" alt=\"A Fireworks Display (w/c on paper)\" width=\"600\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks-display.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks-display-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir387336fre/fire-detail-of-fireworks-c1640-41-xir387336-fre/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cbr>\nFire, detail of fireworks, c.1640-41\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDeruet, Claude (1588-1662); French. Medium: oil on canvas. Date: 17th Century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13802\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/details.jpg\" alt=\"Fire, detail of fireworks, c.1640-41 (oil on canvas) (detail of 387335)\" width=\"582\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/details.jpg 582w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/details-400x412.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/details-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir240951fre/view-of-a-firework-display-in-the-jardin-xir240951-fre/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>View of a firework display in the Jardin du Luxembourg, 28th November 1807\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFrench School, (19th century); French. Medium: coloured engraving. Date: 19th Century. Vue d’un beau feu d’artifice tire au Luxembourg; celebrating the return of the Imperial guard; Provenance: Musee de la Ville de Paris, Musee Carnavalet, Paris, France / Giraudon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13801\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks.jpg\" alt=\"View of a firework display in the Jardin du Luxembourg, 28th November 1807 (coloured engraving)\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworks-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xcf314387eng/a-view-of-the-fire-workes-and-illuminations-at-his-grace-the-duke-of-richmonds-at-white-hall-and-on-the-river-thames-on-monday-15-may-1749-xcf314387-eng/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cbr>\nA view of the Fire-workes and Illuminations at his Grace the Duke of Richmond’s at White-hall and on the River Thames, on Monday 15 May, 1749\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEnglish School, (18th century). Medium: hand-coloured engraving. Date: 18th Century. The event was part of the celebrations for the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13799\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksilluminations.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the Fire-workes and Illuminations at his Grace the Duke of Richmond's at White-hall and on the River Thames, on Monday 15 May, 1749 (hand-coloured engraving)\" width=\"600\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksilluminations.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/07/fireworksilluminations-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published on July 4, 2012.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From holidays like the Fourth of July to victories, fireworks mean celebration. And to me, they’re a celebration of chemistry too. \u003ca href=\"http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fireworks/fireworks.htm\">Atoms and reactions\u003c/a> power the colors, sounds and smoke of fireworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first firecracker was discovered in China about 1,000 years ago. Called black powder, this explosive is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur. You only need the first two ingredients, an oxidizing agent and a fuel, to start the explosion. The oxidizing agent, often a perchlorate or nitrate salt, releases oxygen gas that feeds the fire in a firework. The fuel reacts with the oxidizing agent to create the gas. The sulfur in black powder intensifies and continues the reaction between the other two ingredients. Learn more about the chemistry of fireworks from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en.html\" target=\"_blank\">American Chemical Society\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/nPHegSulI_M\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pyrotechnicians often add metal salts to make colorful fireworks. Here’s where that color comes from: Heating atoms of sodium, barium or strontium pumps energy into the electrons whizzing around each nucleus. Those energized electrons shoot up to higher locations in the atom. As they fall back down to their usual positions, the electrons lose their extra energy as visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of energy released during this process – which depends on the element – is related to the color of the light that we see. Higher energy, like that released by copper atoms, corresponds to a shorter wavelength of light towards the blue end of the spectrum. Red light from strontium atoms has a longer wavelength and lower energy. (The same process gives neon lights their color too. Electricity energizes the neon, xenon or argon in the lights.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loud bangs come from confining the explosions in a shell, much like a grenade. Gases expand faster than the speed of sound when the shell bursts, creating a loud sonic boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abandoned recipe for crackling fireworks called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ix8uHBtxxcE\">dragon eggs\u003c/a> shows how chemists control the ingredients in the firework to get sound effects too. The oxidizing agent in this recipe is lead oxide, which becomes lead atoms as the firework burns. These atoms vaporize in the flame. And those vapors create off little crackles as they expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whistling fireworks are more tricky. Pyrotechnicians need to find the right ingredients so that the mixture burns just enough to push air out of its tube -- but doesn’t detonate with a bang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The starburst patterns of fireworks depend on how the designers pack explosive pellets into a shell. For a look at the innards of a firework before it explodes, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fireworks/anat_nf.html\">this diagram\u003c/a> from NOVA Online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you’re worried about the environmental effects of the perchlorate oxidizers or metal colorants, fear not. Chemists are developing recipes for \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/86/8626cover.html\">environmentally-friendly fireworks\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy the fireworks this holiday and stay safe! For those looking to host their own fireworks shows, check your local laws first. It’s illegal where I live.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published on July 4, 2012.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From holidays like the Fourth of July to victories, fireworks mean celebration. And to me, they’re a celebration of chemistry too. \u003ca href=\"http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fireworks/fireworks.htm\">Atoms and reactions\u003c/a> power the colors, sounds and smoke of fireworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first firecracker was discovered in China about 1,000 years ago. Called black powder, this explosive is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur. You only need the first two ingredients, an oxidizing agent and a fuel, to start the explosion. The oxidizing agent, often a perchlorate or nitrate salt, releases oxygen gas that feeds the fire in a firework. The fuel reacts with the oxidizing agent to create the gas. The sulfur in black powder intensifies and continues the reaction between the other two ingredients. Learn more about the chemistry of fireworks from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en.html\" target=\"_blank\">American Chemical Society\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/nPHegSulI_M\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pyrotechnicians often add metal salts to make colorful fireworks. Here’s where that color comes from: Heating atoms of sodium, barium or strontium pumps energy into the electrons whizzing around each nucleus. Those energized electrons shoot up to higher locations in the atom. As they fall back down to their usual positions, the electrons lose their extra energy as visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of energy released during this process – which depends on the element – is related to the color of the light that we see. Higher energy, like that released by copper atoms, corresponds to a shorter wavelength of light towards the blue end of the spectrum. Red light from strontium atoms has a longer wavelength and lower energy. (The same process gives neon lights their color too. Electricity energizes the neon, xenon or argon in the lights.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loud bangs come from confining the explosions in a shell, much like a grenade. Gases expand faster than the speed of sound when the shell bursts, creating a loud sonic boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abandoned recipe for crackling fireworks called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ix8uHBtxxcE\">dragon eggs\u003c/a> shows how chemists control the ingredients in the firework to get sound effects too. The oxidizing agent in this recipe is lead oxide, which becomes lead atoms as the firework burns. These atoms vaporize in the flame. And those vapors create off little crackles as they expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whistling fireworks are more tricky. Pyrotechnicians need to find the right ingredients so that the mixture burns just enough to push air out of its tube -- but doesn’t detonate with a bang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The starburst patterns of fireworks depend on how the designers pack explosive pellets into a shell. For a look at the innards of a firework before it explodes, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fireworks/anat_nf.html\">this diagram\u003c/a> from NOVA Online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you’re worried about the environmental effects of the perchlorate oxidizers or metal colorants, fear not. Chemists are developing recipes for \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/86/8626cover.html\">environmentally-friendly fireworks\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy the fireworks this holiday and stay safe! For those looking to host their own fireworks shows, check your local laws first. It’s illegal where I live.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/2uzZpHc9cME\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's vexed San Francisco's leaders for more than three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last seven mayors have all tried to tackle the city's persistent homeless problem, introducing scores of different plans and task forces, each of which ultimately failed to markedly reduce the sheer number of people living on the streets. Consistently ranked among the most pressing concerns among the city's residents, the issue has proven a political lightning rod in a city known for its liberal views, innovative spirit and wide income gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have, of course, been some successes along the way, though progress is often hard to notice. Over the last decade, the city has cumulatively moved about 20,000 people off its streets. But that's come at a cost of about a quarter billion dollars a year, and the day-to-day population hasn't budged -- it's actually risen slightly, to almost 6,700, \u003ca href=\"http://sfgov.org/lhcb/2015-san-francisco-point-time-homeless-count-0\">according to a 2015 count\u003c/a> -- even as the city now spends nearly a quarter-billion dollars a year on homeless services. The following timeline describes the different ways each of the the city's last six mayors tried to tackle the issue. Photos used with permission from the \u003ca href=\"http://projects.sfchronicle.com/sf-homeless/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1LbAvhax2McC2llFgIX7zWBHbX2rVDBhPITnNCUhuSBQ&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=750\" width=\"1300\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Just days into summer, California is already feeling the burn and bracing for a long, hot wildfire season ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-california-fires-containment-acres-evacuations-20160627-snap-story.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Erskine fire\u003c/a> in Kern County, northeast of Bakersfield has already scorched more than 45,000 acres, or 70 square miles, the largest blaze so far this year \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/06/28/interactive-california-wildfire-map-where-the-fires-are-burning-right-now/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Interactive California Wildfire Maps\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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