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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/bee-pollen-c47eebae2521d6d2f773a2ac336eb87a463638b6-e1414000602780.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/bee-pollen-c47eebae2521d6d2f773a2ac336eb87a463638b6-e1414000602780.jpg\" alt='Even versions of Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen labeled \"genuine\" and \"anti-counterfeit\" have been found to contain the drug sibutramine, which was supposed to come off the U.S. market in 2010 for safety reasons. Photo: Food and Drug Administration' width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" class=\"size-full wp-image-89179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even versions of Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen labeled \"genuine\" and \"anti-counterfeit\" have been found to contain the drug sibutramine, which was supposed to come off the U.S. market in 2010 for safety reasons. Photo: Food and Drug Administration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on Morning Edition:\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/10/20141022_me_banned_drugs_still_turning_up_in_weight_loss_supplements.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/2100208/allison-aubrey\" target=\"_blank\">Allison Aubrey\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/22/357831203/banned-drugs-still-turning-up-in-weight-loss-supplements\" target=\"_blank\">Shots at NPR Health\u003c/a> (10/22/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans spend about $4 billion a year on weight-loss supplements. And the Food and Drug Administration spends a lot of effort policing distributors who market fraudulent products that are tainted with unsafe, banned drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a study published Tuesday finds that buyers should beware: Just because the FDA recalls a product because it contains dangerous substances, doesn't mean the product disappears from the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the Cambridge Health Alliance, a health care network affiliated with Harvard University, got a list of 274 dietary supplements that the FDA recalled between 2009 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they analyzed 27 products (including supplements marketed for weight loss, sexual enhancement and sports performance enhancement) that were still being sold months after being recalled. They found that two-thirds of the products still contained banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was so disheartened to see that manufacturers would have the chutzpah to sell the exact same product\" even after it had been recalled, says Harvard's \u003ca href=\"http://www.challiance.org/Main/PhysicianLocator/Cohen_Pieter_MD_7.aspx\">Dr. Pieter Cohen\u003c/a>, a Cambridge Health Alliance researcher and internist. His findings are published in the current issue of \u003cem>JAMA,\u003c/em> the Journal of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider, for example, a weight-loss product called Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen Capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA took action to recall the product in October 2012. But when Cohen and his colleagues purchased the product in July 2013, it still contained sibutramine — the banned drug that led to its recall in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sibutramine, once marketed as the diet drug Meridia, was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2010/10/08/130430170/abbott-pulls-plug-on-meridia-diet-drug\">pulled from the market\u003c/a> in 2010 after research linked it to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. (Six of the 27 recalled products analyzed in the \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> study contained sibutramine.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, despite \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/safetyinformation/safetyalertsforhumanmedicalproducts/ucm392202.htm\">warnings\u003c/a> by the FDA, Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen is still \u003ca href=\"http://zixiutangofficial.com/\">marketed\u003c/a> on the Internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's possible that the manufacturer has changed the formulation since the \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> study testing was conducted, but we were unable to reach the distributor for comment. Our email was returned as undeliverable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People selling these products should be enforced against to the fullest extent of the law,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Regulation/Fabricant-leaves-FDA-replaces-Shaw-as-head-of-NPA\">Daniel Fabricant\u003c/a>, CEO of the Natural Product Association, a nonprofit trade association that represents supplement makers and other companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fabricant points out that products adulterated with drugs are not considered to be supplements, so he chafed at the use of the term \"dietary supplements\" to describe the products analyzed in the \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The products analyzed in this study aren't supplements,\" Fabricant told NPR. \"People selling these products online don't represent the industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, the FDA told NPR that the agency has pursued civil and criminal enforcement against people who illegally market these products, but it's tough to crack down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The supply chain for these products is extremely fragmented,\" an FDA spokesperson said in an email. \"One product manufactured by an unknown company overseas may be sold by dozens of different distributors in the United States.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen capsules, for example, even if one distributor is detected and shut down, many more may still be selling the product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it can be tough for consumers to know which products might pose dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the uncertainty, \u003ca href=\"http://clinicalpharmacy.ucsf.edu/faculty/bio.asp?bioid=%7BE6FB98E8-1170-4B8C-A5A1-622F3343B78A%7D\">Candy Tsourounis\u003c/a>, a professor of clinical pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco, says her advice is to steer clear of all weight-loss supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think what's most striking about [the findings of the study] is that these supplements pose a significant health risk,\" Tsourounis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even when weight loss products don't contain banned substances, she says, they're unlikely to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"None of these supplements,\" Tsourounis says, \"has been adequately tested to demonstrate that it will work\" to help sustain weight loss over time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_89179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/bee-pollen-c47eebae2521d6d2f773a2ac336eb87a463638b6-e1414000602780.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/bee-pollen-c47eebae2521d6d2f773a2ac336eb87a463638b6-e1414000602780.jpg\" alt='Even versions of Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen labeled \"genuine\" and \"anti-counterfeit\" have been found to contain the drug sibutramine, which was supposed to come off the U.S. market in 2010 for safety reasons. Photo: Food and Drug Administration' width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" class=\"size-full wp-image-89179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even versions of Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen labeled \"genuine\" and \"anti-counterfeit\" have been found to contain the drug sibutramine, which was supposed to come off the U.S. market in 2010 for safety reasons. Photo: Food and Drug Administration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on Morning Edition:\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/10/20141022_me_banned_drugs_still_turning_up_in_weight_loss_supplements.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/2100208/allison-aubrey\" target=\"_blank\">Allison Aubrey\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/22/357831203/banned-drugs-still-turning-up-in-weight-loss-supplements\" target=\"_blank\">Shots at NPR Health\u003c/a> (10/22/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans spend about $4 billion a year on weight-loss supplements. And the Food and Drug Administration spends a lot of effort policing distributors who market fraudulent products that are tainted with unsafe, banned drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a study published Tuesday finds that buyers should beware: Just because the FDA recalls a product because it contains dangerous substances, doesn't mean the product disappears from the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the Cambridge Health Alliance, a health care network affiliated with Harvard University, got a list of 274 dietary supplements that the FDA recalled between 2009 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they analyzed 27 products (including supplements marketed for weight loss, sexual enhancement and sports performance enhancement) that were still being sold months after being recalled. They found that two-thirds of the products still contained banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was so disheartened to see that manufacturers would have the chutzpah to sell the exact same product\" even after it had been recalled, says Harvard's \u003ca href=\"http://www.challiance.org/Main/PhysicianLocator/Cohen_Pieter_MD_7.aspx\">Dr. Pieter Cohen\u003c/a>, a Cambridge Health Alliance researcher and internist. His findings are published in the current issue of \u003cem>JAMA,\u003c/em> the Journal of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider, for example, a weight-loss product called Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen Capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA took action to recall the product in October 2012. But when Cohen and his colleagues purchased the product in July 2013, it still contained sibutramine — the banned drug that led to its recall in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sibutramine, once marketed as the diet drug Meridia, was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2010/10/08/130430170/abbott-pulls-plug-on-meridia-diet-drug\">pulled from the market\u003c/a> in 2010 after research linked it to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. (Six of the 27 recalled products analyzed in the \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> study contained sibutramine.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, despite \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/safetyinformation/safetyalertsforhumanmedicalproducts/ucm392202.htm\">warnings\u003c/a> by the FDA, Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen is still \u003ca href=\"http://zixiutangofficial.com/\">marketed\u003c/a> on the Internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's possible that the manufacturer has changed the formulation since the \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> study testing was conducted, but we were unable to reach the distributor for comment. Our email was returned as undeliverable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People selling these products should be enforced against to the fullest extent of the law,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Regulation/Fabricant-leaves-FDA-replaces-Shaw-as-head-of-NPA\">Daniel Fabricant\u003c/a>, CEO of the Natural Product Association, a nonprofit trade association that represents supplement makers and other companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fabricant points out that products adulterated with drugs are not considered to be supplements, so he chafed at the use of the term \"dietary supplements\" to describe the products analyzed in the \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The products analyzed in this study aren't supplements,\" Fabricant told NPR. \"People selling these products online don't represent the industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, the FDA told NPR that the agency has pursued civil and criminal enforcement against people who illegally market these products, but it's tough to crack down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The supply chain for these products is extremely fragmented,\" an FDA spokesperson said in an email. \"One product manufactured by an unknown company overseas may be sold by dozens of different distributors in the United States.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen capsules, for example, even if one distributor is detected and shut down, many more may still be selling the product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it can be tough for consumers to know which products might pose dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the uncertainty, \u003ca href=\"http://clinicalpharmacy.ucsf.edu/faculty/bio.asp?bioid=%7BE6FB98E8-1170-4B8C-A5A1-622F3343B78A%7D\">Candy Tsourounis\u003c/a>, a professor of clinical pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco, says her advice is to steer clear of all weight-loss supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think what's most striking about [the findings of the study] is that these supplements pose a significant health risk,\" Tsourounis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even when weight loss products don't contain banned substances, she says, they're unlikely to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"None of these supplements,\" Tsourounis says, \"has been adequately tested to demonstrate that it will work\" to help sustain weight loss over time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/glyphosate-crops_enl-428a3594d783d20539d1da64cade4e31b4b920bb-e1413467600915.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/glyphosate-crops_enl-428a3594d783d20539d1da64cade4e31b4b920bb-e1413467600915.jpg\" alt=\"Corn farmer Jerry McCulley sprays the weedkiller glyphosate across his cornfield in Auburn, Ill., in 2010. An increasing number of weeds have now evolved resistance to the chemical. Photo: Seth Perlman/AP\" width=\"1000\" height=\"643\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88864\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corn farmer Jerry McCulley sprays the weedkiller glyphosate across his cornfield in Auburn, Ill., in 2010. An increasing number of weeds have now evolved resistance to the chemical. Photo: Seth Perlman/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/10/15/356416365/new-gmos-get-a-regulatory-green-light-with-a-hint-of-yellow\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/15/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Government regulators have approved a new generation of genetically engineered corn and soybeans. They're the latest weapon in an arms race between farmers and weeds, and the government's green light is provoking angry opposition from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The actual \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/bd4379a92ceceeac8525735900400c27/72fde554930f3f6985257d7200591180!OpenDocument\">decision\u003c/a>, at first glance, seems narrow and technical. The Environmental Protection Agency has announced it had \"registered\" a new weedkiller formula that contains two older herbicides: glyphosate (better known as Roundup) and 2, 4-D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Versions of these weedkillers have been around for decades. But farmers in six Midwestern states will be allowed to use the new formula, called Enlist Duo, on their corn and soybeans. And that counts as big news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88868\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/modified-crops.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/modified-crops.jpg\" alt=\"The federal government announced that farmers can now plant soybeans like these ones genetically engineered by the biotech company Dow Agrosciences to tolerate doses of two weedkillers. Photo: Dow AgroSciences/AP \" width=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88868\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal government announced that farmers can now plant soybeans like these ones genetically engineered by the biotech company Dow Agrosciences to tolerate doses of two weedkillers. Photo: Dow AgroSciences/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers will now be able to plant new \u003ca href=\"http://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDAAPHIS/bulletins/cf9cff\">types\u003c/a> of corn and soybeans that have been genetically engineered by the biotech company Dow Agrosciences to tolerate doses of those two weedkillers. (The beauty of herbicide-resistant crops is that they make the herbicides exquisitely selective: They kill the weeds but not the crop.) So farmers can spray either glyphosate or 2, 4-D (or both) to wipe out weeds without harming their corn or soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that may actually be one of the most significant developments the world of weedkilling in more than a decade.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another similar new weedkilling combination of the chemical dicamba and genetically engineered, dicamba-resistant crops is awaiting government approval. Promoters of these new herbicide-crop combinations say they are a big step forward. Critics are calling them a mindless step into ever-increasing dependence on toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's demand for such technologies because the last great weed-fighting weapon is starting to fail. Over the past two decades, farmers have come to rely, to an extraordinary extent, on glyphosate paired with \"Roundup Ready\" crops. But an increasing number of weeds have now evolved resistance to glyphosate. Farmers have had to resort to weedkilling chemicals that are more costly and often harder to manage. Many of those chemicals can't be sprayed directly on crops because they'd kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists and critics of genetically engineered crops condemned the EPA's decision Wednesday, arguing that it leads farmers \"further down the futile path of chemical dependency,\" in the words of Andrew Kimbrell from the Center for Food Safety. Mary Ellen Kustin, from the Environmental Working Group, said in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/release/epa-ignores-public-outcry-approves-dangerous-weed-killer\">statement\u003c/a> that \"this continued arms race between chemical companies and superweeds is a threat to sustainable farming and public health. EPA's decision to up the ante of Roundup by approving Enlist Duo is unconscionable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the EPA's green light to Enlist Duo did contain some unusual provisions that the agency could eventually use to restrict its use. The EPA is requiring that Dow monitor the use of the new herbicide, work with farmers to avoid overusing it and come up plans to fight weeds that become resistant to the new weedkiller. In addition, the EPA's approval of Enlist Duo is temporary, and will expire in six years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the same day that the EPA approved the new herbicide, the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2014/10/0227.xml&contentidonly=true\">announced\u003c/a> a new program aimed at fighting the problem of herbicide-resistant weeds. According to the USDA statement, this problem \"will not be solved solely through the application of new herbicides.\" USDA scientists will carry out research on non-chemical ways to control weeds, such as cover crops, and promote their use among farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/glyphosate-crops_enl-428a3594d783d20539d1da64cade4e31b4b920bb-e1413467600915.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/glyphosate-crops_enl-428a3594d783d20539d1da64cade4e31b4b920bb-e1413467600915.jpg\" alt=\"Corn farmer Jerry McCulley sprays the weedkiller glyphosate across his cornfield in Auburn, Ill., in 2010. An increasing number of weeds have now evolved resistance to the chemical. Photo: Seth Perlman/AP\" width=\"1000\" height=\"643\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88864\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corn farmer Jerry McCulley sprays the weedkiller glyphosate across his cornfield in Auburn, Ill., in 2010. An increasing number of weeds have now evolved resistance to the chemical. Photo: Seth Perlman/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/10/15/356416365/new-gmos-get-a-regulatory-green-light-with-a-hint-of-yellow\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/15/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Government regulators have approved a new generation of genetically engineered corn and soybeans. They're the latest weapon in an arms race between farmers and weeds, and the government's green light is provoking angry opposition from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The actual \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/bd4379a92ceceeac8525735900400c27/72fde554930f3f6985257d7200591180!OpenDocument\">decision\u003c/a>, at first glance, seems narrow and technical. The Environmental Protection Agency has announced it had \"registered\" a new weedkiller formula that contains two older herbicides: glyphosate (better known as Roundup) and 2, 4-D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Versions of these weedkillers have been around for decades. But farmers in six Midwestern states will be allowed to use the new formula, called Enlist Duo, on their corn and soybeans. And that counts as big news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88868\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/modified-crops.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/modified-crops.jpg\" alt=\"The federal government announced that farmers can now plant soybeans like these ones genetically engineered by the biotech company Dow Agrosciences to tolerate doses of two weedkillers. Photo: Dow AgroSciences/AP \" width=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88868\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal government announced that farmers can now plant soybeans like these ones genetically engineered by the biotech company Dow Agrosciences to tolerate doses of two weedkillers. Photo: Dow AgroSciences/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers will now be able to plant new \u003ca href=\"http://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDAAPHIS/bulletins/cf9cff\">types\u003c/a> of corn and soybeans that have been genetically engineered by the biotech company Dow Agrosciences to tolerate doses of those two weedkillers. (The beauty of herbicide-resistant crops is that they make the herbicides exquisitely selective: They kill the weeds but not the crop.) So farmers can spray either glyphosate or 2, 4-D (or both) to wipe out weeds without harming their corn or soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that may actually be one of the most significant developments the world of weedkilling in more than a decade.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another similar new weedkilling combination of the chemical dicamba and genetically engineered, dicamba-resistant crops is awaiting government approval. Promoters of these new herbicide-crop combinations say they are a big step forward. Critics are calling them a mindless step into ever-increasing dependence on toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's demand for such technologies because the last great weed-fighting weapon is starting to fail. Over the past two decades, farmers have come to rely, to an extraordinary extent, on glyphosate paired with \"Roundup Ready\" crops. But an increasing number of weeds have now evolved resistance to glyphosate. Farmers have had to resort to weedkilling chemicals that are more costly and often harder to manage. Many of those chemicals can't be sprayed directly on crops because they'd kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists and critics of genetically engineered crops condemned the EPA's decision Wednesday, arguing that it leads farmers \"further down the futile path of chemical dependency,\" in the words of Andrew Kimbrell from the Center for Food Safety. Mary Ellen Kustin, from the Environmental Working Group, said in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/release/epa-ignores-public-outcry-approves-dangerous-weed-killer\">statement\u003c/a> that \"this continued arms race between chemical companies and superweeds is a threat to sustainable farming and public health. EPA's decision to up the ante of Roundup by approving Enlist Duo is unconscionable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the EPA's green light to Enlist Duo did contain some unusual provisions that the agency could eventually use to restrict its use. The EPA is requiring that Dow monitor the use of the new herbicide, work with farmers to avoid overusing it and come up plans to fight weeds that become resistant to the new weedkiller. In addition, the EPA's approval of Enlist Duo is temporary, and will expire in six years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the same day that the EPA approved the new herbicide, the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2014/10/0227.xml&contentidonly=true\">announced\u003c/a> a new program aimed at fighting the problem of herbicide-resistant weeds. According to the USDA statement, this problem \"will not be solved solely through the application of new herbicides.\" USDA scientists will carry out research on non-chemical ways to control weeds, such as cover crops, and promote their use among farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Eating Comfort Foods May Not Be So Comforting After All",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/chesse_wide-7e7d406daf0bc9352c25a297eb4961970840ec75-e1412979596187.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/chesse_wide-7e7d406daf0bc9352c25a297eb4961970840ec75-e1412979596187.jpg\" alt=\"Feeling blue? That may not be a great excuse to tuck into some mac and cheese. Photo: iStockphoto\" width=\"1000\" height=\"562\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88554\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feeling blue? That may not be a great excuse to tuck into some mac and cheese. Photo: iStockphoto\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/348776169/maanvi-singh/archive\" target=\"_blank\">Maanvi Singh\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/10/07/354142689/eating-comfort-foods-may-not-be-so-comforting-after-all\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/7/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many of us, chicken soup can soothe the soul and mac and cheese can erase a bad day. We eat chocolate when we feel gloomy, or when we've been in the presence of a Dementor. And we eat chocolate ice cream to help us get over a bad breakup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These comfort foods usually aren't so good for our arteries, but we tend to think they have healing properties — that they're the antidote for all our emotional afflictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maybe they're not, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.psych.umn.edu/people/facultyprofile.php?UID=mann\" target=\"_blank\">Traci Mann\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota. In a recent study, Mann and some colleagues induced a bad mood in 100 college students by making them watch clips from sad movies. They then fed half the students their favorite comfort food, while the other students ate food they enjoyed, but wouldn't consider comfort food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the students had finished eating, the researchers asked the students how they felt. It turns out all the students felt better, regardless of what they had eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is not what we expected,\" Mann says. \"We kept repeating the study, because we didn't believe it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another experiment, Mann had half the kids eat comfort food, and the other half eat nothing. After a few minutes, both groups felt equally better. The comfort food had no effect on mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/hea0000068\" target=\"_blank\">results\u003c/a> of these experiments appeared in the August issue of \u003cem>Health Psychology\u003c/em>. \"People are taking this very hard,\" Mann says. \"I guess it removes a very handy justification people have for eating comfort food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the study has a few significant limitations. For one, it only looked at a particular kind of negative mood — induced by watching sad films. Other studies have come to different conclusions. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/05/02/0956797611407931.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">one in 2011\u003c/a>, published in the journal \u003cem>Psychological Science,\u003c/em> suggested that eating chicken soup may help some feel less lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers didn't look at the real-life contexts in which people eat comfort foods. \"Maybe the comfort from comfort food comes from going to a cafe acquiring it,\" Mann says. The research on the psychological effects of comfort food is fairly scant, she notes, so we don't have any definite answers yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=dal4\" target=\"_blank\">David Levitsky\u003c/a>, a professor of nutrition at Cornell University, says Mann's research is in line with what he would have expected. \"We tend to look for a magic solution to our problems,\" Levitsky says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we can feel better by simply consuming certain foods is very appealing, he says, \"but in actuality, feeling better has nothing to do with the food itself, and it's a very weak psychological effect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comfort foods we turn to the most are the ones we ate while growing up, or the ones that remind us of celebrations, Levitsky says. We may associate chicken soup with all those times Mom took care of us when were little, and maybe mashed potatoes remind us of joyful Thanksgivings. It's a connection between food and memory beautifully rendered in this scene from the movie \u003cem>Ratatouille,\u003c/em> when a crusty food critic finds his meal transportive:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube //www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXPlzdTcA-I]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We think that eating foods that remind us of home, or of good times, will make us feel better when we're down, Levitsky says. \"But we don't know if it's performing the function that people want it to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So does this mean we should step away from the Ben and Jerry's when we're feeling sad? Not necessarily, Levitsky says. \"There's no harm to it,\" he says, unless you're overeating, or consistently eating food to avoid coping with big problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann concurs. \"I am not opposed to comfort food-eating during your occasional glum moment,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe the food doesn't help anything, she says, but that doesn't mean it isn't delicious. \"So you lose one justification for eating a cookie. Come up with another one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Maanvi Singh is a freelance science and health writer based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/chesse_wide-7e7d406daf0bc9352c25a297eb4961970840ec75-e1412979596187.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/chesse_wide-7e7d406daf0bc9352c25a297eb4961970840ec75-e1412979596187.jpg\" alt=\"Feeling blue? That may not be a great excuse to tuck into some mac and cheese. Photo: iStockphoto\" width=\"1000\" height=\"562\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88554\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feeling blue? That may not be a great excuse to tuck into some mac and cheese. Photo: iStockphoto\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/348776169/maanvi-singh/archive\" target=\"_blank\">Maanvi Singh\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/10/07/354142689/eating-comfort-foods-may-not-be-so-comforting-after-all\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/7/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many of us, chicken soup can soothe the soul and mac and cheese can erase a bad day. We eat chocolate when we feel gloomy, or when we've been in the presence of a Dementor. And we eat chocolate ice cream to help us get over a bad breakup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These comfort foods usually aren't so good for our arteries, but we tend to think they have healing properties — that they're the antidote for all our emotional afflictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maybe they're not, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.psych.umn.edu/people/facultyprofile.php?UID=mann\" target=\"_blank\">Traci Mann\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota. In a recent study, Mann and some colleagues induced a bad mood in 100 college students by making them watch clips from sad movies. They then fed half the students their favorite comfort food, while the other students ate food they enjoyed, but wouldn't consider comfort food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the students had finished eating, the researchers asked the students how they felt. It turns out all the students felt better, regardless of what they had eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is not what we expected,\" Mann says. \"We kept repeating the study, because we didn't believe it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another experiment, Mann had half the kids eat comfort food, and the other half eat nothing. After a few minutes, both groups felt equally better. The comfort food had no effect on mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/hea0000068\" target=\"_blank\">results\u003c/a> of these experiments appeared in the August issue of \u003cem>Health Psychology\u003c/em>. \"People are taking this very hard,\" Mann says. \"I guess it removes a very handy justification people have for eating comfort food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the study has a few significant limitations. For one, it only looked at a particular kind of negative mood — induced by watching sad films. Other studies have come to different conclusions. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/05/02/0956797611407931.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">one in 2011\u003c/a>, published in the journal \u003cem>Psychological Science,\u003c/em> suggested that eating chicken soup may help some feel less lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the researchers didn't look at the real-life contexts in which people eat comfort foods. \"Maybe the comfort from comfort food comes from going to a cafe acquiring it,\" Mann says. The research on the psychological effects of comfort food is fairly scant, she notes, so we don't have any definite answers yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=dal4\" target=\"_blank\">David Levitsky\u003c/a>, a professor of nutrition at Cornell University, says Mann's research is in line with what he would have expected. \"We tend to look for a magic solution to our problems,\" Levitsky says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we can feel better by simply consuming certain foods is very appealing, he says, \"but in actuality, feeling better has nothing to do with the food itself, and it's a very weak psychological effect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comfort foods we turn to the most are the ones we ate while growing up, or the ones that remind us of celebrations, Levitsky says. We may associate chicken soup with all those times Mom took care of us when were little, and maybe mashed potatoes remind us of joyful Thanksgivings. It's a connection between food and memory beautifully rendered in this scene from the movie \u003cem>Ratatouille,\u003c/em> when a crusty food critic finds his meal transportive:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/uXPlzdTcA-I'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/uXPlzdTcA-I'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We think that eating foods that remind us of home, or of good times, will make us feel better when we're down, Levitsky says. \"But we don't know if it's performing the function that people want it to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So does this mean we should step away from the Ben and Jerry's when we're feeling sad? Not necessarily, Levitsky says. \"There's no harm to it,\" he says, unless you're overeating, or consistently eating food to avoid coping with big problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann concurs. \"I am not opposed to comfort food-eating during your occasional glum moment,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe the food doesn't help anything, she says, but that doesn't mean it isn't delicious. \"So you lose one justification for eating a cookie. Come up with another one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Maanvi Singh is a freelance science and health writer based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube //www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZzJGDNcW-I]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by Adam Cole, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/10/03/351510286/video-glimpse-the-history-of-life-in-a-beer\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/3/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beer is a collaboration between two species — a multicellular animal called a human and a single-celled fungus called yeast. Both descended from the same single-celled organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took time for each of them to evolve — more than a billion years — but once they did, it wasn't long before they teamed up to create beer. Now, fossil hunter \u003ca href=\"Jason%20Osborne\">Jason Osborne\u003c/a> has added a little extra flavor to this family reunion by brewing beer with yeast taken from the remains of a 35-million-year-old whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/proto_whale-05e3bc2bfbf038d1ca5f202032714be614dea8e1-e1412352027387.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/proto_whale-05e3bc2bfbf038d1ca5f202032714be614dea8e1-e1412352027387.jpg\" alt=\"A rendition of a proto-whale skeleton. Photo: Ryan Kellman/NPR\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88386\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendition of a proto-whale skeleton. Photo: Ryan Kellman/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The special ingredient in this brew was sourced from a single vertebra, one that belonged to an ancient \"proto-whale\" called \u003cem>Eocetus wardii. \u003c/em>They swam the waters of the Atlantic back when it covered the eastern United States, and now their bones (and the fossilized remains of many other proto-whales) can be found in Virginia swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osborne found this particular vertebra in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/10-083.1\">Pamunkey River\u003c/a> and swabbed the bone to try to collect any yeast that might be living on it. He sent the samples to Jasper Akerboom, a microbiologist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lostrhino.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Lost Rhino Brewing Co\u003c/a>. in Ashburn, Va.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After lots of trial and error, Akerboom created Bone Dusters Paleo Ale. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/07/15/captain-ahabs-revenge-brewing-beer-from-an-ancient-whale-bone/\">The Salt reported\u003c/a> on the brew they created back when it was first released. I was able to drink one of the last bottles of the first run at a recent science convention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It tasted great!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even better, a portion of the proceeds go to \u003ca href=\"http://paleoquest.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Paleo Quest\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization that gives science equipment to underserved schools and promotes citizen science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paleo Ale inspired me to put on my best David Attenborough accent (which, admittedly, is not that great) and make this video. It's a celebration of beer — and the long history of life on Earth that made beer possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It took more than a billion years of evolution to yield the biology behind a beer. Here, we bring you a video celebration of the science in a cold one.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/LZzJGDNcW-I'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/LZzJGDNcW-I'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by Adam Cole, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/10/03/351510286/video-glimpse-the-history-of-life-in-a-beer\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/3/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beer is a collaboration between two species — a multicellular animal called a human and a single-celled fungus called yeast. Both descended from the same single-celled organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took time for each of them to evolve — more than a billion years — but once they did, it wasn't long before they teamed up to create beer. Now, fossil hunter \u003ca href=\"Jason%20Osborne\">Jason Osborne\u003c/a> has added a little extra flavor to this family reunion by brewing beer with yeast taken from the remains of a 35-million-year-old whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/proto_whale-05e3bc2bfbf038d1ca5f202032714be614dea8e1-e1412352027387.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/proto_whale-05e3bc2bfbf038d1ca5f202032714be614dea8e1-e1412352027387.jpg\" alt=\"A rendition of a proto-whale skeleton. Photo: Ryan Kellman/NPR\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88386\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendition of a proto-whale skeleton. Photo: Ryan Kellman/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The special ingredient in this brew was sourced from a single vertebra, one that belonged to an ancient \"proto-whale\" called \u003cem>Eocetus wardii. \u003c/em>They swam the waters of the Atlantic back when it covered the eastern United States, and now their bones (and the fossilized remains of many other proto-whales) can be found in Virginia swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osborne found this particular vertebra in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/10-083.1\">Pamunkey River\u003c/a> and swabbed the bone to try to collect any yeast that might be living on it. He sent the samples to Jasper Akerboom, a microbiologist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lostrhino.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Lost Rhino Brewing Co\u003c/a>. in Ashburn, Va.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After lots of trial and error, Akerboom created Bone Dusters Paleo Ale. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/07/15/captain-ahabs-revenge-brewing-beer-from-an-ancient-whale-bone/\">The Salt reported\u003c/a> on the brew they created back when it was first released. I was able to drink one of the last bottles of the first run at a recent science convention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It tasted great!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even better, a portion of the proceeds go to \u003ca href=\"http://paleoquest.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Paleo Quest\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization that gives science equipment to underserved schools and promotes citizen science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paleo Ale inspired me to put on my best David Attenborough accent (which, admittedly, is not that great) and make this video. It's a celebration of beer — and the long history of life on Earth that made beer possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Kale To Pale Ale, A Love of Bitter May Be In Your Genes",
"title": "From Kale To Pale Ale, A Love of Bitter May Be In Your Genes",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/kalebeer1_wide-479752f345d4d6a5eba632bb6dbae18b7eb14d89-e1412180649859.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/kalebeer1_wide-479752f345d4d6a5eba632bb6dbae18b7eb14d89-e1412180649859.jpg\" alt=\"The roots of your hankering for hoppy beers and cruciferous vegetables may be genetic. Photo: Claire Eggers/NPR\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88268\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The roots of your hankering for hoppy beers and cruciferous vegetables may be genetic. Photo: Claire Eggers/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on Morning Edition:\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/10/20141001_me_from_kale_to_pale_ale_a_love_of_bitter_may_be_in_your_genes.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/2100208/allison-aubrey\" target=\"_blank\">Allison Aubrey\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/10/01/352771618/from-kale-to-pale-ale-a-love-of-bitter-may-be-in-your-genes\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/1/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word bitter can make some of us wince. In conversation, we talk of \"a bitter pill to swallow\" or \"bittersweet\" memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you're puzzled by the bad emotional rap on bitter — perhaps you even \u003cem>like\u003c/em> the taste of bitter greens or bitter beer — it may say something about your genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been studying a particular taste receptor gene to understand why some of us may be more predisposed to liking bitter foods and hoppy beers. And a new\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25257701\"> study\u003c/a> sheds new light on the bitter gene connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're really looking at is that people differ in how intense bitterness might be to them,\" says researcher \u003ca href=\"http://foodscience.psu.edu/directory/jeh40\">John Hayes\u003c/a>, a food scientist at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several years back, Hayes and researcher \u003ca href=\"http://www.alliedhealth.uconn.edu/facultyAndStaff/ValerieDuffy.php\">Valerie Duffy\u003c/a> of the University of Connecticut set out to do an experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They already knew that some people (about a quarter of the population) have a version of one taste receptor gene, known as TAS2R38, that makes them more sensitive to the perception of bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea of how bitter you taste something is [tied to] how strongly the bitter [compounds] in food bind with a receptor,\" explains Duffy. Then, the receptor sends a signal to the brain that says, \"Oh, this is bitter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy says she herself must not have a version of the gene that enables bitter compounds to bind tightly. She describes herself as a \"nontaster.\" So when she eat greens or Brussels sprouts, she experiences them as sweet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To me, they're naturally sweet,\" Duffy says. And she enjoys them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare this with people who have a version of the receptor gene that makes them very sensitive to bitter. For these individuals, the strong perception of bitterness overwhelms the natural sweetness in greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy's hunch was that this may lead them to avoid greens. So she decided to test the theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We recruited young adults and asked them to come into the lab and did taste tests with them,\" Duffy explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sampled asparagus, Brussels sprouts and kale, and Duffy's team assessed their sensitivities. The young adult volunteers were also tested for the gene, and they filled out questionnaires and kept food diaries to document what they were eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that individuals who are least sensitive to these bitter compounds consumed \u003cem>significantly\u003c/em> more vegetables\" compared with those who are most sensitive, Duffy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, over the course of a year, the difference was about 200 more servings of vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy's study was not the first to find this association. Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596267\">study\u003c/a>, conducted in 2007 at the Centre for Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention in Turin, Italy, with about 600 volunteers, pointed to the same link between the bitter gene and the consumption of vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy says what surprised her about her \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21157576\">findings\u003c/a> is that the people who were sensitive to bitter ate fewer of all kinds of vegetables, not just bitter, cruciferous ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we think [is that] if somebody finds some vegetables too bitter, they sort of generalize to all green vegetables,\" Duffy explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same study also found a connection with papillae, those little dots on your tongue that we've \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127914467\">reported\u003c/a> on in the past. People with more papillae reported eating more vegetables, compared with those with fewer papillae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This suggests that there are multiple factors, both biological and environmental, influencing our food and beverage choices, including — as Duffy is quick to point out — how our parents raise us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People can learn to like vegetables, Duffy says, even if they carry the version of the taste receptor gene that makes them more sensitive to bitter. A big piece of the puzzle is figuring out ways to make them taste good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, \"roasting brings out the sweetness,\" she says. Adding salt is also an effective way to cut the intensity of bitter. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Masking+Vegetable+Bitterness+to+Improve+Duffy+and+Hayes\">study\u003c/a> she published previously demonstrates that it's possible to mask the bitterness in vegetables with salt and sweeteners to make them more palatable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, does an aversion to bitter tend to be lifelong? Not necessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy points to studies that suggest there are changes over a lifetime. For instance, she says, we know that during pregnancy, many women become more sensitive to bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, in older age, as smell and taste perceptions begin to fade, the taste of bitter foods can seem much less intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "From Kale To Pale Ale, A Love of Bitter May Be In Your Genes",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/kalebeer1_wide-479752f345d4d6a5eba632bb6dbae18b7eb14d89-e1412180649859.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/10/kalebeer1_wide-479752f345d4d6a5eba632bb6dbae18b7eb14d89-e1412180649859.jpg\" alt=\"The roots of your hankering for hoppy beers and cruciferous vegetables may be genetic. Photo: Claire Eggers/NPR\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-88268\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The roots of your hankering for hoppy beers and cruciferous vegetables may be genetic. Photo: Claire Eggers/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on Morning Edition:\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/10/20141001_me_from_kale_to_pale_ale_a_love_of_bitter_may_be_in_your_genes.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/2100208/allison-aubrey\" target=\"_blank\">Allison Aubrey\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/10/01/352771618/from-kale-to-pale-ale-a-love-of-bitter-may-be-in-your-genes\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (10/1/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word bitter can make some of us wince. In conversation, we talk of \"a bitter pill to swallow\" or \"bittersweet\" memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you're puzzled by the bad emotional rap on bitter — perhaps you even \u003cem>like\u003c/em> the taste of bitter greens or bitter beer — it may say something about your genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been studying a particular taste receptor gene to understand why some of us may be more predisposed to liking bitter foods and hoppy beers. And a new\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25257701\"> study\u003c/a> sheds new light on the bitter gene connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're really looking at is that people differ in how intense bitterness might be to them,\" says researcher \u003ca href=\"http://foodscience.psu.edu/directory/jeh40\">John Hayes\u003c/a>, a food scientist at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several years back, Hayes and researcher \u003ca href=\"http://www.alliedhealth.uconn.edu/facultyAndStaff/ValerieDuffy.php\">Valerie Duffy\u003c/a> of the University of Connecticut set out to do an experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They already knew that some people (about a quarter of the population) have a version of one taste receptor gene, known as TAS2R38, that makes them more sensitive to the perception of bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea of how bitter you taste something is [tied to] how strongly the bitter [compounds] in food bind with a receptor,\" explains Duffy. Then, the receptor sends a signal to the brain that says, \"Oh, this is bitter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy says she herself must not have a version of the gene that enables bitter compounds to bind tightly. She describes herself as a \"nontaster.\" So when she eat greens or Brussels sprouts, she experiences them as sweet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To me, they're naturally sweet,\" Duffy says. And she enjoys them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare this with people who have a version of the receptor gene that makes them very sensitive to bitter. For these individuals, the strong perception of bitterness overwhelms the natural sweetness in greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy's hunch was that this may lead them to avoid greens. So she decided to test the theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We recruited young adults and asked them to come into the lab and did taste tests with them,\" Duffy explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sampled asparagus, Brussels sprouts and kale, and Duffy's team assessed their sensitivities. The young adult volunteers were also tested for the gene, and they filled out questionnaires and kept food diaries to document what they were eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that individuals who are least sensitive to these bitter compounds consumed \u003cem>significantly\u003c/em> more vegetables\" compared with those who are most sensitive, Duffy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, over the course of a year, the difference was about 200 more servings of vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy's study was not the first to find this association. Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596267\">study\u003c/a>, conducted in 2007 at the Centre for Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention in Turin, Italy, with about 600 volunteers, pointed to the same link between the bitter gene and the consumption of vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy says what surprised her about her \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21157576\">findings\u003c/a> is that the people who were sensitive to bitter ate fewer of all kinds of vegetables, not just bitter, cruciferous ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we think [is that] if somebody finds some vegetables too bitter, they sort of generalize to all green vegetables,\" Duffy explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same study also found a connection with papillae, those little dots on your tongue that we've \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127914467\">reported\u003c/a> on in the past. People with more papillae reported eating more vegetables, compared with those with fewer papillae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This suggests that there are multiple factors, both biological and environmental, influencing our food and beverage choices, including — as Duffy is quick to point out — how our parents raise us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People can learn to like vegetables, Duffy says, even if they carry the version of the taste receptor gene that makes them more sensitive to bitter. A big piece of the puzzle is figuring out ways to make them taste good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, \"roasting brings out the sweetness,\" she says. Adding salt is also an effective way to cut the intensity of bitter. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Masking+Vegetable+Bitterness+to+Improve+Duffy+and+Hayes\">study\u003c/a> she published previously demonstrates that it's possible to mask the bitterness in vegetables with salt and sweeteners to make them more palatable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, does an aversion to bitter tend to be lifelong? Not necessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy points to studies that suggest there are changes over a lifetime. For instance, she says, we know that during pregnancy, many women become more sensitive to bitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, in older age, as smell and taste perceptions begin to fade, the taste of bitter foods can seem much less intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Step Up Food Fraud Efforts Following Horse Meat Scandal",
"title": "Scientists Step Up Food Fraud Efforts Following Horse Meat Scandal",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87982\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-1_slide-e329841a3fc31e9e3b0219fe2d3345b42a193ff8-e1411582518567.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-1_slide-e329841a3fc31e9e3b0219fe2d3345b42a193ff8-e1411582518567.jpg\" alt=\"The French enjoy horse meat — here's a horse meat butcher in Paris. But even the French were angry that they had been paying beef prices for it last year. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images\" width=\"1000\" height=\"666\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87982\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The French enjoy horse meat — here's a horse meat butcher in Paris. But even the French were angry that they had been paying beef prices for it last year. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Maanvi Singh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/24/350695899/food-fraud-science-aims-to-gallop-past-horse-meat-scandal\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/24/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the great European horse meat scandal alerted consumers around the world to food fraud. Traces of horse meat were found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/25/horse-meat-found-in-ikeas-meatballs/\">Ikea meatballs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/01/wheres-the-beef-burger-king-finds-horsemeat-in-its-u-k-patties/\">Burger King\u003c/a> beef patties, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5f426c4c-774a-11e2-9ebc-00144feabdc0.html\">cottage pies\u003c/a> sold at schools in Lancashire, England, and in \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-horsemeat-norway-idUSBRE91E0KH20130215\">frozen lasagna\u003c/a> sold all over Europe. Arrests were made in the U.K. and in France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contamination didn't pose any real public health threat — horse has the same amount of protein as beef, and less fat. But in the U.K., where horses are viewed as pets rather than food, people weren't happy to learn they had been eating horse unawares. And as we \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/15/172124931/romanian-horsement-in-british-lasagna-reveals-complex-global-food-trade\">reported\u003c/a>, in France, where eating horse is more common, customers were angry that they had been paying beef prices for cheaper horse meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Consumers felt cheated and lost trust. It was just a total loss of confidence in the supply chain,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.usp.org/usp-nf-scientific-staff\">Markus Lipp\u003c/a> of U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, a nonprofit that sets food and medicine safety standards. \"It raised questions: Were these racehorses? Were they treated with veterinary medicines that were bad for human consumption?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87983\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-2_slide-3b555bc1c8869670754f7766a807e4e83dc23231-e1411582568537.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-2_slide-3b555bc1c8869670754f7766a807e4e83dc23231-e1411582568537.jpg\" alt=\"A regulator tests food samples for horse meat in Braunschweig, Germany. Last year, beef products sold all over Europe were found to have traces of horse. Photo: Jochen Luebke/DPA/Landov\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87983\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A regulator tests food samples for horse meat in Braunschweig, Germany. Last year, beef products sold all over Europe were found to have traces of horse. Photo: Jochen Luebke/DPA/Landov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result of the scandal, European governments started rethinking their food regulation practices. And scientists started kicking into high gear, looking for ways to improve the technology to quickly test batches of meat for contaminants. Just this month, a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf503468t\">paper\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry\u003c/em> details a new method that uses mass spectrometry to quickly detect even tiny traces of pork and horse mixed into raw and cooked beef products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technology looks promising, Lipp says. \"But there is no way [food regulators] can test 100 percent of the food. We can never test ourselves to safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adulterated meat is just the tip of the iceberg, says \u003ca href=\"http://foodfraud.msu.edu/about/staff/spink/\">John Spink\u003c/a>, who heads Michigan State University's Food Safety Program. Food fraud is a huge, expansive problem, Spink says. Adulterated products show up in the market all the time — affecting everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/12/12/143154180/losing-virginity-olive-oils-scandalous-industry\">olive oil\u003c/a> and milk to spices and additives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With globalization, even one instance of fraud can be huge. They can make so much product, and it can so quickly move around the world,\" Spink says. \"And it's quite a challenge, because there's an unlimited number of adulterants that could be in the product.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing acts as a deterrent, Spink says, but it won't stop fraud. Spink's program focuses on fraud prevention. His team uses criminology and forensic tools, as well as food science, to study the global food market and predict where fraud may happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when scientists identify products that may be especially susceptible to fraud, it can be difficult to know which suspect ingredients are being mixed into our food, says Mitchell Weinberg, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.inscatech.com/\">Inscatech\u003c/a>, a firm that advises food companies on food safety. \"It may not be horse meat next time. It may be dog meat, cat meat, rat meat — all of those have been used,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, the British government released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/350726/elliot-review-final-report-july2014.pdf\">report\u003c/a> in response to the horse meat scandal. In the document, \u003ca href=\"http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/christopher-elliott(10515544-0d5c-487f-a747-fe0d7f5aa94c).html\">Chris Elliott\u003c/a>, a food safety researcher and professor of microbiology at Queen's University Belfast, calls for more regulation and testing and provides suggestions for what the government should do the next time there's a big crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the U.K. implements all of Elliott's suggestions, the problem won't go away, Weinberg says. That's because most food fraud doesn't originate in Great Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem is in India, the problem is in China and in Italy,\" he says. There is high domestic consumption of food from these countries, he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to manage the problem is for governments to work with each other and with food companies, Weinberg says. \"On the positive side, the food industry is actually collectively trying to address the issue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a food fraud scandal can destroy a company's reputation, Spink says. \"Companies realize that a recall is very costly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spink's lab offers both in-person and online training for food processors looking to amp up their defenses against fraud. \"And nowadays, these multinational companies are working with governments to define the scope of the problem,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, he notes, food fraud is as old as time. \"This is not something you just fix,\" he says. \"It has to be managed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87982\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-1_slide-e329841a3fc31e9e3b0219fe2d3345b42a193ff8-e1411582518567.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-1_slide-e329841a3fc31e9e3b0219fe2d3345b42a193ff8-e1411582518567.jpg\" alt=\"The French enjoy horse meat — here's a horse meat butcher in Paris. But even the French were angry that they had been paying beef prices for it last year. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images\" width=\"1000\" height=\"666\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87982\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The French enjoy horse meat — here's a horse meat butcher in Paris. But even the French were angry that they had been paying beef prices for it last year. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Maanvi Singh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/24/350695899/food-fraud-science-aims-to-gallop-past-horse-meat-scandal\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/24/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the great European horse meat scandal alerted consumers around the world to food fraud. Traces of horse meat were found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/25/horse-meat-found-in-ikeas-meatballs/\">Ikea meatballs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/01/wheres-the-beef-burger-king-finds-horsemeat-in-its-u-k-patties/\">Burger King\u003c/a> beef patties, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5f426c4c-774a-11e2-9ebc-00144feabdc0.html\">cottage pies\u003c/a> sold at schools in Lancashire, England, and in \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-horsemeat-norway-idUSBRE91E0KH20130215\">frozen lasagna\u003c/a> sold all over Europe. Arrests were made in the U.K. and in France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contamination didn't pose any real public health threat — horse has the same amount of protein as beef, and less fat. But in the U.K., where horses are viewed as pets rather than food, people weren't happy to learn they had been eating horse unawares. And as we \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/15/172124931/romanian-horsement-in-british-lasagna-reveals-complex-global-food-trade\">reported\u003c/a>, in France, where eating horse is more common, customers were angry that they had been paying beef prices for cheaper horse meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Consumers felt cheated and lost trust. It was just a total loss of confidence in the supply chain,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.usp.org/usp-nf-scientific-staff\">Markus Lipp\u003c/a> of U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, a nonprofit that sets food and medicine safety standards. \"It raised questions: Were these racehorses? Were they treated with veterinary medicines that were bad for human consumption?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87983\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-2_slide-3b555bc1c8869670754f7766a807e4e83dc23231-e1411582568537.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-2_slide-3b555bc1c8869670754f7766a807e4e83dc23231-e1411582568537.jpg\" alt=\"A regulator tests food samples for horse meat in Braunschweig, Germany. Last year, beef products sold all over Europe were found to have traces of horse. Photo: Jochen Luebke/DPA/Landov\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87983\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A regulator tests food samples for horse meat in Braunschweig, Germany. Last year, beef products sold all over Europe were found to have traces of horse. Photo: Jochen Luebke/DPA/Landov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result of the scandal, European governments started rethinking their food regulation practices. And scientists started kicking into high gear, looking for ways to improve the technology to quickly test batches of meat for contaminants. Just this month, a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf503468t\">paper\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry\u003c/em> details a new method that uses mass spectrometry to quickly detect even tiny traces of pork and horse mixed into raw and cooked beef products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technology looks promising, Lipp says. \"But there is no way [food regulators] can test 100 percent of the food. We can never test ourselves to safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adulterated meat is just the tip of the iceberg, says \u003ca href=\"http://foodfraud.msu.edu/about/staff/spink/\">John Spink\u003c/a>, who heads Michigan State University's Food Safety Program. Food fraud is a huge, expansive problem, Spink says. Adulterated products show up in the market all the time — affecting everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/12/12/143154180/losing-virginity-olive-oils-scandalous-industry\">olive oil\u003c/a> and milk to spices and additives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With globalization, even one instance of fraud can be huge. They can make so much product, and it can so quickly move around the world,\" Spink says. \"And it's quite a challenge, because there's an unlimited number of adulterants that could be in the product.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing acts as a deterrent, Spink says, but it won't stop fraud. Spink's program focuses on fraud prevention. His team uses criminology and forensic tools, as well as food science, to study the global food market and predict where fraud may happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when scientists identify products that may be especially susceptible to fraud, it can be difficult to know which suspect ingredients are being mixed into our food, says Mitchell Weinberg, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.inscatech.com/\">Inscatech\u003c/a>, a firm that advises food companies on food safety. \"It may not be horse meat next time. It may be dog meat, cat meat, rat meat — all of those have been used,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, the British government released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/350726/elliot-review-final-report-july2014.pdf\">report\u003c/a> in response to the horse meat scandal. In the document, \u003ca href=\"http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/christopher-elliott(10515544-0d5c-487f-a747-fe0d7f5aa94c).html\">Chris Elliott\u003c/a>, a food safety researcher and professor of microbiology at Queen's University Belfast, calls for more regulation and testing and provides suggestions for what the government should do the next time there's a big crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the U.K. implements all of Elliott's suggestions, the problem won't go away, Weinberg says. That's because most food fraud doesn't originate in Great Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem is in India, the problem is in China and in Italy,\" he says. There is high domestic consumption of food from these countries, he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to manage the problem is for governments to work with each other and with food companies, Weinberg says. \"On the positive side, the food industry is actually collectively trying to address the issue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a food fraud scandal can destroy a company's reputation, Spink says. \"Companies realize that a recall is very costly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spink's lab offers both in-person and online training for food processors looking to amp up their defenses against fraud. \"And nowadays, these multinational companies are working with governments to define the scope of the problem,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, he notes, food fraud is as old as time. \"This is not something you just fix,\" he says. \"It has to be managed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Before You Take A Bite Of That Mushroom, Consider This",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/mushroom2_wide-736b9194a0fad9072788590b06022678fff7544f-e1411533173913.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/mushroom2_wide-736b9194a0fad9072788590b06022678fff7544f-e1411533173913.jpg\" alt=\"This grocery store packet of porcini mushrooms contained a surprise: three species of fungi never before named or described. Photo: Bryn Dentinger/Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87961\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This grocery store packet of porcini mushrooms contained a surprise: three species of fungi never before named or described. Photo: Bryn Dentinger/Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Alison Bruzek, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/23/350925545/before-you-take-a-bite-of-that-mushroom-consider-this\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/23/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't been DNA-sequencing your dinner lately, you've been missing out. In particular, we suggest examining those spongy, wild fungi before you lay them on your pizza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tc.umn.edu/~dent0015/\">Bryn Dentinger\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Suz\" target=\"_blank\">Laura Suz\u003c/a>, mycologists with the Royal Botanic Gardens in Surrey, England, were curious about what was in their marketplace 'shrooms. So they bought a packet of dried Chinese porcini and took it to the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They picked out 15 pieces and compared sequences of the DNA to a database of known species, creating a phylogenetic tree of Chinese boletes (those are mushrooms with pores rather than gills on the undersides of their caps). What they uncovered, \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/570/\" target=\"_blank\">described\u003c/a> in \u003cem>PeerJ\u003c/em>, were three new species, identified in previous fungi lineages but never before named or described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They took the opportunity to \u003ca href=\"http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.29.pdf\">name\u003c/a> them themselves — the graphically accurate but unpalatable-sounding \u003cem>Boletus bainiugan\u003c/em> (\"white beef liver\"), \u003cem>Boletus meiweiniuganjun\u003c/em> (\"delicious cattle liver fungus\"), and \u003cem>Boletus shiyong\u003c/em> (\"edible\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's probably lots of different species of porcini,\" \u003ca href=\"http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Biology/fungi\" target=\"_blank\">Rytas Vilgalys\u003c/a>, a mycologist at Duke University who was not involved in the new study, tells The Salt. He says that even with his local mushroom club they regularly identify novel species from the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers need not worry about the different species in the bag. \"Porcini mushrooms are considered choice and edible,\" says Vilgalys. \"They're not likely to be mistaken for a poisonous species.\" (No porcini are known to be poisonous.) He says the technology for sequencing has made it much faster and much cheaper to find these things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, mushrooms have been hard to classify because they can be cryptic species, in that they look identical but are genetically different. In particular, the porcini group contains a wide range of kinds, though Dentinger and Suz note all fungi species are incredibly diverse and underdocumented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they say in their paper, \"We hope that by naming these taxa and providing reference sequences for comparison, we will encourage mycologists with ready access to fresh collections of these species to record and document their characteristics and discover new features that may help to distinguish them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if you've got a couple of extra thousand dollars lying around, you too can buy a \u003ca href=\"http://www.labx.com/v2/newad.cfm?catid=218\" target=\"_blank\">DNA sequencer\u003c/a> and join the hunt to document new species. Or just finish that pizza. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/mushroom2_wide-736b9194a0fad9072788590b06022678fff7544f-e1411533173913.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/mushroom2_wide-736b9194a0fad9072788590b06022678fff7544f-e1411533173913.jpg\" alt=\"This grocery store packet of porcini mushrooms contained a surprise: three species of fungi never before named or described. Photo: Bryn Dentinger/Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87961\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This grocery store packet of porcini mushrooms contained a surprise: three species of fungi never before named or described. Photo: Bryn Dentinger/Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Alison Bruzek, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/23/350925545/before-you-take-a-bite-of-that-mushroom-consider-this\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/23/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't been DNA-sequencing your dinner lately, you've been missing out. In particular, we suggest examining those spongy, wild fungi before you lay them on your pizza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tc.umn.edu/~dent0015/\">Bryn Dentinger\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Suz\" target=\"_blank\">Laura Suz\u003c/a>, mycologists with the Royal Botanic Gardens in Surrey, England, were curious about what was in their marketplace 'shrooms. So they bought a packet of dried Chinese porcini and took it to the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They picked out 15 pieces and compared sequences of the DNA to a database of known species, creating a phylogenetic tree of Chinese boletes (those are mushrooms with pores rather than gills on the undersides of their caps). What they uncovered, \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/570/\" target=\"_blank\">described\u003c/a> in \u003cem>PeerJ\u003c/em>, were three new species, identified in previous fungi lineages but never before named or described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They took the opportunity to \u003ca href=\"http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.29.pdf\">name\u003c/a> them themselves — the graphically accurate but unpalatable-sounding \u003cem>Boletus bainiugan\u003c/em> (\"white beef liver\"), \u003cem>Boletus meiweiniuganjun\u003c/em> (\"delicious cattle liver fungus\"), and \u003cem>Boletus shiyong\u003c/em> (\"edible\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's probably lots of different species of porcini,\" \u003ca href=\"http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Biology/fungi\" target=\"_blank\">Rytas Vilgalys\u003c/a>, a mycologist at Duke University who was not involved in the new study, tells The Salt. He says that even with his local mushroom club they regularly identify novel species from the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers need not worry about the different species in the bag. \"Porcini mushrooms are considered choice and edible,\" says Vilgalys. \"They're not likely to be mistaken for a poisonous species.\" (No porcini are known to be poisonous.) He says the technology for sequencing has made it much faster and much cheaper to find these things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, mushrooms have been hard to classify because they can be cryptic species, in that they look identical but are genetically different. In particular, the porcini group contains a wide range of kinds, though Dentinger and Suz note all fungi species are incredibly diverse and underdocumented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they say in their paper, \"We hope that by naming these taxa and providing reference sequences for comparison, we will encourage mycologists with ready access to fresh collections of these species to record and document their characteristics and discover new features that may help to distinguish them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if you've got a couple of extra thousand dollars lying around, you too can buy a \u003ca href=\"http://www.labx.com/v2/newad.cfm?catid=218\" target=\"_blank\">DNA sequencer\u003c/a> and join the hunt to document new species. Or just finish that pizza. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cutting Back On Carbs, Not Fat, May Lead To More Weight Loss",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2418px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/istock_000016794480large-672f4801e1eccb865265c7187789561304300021.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/istock_000016794480large-672f4801e1eccb865265c7187789561304300021.jpg\" alt=\"There's new evidence reaffirming that eating foods with fat — everything from avocados and salmon to dairy fat — doesn't make us fat. Photo: eyecrave LLC/iStock\" width=\"2418\" height=\"1810\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86953\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There's new evidence reaffirming that eating foods with fat — everything from avocados and salmon to dairy fat — doesn't make us fat. Photo: eyecrave LLC/iStock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Allison Aubrey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/01/344315405/cutting-back-on-carbs-not-fat-may-lead-to-more-weight-loss\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/1/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/03/31/rethinking-fat-the-case-for-adding-some-into-your-diet/\">reported\u003c/a> a lot this year about how there's a major rethinking of fat happening in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, eating foods with fat — everything from avocados and nuts to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/12/275376259/the-full-fat-paradox-whole-milk-may-keep-us-lean\">dairy fat\u003c/a> — doesn't make us fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eating too many carbohydrates — particularly the heavily refined starches found in bagels, white pasta and crackers — does our collective waistlines no favors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a new study \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.7326/M14-0180\">published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em> adds to the body of evidence that cutting back on carbs, not fat, can lead to more weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Tulane University tracked two groups of dieters for one year. The participants ranged in age from their early 20s to their mid-70s, and included a mix of African-Americans and Caucasians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-carb group, which reduced their carb consumption to about 28 percent of their daily calories, lost almost three times as much weight as the low-fat dieters who got about 40 to 45 percent of their calories from carbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-fat group lost about 4 pounds, whereas the low-carb group's average weight loss was almost 12 pounds. Participants in the two groups were eating about the same amount of calories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study showed that modest reductions in carbohydrate consumption, down to about 28 to 30 percent of diet, could help tip the scales to weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\nThe make-up of the low-carb group's diet was:\n\u003cli>28 percent carbs\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>40 to 43 percent fat (twice as much poly and monounsaturated compared to saturated)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>about 28 percent protein\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\nThe make-up of the low-fat group's diet was:\n\u003cli>28 percent fat\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>40 to 45 percent carbs\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>28 to 32 percent protein\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tulane.edu/publichealth/epi/faculty_bazzano.cfm\">Lydia Bazzano\u003c/a>, one of the study authors and an associate professor of epidemiology at Tulane, says she had anticipated some difference in weight loss between the two groups. But the size of the effect — the nearly 8-pound difference in weight loss — was surprising, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what kinds of meals were the low-carb dieters eating?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically in the morning they were eating eggs,\" says Bazzano. Other breakfast items included small portions of high-protein, high-fiber bread, with either butter or other kinds of oily spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for lunch and dinner, the low-carb dieters ate lots of vegetables, salads and protein, including fish, chicken and some red meat. And they had generous portions of healthy fats such as olive oils, canola and other plant-based oils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fat accounted for a sizable part of their diet: from 40 percent to 43 percent of their total daily calories, including about 12 percent from saturated fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bazzano says with so many people still abiding by low-fat recommendations, a diet so high in fat might not sound like a good weight-loss strategy. \"It's not the general perception,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, in fact, there are a spate of studies that have have come to the same conclusion about the benefits of swapping a low-fat, high-carb strategy for a pattern of eating that emphasizes healthy fats and lower carbohydrate consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's not just waistlines that respond. The low-carb, heathy fats approach has been shown to cut the risk of heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303\">study\u003c/a> published in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> found that a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil cut the risk of heart attacks and strokes by 30 percent, compared to a low-fat diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And research \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735432\">published\u003c/a> last year in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em>, which compared a low-glycemic-index diet — which minimizes refined starches — with a more traditional low-fat diet, also documented advantages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw improvements in triglycerides, [good] cholesterol, and the possibility of lower chronic inflammation\" among the lower carb group, the \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> study author \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/researchers/david-ludwig\">David Ludwig,\u003c/a> of Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the fascinating part: Ludwig also found that when people stopped eating so many refined carbohydrates, they burned off about 150 more calories per day, compared to those eating a higher carb, lower fat diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Too much refined carbohydrates — white bread, white rice, potato products — all the foods that crept into our diets as we've followed the low-fat craze has undermined our metabolism,\" says Ludwig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the high-carb, low-fat pattern of eating \"caused us to become hungrier and burn off fewer calories,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's happening in the body when we follow this pattern of eating is still the subject of much research, but Ludwig says the thinking goes like this: Eating too many carbs sends a signal to the body to release a lot of insulin. That extra insulin, if it's not being utilized by the muscles for energy, gets locked up and stored in fat cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a double-whammy for weight-gain,\" Ludwig says. \"We've been told for decades, that if you don't want fat on your body, don't put fat into your body. It's a very appealing notion, But the problem is: it's wrong.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new diet study concludes that a low-carbohydrate diet leads to almost three times more weight loss than a traditional low-fat diet where carbs made up 40 to 45 percent of calories.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2418px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/istock_000016794480large-672f4801e1eccb865265c7187789561304300021.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/istock_000016794480large-672f4801e1eccb865265c7187789561304300021.jpg\" alt=\"There's new evidence reaffirming that eating foods with fat — everything from avocados and salmon to dairy fat — doesn't make us fat. Photo: eyecrave LLC/iStock\" width=\"2418\" height=\"1810\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86953\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There's new evidence reaffirming that eating foods with fat — everything from avocados and salmon to dairy fat — doesn't make us fat. Photo: eyecrave LLC/iStock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Allison Aubrey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/01/344315405/cutting-back-on-carbs-not-fat-may-lead-to-more-weight-loss\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/1/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/03/31/rethinking-fat-the-case-for-adding-some-into-your-diet/\">reported\u003c/a> a lot this year about how there's a major rethinking of fat happening in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out, eating foods with fat — everything from avocados and nuts to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/12/275376259/the-full-fat-paradox-whole-milk-may-keep-us-lean\">dairy fat\u003c/a> — doesn't make us fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eating too many carbohydrates — particularly the heavily refined starches found in bagels, white pasta and crackers — does our collective waistlines no favors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a new study \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.7326/M14-0180\">published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em> adds to the body of evidence that cutting back on carbs, not fat, can lead to more weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Tulane University tracked two groups of dieters for one year. The participants ranged in age from their early 20s to their mid-70s, and included a mix of African-Americans and Caucasians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-carb group, which reduced their carb consumption to about 28 percent of their daily calories, lost almost three times as much weight as the low-fat dieters who got about 40 to 45 percent of their calories from carbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-fat group lost about 4 pounds, whereas the low-carb group's average weight loss was almost 12 pounds. Participants in the two groups were eating about the same amount of calories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study showed that modest reductions in carbohydrate consumption, down to about 28 to 30 percent of diet, could help tip the scales to weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\nThe make-up of the low-carb group's diet was:\n\u003cli>28 percent carbs\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>40 to 43 percent fat (twice as much poly and monounsaturated compared to saturated)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>about 28 percent protein\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\nThe make-up of the low-fat group's diet was:\n\u003cli>28 percent fat\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>40 to 45 percent carbs\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>28 to 32 percent protein\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tulane.edu/publichealth/epi/faculty_bazzano.cfm\">Lydia Bazzano\u003c/a>, one of the study authors and an associate professor of epidemiology at Tulane, says she had anticipated some difference in weight loss between the two groups. But the size of the effect — the nearly 8-pound difference in weight loss — was surprising, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what kinds of meals were the low-carb dieters eating?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically in the morning they were eating eggs,\" says Bazzano. Other breakfast items included small portions of high-protein, high-fiber bread, with either butter or other kinds of oily spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for lunch and dinner, the low-carb dieters ate lots of vegetables, salads and protein, including fish, chicken and some red meat. And they had generous portions of healthy fats such as olive oils, canola and other plant-based oils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fat accounted for a sizable part of their diet: from 40 percent to 43 percent of their total daily calories, including about 12 percent from saturated fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bazzano says with so many people still abiding by low-fat recommendations, a diet so high in fat might not sound like a good weight-loss strategy. \"It's not the general perception,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, in fact, there are a spate of studies that have have come to the same conclusion about the benefits of swapping a low-fat, high-carb strategy for a pattern of eating that emphasizes healthy fats and lower carbohydrate consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's not just waistlines that respond. The low-carb, heathy fats approach has been shown to cut the risk of heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303\">study\u003c/a> published in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> found that a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil cut the risk of heart attacks and strokes by 30 percent, compared to a low-fat diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And research \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735432\">published\u003c/a> last year in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em>, which compared a low-glycemic-index diet — which minimizes refined starches — with a more traditional low-fat diet, also documented advantages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw improvements in triglycerides, [good] cholesterol, and the possibility of lower chronic inflammation\" among the lower carb group, the \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> study author \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/researchers/david-ludwig\">David Ludwig,\u003c/a> of Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the fascinating part: Ludwig also found that when people stopped eating so many refined carbohydrates, they burned off about 150 more calories per day, compared to those eating a higher carb, lower fat diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Too much refined carbohydrates — white bread, white rice, potato products — all the foods that crept into our diets as we've followed the low-fat craze has undermined our metabolism,\" says Ludwig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the high-carb, low-fat pattern of eating \"caused us to become hungrier and burn off fewer calories,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's happening in the body when we follow this pattern of eating is still the subject of much research, but Ludwig says the thinking goes like this: Eating too many carbs sends a signal to the body to release a lot of insulin. That extra insulin, if it's not being utilized by the muscles for energy, gets locked up and stored in fat cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a double-whammy for weight-gain,\" Ludwig says. \"We've been told for decades, that if you don't want fat on your body, don't put fat into your body. It's a very appealing notion, But the problem is: it's wrong.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Real Vanilla Isn't Plain. It Depends On (Dare We Say It) Terroir",
"title": "Real Vanilla Isn't Plain. It Depends On (Dare We Say It) Terroir",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-beans.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-beans.jpg\" alt=\"The vanilla bean, along with cacao, originated in the Americas and is now cultivated in several countries around the world. Here, the seeds inside the pod are shown. Photo: hcabral/Flickr\" width=\"1120\" height=\"746\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86888\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vanilla bean, along with cacao, originated in the Americas and is now cultivated in several countries around the world. Here, the seeds inside the pod are shown. Photo: hcabral/Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by April Fulton and Eliza Barclay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/29/344262822/real-vanilla-isnt-plain-it-depends-on-dare-we-say-it-terroir\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/28/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banish the phrase \"plain vanilla\" from your lexicon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because vanilla is one of the most complex spices around, boasting at least 250 different flavor and aroma compounds, only one of which is vanillin, the stuff that can be made artificially in a lab (and is used in a lot of processed foods).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as we discovered in a round-the-world tasting tour of single-origin vanilla beans — the real stuff — the plant has evolved distinctions in flavor and, dare we say it, \u003ca href=\"http://www.musingsonthevine.com/tips_ter1.shtml\">terroir\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>at each stage of its turbulent, globetrotting history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've likely heard of Madagascar Bourbon vanilla. It's the classic, deep, rich \"real\" vanilla the world has come to know and love. It helps that Madagascar is the world's biggest producer of vanilla bean, harvesting 10,000 to 15,000 tons per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about Tahitian vanilla, with its strong notes of cherry, or spicy, nutmeg-y Mexican vanilla? They're pretty amazing, too, thanks to their own rich soils, curing techniques and vanilla-friendly climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86885\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1776px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-icecream-dafacdf309c1f4902e0e8b3d41165fbfcf8bd98b.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-icecream-dafacdf309c1f4902e0e8b3d41165fbfcf8bd98b.jpg\" alt=\"Three scoops of vanilla ice cream made with vanilla beans from Mexico, Tahiti and Madagascar. Photo: Meredith Rizzo/NPR\" width=\"1776\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three scoops of vanilla ice cream made with vanilla beans from Mexico, Tahiti and Madagascar. Photo: Meredith Rizzo/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To compare them, we drafted our colleague Marc Silver, who's always up for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/05/19/will-soda-lovers-drink-to-less-sugar/\">taste test\u003c/a>, into service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three of us selected beans sold by Nielsen-Massey, an Illinois company that's one of the largest suppliers of pure vanilla in the world, from Tahiti, Mexico and Madagascar, and made three vanilla ice creams with them. We used the same simple \u003ca href=\"http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/Vanilla-Bean-Ice-Cream-15285\">recipe\u003c/a> and the same ice cream makers to turn out almost identical-looking snowy mounds speckled with black. And then we set them up side by side for an unscientific tasting at NPR headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an experiment like this, you're not likely to get much in the way of criticism. Because who doesn't like vanilla ice cream?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several tasters preferred the exotic cherry and floral — even \"smoky marshmallow\" — notes in the Tahitian vanilla ice cream. A few sided with the tried-and-true Madagascar, and a couple went for the more subtle, woodsy Mexican variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsenmassey.com/consumer/bio-craig-nielsen.php\">Craig Nielsen\u003c/a>, CEO of Nielsen-Massey, consumers are learning to appreciate these differences, much like coffee. \"That's why we label our products by source so that people are aware of what area of the world the product is coming from, the different flavor profiles and how they can be used.\" (The Nielsen-Massey website offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsenmassey.com/consumer/recipes.php\">recipes\u003c/a> for inspiration: tropical fruit flan with Tahitian vanilla, and whipped cream with Mexican vanilla, for example.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nielsen says he tends to go for Madagascar, if forced to choose. \"To me, it's a great, all-purpose vanilla,\" he says. \"I use it in anything,\" including tomato sauce, salmon marinades and chili. \"It's a great enhancer of other flavors, and can bring out sweetness without sugar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vanilla is one of the most labor-intensive crops in the world, but humans find it so intoxicating, we have come to rely on it for everything from ice cream to meat to air fresheners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If cacao was the food of the gods, vanilla was definitely the nectar that accompanied it,\" writes Patricia Rain, a cultural anthropologist, in her book \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books/about/Vanilla.html?id=etIfAQAAIAAJ\">Vanilla: The Cultural History of the World's Favorite Flavor and Fragrance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86886\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1798px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-bean-2_slide-26c69252671ced8e84c457703d7af108b983c1a6.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-bean-2_slide-26c69252671ced8e84c457703d7af108b983c1a6.jpg\" alt=\"The vanilla bean, along with cacao, originated in the Americas and is now cultivated in several countries around the world. Here, the seeds inside the pod are shown. Photo: Brent Hofacker/iStockphoto\" width=\"1798\" height=\"1198\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86886\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vanilla bean, along with cacao, originated in the Americas and is now cultivated in several countries around the world. Here, the seeds inside the pod are shown. Photo: Brent Hofacker/iStockphoto\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \"pure, natural\" vanilla spice is really the seeds from dried pods of an orchid whose flowers bloom and die within a day. The vanilla vine originated in the wild jungles of ancient Mexico, growing upward and wrapping itself around stronger plants. It was revered by the Aztecs, but once European explorers had a taste, they realized it had great potential as a commercial spice, and eventually smuggled it to the Bourbon islands around Madagascar for domestication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it took a wild side trip through the Philippines, where it was crossbred with another subspecies in the early 1800s. From there, it landed in Tahiti, where it was further crossbred and became a different species altogether (\u003cem>Vanilla tahitensis Moore), \u003c/em>according to Rain. It's since moved into production in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and India, says Nielsen, who also buys from those countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orchids are fussy plants that typically do not self-pollinate. And there are only a couple of pollinators that do a good job, which means wild-pollinated vanilla in Mexico was a hit-or-miss proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After much human trial and error in cultivation, vanilla plants are now hand-pollinated, to ensure the kinds of quantities the world demands. In Mexico, the plants are watched over by boys with rocks who shoo pesky \u003cem>chachalaca\u003c/em> birds away who would otherwise eat their way through the precious flowers, Rain says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the labor-intensive process of cooking, sweating, drying and curing the bean pods. They must be transformed from looking like oversized green beans into the dark brown, wrinkly, oily and shrunken pods with a powerful fragrance. In Mexico, they cure in adobe ovens, while in Madagascar and Tahiti, they cure in the sun, for a few hours a day, for up to six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the progression from pollination to processed bean takes about a year and a half, Rain notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to read more about growing vanilla? Check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/08/29/343494757/a-peace-corps-stint-in-madagascar-gave-him-a-vision-of-vanilla\">a bean-to-bottle story\u003c/a> from Madagascar on our sister blog, Goats and Soda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There's no such thing as plain vanilla — at least if you're talking about beans from the vanilla orchid. Whether it's from Tahiti or Madagascar, vanilla can be creamy, spicy or even floral.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-beans.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-beans.jpg\" alt=\"The vanilla bean, along with cacao, originated in the Americas and is now cultivated in several countries around the world. Here, the seeds inside the pod are shown. Photo: hcabral/Flickr\" width=\"1120\" height=\"746\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86888\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vanilla bean, along with cacao, originated in the Americas and is now cultivated in several countries around the world. Here, the seeds inside the pod are shown. Photo: hcabral/Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by April Fulton and Eliza Barclay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/29/344262822/real-vanilla-isnt-plain-it-depends-on-dare-we-say-it-terroir\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/28/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banish the phrase \"plain vanilla\" from your lexicon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because vanilla is one of the most complex spices around, boasting at least 250 different flavor and aroma compounds, only one of which is vanillin, the stuff that can be made artificially in a lab (and is used in a lot of processed foods).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as we discovered in a round-the-world tasting tour of single-origin vanilla beans — the real stuff — the plant has evolved distinctions in flavor and, dare we say it, \u003ca href=\"http://www.musingsonthevine.com/tips_ter1.shtml\">terroir\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>at each stage of its turbulent, globetrotting history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've likely heard of Madagascar Bourbon vanilla. It's the classic, deep, rich \"real\" vanilla the world has come to know and love. It helps that Madagascar is the world's biggest producer of vanilla bean, harvesting 10,000 to 15,000 tons per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about Tahitian vanilla, with its strong notes of cherry, or spicy, nutmeg-y Mexican vanilla? They're pretty amazing, too, thanks to their own rich soils, curing techniques and vanilla-friendly climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86885\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1776px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-icecream-dafacdf309c1f4902e0e8b3d41165fbfcf8bd98b.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-icecream-dafacdf309c1f4902e0e8b3d41165fbfcf8bd98b.jpg\" alt=\"Three scoops of vanilla ice cream made with vanilla beans from Mexico, Tahiti and Madagascar. Photo: Meredith Rizzo/NPR\" width=\"1776\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three scoops of vanilla ice cream made with vanilla beans from Mexico, Tahiti and Madagascar. Photo: Meredith Rizzo/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To compare them, we drafted our colleague Marc Silver, who's always up for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/05/19/will-soda-lovers-drink-to-less-sugar/\">taste test\u003c/a>, into service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three of us selected beans sold by Nielsen-Massey, an Illinois company that's one of the largest suppliers of pure vanilla in the world, from Tahiti, Mexico and Madagascar, and made three vanilla ice creams with them. We used the same simple \u003ca href=\"http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/Vanilla-Bean-Ice-Cream-15285\">recipe\u003c/a> and the same ice cream makers to turn out almost identical-looking snowy mounds speckled with black. And then we set them up side by side for an unscientific tasting at NPR headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an experiment like this, you're not likely to get much in the way of criticism. Because who doesn't like vanilla ice cream?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several tasters preferred the exotic cherry and floral — even \"smoky marshmallow\" — notes in the Tahitian vanilla ice cream. A few sided with the tried-and-true Madagascar, and a couple went for the more subtle, woodsy Mexican variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsenmassey.com/consumer/bio-craig-nielsen.php\">Craig Nielsen\u003c/a>, CEO of Nielsen-Massey, consumers are learning to appreciate these differences, much like coffee. \"That's why we label our products by source so that people are aware of what area of the world the product is coming from, the different flavor profiles and how they can be used.\" (The Nielsen-Massey website offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsenmassey.com/consumer/recipes.php\">recipes\u003c/a> for inspiration: tropical fruit flan with Tahitian vanilla, and whipped cream with Mexican vanilla, for example.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nielsen says he tends to go for Madagascar, if forced to choose. \"To me, it's a great, all-purpose vanilla,\" he says. \"I use it in anything,\" including tomato sauce, salmon marinades and chili. \"It's a great enhancer of other flavors, and can bring out sweetness without sugar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vanilla is one of the most labor-intensive crops in the world, but humans find it so intoxicating, we have come to rely on it for everything from ice cream to meat to air fresheners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If cacao was the food of the gods, vanilla was definitely the nectar that accompanied it,\" writes Patricia Rain, a cultural anthropologist, in her book \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books/about/Vanilla.html?id=etIfAQAAIAAJ\">Vanilla: The Cultural History of the World's Favorite Flavor and Fragrance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86886\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1798px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-bean-2_slide-26c69252671ced8e84c457703d7af108b983c1a6.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/vanilla-bean-2_slide-26c69252671ced8e84c457703d7af108b983c1a6.jpg\" alt=\"The vanilla bean, along with cacao, originated in the Americas and is now cultivated in several countries around the world. Here, the seeds inside the pod are shown. Photo: Brent Hofacker/iStockphoto\" width=\"1798\" height=\"1198\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86886\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vanilla bean, along with cacao, originated in the Americas and is now cultivated in several countries around the world. Here, the seeds inside the pod are shown. Photo: Brent Hofacker/iStockphoto\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \"pure, natural\" vanilla spice is really the seeds from dried pods of an orchid whose flowers bloom and die within a day. The vanilla vine originated in the wild jungles of ancient Mexico, growing upward and wrapping itself around stronger plants. It was revered by the Aztecs, but once European explorers had a taste, they realized it had great potential as a commercial spice, and eventually smuggled it to the Bourbon islands around Madagascar for domestication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it took a wild side trip through the Philippines, where it was crossbred with another subspecies in the early 1800s. From there, it landed in Tahiti, where it was further crossbred and became a different species altogether (\u003cem>Vanilla tahitensis Moore), \u003c/em>according to Rain. It's since moved into production in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and India, says Nielsen, who also buys from those countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orchids are fussy plants that typically do not self-pollinate. And there are only a couple of pollinators that do a good job, which means wild-pollinated vanilla in Mexico was a hit-or-miss proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After much human trial and error in cultivation, vanilla plants are now hand-pollinated, to ensure the kinds of quantities the world demands. In Mexico, the plants are watched over by boys with rocks who shoo pesky \u003cem>chachalaca\u003c/em> birds away who would otherwise eat their way through the precious flowers, Rain says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the labor-intensive process of cooking, sweating, drying and curing the bean pods. They must be transformed from looking like oversized green beans into the dark brown, wrinkly, oily and shrunken pods with a powerful fragrance. In Mexico, they cure in adobe ovens, while in Madagascar and Tahiti, they cure in the sun, for a few hours a day, for up to six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the progression from pollination to processed bean takes about a year and a half, Rain notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to read more about growing vanilla? Check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/08/29/343494757/a-peace-corps-stint-in-madagascar-gave-him-a-vision-of-vanilla\">a bean-to-bottle story\u003c/a> from Madagascar on our sister blog, Goats and Soda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "When Zero Doesn't Mean Zero: Trans Fats Linger In Food",
"title": "When Zero Doesn't Mean Zero: Trans Fats Linger In Food",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1780px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/ap050114020568-c3956e8893e1e0cee211bd1a6602b4af5c517c5f.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/ap050114020568-c3956e8893e1e0cee211bd1a6602b4af5c517c5f.jpg\" alt='About 84 percent of food products that contain trans fats still carry a \"zero gram\" label, which may mislead consumers, researchers say. Photo: Tony Dejak/AP' width=\"1780\" height=\"1335\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86879\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 84 percent of food products that contain trans fats still carry a \"zero gram\" label, which may mislead consumers, researchers say. Photo: Tony Dejak/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Eliza Barclay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/28/343971652/trans-fats-linger-stubbornly-in-the-food-supply\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/28/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last we heard, the once ubiquitous trans fats had mostly disappeared from packaged cookies, muffins and french fries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what we reported back in November 2013, when the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/11/07/fda-moves-to-phase-out-remaining-trans-fats-in-food-supply/\">announced\u003c/a> it was intending to ban partially hydrogenated vegetable oils from all food products. The proposed ban seemed prudent, since eating foods with trans fats has been linked to heart disease, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/downloads/transfat_508_final.pdf\">estimates\u003c/a> that an FDA ban could prevent an additional 7,000 deaths from heart disease each year and as many as 20,000 heart attacks in that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the FDA has yet to issue a final rule requiring food companies to eliminate trans fats entirely. In the meantime, researchers decided to find out just how many products still contain them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out it's more than you might think. While many food companies have found affordable alternatives to partially hydrogenated oil, one in 10 packaged foods still contain it, according to researchers at the New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot people think it's out of the food supply, but it's still in a lot of places,\" Christine Johnson Curtis, an assistant commissioner at the department and an author of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2014/14_0161.htm\">study\u003c/a>, tells The Salt. It appeared Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Preventing Chronic Disease.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out how stubborn many food companies have been about not removing trans fats, Curtis and her colleagues analyzed a database of 4,340 top-selling packaged foods in the U.S., including baked goods, frozen foods and snacks. The scientists compared the list of actual ingredients to the nutrition label on each package.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the products found to still contain the problematic oil, 84 percent were labeled as having 0 grams of it. The FDA allows companies to put 0 grams on the label even if there's up to .5 grams of trans fat in the food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not seem like a lot, but Curtis says that even consuming low levels of trans fats could pose a health risk. \"We have established that there's just no benefit to consuming them — they're not healthy for anyone,\" she says. \"But [with a zero gram label], consumers can't know how much they're consuming, and if they're eating multiple products over the course of the day labeled zero trans fat, it could add up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the food products the researchers looked at, cookies and crackers were the most likely to still contain the oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has not indicated when it will issue a final rule, but Johnson Curtis says she's hopeful food companies will eventually be required to eliminate trans fats entirely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1780px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/ap050114020568-c3956e8893e1e0cee211bd1a6602b4af5c517c5f.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/ap050114020568-c3956e8893e1e0cee211bd1a6602b4af5c517c5f.jpg\" alt='About 84 percent of food products that contain trans fats still carry a \"zero gram\" label, which may mislead consumers, researchers say. Photo: Tony Dejak/AP' width=\"1780\" height=\"1335\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86879\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 84 percent of food products that contain trans fats still carry a \"zero gram\" label, which may mislead consumers, researchers say. Photo: Tony Dejak/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Eliza Barclay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/28/343971652/trans-fats-linger-stubbornly-in-the-food-supply\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/28/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last we heard, the once ubiquitous trans fats had mostly disappeared from packaged cookies, muffins and french fries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what we reported back in November 2013, when the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/11/07/fda-moves-to-phase-out-remaining-trans-fats-in-food-supply/\">announced\u003c/a> it was intending to ban partially hydrogenated vegetable oils from all food products. The proposed ban seemed prudent, since eating foods with trans fats has been linked to heart disease, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/downloads/transfat_508_final.pdf\">estimates\u003c/a> that an FDA ban could prevent an additional 7,000 deaths from heart disease each year and as many as 20,000 heart attacks in that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the FDA has yet to issue a final rule requiring food companies to eliminate trans fats entirely. In the meantime, researchers decided to find out just how many products still contain them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out it's more than you might think. While many food companies have found affordable alternatives to partially hydrogenated oil, one in 10 packaged foods still contain it, according to researchers at the New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot people think it's out of the food supply, but it's still in a lot of places,\" Christine Johnson Curtis, an assistant commissioner at the department and an author of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2014/14_0161.htm\">study\u003c/a>, tells The Salt. It appeared Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Preventing Chronic Disease.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out how stubborn many food companies have been about not removing trans fats, Curtis and her colleagues analyzed a database of 4,340 top-selling packaged foods in the U.S., including baked goods, frozen foods and snacks. The scientists compared the list of actual ingredients to the nutrition label on each package.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the products found to still contain the problematic oil, 84 percent were labeled as having 0 grams of it. The FDA allows companies to put 0 grams on the label even if there's up to .5 grams of trans fat in the food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not seem like a lot, but Curtis says that even consuming low levels of trans fats could pose a health risk. \"We have established that there's just no benefit to consuming them — they're not healthy for anyone,\" she says. \"But [with a zero gram label], consumers can't know how much they're consuming, and if they're eating multiple products over the course of the day labeled zero trans fat, it could add up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the food products the researchers looked at, cookies and crackers were the most likely to still contain the oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has not indicated when it will issue a final rule, but Johnson Curtis says she's hopeful food companies will eventually be required to eliminate trans fats entirely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Foster Farms Is Solving The Case Of The Mystery Salmonella",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86870\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2497px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/foster-farms-5_slide-94e622f722c5dbc04ed7ab9e946d5dc9b4588fef.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/foster-farms-5_slide-94e622f722c5dbc04ed7ab9e946d5dc9b4588fef.jpg\" alt=\"Bob O'Connor, a Foster Farms veterinarian, holds an 11-day-old chick at a ranch near the town of Merced, in California's Central Valley. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"2497\" height=\"1665\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86870\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob O'Connor, a Foster Farms veterinarian, holds an 11-day-old chick at a ranch near the town of Merced, in California's Central Valley. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on Morning Edition:\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/08/20140828_me_how_foster_farms_is_solving_the_case_of_the_mystery_salmonella.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/28/342166299/how-foster-farms-is-solving-the-case-of-the-mystery-salmonella\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/28/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fosterfarms.com/\">Foster Farms\u003c/a>, California's biggest chicken producer, has been accused of poisoning people with salmonella bacteria. After an outbreak last fall, the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"http://www.marlerblog.com/files/2013/10/Foster-Poultry-Farms-Est.-6137P.pdf\">threatened\u003c/a> to shut down three of the company's plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, though, the company has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fosterfarms.com/about/press/press_release.asp?press_release_id=184\">reduced\u003c/a> its rates of salmonella contamination dramatically. Some food safety experts are now saying the whole poultry industry should follow this company's example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is also taking the lead in figuring out a food safety mystery: How in the world do tests detect salmonella frequently on cut-up chicken parts but not on whole chicken carcasses?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms recently gave me a small peek inside its anti-salmonella campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob O'Connor, a veterinarian who has worked at the company for the past 17 years, drove me to a ranch near the town of Merced, in California's Central Valley. It's an enormous operation, with dozens of long, narrow chicken houses lined up on dry, bare dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms owns and operates this complex, as it does most of its chicken-raising farms. Other major poultry companies rely on contract farmers, an arrangement that has drawn much \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/20/279040721/the-system-that-supplies-our-chickens-pits-farmer-against-farmer\">criticism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside one of the houses, thousands of little chicks are walking around on the floor. They're 11 days old, cute and apparently healthy. But O'Connor says there's a lot that you can't see. \"I cannot look at this flock of birds and say to you that these birds have salmonella in their gastrointestinal tract,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet in most cases, it's safe to assume that some do. Scientists have tested some flocks of chickens in the U.S. and Europe and found salmonella in anywhere from 7 to 70 percent of all live birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's disturbing, because people eventually will eat them. Fully cooking chicken does kill the bacteria. But if salmonella on raw chicken gets on your cutting board and then contaminates, say, some carrots, it can make you really sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years now, the poultry industry has been struggling to limit the presence of salmonella. These chicken houses, for example, are designed to keep out wildlife, like mice or wild birds, that carry the bacteria. When chickens are slaughtered, the carcasses are washed with antimicrobial solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to USDA regulations, no more than 7.5 percent of the chicken carcasses coming from a chicken plant can test positive for salmonella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms — which turns out millions of pounds of chicken meat every week — usually does much better than that. \"We had 0 percent on most of our carcass sampling\" for the past three or four years, says O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's executives thought they were doing really well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, last summer, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg-10-13/\">evidence\u003c/a> that chicken from Foster Farms had caused a wave of salmonella infections. More than 600 people had gotten sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspectors from the USDA arrived at Foster Farms plants, and this time, they went much farther than the standard safety test. Instead of just testing whole chicken carcasses, they took samples of what most consumers actually buy: the cut-up parts, such as breasts, thighs and wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found is now shaking up the whole poultry industry. Their tests showed salmonella on about 25 percent of those cut-up chicken parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://achesongroup.com/about-us/david-acheson/\">David Acheson\u003c/a>, a former associate commissioner for foods at the Food and Drug Administration, says this pattern has been discovered at other poultry companies, too. Whole carcasses are largely free of salmonella, but then the bacteria appear on nearly a quarter of the chicken parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a mystery that the poultry industry is now trying to resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happened?\" says Acheson. \"Did this bug come in from the environment? Did something contaminate it during the process — the equipment, the workers, something weird like that? Or were we missing it the first time?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably we were missing it, Acheson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's one theory for how: When those whole carcasses are tested, they've just been chilled to 40 degrees. But in the next stage of processing, when they're cut up into parts, they warm up about 10 degrees. That warmth may release salmonella that was trapped in skin pores of the chilled carcass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any salmonella bacteria are present, the process of cutting up the carcass may spread the microbes around, contaminating lots of chicken parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter how the salmonella got there, though, Foster Farms had to figure out a way to get rid of them, because the USDA was threatening to close three of the company's plants. \"We had 72 hours to respond to that, to come up with a plan to control salmonella prevalence on parts,\" says O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms brought in outside safety advisers, including Acheson, the former FDA official, who now works as a consultant to food companies. Together, they embarked on a search for the cause of their problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They tested slaughtered chickens, and picked up a clue. Birds that grew up on some farms were much more likely to carry salmonella than birds from other farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1594px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/foster-farms-3-bf7bccf538b886672c5955969dd9fd5fed056cdd.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/foster-farms-3-bf7bccf538b886672c5955969dd9fd5fed056cdd.jpg\" alt=\"This Foster Farms ranch near Merced, Calif., had higher prevalence for salmonella, so the company started testing everywhere to find it. It turned out the contamination was concentrated inside the houses. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1594\" height=\"1195\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86871\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Foster Farms ranch near Merced, Calif., had higher prevalence for salmonella, so the company started testing everywhere to find it. It turned out the contamination was concentrated inside the houses. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is why Bob O'Connor has brought me to this farm near Merced. \"This particular farm seemed to have more prevalence for salmonella,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the company started testing everywhere for salmonella. Some experts thought the bacteria might be invading the chicken houses from outside, carried by mice or wild birds or beetles. So the company tested for salmonella on the dirt near the houses, and in the green, irrigated fields nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those are vineyards, right there,\" O'Connor says, gesturing toward one field. \"Those are almond orchards over there. That's where we went. We literally drag-swabbed through that orchard, through that vineyard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they discovered that the farther they moved from the chicken house, the less salmonella they found. The contamination, in fact, was concentrated in the houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems that once salmonella bacteria got established inside those houses, they stayed there, and infected each new flock of chickens that came to live there. \"So the interventions that we did for broilers were to really focus on cleaning up the houses themselves,\" O'Connor says. \"The whole entire house was soaped down. Then you disinfect it. And then you let it sit. We let these farms sit for about six weeks without any birds in them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms did a lot of other things, too. It made sure that the breeding hens in their hatcheries were salmonella-free, because if those hens have salmonella, their children will, too. The company put more money into vaccination, and spent more time washing equipment in processing plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took months, but it made a big difference. The share of chicken parts that tested positive for salmonella fell from 20 percent to less than 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acheson says that's really good. It's setting a new safety standard for the whole industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others, like Seattle attorney \u003ca href=\"http://www.billmarler.com/biography\">Bill Marler\u003c/a>, who makes his living suing companies when their food makes people sick, say it's not good enough. \"The standard is, it's still OK to have a pathogen on your product that can sicken and kill your customers. And as long as that's the way it is, we're always going to limp from outbreak to outbreak to outbreak,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marler says the USDA should take the same stand against salmonella that it did against another dangerous microbe: disease-causing E. coli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the USDA declared these E. coli bacteria illegal adulterants in food, the meat industry complained, but it also found new ways to prevent them from poisoning people. \"It used to be 90 percent of my law firm's revenue, and now it's nearly zero. It's a success story,\" says Marler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating salmonella altogether would be difficult — it's much more common in the environment than disease-causing E. coli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for now, the USDA is asking companies to reduce salmonella contamination, but it's not requiring chicken meat to be completely salmonella-free. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86870\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2497px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/foster-farms-5_slide-94e622f722c5dbc04ed7ab9e946d5dc9b4588fef.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/foster-farms-5_slide-94e622f722c5dbc04ed7ab9e946d5dc9b4588fef.jpg\" alt=\"Bob O'Connor, a Foster Farms veterinarian, holds an 11-day-old chick at a ranch near the town of Merced, in California's Central Valley. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"2497\" height=\"1665\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86870\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob O'Connor, a Foster Farms veterinarian, holds an 11-day-old chick at a ranch near the town of Merced, in California's Central Valley. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on Morning Edition:\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/08/20140828_me_how_foster_farms_is_solving_the_case_of_the_mystery_salmonella.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/28/342166299/how-foster-farms-is-solving-the-case-of-the-mystery-salmonella\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/28/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fosterfarms.com/\">Foster Farms\u003c/a>, California's biggest chicken producer, has been accused of poisoning people with salmonella bacteria. After an outbreak last fall, the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"http://www.marlerblog.com/files/2013/10/Foster-Poultry-Farms-Est.-6137P.pdf\">threatened\u003c/a> to shut down three of the company's plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, though, the company has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fosterfarms.com/about/press/press_release.asp?press_release_id=184\">reduced\u003c/a> its rates of salmonella contamination dramatically. Some food safety experts are now saying the whole poultry industry should follow this company's example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is also taking the lead in figuring out a food safety mystery: How in the world do tests detect salmonella frequently on cut-up chicken parts but not on whole chicken carcasses?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms recently gave me a small peek inside its anti-salmonella campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob O'Connor, a veterinarian who has worked at the company for the past 17 years, drove me to a ranch near the town of Merced, in California's Central Valley. It's an enormous operation, with dozens of long, narrow chicken houses lined up on dry, bare dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms owns and operates this complex, as it does most of its chicken-raising farms. Other major poultry companies rely on contract farmers, an arrangement that has drawn much \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/20/279040721/the-system-that-supplies-our-chickens-pits-farmer-against-farmer\">criticism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside one of the houses, thousands of little chicks are walking around on the floor. They're 11 days old, cute and apparently healthy. But O'Connor says there's a lot that you can't see. \"I cannot look at this flock of birds and say to you that these birds have salmonella in their gastrointestinal tract,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet in most cases, it's safe to assume that some do. Scientists have tested some flocks of chickens in the U.S. and Europe and found salmonella in anywhere from 7 to 70 percent of all live birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's disturbing, because people eventually will eat them. Fully cooking chicken does kill the bacteria. But if salmonella on raw chicken gets on your cutting board and then contaminates, say, some carrots, it can make you really sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years now, the poultry industry has been struggling to limit the presence of salmonella. These chicken houses, for example, are designed to keep out wildlife, like mice or wild birds, that carry the bacteria. When chickens are slaughtered, the carcasses are washed with antimicrobial solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to USDA regulations, no more than 7.5 percent of the chicken carcasses coming from a chicken plant can test positive for salmonella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms — which turns out millions of pounds of chicken meat every week — usually does much better than that. \"We had 0 percent on most of our carcass sampling\" for the past three or four years, says O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's executives thought they were doing really well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, last summer, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg-10-13/\">evidence\u003c/a> that chicken from Foster Farms had caused a wave of salmonella infections. More than 600 people had gotten sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspectors from the USDA arrived at Foster Farms plants, and this time, they went much farther than the standard safety test. Instead of just testing whole chicken carcasses, they took samples of what most consumers actually buy: the cut-up parts, such as breasts, thighs and wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found is now shaking up the whole poultry industry. Their tests showed salmonella on about 25 percent of those cut-up chicken parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://achesongroup.com/about-us/david-acheson/\">David Acheson\u003c/a>, a former associate commissioner for foods at the Food and Drug Administration, says this pattern has been discovered at other poultry companies, too. Whole carcasses are largely free of salmonella, but then the bacteria appear on nearly a quarter of the chicken parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a mystery that the poultry industry is now trying to resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happened?\" says Acheson. \"Did this bug come in from the environment? Did something contaminate it during the process — the equipment, the workers, something weird like that? Or were we missing it the first time?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably we were missing it, Acheson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's one theory for how: When those whole carcasses are tested, they've just been chilled to 40 degrees. But in the next stage of processing, when they're cut up into parts, they warm up about 10 degrees. That warmth may release salmonella that was trapped in skin pores of the chilled carcass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any salmonella bacteria are present, the process of cutting up the carcass may spread the microbes around, contaminating lots of chicken parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter how the salmonella got there, though, Foster Farms had to figure out a way to get rid of them, because the USDA was threatening to close three of the company's plants. \"We had 72 hours to respond to that, to come up with a plan to control salmonella prevalence on parts,\" says O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms brought in outside safety advisers, including Acheson, the former FDA official, who now works as a consultant to food companies. Together, they embarked on a search for the cause of their problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They tested slaughtered chickens, and picked up a clue. Birds that grew up on some farms were much more likely to carry salmonella than birds from other farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1594px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/foster-farms-3-bf7bccf538b886672c5955969dd9fd5fed056cdd.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/foster-farms-3-bf7bccf538b886672c5955969dd9fd5fed056cdd.jpg\" alt=\"This Foster Farms ranch near Merced, Calif., had higher prevalence for salmonella, so the company started testing everywhere to find it. It turned out the contamination was concentrated inside the houses. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1594\" height=\"1195\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86871\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Foster Farms ranch near Merced, Calif., had higher prevalence for salmonella, so the company started testing everywhere to find it. It turned out the contamination was concentrated inside the houses. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is why Bob O'Connor has brought me to this farm near Merced. \"This particular farm seemed to have more prevalence for salmonella,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the company started testing everywhere for salmonella. Some experts thought the bacteria might be invading the chicken houses from outside, carried by mice or wild birds or beetles. So the company tested for salmonella on the dirt near the houses, and in the green, irrigated fields nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those are vineyards, right there,\" O'Connor says, gesturing toward one field. \"Those are almond orchards over there. That's where we went. We literally drag-swabbed through that orchard, through that vineyard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they discovered that the farther they moved from the chicken house, the less salmonella they found. The contamination, in fact, was concentrated in the houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems that once salmonella bacteria got established inside those houses, they stayed there, and infected each new flock of chickens that came to live there. \"So the interventions that we did for broilers were to really focus on cleaning up the houses themselves,\" O'Connor says. \"The whole entire house was soaped down. Then you disinfect it. And then you let it sit. We let these farms sit for about six weeks without any birds in them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster Farms did a lot of other things, too. It made sure that the breeding hens in their hatcheries were salmonella-free, because if those hens have salmonella, their children will, too. The company put more money into vaccination, and spent more time washing equipment in processing plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took months, but it made a big difference. The share of chicken parts that tested positive for salmonella fell from 20 percent to less than 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acheson says that's really good. It's setting a new safety standard for the whole industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others, like Seattle attorney \u003ca href=\"http://www.billmarler.com/biography\">Bill Marler\u003c/a>, who makes his living suing companies when their food makes people sick, say it's not good enough. \"The standard is, it's still OK to have a pathogen on your product that can sicken and kill your customers. And as long as that's the way it is, we're always going to limp from outbreak to outbreak to outbreak,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marler says the USDA should take the same stand against salmonella that it did against another dangerous microbe: disease-causing E. coli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the USDA declared these E. coli bacteria illegal adulterants in food, the meat industry complained, but it also found new ways to prevent them from poisoning people. \"It used to be 90 percent of my law firm's revenue, and now it's nearly zero. It's a success story,\" says Marler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating salmonella altogether would be difficult — it's much more common in the environment than disease-causing E. coli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for now, the USDA is asking companies to reduce salmonella contamination, but it's not requiring chicken meat to be completely salmonella-free. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science Crowns Mozzarella The King Of Pizza Cheese",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/pizza.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/pizza.jpg\" alt=\"The unique browning patterns on mozzarella come from the way it bubbles, a scientist says. Photo: sierravalleygirl/Flickr\" width=\"1120\" height=\"840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86771\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The unique browning patterns on mozzarella come from the way it bubbles, a scientist says. Photo: \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sierravalleygirl/4146664242/in/photostream/\" target=\"_blank\">sierravalleygirl/Flickr\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Maanvi Singh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/27/342448774/science-crowns-mozzarella-the-king-of-pizza-cheese\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/27/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any way you slice it, Americans are obsessed with pizza. One in eight of us are noshing it on any given day, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/DBrief/11_consumption_of_pizza_0710.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the U.S. Department of Agriculture. And the average American consumes pizza about 39 times a year, according to the NPD Group, a market research firm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signature of a great American-style pizza is not the toppings \u003cem>du jour\u003c/em> but the cheese: hot, gooey mozzarella, with big, dark splotches of caramelization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pizzerias didn't happen upon that winning recipe by coincidence. Food scientists have been studying and finessing the low-moisture part-skim mozzarella we now put on most of our pizzas for decades. Pizza companies fighting for consumers' loyalty are especially \u003ca href=\"http://news.cals.wisc.edu/2013/11/21/the-power-of-pizza-cals-researchers-are-helping-state-cheesemakers-develop-new-varieties/\">invested in\u003c/a> such work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a few researchers are interested in studying the chemical and physical properties of pizza simply for the sake of science. \u003ca href=\"https://unidirectory.auckland.ac.nz/profile/b-james\">Bryony James\u003c/a>, a professor of materials engineering at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=foodsciefacpub\">known\u003c/a> for a while that mozzarella melts and blisters better than most other cheeses. But James and some colleagues wanted to investigate further: Why do different cheeses look and taste different when they're baked? Their paper, titled \"Quantification of Pizza Baking Properties of Different Cheeses, and Their Correlation with Cheese Functionality,\" \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1750-3841.12540/abstract\">appears\u003c/a> in the August issue of the \u003cem>Journal of Food Science\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started by cooking up a bunch of pies using various cheeses, including mozzarella, cheddar, Edam and Gruyere, as James explains in a \u003ca href=\"http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1379595131001?bckey=AQ~~,AAABQKHY2bE~,ITTF-QY62MEggpqvaQZc97fFtMTHzGs3&bctid=3725548517001\">video\u003c/a>. Then, they analyzed the pizzas using cameras and special software designed to precisely measure the amount of browning, blistering and oil content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To further tease out the physical properties of the cheeses, the researchers measured water content and elasticity. They also developed detailed diagrams of what happens to each cheese as it bakes.\u003cstrong> \u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unique browning patterns on mozzarella come from the way it bubbles, James says. Since it's made by repeatedly stretching and molding fresh curds, \"mozzarella has a lot of elasticity,\" she explains. \"If you look at it under a microscope, you see it has these channels of fat surrounded by protein.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the oven, the water in the cheese evaporates to create of steam, which causes it to bubble. Since mozzarella is so stretchy, the bubbles can expand and become fairly big. As the bubbles grow, the oil sitting on top slides off and the exposed mozzarella starts to brown. \"Finally, the bubbles pop and recede back down,\" James says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheddar isn't very elastic, so it barely bubbles, the study found. Yet a cheddar pizza will bake to an even, golden brown.In contrast, Gruyere bubbles really well but barely browns. It's a lot more oily than mozzarella, and the fat keeps the moisture in the cheese from evaporating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a home consumer, you might want play around with these things,\" James says. Want a pizza with the traditional blistering, but sharper flavor? Try mixing mozzarella with another cheese.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, James says, the sort of research she's doing could be used to manipulate the properties of foods, like a low-fat cheese that tastes and looks just as good as the fattier stuff. Or maybe food scientists will figure out how to make a pizza crust that stays crisp, even after a day in the fridge. \"When we understand food right down to its micro-structural level,\" she says, \"it gives us the levers we need to change the way it behaves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll raise a slice to that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_86771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/pizza.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/08/pizza.jpg\" alt=\"The unique browning patterns on mozzarella come from the way it bubbles, a scientist says. Photo: sierravalleygirl/Flickr\" width=\"1120\" height=\"840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86771\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The unique browning patterns on mozzarella come from the way it bubbles, a scientist says. Photo: \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sierravalleygirl/4146664242/in/photostream/\" target=\"_blank\">sierravalleygirl/Flickr\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Maanvi Singh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/27/342448774/science-crowns-mozzarella-the-king-of-pizza-cheese\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/27/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any way you slice it, Americans are obsessed with pizza. One in eight of us are noshing it on any given day, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/DBrief/11_consumption_of_pizza_0710.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the U.S. Department of Agriculture. And the average American consumes pizza about 39 times a year, according to the NPD Group, a market research firm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signature of a great American-style pizza is not the toppings \u003cem>du jour\u003c/em> but the cheese: hot, gooey mozzarella, with big, dark splotches of caramelization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pizzerias didn't happen upon that winning recipe by coincidence. Food scientists have been studying and finessing the low-moisture part-skim mozzarella we now put on most of our pizzas for decades. Pizza companies fighting for consumers' loyalty are especially \u003ca href=\"http://news.cals.wisc.edu/2013/11/21/the-power-of-pizza-cals-researchers-are-helping-state-cheesemakers-develop-new-varieties/\">invested in\u003c/a> such work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a few researchers are interested in studying the chemical and physical properties of pizza simply for the sake of science. \u003ca href=\"https://unidirectory.auckland.ac.nz/profile/b-james\">Bryony James\u003c/a>, a professor of materials engineering at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=foodsciefacpub\">known\u003c/a> for a while that mozzarella melts and blisters better than most other cheeses. But James and some colleagues wanted to investigate further: Why do different cheeses look and taste different when they're baked? Their paper, titled \"Quantification of Pizza Baking Properties of Different Cheeses, and Their Correlation with Cheese Functionality,\" \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1750-3841.12540/abstract\">appears\u003c/a> in the August issue of the \u003cem>Journal of Food Science\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started by cooking up a bunch of pies using various cheeses, including mozzarella, cheddar, Edam and Gruyere, as James explains in a \u003ca href=\"http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1379595131001?bckey=AQ~~,AAABQKHY2bE~,ITTF-QY62MEggpqvaQZc97fFtMTHzGs3&bctid=3725548517001\">video\u003c/a>. Then, they analyzed the pizzas using cameras and special software designed to precisely measure the amount of browning, blistering and oil content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To further tease out the physical properties of the cheeses, the researchers measured water content and elasticity. They also developed detailed diagrams of what happens to each cheese as it bakes.\u003cstrong> \u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unique browning patterns on mozzarella come from the way it bubbles, James says. Since it's made by repeatedly stretching and molding fresh curds, \"mozzarella has a lot of elasticity,\" she explains. \"If you look at it under a microscope, you see it has these channels of fat surrounded by protein.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the oven, the water in the cheese evaporates to create of steam, which causes it to bubble. Since mozzarella is so stretchy, the bubbles can expand and become fairly big. As the bubbles grow, the oil sitting on top slides off and the exposed mozzarella starts to brown. \"Finally, the bubbles pop and recede back down,\" James says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheddar isn't very elastic, so it barely bubbles, the study found. Yet a cheddar pizza will bake to an even, golden brown.In contrast, Gruyere bubbles really well but barely browns. It's a lot more oily than mozzarella, and the fat keeps the moisture in the cheese from evaporating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a home consumer, you might want play around with these things,\" James says. Want a pizza with the traditional blistering, but sharper flavor? Try mixing mozzarella with another cheese.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, James says, the sort of research she's doing could be used to manipulate the properties of foods, like a low-fat cheese that tastes and looks just as good as the fattier stuff. Or maybe food scientists will figure out how to make a pizza crust that stays crisp, even after a day in the fridge. \"When we understand food right down to its micro-structural level,\" she says, \"it gives us the levers we need to change the way it behaves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll raise a slice to that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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