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"disqusTitle": "Beyond Almonds: A Rogue's Gallery of Guzzlers In California's Drought",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Weekend Edition Sunday:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2015/04/20150412_wesun_beyond_almonds_a_rogues_gallery_of_guzzlers_in_californias_drought.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is parched. Wells are running dry. Vegetable fields have been left fallow and lawns are dying. There must be some villain behind all this, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course there is. In fact, have your pick. As a public service, The Salt is bringing you several of the leading candidates. They have been nominated by widely respected national publications and interest groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's just one problem: Not all of these shady characters live up to their nefarious job description. Let us explain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Almonds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/05/_10_percent_of_california_s_water_goes_to_almond_farming.html\">Slate\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/12/photos-matt-black-california-drought-almonds\">Mother Jones\u003c/a> have reported that almonds are sucking California dry. Each innocent-looking nut, we learn, robs the land of an entire gallon of water. All told, California's almonds consume three times more water than the entire city of Los Angeles. And their thirst is \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/01/california-drought-almonds-water-use\">growing\u003c/a>, year by year. California's farmers continue to convert new swaths of land to almond orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case closed? Maybe not, Grist \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/food/making-almonds-the-droughts-scapegoat-thats-nuts/?utm_source=syndication&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=feed_food\">retorts\u003c/a>. Almonds get a lot of attention because production of them has been booming. And it's true that they do consume more water, per acre, than many other crops (though not all). Vineyards use much less water than almonds, and most vegetables also require less irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's only if you calculate water use in gallons per acre or gallons per pound of product. There's a different, and probably better, way to calculate water efficiency. How about water consumption \u003cem>per unit of value created?\u003c/em> Gallons used per dollar of production, say. By that measure, almonds look just great, because they are so valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there's a very good argument that almonds are exactly what California's farmers \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be growing with their precious water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one problem with almonds, though. They're trees. They last for years, and they need water every single year, whether it's wet or dry. Farmers who've devoted their land to production of almonds (or walnuts and pistachios) can't easily adapt to water shortages. Letting the trees die would be a catastrophe, so they sometimes pay exorbitant prices or dig ever-deeper wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts like \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/lund/\">Jay Lund\u003c/a>, from the University of California, Davis, say that in the future, California should take care to maintain a healthy mix of trees and annual crops like vegetables. In drought years, farmers could then decide not to plant their tomato fields, freeing up water for their trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Cows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look at this \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/workgroups/lcfssustain/hanson.pdf\">presentation\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/directory_facultypages.htm?id=40\">Blaine Hanson\u003c/a>, an irrigation expert also of UC-Davis, one thing jumps out. The agricultural product that truly dominates water use in California isn't almonds. It's alfalfa, plus \"other forages,\" such as irrigated pasture and corn that's chopped into a cattle feed called silage. These forage crops consume more water per acre than almonds, and they also cover nearly twice as much land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where do those products go? Primarily, they feed California's enormous (though shrinking) herd of milk-producing cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike almonds, forage crops don't bring particularly high prices. And they grow just fine in other places, too, such as the Midwest. So why should California sink its scarce water into such crops? It mainly results from the long tradition of dairy farming in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But abandoning milk production would entail considerable economic \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/food/the-drought-is-destroying-californias-organic-dairy-farms/\">dislocation\u003c/a>. Also, these crops have remained viable because many farmers are guaranteed ample supplies of cheap water. Those in the Imperial Valley, a major alfalfa producer, get water from the Colorado River. Which leads us to ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Laws and the politicians who make them.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where to start? With the founding of the republic, maybe. When Europeans and other outsiders settled this continent, they operated under the basic rule of first-come, first-served. People who settled land got to claim it. And in much of the West, if they built a dam to irrigate their fields, they acquired a permanent legal right to that water. There were very few questions asked about how that water should be used, or what it should cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic idea remains in force, although the system for delivering water has been transformed by large, government-financed networks of aqueducts and canals. And hidden inside this legal framework are several characters that arouse strong suspicions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Cheap water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, farmers don't have to outbid anyone for their water. They get it, or they don't, depending on the priority of their legal claim to it. Typically, they get that water for the cost of delivering it. This means that they don't have a pressing need to conserve that water, for instance, by switching into crops that make better, more economic, use of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A limited market for water is now developing, which sets higher prices on water. It's driving farmers to treat their irrigation water more like the precious commodity that it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Free water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the water that farmers pump from wells on their land. It's not exactly free, because it costs money to drill the well and pump the water, but farmers are legally free to use as much as they wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers have been racing to \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/06/22/modernizing-californias-groundwater-management/\">empty their aquifers\u003c/a>, draining the water in them at an astounding rate. California has now \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/11/04/groundwater-security-for-the-long-term/\">adopted\u003c/a> a plan which is supposed to eventually stop this, but it won't fully take effect for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the villains of choice in parts of California's agricultural community. California's environmental authorities have stepped into the water allocation game, asserting that the state's endangered wildlife have rights to water that trump the claims even of the earliest settlers. As a result, in drought years, farms are getting less water — much less, in many cases, than state authorities originally promised to deliver. This is why some farmers \u003ca href=\"http://naturalresources.house.gov/issues/issue/?IssueID=5921\">complain\u003c/a>, passionately, about a \"man-made drought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Exports\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150409-water-agriculture-cattle-dairy-conservation-ngfood/\">reports\u003c/a>, California's farmers are \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26124989\">exporting\u003c/a> vast amounts of water to places like China, adding to the state's water shortage. These are not literal water exports, but \"virtual water\" in products like alfalfa or almonds that took a lot of water to produce. Upon closer examination, though, this villain doesn't look quite so guilty. As Lund from UC Davis \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/02/27/virtual-water-vs-real-water-in-california/\">points out\u003c/a>, alfalfa and almonds are the exceptions to the rule. If one counts all agricultural commodities, California imports far more virtual water than it exports. Its imports of corn, meat, lumber and cotton all required huge amounts of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, time to pick one. Who's your drought-provoking villain of choice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/05/_10_percent_of_california_s_water_goes_to_almond_farming.html\">Slate\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/12/photos-matt-black-california-drought-almonds\">Mother Jones\u003c/a> have reported that almonds are sucking California dry. Each innocent-looking nut, we learn, robs the land of an entire gallon of water. All told, California's almonds consume three times more water than the entire city of Los Angeles. And their thirst is \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/01/california-drought-almonds-water-use\">growing\u003c/a>, year by year. California's farmers continue to convert new swaths of land to almond orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case closed? Maybe not, Grist \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/food/making-almonds-the-droughts-scapegoat-thats-nuts/?utm_source=syndication&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=feed_food\">retorts\u003c/a>. Almonds get a lot of attention because production of them has been booming. And it's true that they do consume more water, per acre, than many other crops (though not all). Vineyards use much less water than almonds, and most vegetables also require less irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's only if you calculate water use in gallons per acre or gallons per pound of product. There's a different, and probably better, way to calculate water efficiency. How about water consumption \u003cem>per unit of value created?\u003c/em> Gallons used per dollar of production, say. By that measure, almonds look just great, because they are so valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there's a very good argument that almonds are exactly what California's farmers \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be growing with their precious water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one problem with almonds, though. They're trees. They last for years, and they need water every single year, whether it's wet or dry. Farmers who've devoted their land to production of almonds (or walnuts and pistachios) can't easily adapt to water shortages. Letting the trees die would be a catastrophe, so they sometimes pay exorbitant prices or dig ever-deeper wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts like \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/lund/\">Jay Lund\u003c/a>, from the University of California, Davis, say that in the future, California should take care to maintain a healthy mix of trees and annual crops like vegetables. In drought years, farmers could then decide not to plant their tomato fields, freeing up water for their trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Cows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look at this \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/workgroups/lcfssustain/hanson.pdf\">presentation\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/directory_facultypages.htm?id=40\">Blaine Hanson\u003c/a>, an irrigation expert also of UC-Davis, one thing jumps out. The agricultural product that truly dominates water use in California isn't almonds. It's alfalfa, plus \"other forages,\" such as irrigated pasture and corn that's chopped into a cattle feed called silage. These forage crops consume more water per acre than almonds, and they also cover nearly twice as much land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where do those products go? Primarily, they feed California's enormous (though shrinking) herd of milk-producing cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike almonds, forage crops don't bring particularly high prices. And they grow just fine in other places, too, such as the Midwest. So why should California sink its scarce water into such crops? It mainly results from the long tradition of dairy farming in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But abandoning milk production would entail considerable economic \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/food/the-drought-is-destroying-californias-organic-dairy-farms/\">dislocation\u003c/a>. Also, these crops have remained viable because many farmers are guaranteed ample supplies of cheap water. Those in the Imperial Valley, a major alfalfa producer, get water from the Colorado River. Which leads us to ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Laws and the politicians who make them.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where to start? With the founding of the republic, maybe. When Europeans and other outsiders settled this continent, they operated under the basic rule of first-come, first-served. People who settled land got to claim it. And in much of the West, if they built a dam to irrigate their fields, they acquired a permanent legal right to that water. There were very few questions asked about how that water should be used, or what it should cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic idea remains in force, although the system for delivering water has been transformed by large, government-financed networks of aqueducts and canals. And hidden inside this legal framework are several characters that arouse strong suspicions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Cheap water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, farmers don't have to outbid anyone for their water. They get it, or they don't, depending on the priority of their legal claim to it. Typically, they get that water for the cost of delivering it. This means that they don't have a pressing need to conserve that water, for instance, by switching into crops that make better, more economic, use of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A limited market for water is now developing, which sets higher prices on water. It's driving farmers to treat their irrigation water more like the precious commodity that it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Free water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the water that farmers pump from wells on their land. It's not exactly free, because it costs money to drill the well and pump the water, but farmers are legally free to use as much as they wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers have been racing to \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/06/22/modernizing-californias-groundwater-management/\">empty their aquifers\u003c/a>, draining the water in them at an astounding rate. California has now \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/11/04/groundwater-security-for-the-long-term/\">adopted\u003c/a> a plan which is supposed to eventually stop this, but it won't fully take effect for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the villains of choice in parts of California's agricultural community. California's environmental authorities have stepped into the water allocation game, asserting that the state's endangered wildlife have rights to water that trump the claims even of the earliest settlers. As a result, in drought years, farms are getting less water — much less, in many cases, than state authorities originally promised to deliver. This is why some farmers \u003ca href=\"http://naturalresources.house.gov/issues/issue/?IssueID=5921\">complain\u003c/a>, passionately, about a \"man-made drought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Exports\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150409-water-agriculture-cattle-dairy-conservation-ngfood/\">reports\u003c/a>, California's farmers are \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26124989\">exporting\u003c/a> vast amounts of water to places like China, adding to the state's water shortage. These are not literal water exports, but \"virtual water\" in products like alfalfa or almonds that took a lot of water to produce. Upon closer examination, though, this villain doesn't look quite so guilty. As Lund from UC Davis \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/02/27/virtual-water-vs-real-water-in-california/\">points out\u003c/a>, alfalfa and almonds are the exceptions to the rule. If one counts all agricultural commodities, California imports far more virtual water than it exports. Its imports of corn, meat, lumber and cotton all required huge amounts of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, time to pick one. Who's your drought-provoking villain of choice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on All Things Considered:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2015/04/20150407_atc_farmers_drought.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/04/01/396871398/california-governor-announces-first-ever-mandatory-water-restrictions\">announced the largest mandatory water restrictions in California history\u003c/a> April 1 while standing in a snowless field in the Sierra Nevada, he gave hardly a mention to farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When reporters asked about farmers later, Brown replied that they already are making sacrifices. After all, this is the second straight year that most will get no federal or state irrigation water because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/04/01/396780035/scary-times-for-california-farmers-as-snowpack-hits-record-lows\">paltry Sierra Nevada snowpacks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Agriculture has already suffered major cutbacks,\" Brown added. \"A lot of people are letting their land go fallow, trees are dying — so farmers have been hit very hard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's historic drought is putting the amount of water used by farmers and other industries into sharp focus, especially as urban Californians soon will be required to cut their water use by 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year farms in this state gulp down as much as four times the amount of water consumed by cities and towns. But that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1108\">oft-cited statistic\u003c/a> may not always reflect reality, especially in a year like this, according to farm groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Farmers in the San Joaquin Valley have been the only ones to have their water actually completely cut off,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.wga.com/staff/dave-puglia\">Dave Puglia\u003c/a>, senior vice president with the Western Growers Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puglia likens the \"zero percent allocations of water\" that most of his growers will get to the ultimate kind of forced water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know how you can ask farmers to conserve more than zero,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In good years, farmers tap relatively cheap, subsidized water flowing in federal and state canals down from the wet north to the arid south. It's what helped turn the dry, flat plain of the San Joaquin Valley into one of the world's most important food-growing regions. Farming wouldn't even be possible in much of California without irrigation — the Mediterranean climate here means that almost all of the state's precipitation falls in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the record drought and two years of severe water rationing have put the valley's farm economy in peril, according to Puglia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've seen in the citrus belt — on the east side of the San Joaquin Valley — thousands of acres of citrus ripped out, thousands of acres of almonds ripped out,\" Puglia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand agriculture is still a small part of California's $2 trillion economy — roughly 2 percent of the gross state product. And with the drought in its fourth year, there are renewed questions about the viability of growing water-intensive crops — including almonds or alfalfa — especially for export.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, that 2 percent is still pretty big from a global perspective: California, if set apart from the U.S., would be one of the world's ten biggest economies. Indeed, the industry is quick to point out that California now produces the bulk of the country's fresh food supply, including lettuce, broccoli, tomatoes and, yes, nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people like Dan Macon, who raises sheep near Auburn, Calif., it comes down to the question of what the best use of limited water is. Borrowing a line from the governor this week, Macon said that lawns don't feed people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to have some hard discussions about what types of water use we're doing,\" Macon added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macon's sheep ranch is in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, not far down the mountain from where Gov. Brown announced his water rationing plan on April 1. Macon says the governor's staunch support of agriculture is encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all trying to find ways that we can do more to make limited water stretch further,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His livelihood is almost wholly dependent on rainfall that greens up pastures for his sheep. To cope, Macon is experimenting with planting more drought-tolerant grasses. He also has had to reduce his flock size by 60 percent, and has taken a full-time job off the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macon says that the drought may be hitting urban California hard right now, but that it's the fourth bad year in a row for farmers and ranchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really does feel like we've crossed some sort of threshold this year; it's really, really a scary year,\" Macon says. \"This year is actually worse than last year in my mind.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Farms in California use as much as four times the water consumed by cities and towns. Now farmers are on defense after the governor decided to mostly exempt them from new, sweeping water cutbacks.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on All Things Considered:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2015/04/20150407_atc_farmers_drought.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/04/01/396871398/california-governor-announces-first-ever-mandatory-water-restrictions\">announced the largest mandatory water restrictions in California history\u003c/a> April 1 while standing in a snowless field in the Sierra Nevada, he gave hardly a mention to farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When reporters asked about farmers later, Brown replied that they already are making sacrifices. After all, this is the second straight year that most will get no federal or state irrigation water because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/04/01/396780035/scary-times-for-california-farmers-as-snowpack-hits-record-lows\">paltry Sierra Nevada snowpacks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Agriculture has already suffered major cutbacks,\" Brown added. \"A lot of people are letting their land go fallow, trees are dying — so farmers have been hit very hard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's historic drought is putting the amount of water used by farmers and other industries into sharp focus, especially as urban Californians soon will be required to cut their water use by 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year farms in this state gulp down as much as four times the amount of water consumed by cities and towns. But that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1108\">oft-cited statistic\u003c/a> may not always reflect reality, especially in a year like this, according to farm groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Farmers in the San Joaquin Valley have been the only ones to have their water actually completely cut off,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.wga.com/staff/dave-puglia\">Dave Puglia\u003c/a>, senior vice president with the Western Growers Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puglia likens the \"zero percent allocations of water\" that most of his growers will get to the ultimate kind of forced water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know how you can ask farmers to conserve more than zero,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In good years, farmers tap relatively cheap, subsidized water flowing in federal and state canals down from the wet north to the arid south. It's what helped turn the dry, flat plain of the San Joaquin Valley into one of the world's most important food-growing regions. Farming wouldn't even be possible in much of California without irrigation — the Mediterranean climate here means that almost all of the state's precipitation falls in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the record drought and two years of severe water rationing have put the valley's farm economy in peril, according to Puglia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've seen in the citrus belt — on the east side of the San Joaquin Valley — thousands of acres of citrus ripped out, thousands of acres of almonds ripped out,\" Puglia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand agriculture is still a small part of California's $2 trillion economy — roughly 2 percent of the gross state product. And with the drought in its fourth year, there are renewed questions about the viability of growing water-intensive crops — including almonds or alfalfa — especially for export.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, that 2 percent is still pretty big from a global perspective: California, if set apart from the U.S., would be one of the world's ten biggest economies. Indeed, the industry is quick to point out that California now produces the bulk of the country's fresh food supply, including lettuce, broccoli, tomatoes and, yes, nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people like Dan Macon, who raises sheep near Auburn, Calif., it comes down to the question of what the best use of limited water is. Borrowing a line from the governor this week, Macon said that lawns don't feed people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to have some hard discussions about what types of water use we're doing,\" Macon added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macon's sheep ranch is in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, not far down the mountain from where Gov. Brown announced his water rationing plan on April 1. Macon says the governor's staunch support of agriculture is encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all trying to find ways that we can do more to make limited water stretch further,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His livelihood is almost wholly dependent on rainfall that greens up pastures for his sheep. To cope, Macon is experimenting with planting more drought-tolerant grasses. He also has had to reduce his flock size by 60 percent, and has taken a full-time job off the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macon says that the drought may be hitting urban California hard right now, but that it's the fourth bad year in a row for farmers and ranchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really does feel like we've crossed some sort of threshold this year; it's really, really a scary year,\" Macon says. \"This year is actually worse than last year in my mind.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The water outlook in drought-racked California just got a lot worse: Snowpack levels across the entire Sierra Nevada are now the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">lowest\u003c/a> in recorded history — just 6 percent of the long-term average. That shatters the previous low record on this date of 25 percent, set in 1977 and again last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it has huge implications for tens of millions of people who depend on water flowing downstream from melting snow — including the nation's most productive farming region, the California Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year was already a tough year at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lajollafarming.com/\">La Jolla Farming\u003c/a> in Delano, Calif. Or as farm manager Jerry Schlitz puts it, \"Last year was damn near a disaster.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Jolla is a vineyard, a thousand-or-so acres of neat lines of grapevines in the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. It depends on water from two sources: the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a> and wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until last year, Schlitz says, wells were used to supplement the federal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now, we have nothing but wells. Nothing. There's no water other than what's coming out of the ground,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, one of those wells at La Jolla dried up. The farm lost 160 acres — about a million dollars' worth of produce, plus the wasted labor and other resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the outlook is no better: The Central Valley Project, which decides where and when to release what water is left in California's reservoirs, has already warned that most farmers downstream won't get any water for the second straight year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">reports,\u003c/a> \"More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Jolla is plowing miles of trench in the dry earth to bury water pipes connecting wells to fields and fields to wells. The farm owners want to make sure that they can move water from working wells to the places that need it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're getting prepared in case we lose one, we lost two. We lose three? Watch out, man, I'm going to unemployment,\" says Juvenal Montemayor, the owner and founder of La Jolla. He says this is the best they can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, drilling a new well isn't a short-term option. \"You try to get a well done right now? No way. It's like a two-year waiting time for wells,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the cost: a half-million dollars for a single well, he says. \"Now ask me if I want to make a well. No, I don't want to make a well. I don't have a choice,\" he says. \"I don't have a choice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the tough situation La Jolla and many other farmers in the Central Valley face: They won't be getting any federal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater reserves are getting lower and lower as farmers and towns drill deeper and deeper, sucking out more water than there is coming in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's gotten so bad in the San Joaquin Valley that the ground is actually sinking. Last summer it sank a half-inch each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back among the grapevines at La Jolla, Schlitz points to the mountains on the horizon, their tops barely sprinkled with snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow supplies roughly a third of all of California's water, on average. The Sierra Nevada snowpack is supposed to be a storage bank. It holds the snow late into the spring that then melts gradually. The runoff feeds reservoirs that supply water for millions of people — and the Central Valley. This year, California's chief snow surveyor says, there may not even be runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's our lifeblood up there,\" Schlitz says. \"Whatever comes out of there, you know, that's our lifeblood.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schlitz says it's a scary time.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>With additional reporting by NPR's Kirk Siegler.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Much of the state depends on that snow for its water. In the Central Valley, the nation's most productive farming region, that means another year of fallow fields and emergency water measures.",
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"description": "Much of the state depends on that snow for its water. In the Central Valley, the nation's most productive farming region, that means another year of fallow fields and emergency water measures.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The water outlook in drought-racked California just got a lot worse: Snowpack levels across the entire Sierra Nevada are now the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">lowest\u003c/a> in recorded history — just 6 percent of the long-term average. That shatters the previous low record on this date of 25 percent, set in 1977 and again last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it has huge implications for tens of millions of people who depend on water flowing downstream from melting snow — including the nation's most productive farming region, the California Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year was already a tough year at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lajollafarming.com/\">La Jolla Farming\u003c/a> in Delano, Calif. Or as farm manager Jerry Schlitz puts it, \"Last year was damn near a disaster.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Jolla is a vineyard, a thousand-or-so acres of neat lines of grapevines in the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. It depends on water from two sources: the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a> and wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until last year, Schlitz says, wells were used to supplement the federal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now, we have nothing but wells. Nothing. There's no water other than what's coming out of the ground,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, one of those wells at La Jolla dried up. The farm lost 160 acres — about a million dollars' worth of produce, plus the wasted labor and other resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the outlook is no better: The Central Valley Project, which decides where and when to release what water is left in California's reservoirs, has already warned that most farmers downstream won't get any water for the second straight year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">reports,\u003c/a> \"More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Jolla is plowing miles of trench in the dry earth to bury water pipes connecting wells to fields and fields to wells. The farm owners want to make sure that they can move water from working wells to the places that need it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're getting prepared in case we lose one, we lost two. We lose three? Watch out, man, I'm going to unemployment,\" says Juvenal Montemayor, the owner and founder of La Jolla. He says this is the best they can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, drilling a new well isn't a short-term option. \"You try to get a well done right now? No way. It's like a two-year waiting time for wells,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the cost: a half-million dollars for a single well, he says. \"Now ask me if I want to make a well. No, I don't want to make a well. I don't have a choice,\" he says. \"I don't have a choice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the tough situation La Jolla and many other farmers in the Central Valley face: They won't be getting any federal water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater reserves are getting lower and lower as farmers and towns drill deeper and deeper, sucking out more water than there is coming in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's gotten so bad in the San Joaquin Valley that the ground is actually sinking. Last summer it sank a half-inch each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back among the grapevines at La Jolla, Schlitz points to the mountains on the horizon, their tops barely sprinkled with snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow supplies roughly a third of all of California's water, on average. The Sierra Nevada snowpack is supposed to be a storage bank. It holds the snow late into the spring that then melts gradually. The runoff feeds reservoirs that supply water for millions of people — and the Central Valley. This year, California's chief snow surveyor says, there may not even be runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's our lifeblood up there,\" Schlitz says. \"Whatever comes out of there, you know, that's our lifeblood.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schlitz says it's a scary time.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>With additional reporting by NPR's Kirk Siegler.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Meet The Cool Beans Designed To Beat Climate Change",
"title": "Meet The Cool Beans Designed To Beat Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790.jpg\" alt=\"These beans, grown on test plots at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Colombia, can thrive in temperatures that cripple most conventional beans. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT/Neil Palmer\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These beans, grown on test plots at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Colombia, can thrive in temperatures that cripple most conventional beans. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT/Neil Palmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/03/25/395096885/meet-the-cool-beans-designed-to-beat-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/25/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A planet that is warming at extraordinary speed may require extraordinary new food crops. The latest great agricultural hope is beans that can thrive in temperatures that cripple most conventional beans. They're now growing in test plots of the \u003ca href=\"http://ciat.cgiar.org/\">International Center for Tropical Agriculture\u003c/a>, or CIAT, in Colombia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these \"heat-beater\" beans resulted from a unique marriage, 20 years ago, of tradition and technology. The matchmaker was a Colombian scientist named Alvaro Mejia-Jimenez. But for almost two decades, his innovation sat on the shelf, unused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94289\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94289\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Beebe, leader of CIAT's Bean Program, in a field of experimental bush beans at CIAT's headquarters in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT/Neil Palmer\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1276\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-1440x957.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Beebe, leader of CIAT's Bean Program, in a field of experimental bush beans at CIAT's headquarters in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT/Neil Palmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mejia-Jimenez was determined to cross-breed two different types of beans that normally are sexually incompatible: the common bean — a species that includes pinto, black and kidney beans — and the tepary bean, a little-known crop traditionally grown by indigenous communities in the American Southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tepary bean is no longer widely planted. The beans are small, and the plant doesn't produce very many of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a crop, it doesn't have a great future,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://ciat.cgiar.org/?mtt_page=beebe-stephen\">Stephen Beebe\u003c/a>, who leads CIAT's bean breeding program. Beebe spoke to us via Skype from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this bean does have its defenders. Writer, social scientist and food activist \u003ca href=\"http://garynabhan.com/i/\">Gary Nabhan\u003c/a> has \u003ca href=\"http://archive.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/arizonaliving/articles/2011/10/01/20111001food-archaeologist-storyteller.html\">championed\u003c/a> it as a vital piece of Southwestern cuisine and culture. (Nabhan wrote his master's thesis on the tepary bean way back in 1978.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mejia-Jimenez, meanwhile, was drawn to the small bean's ability to tolerate harsh conditions, such as heat and drought. He wanted to transfer these genetic traits into the common bean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With persistence and a little help from technology, he \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00223640#page-1\">succeeded\u003c/a>. First, he used pollen from a tepary bean plant to fertilize the flower of a common bean. An embryo formed. In nature, that hybrid embryo would not survive to form a seed, but Mejia-Jimenez stepped in to rescue it. He carefully cut the immature embryo from the plant and placed it in a laboratory dish filled with nutrients, where it grew into a new plant. After several generations of such cross-breeding, he ended up with viable seeds that combined genetic traits from both the tepary bean and the common bean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94288\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94288\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5.jpg\" alt=\"Recently harvested beans from experimental CIAT plots in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT /Neil Palmer\" width=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5.jpg 664w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5-320x482.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recently harvested beans from experimental CIAT plots in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT /Neil Palmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently harvested beans from experimental CIAT plots in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT /Neil Palmer[/caption]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that, it seemed, was the end of his project. No one saw any particular value in these new genetic combinations until about five years ago, when crop breeders around the world started focusing on the challenge of coping with a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beans, for instance, don't do well when the temperature stays above 66 degrees at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT carried out a study of the potential effect of rising temperatures on bean production, and its experts were shocked. \"It looked like we could lose 50 percent of our cropping area in one generation, by mid-century,\" says Beebe. This could be a disaster for the estimated 400 million people around the world who rely heavily on beans for nourishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT's breeders went through their storage banks of seeds, looking for beans that might do better under such conditions. It tested 1,000 different samples at special hot-weather \"screening sites.\" Many of the best-performing varieties were the novel beans that Mejia-Jimenez had created years earlier. He had succeeded in incorporating the tepary bean's heat hardiness into common beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thank heavens that we had this crazy guy, years ago, who was doing this,\" Beebe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT has identified 30 specific genetic lines that are able to tolerate night-time temperatures above 72 degrees. This is about seven degrees higher than what's usually tolerated by commonly grown beans today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Beebe, it has been surprisingly easy to move this genetic trait, via cross-pollination, from one variety of common bean to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT's researchers discovered that a few of its existing varieties also can tolerate high temperatures. Beebe says in those cases, breeders didn't realize what they had, until they looked. \"Sometimes we don't know what we're doing,\" he says. \"We're mixing genes helter skelter. Something combined to produce that heat tolerance, but I can't explain where it came from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting those new varieties has revealed that heat already may be seriously cutting into bean production. Farmers in Nicaragua recently started culitvating one of these black bean varieties — and it produced harvests twice as large as other beans that farmers had been planting. Similar results were observed in Costa Rica. \"You put two and two together; they must have some heat stress out there,\" Beebe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT plans to make additional heat-tolerant bean varieties available to farmers in countries around the world, from Latin America to East Africa. A small red bean is almost ready to go; others will take a few more generations of breeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers in Colombia have created new types of beans that can withstand high heat. Many of these \"heat-beater\" beans resulted from a unique marriage, 20 years ago, of tradition and technology.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790.jpg\" alt=\"These beans, grown on test plots at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Colombia, can thrive in temperatures that cripple most conventional beans. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT/Neil Palmer\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5445528297_0abd5e3fdb_o_wide-d464b5b67ee4f334ba4d73bfb7271faac73d2c92-e1427316561790-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These beans, grown on test plots at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Colombia, can thrive in temperatures that cripple most conventional beans. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT/Neil Palmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/03/25/395096885/meet-the-cool-beans-designed-to-beat-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/25/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A planet that is warming at extraordinary speed may require extraordinary new food crops. The latest great agricultural hope is beans that can thrive in temperatures that cripple most conventional beans. They're now growing in test plots of the \u003ca href=\"http://ciat.cgiar.org/\">International Center for Tropical Agriculture\u003c/a>, or CIAT, in Colombia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these \"heat-beater\" beans resulted from a unique marriage, 20 years ago, of tradition and technology. The matchmaker was a Colombian scientist named Alvaro Mejia-Jimenez. But for almost two decades, his innovation sat on the shelf, unused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94289\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94289\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Beebe, leader of CIAT's Bean Program, in a field of experimental bush beans at CIAT's headquarters in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT/Neil Palmer\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1276\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-1440x957.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/5912179483_089d69b3ce_o_custom-a1bf76128a672df27a077bd15fc17e1802e08483-e1427316636348-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Beebe, leader of CIAT's Bean Program, in a field of experimental bush beans at CIAT's headquarters in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT/Neil Palmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mejia-Jimenez was determined to cross-breed two different types of beans that normally are sexually incompatible: the common bean — a species that includes pinto, black and kidney beans — and the tepary bean, a little-known crop traditionally grown by indigenous communities in the American Southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tepary bean is no longer widely planted. The beans are small, and the plant doesn't produce very many of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a crop, it doesn't have a great future,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://ciat.cgiar.org/?mtt_page=beebe-stephen\">Stephen Beebe\u003c/a>, who leads CIAT's bean breeding program. Beebe spoke to us via Skype from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this bean does have its defenders. Writer, social scientist and food activist \u003ca href=\"http://garynabhan.com/i/\">Gary Nabhan\u003c/a> has \u003ca href=\"http://archive.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/arizonaliving/articles/2011/10/01/20111001food-archaeologist-storyteller.html\">championed\u003c/a> it as a vital piece of Southwestern cuisine and culture. (Nabhan wrote his master's thesis on the tepary bean way back in 1978.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mejia-Jimenez, meanwhile, was drawn to the small bean's ability to tolerate harsh conditions, such as heat and drought. He wanted to transfer these genetic traits into the common bean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With persistence and a little help from technology, he \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00223640#page-1\">succeeded\u003c/a>. First, he used pollen from a tepary bean plant to fertilize the flower of a common bean. An embryo formed. In nature, that hybrid embryo would not survive to form a seed, but Mejia-Jimenez stepped in to rescue it. He carefully cut the immature embryo from the plant and placed it in a laboratory dish filled with nutrients, where it grew into a new plant. After several generations of such cross-breeding, he ended up with viable seeds that combined genetic traits from both the tepary bean and the common bean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94288\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94288\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5.jpg\" alt=\"Recently harvested beans from experimental CIAT plots in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT /Neil Palmer\" width=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5.jpg 664w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/3887300760_9a54617d5f_o_custom-6d8d5d28990779db3be5f48f0ddb44f70f2397c5-320x482.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recently harvested beans from experimental CIAT plots in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT /Neil Palmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently harvested beans from experimental CIAT plots in Colombia. Photo: Courtesy of CIAT /Neil Palmer[/caption]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that, it seemed, was the end of his project. No one saw any particular value in these new genetic combinations until about five years ago, when crop breeders around the world started focusing on the challenge of coping with a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beans, for instance, don't do well when the temperature stays above 66 degrees at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT carried out a study of the potential effect of rising temperatures on bean production, and its experts were shocked. \"It looked like we could lose 50 percent of our cropping area in one generation, by mid-century,\" says Beebe. This could be a disaster for the estimated 400 million people around the world who rely heavily on beans for nourishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT's breeders went through their storage banks of seeds, looking for beans that might do better under such conditions. It tested 1,000 different samples at special hot-weather \"screening sites.\" Many of the best-performing varieties were the novel beans that Mejia-Jimenez had created years earlier. He had succeeded in incorporating the tepary bean's heat hardiness into common beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thank heavens that we had this crazy guy, years ago, who was doing this,\" Beebe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT has identified 30 specific genetic lines that are able to tolerate night-time temperatures above 72 degrees. This is about seven degrees higher than what's usually tolerated by commonly grown beans today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Beebe, it has been surprisingly easy to move this genetic trait, via cross-pollination, from one variety of common bean to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT's researchers discovered that a few of its existing varieties also can tolerate high temperatures. Beebe says in those cases, breeders didn't realize what they had, until they looked. \"Sometimes we don't know what we're doing,\" he says. \"We're mixing genes helter skelter. Something combined to produce that heat tolerance, but I can't explain where it came from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting those new varieties has revealed that heat already may be seriously cutting into bean production. Farmers in Nicaragua recently started culitvating one of these black bean varieties — and it produced harvests twice as large as other beans that farmers had been planting. Similar results were observed in Costa Rica. \"You put two and two together; they must have some heat stress out there,\" Beebe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIAT plans to make additional heat-tolerant bean varieties available to farmers in countries around the world, from Latin America to East Africa. A small red bean is almost ready to go; others will take a few more generations of breeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Masumoto Farm: The Family Peach Farm That Became A Symbol Of The Food Revolution",
"title": "Masumoto Farm: The Family Peach Farm That Became A Symbol Of The Food Revolution",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1780px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-93935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a.jpg\" alt='Mas Masumoto grew up on his family farm in southeast of Fresno, Calif. His 1987 essay \"Epitaph for A Peach,\" in which he bemoaned the loss of heirloom flavors, captured his changing philosophy as a farmer. It also helped turn his farm into a landmark in the local-food movement. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR ' width=\"1780\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a.jpg 1780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-1440x1078.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1780px) 100vw, 1780px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mas Masumoto grew up on his family farm in southeast of Fresno, Calif. His 1987 essay \"Epitaph for A Peach,\" in which he bemoaned the loss of heirloom flavors, captured his changing philosophy as a farmer. It also helped turn his farm into a landmark in the local-food movement. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/03/14/390148229/the-family-peach-farm-that-became-a-symbol-of-the-food-revolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heart of California's Central Valley, a vast expanse of orchards, vineyards, and vegetable fields, lies a small collection of aging peach trees. Farmer Mas Masumoto's decision to preserve those trees, and then to write about it, became a symbol of resistance to machine-driven food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the Masumoto farm's story isn't just one of saving peaches. It's become a father-daughter saga of claiming, abandoning, and then re-claiming a piece of America's agricultural heritage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mas Masumoto, now 61, grew up on that farm, which lies just southeast of Fresno. His parents bought it after their release from internment camps where the U.S. government imprisoned Japanese-Americans during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that time, a substantial Japanese-American community lived here. But the community dwindled as Mas's generation went off to college. The Central Valley, with its dusty landscape of vineyards and orchards, has long been considered a cultural backwater that ambitious people hope to leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mas Masumoto left, too --- he studied sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, and traveled in Japan — but he was one of the few who returned to the family farm. He met his wife, Marcy, and they had two children. Their daughter, Nikiko, is the oldest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1987, this farm reached a turning point: Big peach buyers no longer wanted its peaches — a variety called Suncrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was an old heirloom variety that didn't have the right cosmetics for the marketplace,\" Masumoto recalls. \"It didn't get lipstick-red when it was ripe. It didn't have the shelf life that the market was demanding. So it had become blacklisted. We had 2,000 20-pound boxes of it in cold storage with no buyers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were losing thousands of dollars on those peaches. So Masumoto did two things. He scheduled a bulldozer to tear out those obsolete trees, and he sat down at his typewriter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93936\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-93936\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460.jpg\" alt=\"Nikiko Masumoto, her father, Mas, and her mother, Marcy, inspect one of the old Suncrest peach trees that Mas almost destroyed in 1987. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-1440x962.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-768x513.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-320x214.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nikiko Masumoto, her father, Mas, and her mother, Marcy, inspect one of the old Suncrest peach trees that Mas almost destroyed in 1987. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-08-16/opinion/op-1656_1_sun-crest-peach\">essay\u003c/a> called \"Epitaph for a Peach,\" a sad hymn of praise for the kind of peach that \"tasted great, like a peach is supposed to.\" He described how the nectar of this peach \"exploded in your mouth and tickled you with the message, 'aaah, \u003cem>this \u003c/em>is a peach!' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It hurts,\" he wrote, to see \"flavor lost along with meaning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mailed the essay to the \u003cem>Los Angeles Times\u003c/em>, which published it. Then letters started to arrive at the Masumoto farm. \"Keep this peach!\" the letters told him. \"It's worth it!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He showed them to his wife, Marcy. \"I said, 'What's more important, $20,000 or 20 letters?' \" he says. \"She looked at me and rolled her eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm thinking, Marcy, keep the day job!\" Marcy Masumoto says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an important, practical, part of the story. Marcy's jobs — at a hospital in Fresno, and then at Fresno State University — gave Mas the courage to take risks with the farm. For instance, on that day when the man showed up to uproot the Suncrest peach trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's the classic image of a guy who drives a bulldozer, cigar out of his mouth, and he says, 'OK, where's your field to yank out?' \" Masumoto recalls. \"And I said, 'You know, I think I might keep it.' And he barks at me, 'Well, it's going to cost you extra for me to come out later. You sure?' And I said, 'Yeah, I think I'll keep this.' And that was the turning point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a turning point, both practically and philosophically. It put Masumoto in touch with what he calls \"the food world\" — a world of people who really cared about flavor and how their food was grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That food world was just starting to explode through the 1980s and, of course, the 1990s, and that's exactly where this peach variety fit, in this new world of food,\" Masumoto says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started farming organically. He got in touch with farmers markets in places like San Francisco and Berkeley — places that are far away, in every sense, from the big farm operations of the Central Valley. Through those contacts, he met the chef and food activist Alice Waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was so eloquent, and I knew that I needed to taste his peaches,\" says Waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waters started serving those peaches at her landmark restaurant, Chez Panisse, in Berkeley, and she sang the praises of the farmer who saved his heirloom orchard. \"I have always wanted to support the people who are taking care of the land, and it's that personal story that connects the food to the people who come and eat here,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story spread. In 1996, Masumoto published a book-length meditation on farming, also called \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Epitaph-Peach-Four-Seasons-Family/dp/0062510258\">Epitaph for a Peach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The farm became a landmark in the local-food movement. People sought out his fruit, and the farm thrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may sound like the end of the story, but it's not, because a new generation is about to take on this legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mas Masumoto's daughter, Nikiko, never thought this farm was anything special. For her, it was just part of growing up in the Central Valley, a place that she expected to see, pretty quickly, in her rear-view mirror. \"It's very common in rural schools that 'success' is defined as going away and not coming back,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So off she went to the University of California, Berkeley. She loved it. \"I was off in my land of gender and women's studies, feminist theory, really wild and political ideas, and I decided to take an environmental studies class,\" she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, in that class, a visiting speaker laid out the environmental impact of food production, how farming defeated nature with plows and pesticides. And it dawned on her that her parents, planting cover crops and wildflowers in their organic orchard, were actually doing something important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That thought was followed by another one: The most radical thing that she could possibly do would be to go home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My sealing of the deal was, on my 21st birthday, I gave myself the gift of a peach tattoo,\" she says. \"And I think that's when my parents realized — oh, she's serious about coming back to the farm!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It did not go entirely smoothly, though. The work was hard, and working with family was even harder. Nikiko took a break and went to grad school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-93937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855.jpg\" alt=\"Some grape vines on the Masumoto farm are almost a hundred years old. Mas Masumoto's father purchased the farm after World War II, but he says it's possible that his grandparents, who were itinerant immigrant farmworkers, worked on this farm and pruned those vines. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some grape vines on the Masumoto farm are almost a hundred years old. Mas Masumoto's father purchased the farm after World War II, but he says it's possible that his grandparents, who were itinerant immigrant farmworkers, worked on this farm and pruned those vines. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But then she was drawn back, for a second time, by something more personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her father's father, who'd come here from the internment camp to buy this land, was dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I flew home from Texas, and my plane landed early,\" she says, with a catch in her throat. \"My mom picked me up, and I went home to our house, which is now my house, and he passed away in our living room, in the farm house.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nikiko Masumoto thought about her grandfather's choice, in difficult circumstances, to settle here. \"I mean, that strength, and his power to claim this place in America, in a country that had just very clearly told him and all of us that we don't belong. For him to stake a place here, it's almost a legacy that I can't turn away from. I \u003cem>have\u003c/em> to be here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nikiko Masumoto moved into the old farmhouse where her grandparents had lived. That was four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's a singular figure among farmers in the Central Valley: young, female and Japanese-American. But, she says, she's come back to the farm \"for good.\" Gradually, she'll take over the farm. The process of learning how to work with this land, and these trees, is only just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those Suncrest peach trees? Some of them still remain. They're old and gnarled and weather-beaten, but Mas Masumoto finds them beautiful. \"In one sense, they saved the farm,\" he says. \"But they really saved the soul of the farm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Heirloom peach trees, and an essay about them, turned one California farm into a landmark of local food. It's now the scene of another unconventional choice: a daughter's return to take the helm.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93935\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1780px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-93935\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a.jpg\" alt='Mas Masumoto grew up on his family farm in southeast of Fresno, Calif. His 1987 essay \"Epitaph for A Peach,\" in which he bemoaned the loss of heirloom flavors, captured his changing philosophy as a farmer. It also helped turn his farm into a landmark in the local-food movement. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR ' width=\"1780\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a.jpg 1780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-1440x1078.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-1-5f80b1004aebd4c7c18d79bc371d9e43ea25374a-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1780px) 100vw, 1780px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mas Masumoto grew up on his family farm in southeast of Fresno, Calif. His 1987 essay \"Epitaph for A Peach,\" in which he bemoaned the loss of heirloom flavors, captured his changing philosophy as a farmer. It also helped turn his farm into a landmark in the local-food movement. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/03/14/390148229/the-family-peach-farm-that-became-a-symbol-of-the-food-revolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heart of California's Central Valley, a vast expanse of orchards, vineyards, and vegetable fields, lies a small collection of aging peach trees. Farmer Mas Masumoto's decision to preserve those trees, and then to write about it, became a symbol of resistance to machine-driven food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the Masumoto farm's story isn't just one of saving peaches. It's become a father-daughter saga of claiming, abandoning, and then re-claiming a piece of America's agricultural heritage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mas Masumoto, now 61, grew up on that farm, which lies just southeast of Fresno. His parents bought it after their release from internment camps where the U.S. government imprisoned Japanese-Americans during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that time, a substantial Japanese-American community lived here. But the community dwindled as Mas's generation went off to college. The Central Valley, with its dusty landscape of vineyards and orchards, has long been considered a cultural backwater that ambitious people hope to leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mas Masumoto left, too --- he studied sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, and traveled in Japan — but he was one of the few who returned to the family farm. He met his wife, Marcy, and they had two children. Their daughter, Nikiko, is the oldest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1987, this farm reached a turning point: Big peach buyers no longer wanted its peaches — a variety called Suncrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was an old heirloom variety that didn't have the right cosmetics for the marketplace,\" Masumoto recalls. \"It didn't get lipstick-red when it was ripe. It didn't have the shelf life that the market was demanding. So it had become blacklisted. We had 2,000 20-pound boxes of it in cold storage with no buyers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were losing thousands of dollars on those peaches. So Masumoto did two things. He scheduled a bulldozer to tear out those obsolete trees, and he sat down at his typewriter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93936\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-93936\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460.jpg\" alt=\"Nikiko Masumoto, her father, Mas, and her mother, Marcy, inspect one of the old Suncrest peach trees that Mas almost destroyed in 1987. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-1440x962.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-768x513.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-3_enl-def64406a1febda5b619f20ef298a8dd329cfc88-e1426379711460-320x214.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nikiko Masumoto, her father, Mas, and her mother, Marcy, inspect one of the old Suncrest peach trees that Mas almost destroyed in 1987. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-08-16/opinion/op-1656_1_sun-crest-peach\">essay\u003c/a> called \"Epitaph for a Peach,\" a sad hymn of praise for the kind of peach that \"tasted great, like a peach is supposed to.\" He described how the nectar of this peach \"exploded in your mouth and tickled you with the message, 'aaah, \u003cem>this \u003c/em>is a peach!' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It hurts,\" he wrote, to see \"flavor lost along with meaning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mailed the essay to the \u003cem>Los Angeles Times\u003c/em>, which published it. Then letters started to arrive at the Masumoto farm. \"Keep this peach!\" the letters told him. \"It's worth it!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He showed them to his wife, Marcy. \"I said, 'What's more important, $20,000 or 20 letters?' \" he says. \"She looked at me and rolled her eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm thinking, Marcy, keep the day job!\" Marcy Masumoto says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an important, practical, part of the story. Marcy's jobs — at a hospital in Fresno, and then at Fresno State University — gave Mas the courage to take risks with the farm. For instance, on that day when the man showed up to uproot the Suncrest peach trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's the classic image of a guy who drives a bulldozer, cigar out of his mouth, and he says, 'OK, where's your field to yank out?' \" Masumoto recalls. \"And I said, 'You know, I think I might keep it.' And he barks at me, 'Well, it's going to cost you extra for me to come out later. You sure?' And I said, 'Yeah, I think I'll keep this.' And that was the turning point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a turning point, both practically and philosophically. It put Masumoto in touch with what he calls \"the food world\" — a world of people who really cared about flavor and how their food was grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That food world was just starting to explode through the 1980s and, of course, the 1990s, and that's exactly where this peach variety fit, in this new world of food,\" Masumoto says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started farming organically. He got in touch with farmers markets in places like San Francisco and Berkeley — places that are far away, in every sense, from the big farm operations of the Central Valley. Through those contacts, he met the chef and food activist Alice Waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was so eloquent, and I knew that I needed to taste his peaches,\" says Waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waters started serving those peaches at her landmark restaurant, Chez Panisse, in Berkeley, and she sang the praises of the farmer who saved his heirloom orchard. \"I have always wanted to support the people who are taking care of the land, and it's that personal story that connects the food to the people who come and eat here,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story spread. In 1996, Masumoto published a book-length meditation on farming, also called \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Epitaph-Peach-Four-Seasons-Family/dp/0062510258\">Epitaph for a Peach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The farm became a landmark in the local-food movement. People sought out his fruit, and the farm thrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may sound like the end of the story, but it's not, because a new generation is about to take on this legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mas Masumoto's daughter, Nikiko, never thought this farm was anything special. For her, it was just part of growing up in the Central Valley, a place that she expected to see, pretty quickly, in her rear-view mirror. \"It's very common in rural schools that 'success' is defined as going away and not coming back,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So off she went to the University of California, Berkeley. She loved it. \"I was off in my land of gender and women's studies, feminist theory, really wild and political ideas, and I decided to take an environmental studies class,\" she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, in that class, a visiting speaker laid out the environmental impact of food production, how farming defeated nature with plows and pesticides. And it dawned on her that her parents, planting cover crops and wildflowers in their organic orchard, were actually doing something important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That thought was followed by another one: The most radical thing that she could possibly do would be to go home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My sealing of the deal was, on my 21st birthday, I gave myself the gift of a peach tattoo,\" she says. \"And I think that's when my parents realized — oh, she's serious about coming back to the farm!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It did not go entirely smoothly, though. The work was hard, and working with family was even harder. Nikiko took a break and went to grad school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-93937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855.jpg\" alt=\"Some grape vines on the Masumoto farm are almost a hundred years old. Mas Masumoto's father purchased the farm after World War II, but he says it's possible that his grandparents, who were itinerant immigrant farmworkers, worked on this farm and pruned those vines. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/peach-2_enl-c360172fb0126b511dc95d7c474fd00f0d96749f-e1426379840855-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some grape vines on the Masumoto farm are almost a hundred years old. Mas Masumoto's father purchased the farm after World War II, but he says it's possible that his grandparents, who were itinerant immigrant farmworkers, worked on this farm and pruned those vines. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But then she was drawn back, for a second time, by something more personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her father's father, who'd come here from the internment camp to buy this land, was dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I flew home from Texas, and my plane landed early,\" she says, with a catch in her throat. \"My mom picked me up, and I went home to our house, which is now my house, and he passed away in our living room, in the farm house.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nikiko Masumoto thought about her grandfather's choice, in difficult circumstances, to settle here. \"I mean, that strength, and his power to claim this place in America, in a country that had just very clearly told him and all of us that we don't belong. For him to stake a place here, it's almost a legacy that I can't turn away from. I \u003cem>have\u003c/em> to be here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nikiko Masumoto moved into the old farmhouse where her grandparents had lived. That was four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's a singular figure among farmers in the Central Valley: young, female and Japanese-American. But, she says, she's come back to the farm \"for good.\" Gradually, she'll take over the farm. The process of learning how to work with this land, and these trees, is only just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those Suncrest peach trees? Some of them still remain. They're old and gnarled and weather-beaten, but Mas Masumoto finds them beautiful. \"In one sense, they saved the farm,\" he says. \"But they really saved the soul of the farm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "FDA Tests Turn Up Dairy Farmers Breaking The Law On Antibiotics",
"title": "FDA Tests Turn Up Dairy Farmers Breaking The Law On Antibiotics",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871.jpg\" alt=\"FDA tests have turned up residues suggesting a few dairy farmers are illegally using antibiotics. Photo: iStockphoto\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1276\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93723\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-1440x957.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FDA tests have turned up residues suggesting a few dairy farmers are illegally using antibiotics. Photo: iStockphoto\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/03/08/391248045/fda-tests-turn-up-dairy-farmers-breaking-the-law-on-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/8/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the current controversy over antibiotic use on farm animals, milk is in a special category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lactating cows, unlike hogs, cattle or chickens that are raised for their meat, don't receive antibiotics unless they are actually sick. That's because drug residues immediately appear in the cow's milk — a violation of food safety rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk shipments are tested for six of the most widely used antibiotics, and any truckload that tests positive is rejected. So when cows are treated, farmers discard their milk for several days until the residues disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/UCM435759.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Food and Drug Administration reveals that a few farmers are slipping through a hole in this enforcement net. These farmers are using antibiotics that the routine tests don't try to detect, because the drugs aren't supposed to be used on dairy cows at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA looked for 31 different drugs in samples of milk from almost 2,000 dairy farms. About half of the farms — the \"targeted\" group — had come under suspicion for sending cows to slaughter that turned out to have drug residues in their meat. The other farms were a random sample of all milk producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over 1 percent of the samples from the \"targeted\" group, and 0.4 percent of the randomly collected samples, contained drug residues. An antibiotic called Florfenicol was the most common drug detected, but 11 other drugs also turned up. Perhaps most disturbing: None of the drugs that the FDA detected are approved for use in lactating dairy cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the survey was carried out for research purposes, the samples were collected anonymously, and the FDA cannot send investigators to the farms to find out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vet.k-state.edu/education/clinical-sciences/faculty-staff/faculty/apley/\">Mike Apley\u003c/a>, a researcher at Kansas State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, says that it is \"totally illegal\" for dairy farmers to use two of the drugs that the FDA detected: Ciproflaxacin and Sulfamethazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of other drugs, he says, the situation is more complicated. It's illegal for farmers to use those drugs on their own, but veterinarians are allowed to authorize their use in dairy cows under certain strict conditions. Veterinarians also are supposed to ensure that no residues enter the food supply. For whatever reason, that veterinary safeguard didn't work in these cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. William Flynn, deputy director for science policy in the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine, chose to focus on the fact that the violations were uncommon. \"These are encouraging findings,\" Flynn tells The Salt. The low number of violations indicates that \"things are working well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flynn says the FDA is working on plans to stop illegal drug use by dairy farmers. This could include testing all milk for a larger number of antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vetmed.tamu.edu/vtpb/directorydetail?userid=346\">Morgan Scott\u003c/a>, a veterinary epidemiologist at Texas A&M University, noted that a small number of farmers, through their reckless use of drugs, may end up imposing substantial costs on all other dairy farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That, to me, is tragic, that some farmers don't think that keeping the reputation of the industry intact is a priority,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Random tests of milk reveal that a few farmers are treating dairy cows with antibiotics that aren't supposed to be used on them. The FDA is now considering tighter controls to prevent such practices.",
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"description": "Random tests of milk reveal that a few farmers are treating dairy cows with antibiotics that aren't supposed to be used on them. The FDA is now considering tighter controls to prevent such practices.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871.jpg\" alt=\"FDA tests have turned up residues suggesting a few dairy farmers are illegally using antibiotics. Photo: iStockphoto\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1276\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93723\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-1440x957.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/istock_000019322566xlarge_edit_custom-9d4c4a33422ae3c4775983ae0de71646537c78c4-e1425847073871-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FDA tests have turned up residues suggesting a few dairy farmers are illegally using antibiotics. Photo: iStockphoto\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/03/08/391248045/fda-tests-turn-up-dairy-farmers-breaking-the-law-on-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/8/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the current controversy over antibiotic use on farm animals, milk is in a special category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lactating cows, unlike hogs, cattle or chickens that are raised for their meat, don't receive antibiotics unless they are actually sick. That's because drug residues immediately appear in the cow's milk — a violation of food safety rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk shipments are tested for six of the most widely used antibiotics, and any truckload that tests positive is rejected. So when cows are treated, farmers discard their milk for several days until the residues disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/UCM435759.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Food and Drug Administration reveals that a few farmers are slipping through a hole in this enforcement net. These farmers are using antibiotics that the routine tests don't try to detect, because the drugs aren't supposed to be used on dairy cows at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA looked for 31 different drugs in samples of milk from almost 2,000 dairy farms. About half of the farms — the \"targeted\" group — had come under suspicion for sending cows to slaughter that turned out to have drug residues in their meat. The other farms were a random sample of all milk producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over 1 percent of the samples from the \"targeted\" group, and 0.4 percent of the randomly collected samples, contained drug residues. An antibiotic called Florfenicol was the most common drug detected, but 11 other drugs also turned up. Perhaps most disturbing: None of the drugs that the FDA detected are approved for use in lactating dairy cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the survey was carried out for research purposes, the samples were collected anonymously, and the FDA cannot send investigators to the farms to find out what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vet.k-state.edu/education/clinical-sciences/faculty-staff/faculty/apley/\">Mike Apley\u003c/a>, a researcher at Kansas State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, says that it is \"totally illegal\" for dairy farmers to use two of the drugs that the FDA detected: Ciproflaxacin and Sulfamethazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of other drugs, he says, the situation is more complicated. It's illegal for farmers to use those drugs on their own, but veterinarians are allowed to authorize their use in dairy cows under certain strict conditions. Veterinarians also are supposed to ensure that no residues enter the food supply. For whatever reason, that veterinary safeguard didn't work in these cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. William Flynn, deputy director for science policy in the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine, chose to focus on the fact that the violations were uncommon. \"These are encouraging findings,\" Flynn tells The Salt. The low number of violations indicates that \"things are working well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flynn says the FDA is working on plans to stop illegal drug use by dairy farmers. This could include testing all milk for a larger number of antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vetmed.tamu.edu/vtpb/directorydetail?userid=346\">Morgan Scott\u003c/a>, a veterinary epidemiologist at Texas A&M University, noted that a small number of farmers, through their reckless use of drugs, may end up imposing substantial costs on all other dairy farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That, to me, is tragic, that some farmers don't think that keeping the reputation of the industry intact is a priority,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From War To Plow: Why USDA Wants Veterans To Take Up Farming",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93638\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231.jpg\" alt=\"Three years ago, Air Force veteran Sara Creech quit her job as a nurse and bought a 43-acre farm in North Salem, Ind. She named her farm Blue Yonder Organic. Photo: John Wendle for Harvest Public Media\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93638\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three years ago, Air Force veteran Sara Creech quit her job as a nurse and bought a 43-acre farm in North Salem, Ind. She named her farm Blue Yonder Organic. Photo: John Wendle for Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Abby Wendle, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/03/03/390251255/from-war-to-plow-why-usda-wants-veterans-to-take-up-farming\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/3/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sara Creech has grown dependent on farming. She started out planting an orchard of fruit trees: apples, peaches, cherries and pears. She added berry bushes and rows of vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then she bought her first chickens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of people call chickens the gateway animal,\" says Creech, who lives in rural North Salem, Ind. \"Like once you have a chicken on the farm, then you end up getting sheep on the farm, and then you end up getting horses, and cows. And then it just explodes from there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creech served as a surgery nurse during the Iraq War. She has a master's degree and 16 years of experience. But she turned to farming when her career in nursing fell apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As many as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/PTSD-overview/basics/how-common-is-ptsd.asp\">one in five\u003c/a> Iraq War veterans came home from service with PTSD. Creech was one of them. She said PTSD made returning to nursing impossible. Her depression and anxiety became so severe, she says she felt like she was dangerous to her patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I couldn't work,\" she says. \"I couldn't do my job. It was devastating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veterans returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan often have a hard time transitioning back to their civilian lives and careers. They have \u003ca href=\"http://costsofwar.org/article/us-veterans-and-military-families\">higher rates\u003c/a> of divorce, depression and suicide. And they're more likely to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t05.htm\">unemployed\u003c/a> than both civilians and veterans of other wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, thousands of veterans like Creech have showed an interest in farming as a way to find peace and purpose. Several \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncat.org/about-us/\">nonprofit organizations\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/544/combat-cowboy-duties-helping-hand-nebraska/5\">universities\u003c/a> have launched programs to help them pursue careers in agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Congress has gotten on board, giving veterans a dose of financial support. The 2014 Farm Bill designated veterans, for the first time, as a distinct class of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/newfarmers\">beginning farmers\u003c/a> within the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The status \u003ca href=\"http://iowafarmerveteran.org/house-2014-farm-bill-includes-veteran-farmers/\">grants\u003c/a> veterans access to low-interest-rate loans to buy animals and equipment. It also allows them to apply for grants to build onto their farm, and it can help them receive extra payments to implement conservation practices on their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More than anything, it's just an acknowledgement,\" says Michael O'Gorman, founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmvetco.org/\">Farmer Veteran Coalition\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization that links up veterans with farming jobs and apprenticeships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Gorman started the coalition with a handful of interested veterans' families in 2009. He says excitement about the legislation has helped double his group's membership to 4,000 veterans in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veterans still face all of the obstacles of other beginners: Farming is expensive. The hours are long. Success can be at the mercy of the weather, and profit margins can be discouragingly low. Operators of small farms often face financial \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1728096/eib-132.pdf\">problems\u003c/a> that require off-farm jobs to keep the business afloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Farm Bill gives veterans an extra advantage over these obstacles. It not only provides them with access to all of the beginning farmer program's resources, in some cases, it requires the USDA to give veterans' applications priority preference — ahead of nonveterans and minority farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93639\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331.jpg\" alt=\"Sara Creech used her savings account and support from her family to buy a foreclosed farmhouse in rural Indiana. This year, thanks to changes in the latest Farm Bill, Creech received $21,000 from the USDA — money she is putting back into her farm. Photo: John Wendle for Harvest Public Media\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93639\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sara Creech used her savings account and support from her family to buy a foreclosed farmhouse in rural Indiana. This year, thanks to changes in the latest Farm Bill, Creech received $21,000 from the USDA — money she is putting back into her farm. Photo: John Wendle for Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>O'Gorman says this preferential treatment is payment for the time veterans took away from their own goals to serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The veterans don't want a hand out,\" he says. \"But it would be nice to go to the front of a few lines, because even if one did come home unharmed — many of them didn't — but they still took years out of the normal development of a career.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other recruiters might require a full resume, the USDA is eager to attract inexperienced farmers to the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average American farmer is 58 years old, according to the 2012 Census of Agriculture. Farmers over 55 control \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfra.org/resources/beginning_farmer\">more than half\u003c/a> of the country's farmland, and one in two is likely to retire in the next decade. Since 1987, there has been a \u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/changinglands\">decline\u003c/a> in the number of new farmers joining the ranks, with only 17 percent at the beginning of their farming careers — with less than a decade of experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you look at the population growth, we're naturally going to need more and more producers to keep pace with the growing demand,\" says Karis Gutter, the USDA's first military veterans' agriculture liaison. \"The veterans' cadre looks very promising for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 2 1/2 million veterans have returned home from Iraq and Afghanistan, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfra.org/resources/beginning_farmer\">nearly half\u003c/a> of them to rural counties. Despite that, very few veterans currently work in agriculture: just 2 percent of rural veterans of Iraq and the Gulf War, according to USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a USDA \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eb-economic-brief/eb25.aspx\">report\u003c/a> from 2013 suggests that rural veterans could be a wise investment, because they tend to have more education and technical training than their nonveteran rural peers, and they bring unique skills from their military experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an absolute natural fit,\" Gutter says. \"Many of the men and women who have served come from rural backgrounds and get training to work with their hands and have a natural instinct for entrepreneurship.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sara Creech is proof of that sentiment. Three years ago she quit her job as a nurse and used her savings account and support from her family to buy a foreclosed farmhouse sitting on 43 acres in rural Indiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Creech started \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueyonderorganicfarm.com/\">Blue Yonder Organic Farm\u003c/a>, named for the Air Force \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C95Cb2ByHNA\">theme song\u003c/a>. She raised 900 chickens and sold meat, eggs and produce at the local farmers market and through a CSA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, thanks to changes in the latest Farm Bill,\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Creech received $21,000 from the USDA because of her veteran status. She's using the money to improve the quality of her soil and build a hoop house, which will extend her growing season and should increase her profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creech is also getting support at the state level. Some Midwest states are launching\u003ca href=\"http://www.kyproud.com/veterans/\"> marketing campaigns\u003c/a> that supply veteran farmers with a patriotic logo, \"Homegrown by Heroes,\" to help advertise their products. Creech flies a \"Homegrown by Heroes\" sign at her farmers market table to attract customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The community loves food, and they love veterans, at least in our area,\" she says. \"But they don't know how to support us. They don't know what we need.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says being able to designate her business as veteran-owned gives people a tangible way to pay her back for her service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Money, though, is not her priority, she says. In many ways, she says, the work pays for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am getting out of bed every day. And I am doing my chores every day. And I am taking care of animals every day. People are relying on me,\" she says. \"I don't know where my life is going to take me, but I feel like I'm on the right path.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's helping other vets find their path, too, hosting veterans groups at Blue Yonder for week-long workshops to give them a taste of life on the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Abby Wendle is a reporter with \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://tspr.org/\">Tri States Public Radio\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a>, \u003cem>a public radio reporting collaboration that focuses on agriculture and food production.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93638\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231.jpg\" alt=\"Three years ago, Air Force veteran Sara Creech quit her job as a nurse and bought a 43-acre farm in North Salem, Ind. She named her farm Blue Yonder Organic. Photo: John Wendle for Harvest Public Media\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93638\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-1_enl-e7c0b75a8633e1021452395810f3c73cc8e4b4e5-e1425421073231-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three years ago, Air Force veteran Sara Creech quit her job as a nurse and bought a 43-acre farm in North Salem, Ind. She named her farm Blue Yonder Organic. Photo: John Wendle for Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Abby Wendle, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/03/03/390251255/from-war-to-plow-why-usda-wants-veterans-to-take-up-farming\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/3/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sara Creech has grown dependent on farming. She started out planting an orchard of fruit trees: apples, peaches, cherries and pears. She added berry bushes and rows of vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then she bought her first chickens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of people call chickens the gateway animal,\" says Creech, who lives in rural North Salem, Ind. \"Like once you have a chicken on the farm, then you end up getting sheep on the farm, and then you end up getting horses, and cows. And then it just explodes from there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creech served as a surgery nurse during the Iraq War. She has a master's degree and 16 years of experience. But she turned to farming when her career in nursing fell apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As many as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/PTSD-overview/basics/how-common-is-ptsd.asp\">one in five\u003c/a> Iraq War veterans came home from service with PTSD. Creech was one of them. She said PTSD made returning to nursing impossible. Her depression and anxiety became so severe, she says she felt like she was dangerous to her patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I couldn't work,\" she says. \"I couldn't do my job. It was devastating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veterans returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan often have a hard time transitioning back to their civilian lives and careers. They have \u003ca href=\"http://costsofwar.org/article/us-veterans-and-military-families\">higher rates\u003c/a> of divorce, depression and suicide. And they're more likely to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t05.htm\">unemployed\u003c/a> than both civilians and veterans of other wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, thousands of veterans like Creech have showed an interest in farming as a way to find peace and purpose. Several \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncat.org/about-us/\">nonprofit organizations\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/544/combat-cowboy-duties-helping-hand-nebraska/5\">universities\u003c/a> have launched programs to help them pursue careers in agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Congress has gotten on board, giving veterans a dose of financial support. The 2014 Farm Bill designated veterans, for the first time, as a distinct class of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/newfarmers\">beginning farmers\u003c/a> within the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The status \u003ca href=\"http://iowafarmerveteran.org/house-2014-farm-bill-includes-veteran-farmers/\">grants\u003c/a> veterans access to low-interest-rate loans to buy animals and equipment. It also allows them to apply for grants to build onto their farm, and it can help them receive extra payments to implement conservation practices on their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More than anything, it's just an acknowledgement,\" says Michael O'Gorman, founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmvetco.org/\">Farmer Veteran Coalition\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization that links up veterans with farming jobs and apprenticeships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Gorman started the coalition with a handful of interested veterans' families in 2009. He says excitement about the legislation has helped double his group's membership to 4,000 veterans in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veterans still face all of the obstacles of other beginners: Farming is expensive. The hours are long. Success can be at the mercy of the weather, and profit margins can be discouragingly low. Operators of small farms often face financial \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1728096/eib-132.pdf\">problems\u003c/a> that require off-farm jobs to keep the business afloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Farm Bill gives veterans an extra advantage over these obstacles. It not only provides them with access to all of the beginning farmer program's resources, in some cases, it requires the USDA to give veterans' applications priority preference — ahead of nonveterans and minority farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93639\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331.jpg\" alt=\"Sara Creech used her savings account and support from her family to buy a foreclosed farmhouse in rural Indiana. This year, thanks to changes in the latest Farm Bill, Creech received $21,000 from the USDA — money she is putting back into her farm. Photo: John Wendle for Harvest Public Media\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93639\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/farm-2_enl-63abd1f9cd21c0cad63244e02f8ff4eaae1db139-e1425421166331-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sara Creech used her savings account and support from her family to buy a foreclosed farmhouse in rural Indiana. This year, thanks to changes in the latest Farm Bill, Creech received $21,000 from the USDA — money she is putting back into her farm. Photo: John Wendle for Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>O'Gorman says this preferential treatment is payment for the time veterans took away from their own goals to serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The veterans don't want a hand out,\" he says. \"But it would be nice to go to the front of a few lines, because even if one did come home unharmed — many of them didn't — but they still took years out of the normal development of a career.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other recruiters might require a full resume, the USDA is eager to attract inexperienced farmers to the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average American farmer is 58 years old, according to the 2012 Census of Agriculture. Farmers over 55 control \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfra.org/resources/beginning_farmer\">more than half\u003c/a> of the country's farmland, and one in two is likely to retire in the next decade. Since 1987, there has been a \u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/changinglands\">decline\u003c/a> in the number of new farmers joining the ranks, with only 17 percent at the beginning of their farming careers — with less than a decade of experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you look at the population growth, we're naturally going to need more and more producers to keep pace with the growing demand,\" says Karis Gutter, the USDA's first military veterans' agriculture liaison. \"The veterans' cadre looks very promising for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 2 1/2 million veterans have returned home from Iraq and Afghanistan, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfra.org/resources/beginning_farmer\">nearly half\u003c/a> of them to rural counties. Despite that, very few veterans currently work in agriculture: just 2 percent of rural veterans of Iraq and the Gulf War, according to USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a USDA \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eb-economic-brief/eb25.aspx\">report\u003c/a> from 2013 suggests that rural veterans could be a wise investment, because they tend to have more education and technical training than their nonveteran rural peers, and they bring unique skills from their military experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an absolute natural fit,\" Gutter says. \"Many of the men and women who have served come from rural backgrounds and get training to work with their hands and have a natural instinct for entrepreneurship.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sara Creech is proof of that sentiment. Three years ago she quit her job as a nurse and used her savings account and support from her family to buy a foreclosed farmhouse sitting on 43 acres in rural Indiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Creech started \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueyonderorganicfarm.com/\">Blue Yonder Organic Farm\u003c/a>, named for the Air Force \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C95Cb2ByHNA\">theme song\u003c/a>. She raised 900 chickens and sold meat, eggs and produce at the local farmers market and through a CSA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, thanks to changes in the latest Farm Bill,\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Creech received $21,000 from the USDA because of her veteran status. She's using the money to improve the quality of her soil and build a hoop house, which will extend her growing season and should increase her profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creech is also getting support at the state level. Some Midwest states are launching\u003ca href=\"http://www.kyproud.com/veterans/\"> marketing campaigns\u003c/a> that supply veteran farmers with a patriotic logo, \"Homegrown by Heroes,\" to help advertise their products. Creech flies a \"Homegrown by Heroes\" sign at her farmers market table to attract customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The community loves food, and they love veterans, at least in our area,\" she says. \"But they don't know how to support us. They don't know what we need.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says being able to designate her business as veteran-owned gives people a tangible way to pay her back for her service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Money, though, is not her priority, she says. In many ways, she says, the work pays for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am getting out of bed every day. And I am doing my chores every day. And I am taking care of animals every day. People are relying on me,\" she says. \"I don't know where my life is going to take me, but I feel like I'm on the right path.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's helping other vets find their path, too, hosting veterans groups at Blue Yonder for week-long workshops to give them a taste of life on the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Abby Wendle is a reporter with \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://tspr.org/\">Tri States Public Radio\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a>, \u003cem>a public radio reporting collaboration that focuses on agriculture and food production.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Farmers Fear Legal Status For Workers Would Lead Them Off The Farm",
"title": "Farmers Fear Legal Status For Workers Would Lead Them Off The Farm",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93570\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2.jpg\" alt=\"Nahun Villagomez Sanchez washes freshly dug Red LaSoda potatoes at T&D Willey Farms near Madera, Calif. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93570\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nahun Villagomez Sanchez washes freshly dug Red LaSoda potatoes at T&D Willey Farms near Madera, Calif. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Morning Edition:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/02/20150226_me_do_your_veggies_depend_on_workers_who_lack_legal_rights.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/26/387698016/do-your-veggies-depend-on-workers-who-lack-legal-rights\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/26/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The political battle over immigration, now provoking a confrontation between Congress and the White House, touches all of us in one very direct way: our food. That salad mix, and those apples, may well have been harvested by workers who arrived here in the U.S. illegally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmworkerjustice.org/sites/default/files/NAWS%20data%20factsht%201-13-15FINAL.pdf\">surveys\u003c/a>, about half of all farm workers in the country lack legitimate documents, and live in what's often described as a \"shadow world,\" without legal rights. The farmers who employ those workers, meanwhile, are deeply ambivalent about this situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They present bona fide documents that show that they're a legal worker. Do I believe that they're 100 percent correct? No,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.westsideproduce.com/index.php/our-team/85-people/111-stephen-patricio\">Stephen Patricio\u003c/a>, president of Westside Produce, a big melon packer in California's Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricio is frustrated with federal immigration policies that make life difficult for his workers. Those feelings are partly rooted in self-interest because he needs them. But they're mixed with sympathy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're just trying to feed their families,\" he says. \"And to punish people for seeking a better life, which we've held up as our mantra throughout the world, is wrong!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one part of Patricio was happy when, last fall, President Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/20/365519963/obama-will-announce-relief-for-up-to-5-million-immigrants\">promised\u003c/a> more protection for millions of immigrants, such those who have children who are U.S. citizens. This executive action probably covers hundreds of thousands of farm workers — but it is now in limbo, because a federal judge in Texas has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/17/386905806/federal-judge-blocks-obama-s-executive-actions-on-immigration\">blocked\u003c/a> it, at least for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricio, however, also has another reaction, one that illustrates deeper conflicts over U.S. immigration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that giving more legal rights to those workers is probably bad for his business. He believes that some of these workers are in the Central Valley, working in agriculture, because it's a good place to hide from the authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those workers gain legal status, \"that pressure is off. Now they can go to the cities and look for construction jobs, or manufacturing jobs,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1980s, millions of immigrants gained legal status. Patricio believes that, as a result, many left agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back then, employers had an alternative. The border was more porous than it is now, and employers were able turn to a fresh wave of immigrants. That flow has now slowed to a trickle, and Patricio says this has created a real shortage of farm workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling around the Central Valley, I heard same argument from several different employers. Among the most vocal was Manuel Cunha, Jr., who is president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.niseifarmersleague.com/index.htm\">Nisei Farmers League\u003c/a>, based in Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many workers who get legal protections \"are going to go find full-time jobs, because now they're safe,\" Cunha said. \"And I have nothing to replace them with. Nothing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93571\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35.jpg\" alt=\"Farm worker Lorena Hernandez (right) with her daughter Luzliliana. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farm worker Lorena Hernandez (right) with her daughter Luzliliana. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, I was surprised to hear this argument. It seemed self-incriminating for employers to suggest that their workers are trapped in these jobs by their lack of legal status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a political and historical background to Cunha's argument. Cunha, along with many farm leaders, wants to resurrect some form of the guest worker program that they relied on in the 1950s and the 1960s. This program brought in large numbers of farm workers for seasonal work, but did not promise citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups representing farm employers have been lobbying Congress for a new guest worker program, so far without success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there's debate over whether farm workers do, in fact, stay in agriculture because they lack legal status. Many farm workers themselves deny it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them is Lorena Hernandez, who lives in Madera, Calif. She came to the U.S. from Mexico eight years ago. Since then, she married and now has a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of that daughter, who is an American citizen, Hernandez and her husband would be covered by the Obama Administration's executive action; if it went into effect, she'd be able to work legally — at least for the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Hernandez before the recent court decision that put this on hold. So it looked at that time as though she would soon be able to get a real social security card. It would change a lot of things for her, she said, but not her job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm still going to be working in the fields,\" she told me. \"I like it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her friends and co-workers feel the same way, she says. \"I was talking to them about it, and it seems like they're not interested in any other work. They're just interested in working in the fields.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Mines, who ran a national survey of farm workers for the Department of Labor during the 1980s and 90s, says those surveys also \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/2013/02/in-immigration-reform-debate-is-agribusiness-crying-wolf.php\">show\u003c/a> that workers who gain legal status are no more likely to leave farm work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many workers do leave agriculture, says, and many employers believe that legalization is the reason. But in reality, Mines says, \"those farm workers leave because they can't make a living at it. And whether or not they're legal is not that relevant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93572\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Willey grows a big variety of organic vegetables near Madera, Calif., and employs about 50 people year-round. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Willey grows a big variety of organic vegetables near Madera, Calif., and employs about 50 people year-round. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mines also is not a fan of a new guest worker program. Such programs have been criticized for abusing workers in the past. And according to Mines, many of the workers end up violating the rules and staying in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mines says that farmers simply will need to adapt to the closed border and compete for the workers who are here. This could mean paying workers more, or adapting farm operations so that workers have jobs year-round. The shortage of workers, in fact, has been one factor behind California's shift to almond growing, which is much more mechanized and requires less labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vegetable farmer \u003ca href=\"http://www.abundantharvestorganics.com/farmers/tom-denesse-willey/\">Tom Willey\u003c/a>, meanwhile, tries to attract and keep workers by offering them better working conditions. He and his wife Denesse are among the pioneers of organic farming in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"http://www.tdwilleyfarms.com/frwho.html\">grow\u003c/a> a huge variety of vegetables, in part so that they can offer year-round work and develop a more stable, cohesive team. \"Creating that sense of community, in which people feel that they're working in a non-coercive environment, is something that I focus a great deal on,\" says Willey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Willey doesn't pretend that he's solved all the problems. He still can't pay very much. As it is, 70 percent of his farm's revenue goes to paying the workers. And they're competing with other farms, not just in California, but also in Mexico and Central America, where workers earn \u003ca href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/product-of-mexico-camps/\">even less\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may be allowing fewer people to cross the border, Willey points out, but imports of vegetables from Mexico are way up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Produce growers often rely on workers who are in the U.S. illegally. Some farmers worry that if those workers gain legal status, they will leave agriculture. But some workers say they would stay.",
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"description": "Produce growers often rely on workers who are in the U.S. illegally. Some farmers worry that if those workers gain legal status, they will leave agriculture. But some workers say they would stay.",
"title": "Farmers Fear Legal Status For Workers Would Lead Them Off The Farm | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93570\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2.jpg\" alt=\"Nahun Villagomez Sanchez washes freshly dug Red LaSoda potatoes at T&D Willey Farms near Madera, Calif. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93570\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-3_enl-0c2c1c37ed632b8d2e1ccacb82be04aca34011f2-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nahun Villagomez Sanchez washes freshly dug Red LaSoda potatoes at T&D Willey Farms near Madera, Calif. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Morning Edition:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/02/20150226_me_do_your_veggies_depend_on_workers_who_lack_legal_rights.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/26/387698016/do-your-veggies-depend-on-workers-who-lack-legal-rights\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/26/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The political battle over immigration, now provoking a confrontation between Congress and the White House, touches all of us in one very direct way: our food. That salad mix, and those apples, may well have been harvested by workers who arrived here in the U.S. illegally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmworkerjustice.org/sites/default/files/NAWS%20data%20factsht%201-13-15FINAL.pdf\">surveys\u003c/a>, about half of all farm workers in the country lack legitimate documents, and live in what's often described as a \"shadow world,\" without legal rights. The farmers who employ those workers, meanwhile, are deeply ambivalent about this situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They present bona fide documents that show that they're a legal worker. Do I believe that they're 100 percent correct? No,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.westsideproduce.com/index.php/our-team/85-people/111-stephen-patricio\">Stephen Patricio\u003c/a>, president of Westside Produce, a big melon packer in California's Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricio is frustrated with federal immigration policies that make life difficult for his workers. Those feelings are partly rooted in self-interest because he needs them. But they're mixed with sympathy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're just trying to feed their families,\" he says. \"And to punish people for seeking a better life, which we've held up as our mantra throughout the world, is wrong!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one part of Patricio was happy when, last fall, President Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/20/365519963/obama-will-announce-relief-for-up-to-5-million-immigrants\">promised\u003c/a> more protection for millions of immigrants, such those who have children who are U.S. citizens. This executive action probably covers hundreds of thousands of farm workers — but it is now in limbo, because a federal judge in Texas has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/17/386905806/federal-judge-blocks-obama-s-executive-actions-on-immigration\">blocked\u003c/a> it, at least for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricio, however, also has another reaction, one that illustrates deeper conflicts over U.S. immigration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that giving more legal rights to those workers is probably bad for his business. He believes that some of these workers are in the Central Valley, working in agriculture, because it's a good place to hide from the authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those workers gain legal status, \"that pressure is off. Now they can go to the cities and look for construction jobs, or manufacturing jobs,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late 1980s, millions of immigrants gained legal status. Patricio believes that, as a result, many left agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back then, employers had an alternative. The border was more porous than it is now, and employers were able turn to a fresh wave of immigrants. That flow has now slowed to a trickle, and Patricio says this has created a real shortage of farm workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling around the Central Valley, I heard same argument from several different employers. Among the most vocal was Manuel Cunha, Jr., who is president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.niseifarmersleague.com/index.htm\">Nisei Farmers League\u003c/a>, based in Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many workers who get legal protections \"are going to go find full-time jobs, because now they're safe,\" Cunha said. \"And I have nothing to replace them with. Nothing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93571\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35.jpg\" alt=\"Farm worker Lorena Hernandez (right) with her daughter Luzliliana. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-2_enl-51e4233938c735c8ae25134d98cbcfa5bc7afa35-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farm worker Lorena Hernandez (right) with her daughter Luzliliana. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, I was surprised to hear this argument. It seemed self-incriminating for employers to suggest that their workers are trapped in these jobs by their lack of legal status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a political and historical background to Cunha's argument. Cunha, along with many farm leaders, wants to resurrect some form of the guest worker program that they relied on in the 1950s and the 1960s. This program brought in large numbers of farm workers for seasonal work, but did not promise citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups representing farm employers have been lobbying Congress for a new guest worker program, so far without success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there's debate over whether farm workers do, in fact, stay in agriculture because they lack legal status. Many farm workers themselves deny it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them is Lorena Hernandez, who lives in Madera, Calif. She came to the U.S. from Mexico eight years ago. Since then, she married and now has a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of that daughter, who is an American citizen, Hernandez and her husband would be covered by the Obama Administration's executive action; if it went into effect, she'd be able to work legally — at least for the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Hernandez before the recent court decision that put this on hold. So it looked at that time as though she would soon be able to get a real social security card. It would change a lot of things for her, she said, but not her job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm still going to be working in the fields,\" she told me. \"I like it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her friends and co-workers feel the same way, she says. \"I was talking to them about it, and it seems like they're not interested in any other work. They're just interested in working in the fields.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Mines, who ran a national survey of farm workers for the Department of Labor during the 1980s and 90s, says those surveys also \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/2013/02/in-immigration-reform-debate-is-agribusiness-crying-wolf.php\">show\u003c/a> that workers who gain legal status are no more likely to leave farm work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many workers do leave agriculture, says, and many employers believe that legalization is the reason. But in reality, Mines says, \"those farm workers leave because they can't make a living at it. And whether or not they're legal is not that relevant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93572\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Willey grows a big variety of organic vegetables near Madera, Calif., and employs about 50 people year-round. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/farmers-1_enl-698ceb4d58428fb28b9b76910c4170580018253c-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Willey grows a big variety of organic vegetables near Madera, Calif., and employs about 50 people year-round. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mines also is not a fan of a new guest worker program. Such programs have been criticized for abusing workers in the past. And according to Mines, many of the workers end up violating the rules and staying in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mines says that farmers simply will need to adapt to the closed border and compete for the workers who are here. This could mean paying workers more, or adapting farm operations so that workers have jobs year-round. The shortage of workers, in fact, has been one factor behind California's shift to almond growing, which is much more mechanized and requires less labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vegetable farmer \u003ca href=\"http://www.abundantharvestorganics.com/farmers/tom-denesse-willey/\">Tom Willey\u003c/a>, meanwhile, tries to attract and keep workers by offering them better working conditions. He and his wife Denesse are among the pioneers of organic farming in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"http://www.tdwilleyfarms.com/frwho.html\">grow\u003c/a> a huge variety of vegetables, in part so that they can offer year-round work and develop a more stable, cohesive team. \"Creating that sense of community, in which people feel that they're working in a non-coercive environment, is something that I focus a great deal on,\" says Willey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Willey doesn't pretend that he's solved all the problems. He still can't pay very much. As it is, 70 percent of his farm's revenue goes to paying the workers. And they're competing with other farms, not just in California, but also in Mexico and Central America, where workers earn \u003ca href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/product-of-mexico-camps/\">even less\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may be allowing fewer people to cross the border, Willey points out, but imports of vegetables from Mexico are way up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Freight Farms: Entrepreneurs Modify Shipping Containers to Grow Local Produce Year-Round",
"title": "Freight Farms: Entrepreneurs Modify Shipping Containers to Grow Local Produce Year-Round",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1108px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1.jpg\" alt=\"Freight Farms are shipping containers modified to grow stacks of hydroponic plants and vegetables — anywhere, 365 days a year. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\" width=\"1108\" height=\"736\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93453\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1.jpg 1108w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1108px) 100vw, 1108px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Freight Farms are shipping containers modified to grow stacks of hydroponic plants and vegetables — anywhere, 365 days a year. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"124\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"//embed.wbur.org/player/hereandnow/2015/02/17/freight-farms-local-food\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here & Now Staff, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/23/388467327/-freight-farms-grow-local-flavor-year-round\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/23/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States imports more than $100 billion of food every year from farms across the globe, often in the big metal shipping containers you see on cargo ships. Now, entrepreneurs are using those shipping containers to grow local produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://freightfarms.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Freight Farms\u003c/a>\" are shipping containers modified to grow stacks of hydroponic plants and vegetables. It's a new way for small-scale farmers to grow crops year-round in a computer-controlled environment, even in the middle of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freight Farms co-founders Jon Friedman and Brad McNamara started their Boston-based company in 2010. At first, they tell \u003cem>Here & Now'\u003c/em>s Jeremy Hobson, they were looking at growing food using urban rooftops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they \"realized that there was a much larger opportunity to empower more people in different spaces than just your unused roof space,\" McNamara tells Hobson. Friedman and McNamara say their goal was to cut down on the number of miles it takes to get greens from farm to table, so you can grow local food anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Friedman (left) and Brad McNamara (right) are the co-founders of Freight Farms. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\" width=\"1150\" height=\"766\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93454\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331.jpg 1150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Friedman (left) and Brad McNamara (right) are the co-founders of Freight Farms. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The shipping containers are insulated, and all the systems – from pumps to irrigation to LED growing lights – can be digitally controlled. The Freight Farms are also Wi-Fi hot spots, so farmers can check on things like pH levels remotely using a mobile dashboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can set alerts. They can set alarms,\" McNamara says, adding, \"So if you're at home and it's really cold outside, your farm is covered in snow, you don't actually have to leave your house to go check on things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freight Farms says it has sold about 25 of the containers so far, at a cost starting at $76,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawn and Connie Cooney are two urban farmers putting the technology into action in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a city, you can grow enough produce using this technology to make a scalable business. So you can sell wholesale as well as retail and have a real business,\" Shawn Cooney tells Hobson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple is currently growing greens including kale, cilantro, mustard greens and wild mint. Like a library of plants, the herbs and vegetables are neatly organized in towers of leafy greens. The Cooneys sell most of their produce to restaurants via wholesale distributors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93455\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898.jpg\" alt=\"Lettuces, brassicas and herbs grow in a Freight Farms container. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\" width=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93455\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898.jpg 490w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898-400x601.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898-320x481.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lettuces, brassicas and herbs grow in a Freight Farms container. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"No we're at the point where we're asking what the restaurants want,\" Connie Cooney says. Mustard greens, with their wasabi-like finish, are a popular request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a 365-day growing season, the Cooneys are always in business. Their four freight containers can yield as much produce as four acres of land – in less time, they say, than it would take to grow on a traditional farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you give them the right nutrients, they taste as good, or better, as they would coming out of a dirt farm,\" Shawn Cooney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though watering, lighting and the addition of nutrients are all automatically controlled, \"there's still a lot of farm work going on,\" Shawn Cooney says, adding, \"You still have to come in and take care of the plants.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, the Cooneys' business is breaking even. Now that they have a handle on the farming aspects, they can tailor their produce to what people want and focus on profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Freight Farms system may seem particularly useful right now to Bostonians, with their city entombed in snow, Friedman hopes to see farmers all over the world adopt his company's growing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We see a lot of potential in a lot of other countries besides the U.S. [that] don't have access to food, [that] either have a large urban sprawl or just don't have the distribution system that we have in the U.S,\" Friedman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us via Here & Now, a show produced by NPR and member station WBUR in Boston. You can also listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2015/02/17/freight-farms-local-food\">audio version\u003c/a> of this story on WBUR's website.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1108px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1.jpg\" alt=\"Freight Farms are shipping containers modified to grow stacks of hydroponic plants and vegetables — anywhere, 365 days a year. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\" width=\"1108\" height=\"736\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93453\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1.jpg 1108w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-1_enl-123e7a79521b0fabc4811de46e4cdf38a710ead1-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1108px) 100vw, 1108px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Freight Farms are shipping containers modified to grow stacks of hydroponic plants and vegetables — anywhere, 365 days a year. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"124\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"//embed.wbur.org/player/hereandnow/2015/02/17/freight-farms-local-food\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here & Now Staff, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/23/388467327/-freight-farms-grow-local-flavor-year-round\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/23/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States imports more than $100 billion of food every year from farms across the globe, often in the big metal shipping containers you see on cargo ships. Now, entrepreneurs are using those shipping containers to grow local produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://freightfarms.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Freight Farms\u003c/a>\" are shipping containers modified to grow stacks of hydroponic plants and vegetables. It's a new way for small-scale farmers to grow crops year-round in a computer-controlled environment, even in the middle of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freight Farms co-founders Jon Friedman and Brad McNamara started their Boston-based company in 2010. At first, they tell \u003cem>Here & Now'\u003c/em>s Jeremy Hobson, they were looking at growing food using urban rooftops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they \"realized that there was a much larger opportunity to empower more people in different spaces than just your unused roof space,\" McNamara tells Hobson. Friedman and McNamara say their goal was to cut down on the number of miles it takes to get greens from farm to table, so you can grow local food anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Friedman (left) and Brad McNamara (right) are the co-founders of Freight Farms. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\" width=\"1150\" height=\"766\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93454\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331.jpg 1150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freight-farms-3_enl-693b5dddff7a491bce26566df176e01fa72bc331-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Friedman (left) and Brad McNamara (right) are the co-founders of Freight Farms. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The shipping containers are insulated, and all the systems – from pumps to irrigation to LED growing lights – can be digitally controlled. The Freight Farms are also Wi-Fi hot spots, so farmers can check on things like pH levels remotely using a mobile dashboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can set alerts. They can set alarms,\" McNamara says, adding, \"So if you're at home and it's really cold outside, your farm is covered in snow, you don't actually have to leave your house to go check on things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freight Farms says it has sold about 25 of the containers so far, at a cost starting at $76,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawn and Connie Cooney are two urban farmers putting the technology into action in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a city, you can grow enough produce using this technology to make a scalable business. So you can sell wholesale as well as retail and have a real business,\" Shawn Cooney tells Hobson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple is currently growing greens including kale, cilantro, mustard greens and wild mint. Like a library of plants, the herbs and vegetables are neatly organized in towers of leafy greens. The Cooneys sell most of their produce to restaurants via wholesale distributors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93455\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898.jpg\" alt=\"Lettuces, brassicas and herbs grow in a Freight Farms container. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\" width=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93455\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898.jpg 490w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898-400x601.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/freigh-farms-2_enl-14bc13d78d799bc60884fea29ad7556d47089898-320x481.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lettuces, brassicas and herbs grow in a Freight Farms container. Photo: Courtesy of Freight Farms\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"No we're at the point where we're asking what the restaurants want,\" Connie Cooney says. Mustard greens, with their wasabi-like finish, are a popular request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a 365-day growing season, the Cooneys are always in business. Their four freight containers can yield as much produce as four acres of land – in less time, they say, than it would take to grow on a traditional farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you give them the right nutrients, they taste as good, or better, as they would coming out of a dirt farm,\" Shawn Cooney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though watering, lighting and the addition of nutrients are all automatically controlled, \"there's still a lot of farm work going on,\" Shawn Cooney says, adding, \"You still have to come in and take care of the plants.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, the Cooneys' business is breaking even. Now that they have a handle on the farming aspects, they can tailor their produce to what people want and focus on profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Freight Farms system may seem particularly useful right now to Bostonians, with their city entombed in snow, Friedman hopes to see farmers all over the world adopt his company's growing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We see a lot of potential in a lot of other countries besides the U.S. [that] don't have access to food, [that] either have a large urban sprawl or just don't have the distribution system that we have in the U.S,\" Friedman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us via Here & Now, a show produced by NPR and member station WBUR in Boston. You can also listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2015/02/17/freight-farms-local-food\">audio version\u003c/a> of this story on WBUR's website.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Heaps Of Oranges Could Rot As West Coast Dock Dispute Drags On",
"title": "Heaps Of Oranges Could Rot As West Coast Dock Dispute Drags On",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93382\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651.jpg\" alt=\"Oranges sit in crates at the Rancho Del Sol Organics farm in San Diego County, Calif., on Feb. 10, 2014. A labor dispute at major West Coast ports has left millions of pounds of California oranges stranded in warehouses and on half-loaded boats. Photo: Sam Hodgson/Bloomberg via Getty Images\" width=\"1200\" height=\"799\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93382\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oranges sit in crates at the Rancho Del Sol Organics farm in San Diego County, Calif., on Feb. 10, 2014. A labor dispute at major West Coast ports has left millions of pounds of California oranges stranded in warehouses and on half-loaded boats. Photo: Sam Hodgson/Bloomberg via Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Alastair Bland, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/18/387256612/heaps-of-oranges-could-rot-as-west-coast-dock-dispute-drags-on\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/18/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California citrus growers are caught in the middle of a labor dispute between dockworkers and shipping lines that could end with millions of pounds of rotten oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bitter negotiations over a new union contract for dockworkers has resulted in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/14/386199926/west-coast-port-closures-are-hitting-several-industries-hard\">major slowdowns\u003c/a> in the unloading and loading of cargo ships at major West Coast ports, causing a serious bottleneck in the entire nation's economy. The conflict has coincided with unusually hot weather throughout the drought-baked state, which is causing oranges to ripen a month ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heaps of fruit are now stranded in portside warehouses and on half-loaded boats in Los Angeles, Long Beach and Oakland. That puts a great deal of the crop at risk of spoiling during what is normally the busiest time of year for packers sending citrus to Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the current rate, there will be fruit discarded,\" says Tom Wollenman, vice-president and general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lobuecitrus.com/about.php\" target=\"_blank\">LoBue Citrus\u003c/a>, a grower and packer in California's San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is forecast to produce just over 300 million pounds of oranges this season, of which more than a quarter could be exported, according to Bob Blakely, vice-president of the industry group \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacitrusmutual.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Citrus Mutual\u003c/a>. He says the voyage from the California coast to South Korea, China and Japan — major destinations for California's prized navel oranges — usually takes 14 to 21 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These delays will add 10 days to two weeks to the trip,\" he says. \"The fruit really starts to break down after three or four weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers, not those handling the fruit, will take the heaviest hit if the produce spoils before reaching Asia. Wollenman says farmers generally don't receive money for their shipped fruit until after receivers buy it. On average, a farmer will make a profit of roughly $13 on a 40-pound carton of oranges, Wollenman says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the fruit perishes at sea, California farmers waiting for paychecks could get nothing. \"They might even get a bill,\" says Wollenman. He explains that receivers who must dispose of rotten fruit may charge the sender $2 to $3 per box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's farmers are desperately trying to avoid such losses. Many are simply delaying picking, since the safest place to store oranges and other citrus fruit for long periods of time is often on the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trouble is, this method works best in cold weather. This winter has been exceptionally mild, with daytime high temperatures recently soaring into the 70s throughout the state. The spring-like weather is hastening the ripening of fruit, and many ready-to-eat oranges are dropping from the trees at a time when chilly winter air would normally provide outdoor refrigeration conditions. Blakely says cold storage facilities are not an option for most growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other farmers have sent their fruit to Houston, to be rerouted to Asia via the Panama Canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That adds a week to travel time, but at least it gets the fruit on the water,\" Blakely says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few farmers, he says, have even driven out to the Port of Oakland to try and retrieve their oranges from the holds of cargo ships stalled by the port impasse. Many growers are looking for opportunities to sell their oranges domestically while the dock crisis plays out, Blakely says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But selling a surplus of citrus in the U.S. may not be possible. Even if the fruit is\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>offered at discounted prices, Americans tend to eat only so many oranges, lemons and tangerines, Blakely says. Wollenman says the best deal for some farmers may be to turn over their valuable oranges to the juice market at a meager buck per box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is trying to resolve the port conflict, but Blakely fears the delays will continue for weeks more. The orange harvest, he says, often continues into July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other California producers who rely on Asian markets include growers of alfalfa, almonds, walnuts, rice and wine. But Blakely says the labor strife puts fresh fruit, like oranges, at particular risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Almonds aren't a perishable crop,\" he says. \"But the product of our labor is rotting on the docks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alastair Bland is a journalist based in San Francisco.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Millions of pounds of citrus fruit are stranded and at risk of spoiling in warehouses and boats at major ports in California. It's the result of a dockworker labor dispute that's jammed operations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93382\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651.jpg\" alt=\"Oranges sit in crates at the Rancho Del Sol Organics farm in San Diego County, Calif., on Feb. 10, 2014. A labor dispute at major West Coast ports has left millions of pounds of California oranges stranded in warehouses and on half-loaded boats. Photo: Sam Hodgson/Bloomberg via Getty Images\" width=\"1200\" height=\"799\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93382\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/oranges_enl-aa10abd7c0ef6c558b506fa720a8437e14c7d5af-e1424319625651-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oranges sit in crates at the Rancho Del Sol Organics farm in San Diego County, Calif., on Feb. 10, 2014. A labor dispute at major West Coast ports has left millions of pounds of California oranges stranded in warehouses and on half-loaded boats. Photo: Sam Hodgson/Bloomberg via Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Alastair Bland, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/18/387256612/heaps-of-oranges-could-rot-as-west-coast-dock-dispute-drags-on\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/18/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California citrus growers are caught in the middle of a labor dispute between dockworkers and shipping lines that could end with millions of pounds of rotten oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bitter negotiations over a new union contract for dockworkers has resulted in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/14/386199926/west-coast-port-closures-are-hitting-several-industries-hard\">major slowdowns\u003c/a> in the unloading and loading of cargo ships at major West Coast ports, causing a serious bottleneck in the entire nation's economy. The conflict has coincided with unusually hot weather throughout the drought-baked state, which is causing oranges to ripen a month ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heaps of fruit are now stranded in portside warehouses and on half-loaded boats in Los Angeles, Long Beach and Oakland. That puts a great deal of the crop at risk of spoiling during what is normally the busiest time of year for packers sending citrus to Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the current rate, there will be fruit discarded,\" says Tom Wollenman, vice-president and general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lobuecitrus.com/about.php\" target=\"_blank\">LoBue Citrus\u003c/a>, a grower and packer in California's San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is forecast to produce just over 300 million pounds of oranges this season, of which more than a quarter could be exported, according to Bob Blakely, vice-president of the industry group \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacitrusmutual.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Citrus Mutual\u003c/a>. He says the voyage from the California coast to South Korea, China and Japan — major destinations for California's prized navel oranges — usually takes 14 to 21 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These delays will add 10 days to two weeks to the trip,\" he says. \"The fruit really starts to break down after three or four weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers, not those handling the fruit, will take the heaviest hit if the produce spoils before reaching Asia. Wollenman says farmers generally don't receive money for their shipped fruit until after receivers buy it. On average, a farmer will make a profit of roughly $13 on a 40-pound carton of oranges, Wollenman says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the fruit perishes at sea, California farmers waiting for paychecks could get nothing. \"They might even get a bill,\" says Wollenman. He explains that receivers who must dispose of rotten fruit may charge the sender $2 to $3 per box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's farmers are desperately trying to avoid such losses. Many are simply delaying picking, since the safest place to store oranges and other citrus fruit for long periods of time is often on the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trouble is, this method works best in cold weather. This winter has been exceptionally mild, with daytime high temperatures recently soaring into the 70s throughout the state. The spring-like weather is hastening the ripening of fruit, and many ready-to-eat oranges are dropping from the trees at a time when chilly winter air would normally provide outdoor refrigeration conditions. Blakely says cold storage facilities are not an option for most growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other farmers have sent their fruit to Houston, to be rerouted to Asia via the Panama Canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That adds a week to travel time, but at least it gets the fruit on the water,\" Blakely says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few farmers, he says, have even driven out to the Port of Oakland to try and retrieve their oranges from the holds of cargo ships stalled by the port impasse. Many growers are looking for opportunities to sell their oranges domestically while the dock crisis plays out, Blakely says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But selling a surplus of citrus in the U.S. may not be possible. Even if the fruit is\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>offered at discounted prices, Americans tend to eat only so many oranges, lemons and tangerines, Blakely says. Wollenman says the best deal for some farmers may be to turn over their valuable oranges to the juice market at a meager buck per box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is trying to resolve the port conflict, but Blakely fears the delays will continue for weeks more. The orange harvest, he says, often continues into July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other California producers who rely on Asian markets include growers of alfalfa, almonds, walnuts, rice and wine. But Blakely says the labor strife puts fresh fruit, like oranges, at particular risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Almonds aren't a perishable crop,\" he says. \"But the product of our labor is rotting on the docks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alastair Bland is a journalist based in San Francisco.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "GMO Apples Get The Nod, But Not Much Of A Welcoming Party",
"title": "GMO Apples Get The Nod, But Not Much Of A Welcoming Party",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93246\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542.jpg\" alt=\"Arctic Granny (right), a GMO variety created by Okanagan Specialty Fruits, got the gren light from federal regulators Friday. The apple doesn't turn brown like a conventional Granny Smith apple (left). Photo: Okanagan Specialty Fruits\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93246\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arctic Granny (right), a GMO variety created by Okanagan Specialty Fruits, got the gren light from federal regulators Friday. The apple doesn't turn brown like a conventional Granny Smith apple (left). Photo: Okanagan Specialty Fruits\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Dan Charles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/13/386029863/gmo-apples-get-the-nod-but-not-much-of-a-welcoming-party\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/13/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on All Things Considered:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2015/02/20150213_atc_here_come_the_gmo_apples.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have good news for all of you who find browned apple slices unappetizing. It's bad news, though, if you don't like scientists fiddling with your food. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has given a green light to apples that have been genetically modified so that they don't turn brown when you cut them open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/01/08/260782518/this-gmo-apple-wont-brown-will-that-sour-the-fruits-image\">apples\u003c/a> in question are modified versions of Golden Delicious and Granny Smith apples. They're called Arctic Golden and Arctic Granny, and they were created by Okanagan Specialty Fruits, a small company in British Columbia, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company inserted some extra genes into these apples. The genes are actually extra copies of genes that apples already possess, and as a result, the genes are \"silenced:\" They no longer produce the enzyme that's responsible for apple flesh turning brown when it's exposed to air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.arcticapples.com/blog/osf-staff/meet-osf-founders-neal-and-louisa-carter#.UIG6Tm_A_ng\">Neal Carter\u003c/a>, the president of Okanagan Specialty Fruits, the main market for these apples will be food service companies that serve sliced apples. Currently, they prevent the apple slices from getting brown through some other method, usually a preservative similar to the lemon juice in your kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators at the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/stakeholders/downloads/2015/SA_arctic_apples.pdf\">said\u003c/a> Friday they'd decided that the new apples pose no additional dangers. This means that farmers are now legally free to plant and sell them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okanagan Specialty Fruits, however, is also waiting for a letter of approval from the Food and Drug Administration, which is evaluating the fruit's safety for consumers. The FDA has already approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/01/13/376184710/gmo-potatoes-have-arrived-but-will-anyone-buy-them\">potatoes\u003c/a> that were modified in a similar manner, and most observers expect the FDA to approve these apples as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet other hurdles remain. Critics of genetically modified food, including Consumers Union, Food and Water Watch and Friends of the Earth, unleashed a barrage of protest Friday against the USDA's decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's interesting that USDA chose to approve this GMO apple on Friday the 13\u003csup>th \u003c/sup>-- it's certainly an unlucky day for the apple growers, consumers and food companies that don't want this unnecessary new GMO,\" Lisa Archer, food and technology program director at Friends of the Earth, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups say the technology needs more critical scrutiny, and believe that the government's system for approving such crops relies too heavily on tests carried out by the companies themselves. The Environmental Working Group noted in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/release/arctic-apples-will-thaw-congressional-action-gmo-labeling\">statement\u003c/a> that the new apples may \"thaw Congressional action on GMO labeling,\" fueling efforts to pass legislation that would require food manufacturers to label foods containing GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some important players in the apple business, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhort.org/\">Northwest Horticultural Council\u003c/a>, also are opposed to the new apples. They are worried the advent of GMO apples will ruin the wholesome image of the entire apple section in supermarkets. There also are concerns that foreign markets, where the new apples are not yet approved for sale, might turn away from American apple exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such uncertainties could convince many apple growers to shun the new apples, at least until major customers have decided whether or not to buy them. \"I think it's going to be a very minor market,\" says Christian Schlect, president of the Northwest Horticultural Council, which represents fruit producers in Oregon and Washington. \"It's hard to believe that there will be mass plantings of this.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Government regulators have approved the first genetically modified apples, which don't turn brown when you cut them open. But planting these trees will be a gamble since consumers may not want them.",
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"description": "Government regulators have approved the first genetically modified apples, which don't turn brown when you cut them open. But planting these trees will be a gamble since consumers may not want them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93246\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542.jpg\" alt=\"Arctic Granny (right), a GMO variety created by Okanagan Specialty Fruits, got the gren light from federal regulators Friday. The apple doesn't turn brown like a conventional Granny Smith apple (left). Photo: Okanagan Specialty Fruits\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93246\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/arctic-apple-1_wide-aa0a0356dfd08dd18d2624b903e17d06f55f88a7-e1423873954542-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arctic Granny (right), a GMO variety created by Okanagan Specialty Fruits, got the gren light from federal regulators Friday. The apple doesn't turn brown like a conventional Granny Smith apple (left). Photo: Okanagan Specialty Fruits\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By Dan Charles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/13/386029863/gmo-apples-get-the-nod-but-not-much-of-a-welcoming-party\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/13/15)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on All Things Considered:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2015/02/20150213_atc_here_come_the_gmo_apples.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have good news for all of you who find browned apple slices unappetizing. It's bad news, though, if you don't like scientists fiddling with your food. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has given a green light to apples that have been genetically modified so that they don't turn brown when you cut them open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/01/08/260782518/this-gmo-apple-wont-brown-will-that-sour-the-fruits-image\">apples\u003c/a> in question are modified versions of Golden Delicious and Granny Smith apples. They're called Arctic Golden and Arctic Granny, and they were created by Okanagan Specialty Fruits, a small company in British Columbia, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company inserted some extra genes into these apples. The genes are actually extra copies of genes that apples already possess, and as a result, the genes are \"silenced:\" They no longer produce the enzyme that's responsible for apple flesh turning brown when it's exposed to air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.arcticapples.com/blog/osf-staff/meet-osf-founders-neal-and-louisa-carter#.UIG6Tm_A_ng\">Neal Carter\u003c/a>, the president of Okanagan Specialty Fruits, the main market for these apples will be food service companies that serve sliced apples. Currently, they prevent the apple slices from getting brown through some other method, usually a preservative similar to the lemon juice in your kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators at the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/stakeholders/downloads/2015/SA_arctic_apples.pdf\">said\u003c/a> Friday they'd decided that the new apples pose no additional dangers. This means that farmers are now legally free to plant and sell them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okanagan Specialty Fruits, however, is also waiting for a letter of approval from the Food and Drug Administration, which is evaluating the fruit's safety for consumers. The FDA has already approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/01/13/376184710/gmo-potatoes-have-arrived-but-will-anyone-buy-them\">potatoes\u003c/a> that were modified in a similar manner, and most observers expect the FDA to approve these apples as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet other hurdles remain. Critics of genetically modified food, including Consumers Union, Food and Water Watch and Friends of the Earth, unleashed a barrage of protest Friday against the USDA's decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's interesting that USDA chose to approve this GMO apple on Friday the 13\u003csup>th \u003c/sup>-- it's certainly an unlucky day for the apple growers, consumers and food companies that don't want this unnecessary new GMO,\" Lisa Archer, food and technology program director at Friends of the Earth, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups say the technology needs more critical scrutiny, and believe that the government's system for approving such crops relies too heavily on tests carried out by the companies themselves. The Environmental Working Group noted in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/release/arctic-apples-will-thaw-congressional-action-gmo-labeling\">statement\u003c/a> that the new apples may \"thaw Congressional action on GMO labeling,\" fueling efforts to pass legislation that would require food manufacturers to label foods containing GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some important players in the apple business, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhort.org/\">Northwest Horticultural Council\u003c/a>, also are opposed to the new apples. They are worried the advent of GMO apples will ruin the wholesome image of the entire apple section in supermarkets. There also are concerns that foreign markets, where the new apples are not yet approved for sale, might turn away from American apple exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such uncertainties could convince many apple growers to shun the new apples, at least until major customers have decided whether or not to buy them. \"I think it's going to be a very minor market,\" says Christian Schlect, president of the Northwest Horticultural Council, which represents fruit producers in Oregon and Washington. \"It's hard to believe that there will be mass plantings of this.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gardener's Twofer: First Ketchup 'N' Fries Plant Hits U.S. Market",
"title": "Gardener's Twofer: First Ketchup 'N' Fries Plant Hits U.S. Market",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>Sáša Woodruff, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/12/385459778/gardeners-twofer-first-ketchup-n-fries-plant-hits-u-s-market\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/12/15) \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789.jpg\" alt=\""It's not just any old tomato or any old potato. It's actually a really good, all-around potato at the base," says Michael Perry with Thomas & Morgan, the company that first developed the plant in the U.K. "Then on the top you've got the potential to have up to 500 super-sweet fruit." Photo: SuperNaturals\" width=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93167\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789-800x1205.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789-768x1157.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789-320x482.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"It's not just any old tomato or any old potato. It's actually a really good, all-around potato at the base,\" says Michael Perry with Thomas & Morgan, the company that first developed the plant in the U.K. \"Then on the top you've got the potential to have up to 500 super-sweet fruit.\" Photo: SuperNaturals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Love growing potatoes and tomatoes? This spring, gardeners in the U.S. (and Europe) will be able to get both tuber and fruit from a single plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's even got a catchy name: Ketchup 'n' Fries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like a science project,\" says Alice Doyle of \u003ca href=\"http://graftedvegetables.com/wp/\">SuperNaturals Grafted Vegetables\u003c/a>, the company that's licensing the variety for U.S. markets from the U.K. company that developed it. \"It's something that is really bizarre, but it's going to be fun [for gardeners] to measure and see how it grows.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't a genetically modified organism but a plant of two different nightshades: the top of a cherry tomato grafted on to a white potato.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Tomatoes and potatoes are in the same family and that makes it feasible,\" says John Bagnasco, also of SuperNaturals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grafting, the technique of taking two different plants in the same family and fusing them together, has been around since ancient times. Today, fruit trees, grape vines and roses are still grafted onto well-established rootstocks. (A New York artist is even attempting to graft branches from 40 different kinds of stone fruit onto a single tree, as The Salt \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/03/337164041/the-gift-of-graft-new-york-artists-tree-to-grow-40-kinds-of-fruit\">reported\u003c/a> in August.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grafting is advantageous for higher yields and disease resistance. For example, a tree that is genetically resistant to soil diseases might not produce a juicy peach or a perfectly tart apple. So plant breeders can take branches from trees with tastier fruit and graft them onto the hardy rootstocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last century, botanists have discovered vegetable or soft-tissue grafting. Grafters will take two separate seedlings — with stems of the same size and shape — and cut them in half. The top of one is then matched with the wound of the bottom. They are fused with a tiny plastic clip and taken into a special greenhouse while they grow into one plant. If the combination is correct, the whole organism should be stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This idea of the tomato-potato twofer isn't actually new either. In the early 1900s, botanist \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=tQw9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA282&lpg=PA282&dq=luther+burbank+tomato+potato+graft&source=bl&ots=kkHuEthpvE&sig=U356ivG9_odRD3C1X2Q5TfdHzlY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mGraVO2vHc70oATjyYKYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=luther%20burbank%20tomato%20potato%20graft&f=false\">Luther Burkbank\u003c/a> successfully grafted a potato top onto a tomato root, creating a viable plant — except that it was, shall we say, fruitless. He even experimented with a tomato-potato hybrid, affectionately named a \"pomato.\" Since then, home gardeners have experimented with these Chimera-esque grafted plants to varying success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the right partners is tricky at best. You have to find two plants that work well together to produce a balanced harvest of fruit and tubers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're growing a potato from a seed, as the potato germinates, the stem is much thinner than a tomato when it germinates,\" says Bagnasco. \"You have to start the seeds at separate times and try to get the potatoes' stem up to size.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167.jpg\" alt=\"The plant is an early tomato grafted to a late-producing potato. The two can be harvested throughout the season. Photo: SuperNaturals\" width=\"1000\" height=\"734\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93166\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167-400x294.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167-800x587.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167-768x564.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167-320x235.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plant is an early tomato grafted to a late-producing potato. The two can be harvested throughout the season. Photo: SuperNaturals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After five years of experimenting, SuperNaturals decided to license an already successful variety developed for Thomas & Morgan, a U.K.-based plant company. About 40,000 TomTatoes were sold last year in U.K., says Michael Perry, a product development manager for Thomas & Morgan who worked on TomTato. He says the goal was to make a combination that was more than a novelty plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not just any old tomato or any old potato. It's actually a really good, all-around potato at the base,\" Perry says. \"Then on the top you've got the potential to have up to 500 super-sweet fruit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also had to find an early tomato and late-producing potato, so the two could be harvested throughout the season. It took 15 years to develop the winning combination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The TomTato is being released as Ketchup 'N' Fries in the U.S. this spring and the producers say the plant is sparking new interest in gardening. Perry says it wasn't just his usual customers who were interested in this last year in the U.K.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was also teenagers and kids — people who wouldn't have been interested before, so it kind of opened it to a wider audience,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SuperNaturals says garden centers across the country will be stocking Ketchup 'N' Fries in spring. It's also available online at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gardenamerica.com/store/Revolutionary-Ketchup-n-Fries.html\">Garden America\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.territorialseed.com/\">Territorial Seed Company\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sáša Woodruff is a freelance broadcast producer and reporter, working for local and national outlets including NPR, APM's Marketplace and PBS. She's currently a producer for PRI's To The Point and blogs about food and gardening at \u003ca href=\"http://trowelandfork.tumblr.com/\">Trowel and Fork\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "British horticulturalists have figured out how to graft a tomato plant onto a potato plant. This plant, called Ketchup 'N' Fries, has crossed the pond and is now available to gardeners in the U.S.",
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"title": "Gardener's Twofer: First Ketchup 'N' Fries Plant Hits U.S. Market | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sáša Woodruff, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/12/385459778/gardeners-twofer-first-ketchup-n-fries-plant-hits-u-s-market\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/12/15) \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789.jpg\" alt=\""It's not just any old tomato or any old potato. It's actually a really good, all-around potato at the base," says Michael Perry with Thomas & Morgan, the company that first developed the plant in the U.K. "Then on the top you've got the potential to have up to 500 super-sweet fruit." Photo: SuperNaturals\" width=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93167\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789-800x1205.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789-768x1157.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/knf-2_enl-718f0f9cb79298ad30775346e38ee1ea14a1ebaf-e1423773076789-320x482.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"It's not just any old tomato or any old potato. It's actually a really good, all-around potato at the base,\" says Michael Perry with Thomas & Morgan, the company that first developed the plant in the U.K. \"Then on the top you've got the potential to have up to 500 super-sweet fruit.\" Photo: SuperNaturals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Love growing potatoes and tomatoes? This spring, gardeners in the U.S. (and Europe) will be able to get both tuber and fruit from a single plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's even got a catchy name: Ketchup 'n' Fries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like a science project,\" says Alice Doyle of \u003ca href=\"http://graftedvegetables.com/wp/\">SuperNaturals Grafted Vegetables\u003c/a>, the company that's licensing the variety for U.S. markets from the U.K. company that developed it. \"It's something that is really bizarre, but it's going to be fun [for gardeners] to measure and see how it grows.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't a genetically modified organism but a plant of two different nightshades: the top of a cherry tomato grafted on to a white potato.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Tomatoes and potatoes are in the same family and that makes it feasible,\" says John Bagnasco, also of SuperNaturals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grafting, the technique of taking two different plants in the same family and fusing them together, has been around since ancient times. Today, fruit trees, grape vines and roses are still grafted onto well-established rootstocks. (A New York artist is even attempting to graft branches from 40 different kinds of stone fruit onto a single tree, as The Salt \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/03/337164041/the-gift-of-graft-new-york-artists-tree-to-grow-40-kinds-of-fruit\">reported\u003c/a> in August.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grafting is advantageous for higher yields and disease resistance. For example, a tree that is genetically resistant to soil diseases might not produce a juicy peach or a perfectly tart apple. So plant breeders can take branches from trees with tastier fruit and graft them onto the hardy rootstocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last century, botanists have discovered vegetable or soft-tissue grafting. Grafters will take two separate seedlings — with stems of the same size and shape — and cut them in half. The top of one is then matched with the wound of the bottom. They are fused with a tiny plastic clip and taken into a special greenhouse while they grow into one plant. If the combination is correct, the whole organism should be stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This idea of the tomato-potato twofer isn't actually new either. In the early 1900s, botanist \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=tQw9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA282&lpg=PA282&dq=luther+burbank+tomato+potato+graft&source=bl&ots=kkHuEthpvE&sig=U356ivG9_odRD3C1X2Q5TfdHzlY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mGraVO2vHc70oATjyYKYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=luther%20burbank%20tomato%20potato%20graft&f=false\">Luther Burkbank\u003c/a> successfully grafted a potato top onto a tomato root, creating a viable plant — except that it was, shall we say, fruitless. He even experimented with a tomato-potato hybrid, affectionately named a \"pomato.\" Since then, home gardeners have experimented with these Chimera-esque grafted plants to varying success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the right partners is tricky at best. You have to find two plants that work well together to produce a balanced harvest of fruit and tubers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're growing a potato from a seed, as the potato germinates, the stem is much thinner than a tomato when it germinates,\" says Bagnasco. \"You have to start the seeds at separate times and try to get the potatoes' stem up to size.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_93166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167.jpg\" alt=\"The plant is an early tomato grafted to a late-producing potato. The two can be harvested throughout the season. Photo: SuperNaturals\" width=\"1000\" height=\"734\" class=\"size-full wp-image-93166\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167-400x294.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167-800x587.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167-768x564.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/02/hands-holding-ketchup-n-fries_enl-e26243575024bc29d0237713a87c3eb8b99ddf5a-e1423773288167-320x235.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plant is an early tomato grafted to a late-producing potato. The two can be harvested throughout the season. Photo: SuperNaturals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After five years of experimenting, SuperNaturals decided to license an already successful variety developed for Thomas & Morgan, a U.K.-based plant company. About 40,000 TomTatoes were sold last year in U.K., says Michael Perry, a product development manager for Thomas & Morgan who worked on TomTato. He says the goal was to make a combination that was more than a novelty plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not just any old tomato or any old potato. It's actually a really good, all-around potato at the base,\" Perry says. \"Then on the top you've got the potential to have up to 500 super-sweet fruit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also had to find an early tomato and late-producing potato, so the two could be harvested throughout the season. It took 15 years to develop the winning combination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The TomTato is being released as Ketchup 'N' Fries in the U.S. this spring and the producers say the plant is sparking new interest in gardening. Perry says it wasn't just his usual customers who were interested in this last year in the U.K.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was also teenagers and kids — people who wouldn't have been interested before, so it kind of opened it to a wider audience,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SuperNaturals says garden centers across the country will be stocking Ketchup 'N' Fries in spring. It's also available online at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gardenamerica.com/store/Revolutionary-Ketchup-n-Fries.html\">Garden America\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.territorialseed.com/\">Territorial Seed Company\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sáša Woodruff is a freelance broadcast producer and reporter, working for local and national outlets including NPR, APM's Marketplace and PBS. She's currently a producer for PRI's To The Point and blogs about food and gardening at \u003ca href=\"http://trowelandfork.tumblr.com/\">Trowel and Fork\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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