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"title": "Methane Emissions Are Rising at a Record Rate, and Most of It’s From Us",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 3:49 p.m. Thursday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/methane\">Methane\u003c/a> emissions have risen at a record speed over the past five years, with two-thirds of those emissions coming from human activities like producing and burning oil and gas, cattle and sheep ranching, and landfills, \u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad6463\">new research\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming, behind carbon dioxide. It is nearly 90 times more potent than carbon dioxide, but its powerful warming effects disappear in roughly a decade, whereas effects from carbon dioxide linger for hundreds to thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If humans could reduce or eliminate methane emissions from our activities, we could save a full degree Fahrenheit of warming within a decade, said Stanford scientist Rob Jackson, who published the research in Earth System Science Data and Environmental Research Letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work comes from the Global Carbon Project, a coalition of international scientists measuring three dominant greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Jackson is the chair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since methane emissions heat the planet quickly but subside quickly, too, they present a unique opportunity. “There’s no other greenhouse gas that gives us so much power to reduce climate change in the short term,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decreasing warming in the near term buys humanity time to cut out harder-to-eliminate emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Jackson was deeply upset to find that total annual methane emissions have grown by 61 million tons, or 20%, over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, these increases in methane emissions accelerated after countries developed the Global Methane Pledge in 2021, a voluntary agreement aimed to bring methane emissions 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. The initiative includes 156 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see any evidence of the global methane pledge helping,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1994307 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/09/BerkeleyPollutionGetty1-1020x701.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and his colleagues used satellites to measure emissions from 2019 to 2023 and found they grew by 5%. Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also shows \u003ca href=\"https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends_ch4/\">this increase\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research shows methane emissions surging across every sector: how we produce power, where we toss our old food and garbage, and the farms where we raise cattle and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also shows methane increasing from natural sources, like wetlands. While emissions from humans increased by 18% since 2000, emissions from wetlands grew by 2%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through satellite images, Jackson and colleagues saw increased emissions from tropical wetlands in the Congo, Amazon and Southeast Asia. Warmer temperatures boost the growth of the microbes that emit methane in those environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m concerned because we’re starting to see evidence of warming temperatures increasing methane emissions from natural ecosystems. And we have no way of mitigating those,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing methane emissions is not quick or easy, but there are fixes. One is through new technologies such as satellites that can detect methane leaks and “super-emitters” from space; those leaks would then need to be followed up with rules and enforcement to patch or minimize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another solution is encouraging people to eat less meat and changing what cows and other ruminants eat. Adding certain types of algae to cow feed can reduce the amount of methane the animals belch and also encourage them to grow faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diverting food and organic matter from landfills and composting it instead would also help reduce methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The good news is that we have technologies to abate emissions from many human sources (e.g., stopping leaks from oil and gas, capturing landfill gas, composting, etc.),” Gabrielle Dreyfus, chief scientist at the Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development, said in an email. It’s an organization focused on slowing near-term climate warming. Dreyfus studies methane but was not involved in the Global Carbon Project research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the bad news is that some of the natural sources (e.g. tropical wetlands) are also increasing, and we don’t currently have tools to abate those emissions. This means we need to work that much harder to reduce the methane emissions that we can control,” Dreyfus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson hopes his research will help people see the huge opportunity we have to reduce methane emissions from a “climate menace that we continue to ignore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Curbing emissions from methane, which heat the planet quickly but subside quickly too, could buy humans time to cut out harder-to-mitigate pollution.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 3:49 p.m. Thursday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/methane\">Methane\u003c/a> emissions have risen at a record speed over the past five years, with two-thirds of those emissions coming from human activities like producing and burning oil and gas, cattle and sheep ranching, and landfills, \u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad6463\">new research\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming, behind carbon dioxide. It is nearly 90 times more potent than carbon dioxide, but its powerful warming effects disappear in roughly a decade, whereas effects from carbon dioxide linger for hundreds to thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If humans could reduce or eliminate methane emissions from our activities, we could save a full degree Fahrenheit of warming within a decade, said Stanford scientist Rob Jackson, who published the research in Earth System Science Data and Environmental Research Letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work comes from the Global Carbon Project, a coalition of international scientists measuring three dominant greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Jackson is the chair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since methane emissions heat the planet quickly but subside quickly, too, they present a unique opportunity. “There’s no other greenhouse gas that gives us so much power to reduce climate change in the short term,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decreasing warming in the near term buys humanity time to cut out harder-to-eliminate emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Jackson was deeply upset to find that total annual methane emissions have grown by 61 million tons, or 20%, over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, these increases in methane emissions accelerated after countries developed the Global Methane Pledge in 2021, a voluntary agreement aimed to bring methane emissions 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. The initiative includes 156 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see any evidence of the global methane pledge helping,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and his colleagues used satellites to measure emissions from 2019 to 2023 and found they grew by 5%. Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also shows \u003ca href=\"https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends_ch4/\">this increase\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research shows methane emissions surging across every sector: how we produce power, where we toss our old food and garbage, and the farms where we raise cattle and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also shows methane increasing from natural sources, like wetlands. While emissions from humans increased by 18% since 2000, emissions from wetlands grew by 2%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through satellite images, Jackson and colleagues saw increased emissions from tropical wetlands in the Congo, Amazon and Southeast Asia. Warmer temperatures boost the growth of the microbes that emit methane in those environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m concerned because we’re starting to see evidence of warming temperatures increasing methane emissions from natural ecosystems. And we have no way of mitigating those,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing methane emissions is not quick or easy, but there are fixes. One is through new technologies such as satellites that can detect methane leaks and “super-emitters” from space; those leaks would then need to be followed up with rules and enforcement to patch or minimize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another solution is encouraging people to eat less meat and changing what cows and other ruminants eat. Adding certain types of algae to cow feed can reduce the amount of methane the animals belch and also encourage them to grow faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diverting food and organic matter from landfills and composting it instead would also help reduce methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The good news is that we have technologies to abate emissions from many human sources (e.g., stopping leaks from oil and gas, capturing landfill gas, composting, etc.),” Gabrielle Dreyfus, chief scientist at the Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development, said in an email. It’s an organization focused on slowing near-term climate warming. Dreyfus studies methane but was not involved in the Global Carbon Project research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the bad news is that some of the natural sources (e.g. tropical wetlands) are also increasing, and we don’t currently have tools to abate those emissions. This means we need to work that much harder to reduce the methane emissions that we can control,” Dreyfus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson hopes his research will help people see the huge opportunity we have to reduce methane emissions from a “climate menace that we continue to ignore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "fuel-from-cow-manure-is-a-growing-climate-solution-but-critics-say-communities-put-at-risk",
"title": "Fuel From Cow Manure Is a Growing Climate Solution, but Critics Say Communities Put at Risk",
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"content": "\u003cp>The stench of cow feces, urine and ammonia forces residents to keep windows and doors closed in parts of California’s farming country. Some people constantly run air purifiers at home to counter the smell and, they say, fight off air-related ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of health problems going around in this community and most of them are respiratory problems,” said Beverly Whitfield amid dairies in Pixley, a small town in Tulare County. She believes her allergies, her adult son’s asthma and others’ breathing issues are linked to pollution from nearby dairies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial-scale dairy farms already are among the biggest polluters in the San Joaquin Valley, a premier U.S. agricultural region with poor air quality. Now residents like Whitfield worry methane digesters, which can turn manure into a biofuel that is cleaner than traditional fuels like gasoline, could exacerbate health issues. Biofuel experts say digesters can reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993376\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993376\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker milks cows at Wickstrom Jersey Farms on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar, Merced County. The farm uses a diary digester to capture methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Dairy and digester capital\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Home to about 1.7 million cows, California is the country’s leading dairy producer and a large contributor of methane. Cow burps and manure emit the potent planet-warming gas, which over a shorter period is much more powerful than carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent decades, digesters that convert manure and other organic waste into biogas to create electricity or to power vehicles have spread across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number’s expected to grow since \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/NRCS-CSAF-Mitigation-Activities-List.pdf\">waste management practices\u003c/a> such as digesters became eligible for funding from the Inflation Reduction Act — President Joe Biden’s law to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993377\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993377\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robbie Macias, Aemetis vice president of biogas, gestures while demonstrating the strength of a dairy digester with Wickstrom Jersey Farms manager Brent Wickstrom on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar, Merced County. The digester captures methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most digesters are in dairies that capture methane from lagoons of cow manure and turn it into biofuel. Liquified cow manure commonly is stored in a covered digester where microbes from the animals’ digestive systems produce gas. The gas then is cleaned and compressed into a liquid fuel that can be used as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade, about 120 digesters have cropped up across California and roughly 100 more are in the pipeline. But a technology hailed as a cost-effective way to help the state reach its methane reduction goals has become controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice organizations say mostly lower-income, Latino communities are dealing with pollution from nearby digesters, and they want California to stop providing financial incentives for more. Critics also say state policies favor industrial dairies, entrenching unsustainable animal agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Wolf with the environmental group Food and Water Watch said the state is incentivizing dairies to keep running large operations that already pollute. “You’re never going to stop polluting” with this system in place, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairies argue the state’s financial \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/6308\">program\u003c/a> plays an important role. “There’s got to be some financial incentive there to give up some portion of your land to operate these systems,” said dairyman Brent Wickstrom, whose digester recently went online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993378\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993378\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A separator removes solids from cow manure as Wickstrom Jersey Farms manager Brent Wickstrom discusses his farm’s dairy digester on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Supporters point to the technology’s effectiveness at mitigating climate change. AgSTAR, sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, estimates manure-based digesters reduced greenhouse gas emissions by more than 10 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2022. That’s roughly the annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from more than 2 million passenger vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters note that biofuel from methane reduces pollution by replacing fossil fuels like gasoline with cleaner vehicle fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This technology reduces odors and some local air pollutants,” said Sam Wade, director of public policy for the Coalition for Renewable Natural Gas. “At the same time, it reduces greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993380\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man passes a building on Main St. in Pixley on May 21, 2024. Some residents say dairies located throughout the region produce air pollution that is hurting their community. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Dairies, digesters and pollution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Residents near dairies complain about flies and strong odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want the doors open because you’re afraid of all the smells,” said Whitfield, whose family left doors open when they moved to Pixley in the 1970s. “Everything’s changed now with the dairies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dairies say digester tarps that cover manure reduce smells. “If anything, it should be keeping some of that odor in as opposed to making more,” said Wickstrom, the Merced County dairyman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found people living near large dairies can experience fatigue, respiratory problems, burning eyes and runny noses if odors are concentrated enough. A 2017 University of Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880917300701\">study\u003c/a> found digesters can increase ammonia emissions by up to 81%. Ammonia may form fine particulate matter that can enter lungs and the bloodstream. Long-term exposure to particulates has been linked to heart and respiratory issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993382\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993382\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andrew Zipser checks operations at an Aemetis biogas facility in Ceres, Stanislaus County, on May 9, 2024. Local dairies use digesters to capture methane from cow manure which is then piped to the facility for processing. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Having a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is good, but you also want to think about the human health impact,” said lead author Michael A. Holly, an associate professor at the Green Bay campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California air regulators said the Midwest study doesn’t necessarily apply to this state’s different meteorological conditions and types of digesters. They added that studies are underway to understand effects of digesters on ammonia emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231024002632\">recent study\u003c/a> funded by the California Air Resources Board found San Joaquin Valley dairy waste emissions contributed little to ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993384\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993384\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jersey cows stand in a stall at Wickstrom Jersey Farms on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar. The farm uses a diary digester to capture methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The air quality implications are basically zero, and really we can make a decision about whether or not digesters should be adopted based on greenhouse gas emissions,” said Michael Kleeman, lead study researcher and a University of California, Davis professor. “There’s already so much excess ammonia in the agriculture-rich regions that (digesters) are not going to significantly influence the air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Arevalo, a 74-year-old activist and former farmworker, believes her asthma and sleep apnea are linked to pollution from dairies near her home in Pixley. She sleeps with a machine to help her breathe. So do her son, 34, and grandson, 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neighborhood often smells of ammonia, she said, but many families can’t afford air conditioning and open windows to let breeze in. “These dairies shouldn’t be in areas where communities are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993381\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993381\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental activist Maria Arevalo, 74, demonstrates the air machine she uses to treat sleep apnea on May 20, 2024, in Pixley. Arevalo said she believes her asthma and sleep apnea are linked to pollution from numerous dairies near her home. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In her town of about 4,000 there are more cows than people. According to the nonprofit Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability, Pixley’s 26 dairies house approximately 140,000 cows. Nine have digesters operating on farms with thousands of animals, according to AgSTAR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, 15 members of Congress \u003ca href=\"https://www.booker.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Letter%20to%20Vilsack%20Re%20Factory%20Farm%20Practices%20Eligibility%20for%20IRA%20Conservation%20Funding.pdf\">wrote (PDF)\u003c/a> opposing USDA’s decision to make some large-scale farming practices, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/NRCS-CSAF-Mitigation-Activities-List.pdf\">roofs and covers (PDF)\u003c/a> for waste management facilities, eligible for federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storage of hundreds of thousands of gallons of liquid manure … pollutes the air and water of surrounding communities,” they said. “This inherently unsustainable manure storage system is only further entrenched by … digesters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993385\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993385\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-2048x1150.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1920x1078.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tanks stand at California Dairies Inc. on Monday, May 20, 2024, in Pixley. Industrial-scale dairy farms already are among the biggest polluters in the San Joaquin Valley, a premier US agricultural region with poor air quality. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Tradeoffs of a climate solution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Researchers have found nearly 40% of methane emissions from human activity come from livestock and agriculture. EPA estimates each cow can produce 154 to 264 pounds of methane annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11979516,news_11989505,science_1992348\"]In California, supporters view digesters as important in helping the state meet climate goals and as a source of renewable natural gas for vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biomethane improves air in cities “because trucks don’t emit very much emission at all when they run on natural gas,” said Eric McAfee, CEO of the renewable fuels and biochemicals company Aemetis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joey Airoso, who’s had a digester on his 2,900-cow farm since 2018, found that odors declined and nitrogen-rich remnants could be used as crop fertilizer. “That’s a big deal environmentally because it alleviates extra nitrogen being put on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colin Murphy, from the Policy Institute for Energy, Environment and the Economy at UC Davis, said that while digesters have benefits, they don’t solve air pollution “and don’t make it any more pleasant to live near one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993383\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows cast shadows on the ground at a Pixley, dairy farm on May 20, 2024. Some residents blame the region’s dairy farms for creating unhealthy air quality. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some valley residents who have complained about odors and respiratory issues say they have been told to move. But many have lived in small, rural towns long before dairies arrived — and relocating is not always financially feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where are you going to move at? You don’t have money to move,” said Whitfield, the Pixley resident with allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California dairy farms are curbing methane emissions by converting cow manure and other organic waste into biomethane for electricity — but environmental groups say it's harming vulnerable communities and entrenching unsustainable animal agriculture.",
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"title": "Fuel From Cow Manure Is a Growing Climate Solution, but Critics Say Communities Put at Risk | KQED",
"description": "California dairy farms are curbing methane emissions by converting cow manure and other organic waste into biomethane for electricity — but environmental groups say it's harming vulnerable communities and entrenching unsustainable animal agriculture.",
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"headline": "Fuel From Cow Manure Is a Growing Climate Solution, but Critics Say Communities Put at Risk",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The stench of cow feces, urine and ammonia forces residents to keep windows and doors closed in parts of California’s farming country. Some people constantly run air purifiers at home to counter the smell and, they say, fight off air-related ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of health problems going around in this community and most of them are respiratory problems,” said Beverly Whitfield amid dairies in Pixley, a small town in Tulare County. She believes her allergies, her adult son’s asthma and others’ breathing issues are linked to pollution from nearby dairies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial-scale dairy farms already are among the biggest polluters in the San Joaquin Valley, a premier U.S. agricultural region with poor air quality. Now residents like Whitfield worry methane digesters, which can turn manure into a biofuel that is cleaner than traditional fuels like gasoline, could exacerbate health issues. Biofuel experts say digesters can reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993376\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993376\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554454110-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker milks cows at Wickstrom Jersey Farms on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar, Merced County. The farm uses a diary digester to capture methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Dairy and digester capital\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Home to about 1.7 million cows, California is the country’s leading dairy producer and a large contributor of methane. Cow burps and manure emit the potent planet-warming gas, which over a shorter period is much more powerful than carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent decades, digesters that convert manure and other organic waste into biogas to create electricity or to power vehicles have spread across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number’s expected to grow since \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/NRCS-CSAF-Mitigation-Activities-List.pdf\">waste management practices\u003c/a> such as digesters became eligible for funding from the Inflation Reduction Act — President Joe Biden’s law to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993377\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993377\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554296736-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robbie Macias, Aemetis vice president of biogas, gestures while demonstrating the strength of a dairy digester with Wickstrom Jersey Farms manager Brent Wickstrom on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar, Merced County. The digester captures methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most digesters are in dairies that capture methane from lagoons of cow manure and turn it into biofuel. Liquified cow manure commonly is stored in a covered digester where microbes from the animals’ digestive systems produce gas. The gas then is cleaned and compressed into a liquid fuel that can be used as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade, about 120 digesters have cropped up across California and roughly 100 more are in the pipeline. But a technology hailed as a cost-effective way to help the state reach its methane reduction goals has become controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice organizations say mostly lower-income, Latino communities are dealing with pollution from nearby digesters, and they want California to stop providing financial incentives for more. Critics also say state policies favor industrial dairies, entrenching unsustainable animal agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Wolf with the environmental group Food and Water Watch said the state is incentivizing dairies to keep running large operations that already pollute. “You’re never going to stop polluting” with this system in place, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairies argue the state’s financial \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/6308\">program\u003c/a> plays an important role. “There’s got to be some financial incentive there to give up some portion of your land to operate these systems,” said dairyman Brent Wickstrom, whose digester recently went online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993378\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993378\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554342122-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A separator removes solids from cow manure as Wickstrom Jersey Farms manager Brent Wickstrom discusses his farm’s dairy digester on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Supporters point to the technology’s effectiveness at mitigating climate change. AgSTAR, sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, estimates manure-based digesters reduced greenhouse gas emissions by more than 10 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2022. That’s roughly the annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from more than 2 million passenger vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters note that biofuel from methane reduces pollution by replacing fossil fuels like gasoline with cleaner vehicle fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This technology reduces odors and some local air pollutants,” said Sam Wade, director of public policy for the Coalition for Renewable Natural Gas. “At the same time, it reduces greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993380\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554390730-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man passes a building on Main St. in Pixley on May 21, 2024. Some residents say dairies located throughout the region produce air pollution that is hurting their community. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Dairies, digesters and pollution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Residents near dairies complain about flies and strong odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want the doors open because you’re afraid of all the smells,” said Whitfield, whose family left doors open when they moved to Pixley in the 1970s. “Everything’s changed now with the dairies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dairies say digester tarps that cover manure reduce smells. “If anything, it should be keeping some of that odor in as opposed to making more,” said Wickstrom, the Merced County dairyman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found people living near large dairies can experience fatigue, respiratory problems, burning eyes and runny noses if odors are concentrated enough. A 2017 University of Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880917300701\">study\u003c/a> found digesters can increase ammonia emissions by up to 81%. Ammonia may form fine particulate matter that can enter lungs and the bloodstream. Long-term exposure to particulates has been linked to heart and respiratory issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993382\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993382\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554294688-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andrew Zipser checks operations at an Aemetis biogas facility in Ceres, Stanislaus County, on May 9, 2024. Local dairies use digesters to capture methane from cow manure which is then piped to the facility for processing. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Having a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is good, but you also want to think about the human health impact,” said lead author Michael A. Holly, an associate professor at the Green Bay campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California air regulators said the Midwest study doesn’t necessarily apply to this state’s different meteorological conditions and types of digesters. They added that studies are underway to understand effects of digesters on ammonia emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231024002632\">recent study\u003c/a> funded by the California Air Resources Board found San Joaquin Valley dairy waste emissions contributed little to ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993384\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993384\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554391800-1920x1277.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jersey cows stand in a stall at Wickstrom Jersey Farms on May 9, 2024, in Hilmar. The farm uses a diary digester to capture methane from cow manure which generates energy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The air quality implications are basically zero, and really we can make a decision about whether or not digesters should be adopted based on greenhouse gas emissions,” said Michael Kleeman, lead study researcher and a University of California, Davis professor. “There’s already so much excess ammonia in the agriculture-rich regions that (digesters) are not going to significantly influence the air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Arevalo, a 74-year-old activist and former farmworker, believes her asthma and sleep apnea are linked to pollution from dairies near her home in Pixley. She sleeps with a machine to help her breathe. So do her son, 34, and grandson, 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neighborhood often smells of ammonia, she said, but many families can’t afford air conditioning and open windows to let breeze in. “These dairies shouldn’t be in areas where communities are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993381\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993381\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554260407-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental activist Maria Arevalo, 74, demonstrates the air machine she uses to treat sleep apnea on May 20, 2024, in Pixley. Arevalo said she believes her asthma and sleep apnea are linked to pollution from numerous dairies near her home. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In her town of about 4,000 there are more cows than people. According to the nonprofit Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability, Pixley’s 26 dairies house approximately 140,000 cows. Nine have digesters operating on farms with thousands of animals, according to AgSTAR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, 15 members of Congress \u003ca href=\"https://www.booker.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Letter%20to%20Vilsack%20Re%20Factory%20Farm%20Practices%20Eligibility%20for%20IRA%20Conservation%20Funding.pdf\">wrote (PDF)\u003c/a> opposing USDA’s decision to make some large-scale farming practices, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/NRCS-CSAF-Mitigation-Activities-List.pdf\">roofs and covers (PDF)\u003c/a> for waste management facilities, eligible for federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storage of hundreds of thousands of gallons of liquid manure … pollutes the air and water of surrounding communities,” they said. “This inherently unsustainable manure storage system is only further entrenched by … digesters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993385\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993385\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-2048x1150.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554298311-1920x1078.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tanks stand at California Dairies Inc. on Monday, May 20, 2024, in Pixley. Industrial-scale dairy farms already are among the biggest polluters in the San Joaquin Valley, a premier US agricultural region with poor air quality. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Tradeoffs of a climate solution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Researchers have found nearly 40% of methane emissions from human activity come from livestock and agriculture. EPA estimates each cow can produce 154 to 264 pounds of methane annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In California, supporters view digesters as important in helping the state meet climate goals and as a source of renewable natural gas for vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biomethane improves air in cities “because trucks don’t emit very much emission at all when they run on natural gas,” said Eric McAfee, CEO of the renewable fuels and biochemicals company Aemetis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joey Airoso, who’s had a digester on his 2,900-cow farm since 2018, found that odors declined and nitrogen-rich remnants could be used as crop fertilizer. “That’s a big deal environmentally because it alleviates extra nitrogen being put on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colin Murphy, from the Policy Institute for Energy, Environment and the Economy at UC Davis, said that while digesters have benefits, they don’t solve air pollution “and don’t make it any more pleasant to live near one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1993383\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/AP24164554340382-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows cast shadows on the ground at a Pixley, dairy farm on May 20, 2024. Some residents blame the region’s dairy farms for creating unhealthy air quality. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some valley residents who have complained about odors and respiratory issues say they have been told to move. But many have lived in small, rural towns long before dairies arrived — and relocating is not always financially feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where are you going to move at? You don’t have money to move,” said Whitfield, the Pixley resident with allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Bay Area Researchers Find Oil and Gas Companies’ Methane Output Surpasses EPA Reports",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Researchers Find Oil and Gas Companies’ Methane Output Surpasses EPA Reports | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The oil and gas industry may be emitting about three times the amount of climate-warming methane as government estimates show, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07117-5\">new study in Nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is the main component of natural gas, and it is also produced when extracting crude oil. Methane is among the greenhouse gasses heating the planet, \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/video/whats-deal-methane#:~:text=Due%20to%20its%20structure%2C%20methane,years%20after%20it%20is%20released.\">and it is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s researchers used airplanes to gather 986,238 measurements of methane emissions from six domestic oil and gas production areas. The data include about half the country’s onshore oil production and 29% of natural gas production. Then, researchers combined that aerial data with information from sites on the ground, including wells, compressor stations, gas processing plants and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers, from Stanford University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and other organizations, estimate that an average of 2.95% of gas the industry produces leaks into the air as methane. The authors said that’s nearly three times EPA estimates of 1.01%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specific measurements varied from a low of less than 1%, or about what the Environmental Protection Agency estimates, at a site in Pennsylvania to a high of nearly 10% in New Mexico. Researchers found the higher percentages of methane released generally had something in common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are places where production is mostly focusing on oil,” said Evan Sherwin, a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who conducted the research as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University. But oil and gas often come out of the ground together, and if there wasn’t a way to transport the less-valuable gas to where it could be sold, leaks were higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pennsylvania, by contrast, drillers are focused on producing natural gas, and very little of the methane is wasted there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That complicates an argument many in the industry have made, generally in opposition to tighter government regulations on methane.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ipaa.org/methane/\"> They say drillers have an incentive to capture gas leaks\u003c/a> so they can sell the fossil fuel. But that’s not always possible if the industry hasn’t built the pipelines and other infrastructure to get the gas to consumers. In this study, researchers estimate the industry releases about 6.2 million tons of methane a year, valued at $1.08 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings echo \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2215275120\">other studies\u003c/a> that also conclude the EPA’s estimates are too low. Getting accurate measurements is important because the U.S. is among the countries pledging to cut methane pollution as one of its key climate goals. To achieve that, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/02/1216401828/epa-aims-to-slash-the-oil-industrys-climate-warming-methane-pollution\">EPA issued rules\u003c/a> for slashing the industry’s methane emissions in December. Those rules \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/texas-challenges-us-epa-limits-oil-gas-industry-methane-emissions-2024-03-09/\">now face a legal challenge\u003c/a> from Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane from human activities is responsible for \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/methane-emissions-are-driving-climate-change-heres-how-reduce-them\">about a third of the rise in global temperatures\u003c/a> since the start of the Industrial Revolution. The oil industry is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases#methane\">second-largest source of human-caused methane\u003c/a> after agriculture. While \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases#methane\">U.S. methane emissions have generally declined in recent decades\u003c/a>, the world is not on track to meet its goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (about 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While governments and the industry have routinely undercounted methane emissions, that may be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the COP28 climate summit in Dubai last year, more countries joined the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalmethanepledge.org/news/highlights-2023-global-methane-pledge-ministerial\">U.S. and European Union-led Global Methane Pledge\u003c/a> to cut emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. More than 155 countries have signed the pledge, representing nearly half the world’s human-caused methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the ability to measure methane pollution is improving rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s night and day, even compared to five or six years ago,” Sherwin said. In the past, collecting data was done mostly on the ground and was labor intensive. But now, he said, airplanes and satellites are able to gather much more information in a shorter amount of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/05/1235694992/a-new-satellite-will-track-climate-warming-pollution-heres-why-thats-a-big-deal\">Earlier this month,\u003c/a> the Environmental Defense Fund led the launch of \u003ca href=\"https://www.methanesat.org/\">MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, which will circle the Earth 15 times a day, looking for methane from the oil and gas industry. It joins other projects, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-mission-excels-at-spotting-greenhouse-gas-emission-sources\">one from NASA\u003c/a>, that give researchers and the public a better understanding of the extent of the methane pollution problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emissions of methane from fossil fuel operations remain unacceptably high,” said Tim Gould, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, during a Tuesday call with reporters. The organization’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2024\">Global Methane Tracker\u003c/a> shows methane from the energy sector was near the record high level in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that, the IEA concludes that if countries fully implement existing pledges on methane reductions, that would make significant progress toward achieving global climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2024 could mark a turning point, and policies are starting to be put into place. Greater transparency is coming. Awareness is spreading, and we have enhanced ability to track large leaks and act quickly to shut them down,” Gould said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gould said he hopes to have good news to share, about a \u003cem>reduction \u003c/em>in methane emissions, next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oil+and+gas+companies+emit+more+climate-warming+methane+than+EPA+reports&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The oil and gas industry may be emitting about three times the amount of climate-warming methane as government estimates show, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07117-5\">new study in Nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is the main component of natural gas, and it is also produced when extracting crude oil. Methane is among the greenhouse gasses heating the planet, \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/video/whats-deal-methane#:~:text=Due%20to%20its%20structure%2C%20methane,years%20after%20it%20is%20released.\">and it is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s researchers used airplanes to gather 986,238 measurements of methane emissions from six domestic oil and gas production areas. The data include about half the country’s onshore oil production and 29% of natural gas production. Then, researchers combined that aerial data with information from sites on the ground, including wells, compressor stations, gas processing plants and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers, from Stanford University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and other organizations, estimate that an average of 2.95% of gas the industry produces leaks into the air as methane. The authors said that’s nearly three times EPA estimates of 1.01%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specific measurements varied from a low of less than 1%, or about what the Environmental Protection Agency estimates, at a site in Pennsylvania to a high of nearly 10% in New Mexico. Researchers found the higher percentages of methane released generally had something in common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are places where production is mostly focusing on oil,” said Evan Sherwin, a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who conducted the research as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University. But oil and gas often come out of the ground together, and if there wasn’t a way to transport the less-valuable gas to where it could be sold, leaks were higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pennsylvania, by contrast, drillers are focused on producing natural gas, and very little of the methane is wasted there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That complicates an argument many in the industry have made, generally in opposition to tighter government regulations on methane.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ipaa.org/methane/\"> They say drillers have an incentive to capture gas leaks\u003c/a> so they can sell the fossil fuel. But that’s not always possible if the industry hasn’t built the pipelines and other infrastructure to get the gas to consumers. In this study, researchers estimate the industry releases about 6.2 million tons of methane a year, valued at $1.08 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings echo \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2215275120\">other studies\u003c/a> that also conclude the EPA’s estimates are too low. Getting accurate measurements is important because the U.S. is among the countries pledging to cut methane pollution as one of its key climate goals. To achieve that, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/02/1216401828/epa-aims-to-slash-the-oil-industrys-climate-warming-methane-pollution\">EPA issued rules\u003c/a> for slashing the industry’s methane emissions in December. Those rules \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/texas-challenges-us-epa-limits-oil-gas-industry-methane-emissions-2024-03-09/\">now face a legal challenge\u003c/a> from Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane from human activities is responsible for \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/methane-emissions-are-driving-climate-change-heres-how-reduce-them\">about a third of the rise in global temperatures\u003c/a> since the start of the Industrial Revolution. The oil industry is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases#methane\">second-largest source of human-caused methane\u003c/a> after agriculture. While \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases#methane\">U.S. methane emissions have generally declined in recent decades\u003c/a>, the world is not on track to meet its goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (about 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While governments and the industry have routinely undercounted methane emissions, that may be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the COP28 climate summit in Dubai last year, more countries joined the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalmethanepledge.org/news/highlights-2023-global-methane-pledge-ministerial\">U.S. and European Union-led Global Methane Pledge\u003c/a> to cut emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. More than 155 countries have signed the pledge, representing nearly half the world’s human-caused methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the ability to measure methane pollution is improving rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s night and day, even compared to five or six years ago,” Sherwin said. In the past, collecting data was done mostly on the ground and was labor intensive. But now, he said, airplanes and satellites are able to gather much more information in a shorter amount of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/03/05/1235694992/a-new-satellite-will-track-climate-warming-pollution-heres-why-thats-a-big-deal\">Earlier this month,\u003c/a> the Environmental Defense Fund led the launch of \u003ca href=\"https://www.methanesat.org/\">MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, which will circle the Earth 15 times a day, looking for methane from the oil and gas industry. It joins other projects, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-mission-excels-at-spotting-greenhouse-gas-emission-sources\">one from NASA\u003c/a>, that give researchers and the public a better understanding of the extent of the methane pollution problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emissions of methane from fossil fuel operations remain unacceptably high,” said Tim Gould, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, during a Tuesday call with reporters. The organization’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2024\">Global Methane Tracker\u003c/a> shows methane from the energy sector was near the record high level in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that, the IEA concludes that if countries fully implement existing pledges on methane reductions, that would make significant progress toward achieving global climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2024 could mark a turning point, and policies are starting to be put into place. Greater transparency is coming. Awareness is spreading, and we have enhanced ability to track large leaks and act quickly to shut them down,” Gould said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gould said he hopes to have good news to share, about a \u003cem>reduction \u003c/em>in methane emissions, next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oil+and+gas+companies+emit+more+climate-warming+methane+than+EPA+reports&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The oil industry has long leaked methane into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse gasses that are warming the planet. Now, new federal rules aim to dramatically reduce that pollution in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration has issued strict new regulations to reduce methane from oil and gas industry operations. The announcement from the Environmental Protection Agency comes as world leaders are in Dubai for the annual United Nations climate meeting, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalmethanepledge.org/events/methane-cop28\">controlling methane is a big focus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas. It stays in the atmosphere for a shorter time than carbon dioxide — the most abundant greenhouse gas from humans. But methane is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane\">much more potent climate-warming gas\u003c/a>. Research shows that even small amounts of methane escaping into the atmosphere can \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187648553/natural-gas-can-rival-coals-climate-warming-potential-when-leaks-are-counted\">equal the climate-warming effects of burning coal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Michael Regan, in a written statement, called the new final rule an “historic action to reduce climate pollution, protecting people and the planet.” He says the regulation is part of President Biden’s ambitious climate change efforts to zero out the country’s greenhouse gasses by 2050 and meet goals in the landmark Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates the new rule will reduce methane emissions nearly 80% below what they were projected to be, and that will “prevent an estimated 58 million tons of methane emissions from 2024 to 2038.” The agency says that’s the equivalent climate warming power “as all the carbon dioxide emitted by the power sector in 2021.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says that over that period, the amount of methane that will be captured or leaks avoided would be enough to heat nearly 8 million American homes for a winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also estimates the final rule will have net financial benefits of at least $7.3 billion a year from 2024 to 2038. Included in that accounting are the cost of deploying new technologies, climate savings, and health benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-caused methane emissions are responsible for about 30% of global warming today, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/44216/eye_on_methane_summary.pdf?sequence=3\">United Nations Environment Programme\u003c/a>. Most of the methane emitted by humans comes from the energy sector, agriculture and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule includes a “Super Emitter Program” that allows third parties, including environmental groups, to detect and report large methane releases from oil and gas sites. The EPA says studies show these large emitters account for almost half the methane emissions from the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is also required to phase out routine natural gas flaring at new oil wells. Drillers often flare or burn gas from the ground with more valuable oil when there isn’t a pipeline nearby to transport the gas to buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule also requires “comprehensive monitoring” for methane leaks from well sites and compressor stations. In addition to regularly inspecting sites, the EPA says oil and gas companies must choose “low-cost and innovative methane monitoring technologies” to detect leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the rule creates standards for reducing emissions from equipment, such as controllers, pumps and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states already have methane emissions programs. They will now have two years to submit them to EPA for approval to ensure they comply with the new federal regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With other countries also zeroing in on methane as a key climate risk, it’s a signal to operators worldwide that clean-up time is here,” says Fred Krupp, Environmental Defense Fund president, in a statement. EDF is among groups that have established methane monitoring programs, including plans to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/2023/08/17/methane-satellite-ball-aerospace-boulder/\">launch a $90 million satellite\u003c/a> to detect methane from oil and gas fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the new rules are aimed at the oil industry, they’re getting praise from some larger companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“BP welcomes the finalization of a federal methane rule for new, modified and — for the first time — existing sources,” Orlando Alvarez, chairman and president of BP America, says in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But smaller companies have been critical, fearing increased costs that could make some wells unprofitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry’s largest trade group, the American Petroleum Institute, says it’s still reviewing the final rule. Earlier this year, API detailed its concerns in \u003ca href=\"https://www.api.org/~/media/files/news/2023/02/13/api-comments-epa-supplemental-proposed-methane-rule\">comments submitted to the EPA\u003c/a>. Among them, API mentioned potential legal issues with using third-party monitors for the “Super Emitter Program.” The group says the EPA “must establish requirements for monitoring of third-party data” and provide limits on how that information is released to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior EPA official says the agency made changes based on such comments. The official says now the EPA will certify groups with methane monitoring expertise, assess reports of releases for accuracy, and then notify a responsible company of the release so they can fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether that will satisfy API’s concerns, but the comments highlight something many people involved in this rulemaking process assume: the new regulations will likely be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+aims+to+slash+the+oil+industry%27s+climate-warming+methane+pollution&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The oil industry has long leaked methane into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse gasses that are warming the planet. Now, new federal rules aim to dramatically reduce that pollution in the next 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration has issued strict new regulations to reduce methane from oil and gas industry operations. The announcement from the Environmental Protection Agency comes as world leaders are in Dubai for the annual United Nations climate meeting, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalmethanepledge.org/events/methane-cop28\">controlling methane is a big focus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas. It stays in the atmosphere for a shorter time than carbon dioxide — the most abundant greenhouse gas from humans. But methane is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane\">much more potent climate-warming gas\u003c/a>. Research shows that even small amounts of methane escaping into the atmosphere can \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187648553/natural-gas-can-rival-coals-climate-warming-potential-when-leaks-are-counted\">equal the climate-warming effects of burning coal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Michael Regan, in a written statement, called the new final rule an “historic action to reduce climate pollution, protecting people and the planet.” He says the regulation is part of President Biden’s ambitious climate change efforts to zero out the country’s greenhouse gasses by 2050 and meet goals in the landmark Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates the new rule will reduce methane emissions nearly 80% below what they were projected to be, and that will “prevent an estimated 58 million tons of methane emissions from 2024 to 2038.” The agency says that’s the equivalent climate warming power “as all the carbon dioxide emitted by the power sector in 2021.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says that over that period, the amount of methane that will be captured or leaks avoided would be enough to heat nearly 8 million American homes for a winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also estimates the final rule will have net financial benefits of at least $7.3 billion a year from 2024 to 2038. Included in that accounting are the cost of deploying new technologies, climate savings, and health benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-caused methane emissions are responsible for about 30% of global warming today, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/44216/eye_on_methane_summary.pdf?sequence=3\">United Nations Environment Programme\u003c/a>. Most of the methane emitted by humans comes from the energy sector, agriculture and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule includes a “Super Emitter Program” that allows third parties, including environmental groups, to detect and report large methane releases from oil and gas sites. The EPA says studies show these large emitters account for almost half the methane emissions from the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is also required to phase out routine natural gas flaring at new oil wells. Drillers often flare or burn gas from the ground with more valuable oil when there isn’t a pipeline nearby to transport the gas to buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule also requires “comprehensive monitoring” for methane leaks from well sites and compressor stations. In addition to regularly inspecting sites, the EPA says oil and gas companies must choose “low-cost and innovative methane monitoring technologies” to detect leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the rule creates standards for reducing emissions from equipment, such as controllers, pumps and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states already have methane emissions programs. They will now have two years to submit them to EPA for approval to ensure they comply with the new federal regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With other countries also zeroing in on methane as a key climate risk, it’s a signal to operators worldwide that clean-up time is here,” says Fred Krupp, Environmental Defense Fund president, in a statement. EDF is among groups that have established methane monitoring programs, including plans to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/2023/08/17/methane-satellite-ball-aerospace-boulder/\">launch a $90 million satellite\u003c/a> to detect methane from oil and gas fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the new rules are aimed at the oil industry, they’re getting praise from some larger companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“BP welcomes the finalization of a federal methane rule for new, modified and — for the first time — existing sources,” Orlando Alvarez, chairman and president of BP America, says in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But smaller companies have been critical, fearing increased costs that could make some wells unprofitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry’s largest trade group, the American Petroleum Institute, says it’s still reviewing the final rule. Earlier this year, API detailed its concerns in \u003ca href=\"https://www.api.org/~/media/files/news/2023/02/13/api-comments-epa-supplemental-proposed-methane-rule\">comments submitted to the EPA\u003c/a>. Among them, API mentioned potential legal issues with using third-party monitors for the “Super Emitter Program.” The group says the EPA “must establish requirements for monitoring of third-party data” and provide limits on how that information is released to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior EPA official says the agency made changes based on such comments. The official says now the EPA will certify groups with methane monitoring expertise, assess reports of releases for accuracy, and then notify a responsible company of the release so they can fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether that will satisfy API’s concerns, but the comments highlight something many people involved in this rulemaking process assume: the new regulations will likely be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+aims+to+slash+the+oil+industry%27s+climate-warming+methane+pollution&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Now Requires You to Compost Food Waste to Reduce Potent Greenhouse Gas",
"headTitle": "California Now Requires You to Compost Food Waste to Reduce Potent Greenhouse Gas | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has set an ambitious goal: reduce scraps and yard waste that go to \u003ca href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">landfills by 75% by 2025\u003c/a>. The new state composting regulation means waste haulers will handle a lot more moldy leftovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are ready, because they’ve been collecting and processing organic waste for years. Others will need to invest in new infrastructure, which will push up garbage rates. The state plans to help in the form of financial grants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing methane emissions is the state’s main goal. Its composting regulation requires residents, municipalities and soon more businesses to compost or divert food waste and scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a sprawling facility in Tracy, food scraps and yard clippings get turned into something useful. Here, an 18-wheeler backs up onto a ramp, dumping a load of waste into a huge hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of coffee grounds and eggshells and banana peels and things of that nature in there,” said Robert Reed, spokesperson for Recology, the company that hauls away San Francisco’s waste. “All of those materials are natural. Particularly the food scraps are very rich in nutrients, very rich in carbon. They all came from a farm and are to go back to a farm in the form of compost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal solid waste landfills are the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">third-largest source of human-related methane emissions\u003c/a> in the country, accounting for about 15% in 2019, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and engineers see an opportunity to capture methane and use it to create energy. They’re also studying how it can lock carbon in the ground and \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/science/land-management-carbon-sequestration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enhance the soil\u003c/a> in fields, orchards and rangelands to help farmers grow crops and livestock more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge for the state: building enough facilities like Recology’s, especially in Southern California, where composting is less common. Commercial-scale manufacturing businesses are expensive, and require land and heavy machinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978944\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A smiling man with a red hard hat holds a handful of rich, brown compost as a crane dumps more in a large pile behind him.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Reed, compost hype man, in Tracy on Jan. 31, 2022. ‘This is what helps grow healthy plants,’ Reed said. \u003ccite>(Raquel Maria Dillon/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recology began composting decades ago, and Reed argues it keeps greenhouse gasses out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what helps grow healthy plants,” he said, plunging his hands into a steaming pile. “We’ve got food to eat and it gets carbon back into the soil where it belongs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this stage, the compost is sorted and dried to a fine dust; it has a rich brown color and smells sweet, like a wet forest floor. But it’s not fully cooked yet. It will sit in windrows, long piles that workers will aerate for weeks while bacteria break the “material down into finished compost,” Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These piles are eight- to 10-feet tall and chock-full of microbial colonies that are breaking the material down into smaller and smaller pieces,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sprinklers add water to make a perfect, spa-like environment for the right microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New compost rules ‘biggest change’ to CA trash since ’80s\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The bacteria are key to the state’s new composting standards, which require all municipalities to collect green waste separately, to keep it out of the landfill. When food waste “cooks” under the right conditions, the bacteria give off less methane, a potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diverting our organic waste is the single fastest and easiest thing that every single Californian and every American can do to fight climate change,” said Rachel Machi Wagoner, CalRecycle’s director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She called the state’s composting mandate “the biggest change to our trash since we started recycling in the 1980s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state will require businesses to compost and donate edible food to food banks and charities. First, large grocery stores and food wholesalers will have to comply or face fines. Later, that list will include restaurants and cafeterias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California hits its composting goal, the state estimates it would be the equivalent of taking 1 million cars off the road each year in greenhouse gas emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To go after food waste that aggressively is unprecedented, and it’s a big deal,” said Matthew Cotton, an independent \u003ca href=\"https://www.mattcotton.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commercial composting consultant\u003c/a>. “We have a lot of infrastructure, maybe not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of this new infrastructure will be offset by a $90 million infusion from this year’s state budget. But Cotton said it’s hard to get permits for composting at this scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a popular piece of infrastructure,” he said. “No one says, ‘Hey, let’s put in a composting site.’ It serves a lot of people, but nobody really wants to live by it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting past the ‘yuck factor’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The other big hurdle is getting people to sort their food waste correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big yuck factor,” said Sally Brown, a soil scientist at the University of Washington. “The slimy stuff is slimy and it can smell bad and look gross and then you don’t want to touch it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Composting can be a hard sell, when you’ve been throwing stuff away your whole life, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’ll always be a market for high-quality compost, especially in California, where agriculture is such a big business, she said. But if the final compost product is contaminated, it becomes less desirable to farmers and landscapers. Think plastic bags, rocks and those annoying little stickers on fruits and veggies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The top lid on your Häagen-Dazs container — it feels like cardboard, but is that plastic on the edge?” she said, noting that many people might not care enough to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California’s golden age of compost\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California is in a golden age of compost research and policy, Brown said. Farmers have always known that compost adds nutrients to their fields and orchards. Now scientists are trying to measure how much carbon it locks into soil and how that benefits the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had 16-inch carrots in my garden this year, and that’s because of the healthier, lighter and fluffier soil from years of compost use,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t require genius cold-fusion tech. It requires you to put your broccoli stems into a different bucket. We can handle that — in theory,” Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has set an ambitious goal: reduce scraps and yard waste that go to \u003ca href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">landfills by 75% by 2025\u003c/a>. The new state composting regulation means waste haulers will handle a lot more moldy leftovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are ready, because they’ve been collecting and processing organic waste for years. Others will need to invest in new infrastructure, which will push up garbage rates. The state plans to help in the form of financial grants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing methane emissions is the state’s main goal. Its composting regulation requires residents, municipalities and soon more businesses to compost or divert food waste and scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a sprawling facility in Tracy, food scraps and yard clippings get turned into something useful. Here, an 18-wheeler backs up onto a ramp, dumping a load of waste into a huge hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of coffee grounds and eggshells and banana peels and things of that nature in there,” said Robert Reed, spokesperson for Recology, the company that hauls away San Francisco’s waste. “All of those materials are natural. Particularly the food scraps are very rich in nutrients, very rich in carbon. They all came from a farm and are to go back to a farm in the form of compost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal solid waste landfills are the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">third-largest source of human-related methane emissions\u003c/a> in the country, accounting for about 15% in 2019, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and engineers see an opportunity to capture methane and use it to create energy. They’re also studying how it can lock carbon in the ground and \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincarbonproject.org/science/land-management-carbon-sequestration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enhance the soil\u003c/a> in fields, orchards and rangelands to help farmers grow crops and livestock more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge for the state: building enough facilities like Recology’s, especially in Southern California, where composting is less common. Commercial-scale manufacturing businesses are expensive, and require land and heavy machinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978944\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A smiling man with a red hard hat holds a handful of rich, brown compost as a crane dumps more in a large pile behind him.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54893_IMG_7280-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Reed, compost hype man, in Tracy on Jan. 31, 2022. ‘This is what helps grow healthy plants,’ Reed said. \u003ccite>(Raquel Maria Dillon/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recology began composting decades ago, and Reed argues it keeps greenhouse gasses out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what helps grow healthy plants,” he said, plunging his hands into a steaming pile. “We’ve got food to eat and it gets carbon back into the soil where it belongs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this stage, the compost is sorted and dried to a fine dust; it has a rich brown color and smells sweet, like a wet forest floor. But it’s not fully cooked yet. It will sit in windrows, long piles that workers will aerate for weeks while bacteria break the “material down into finished compost,” Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These piles are eight- to 10-feet tall and chock-full of microbial colonies that are breaking the material down into smaller and smaller pieces,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sprinklers add water to make a perfect, spa-like environment for the right microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New compost rules ‘biggest change’ to CA trash since ’80s\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The bacteria are key to the state’s new composting standards, which require all municipalities to collect green waste separately, to keep it out of the landfill. When food waste “cooks” under the right conditions, the bacteria give off less methane, a potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diverting our organic waste is the single fastest and easiest thing that every single Californian and every American can do to fight climate change,” said Rachel Machi Wagoner, CalRecycle’s director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She called the state’s composting mandate “the biggest change to our trash since we started recycling in the 1980s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state will require businesses to compost and donate edible food to food banks and charities. First, large grocery stores and food wholesalers will have to comply or face fines. Later, that list will include restaurants and cafeterias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California hits its composting goal, the state estimates it would be the equivalent of taking 1 million cars off the road each year in greenhouse gas emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To go after food waste that aggressively is unprecedented, and it’s a big deal,” said Matthew Cotton, an independent \u003ca href=\"https://www.mattcotton.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commercial composting consultant\u003c/a>. “We have a lot of infrastructure, maybe not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of this new infrastructure will be offset by a $90 million infusion from this year’s state budget. But Cotton said it’s hard to get permits for composting at this scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a popular piece of infrastructure,” he said. “No one says, ‘Hey, let’s put in a composting site.’ It serves a lot of people, but nobody really wants to live by it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting past the ‘yuck factor’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The other big hurdle is getting people to sort their food waste correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big yuck factor,” said Sally Brown, a soil scientist at the University of Washington. “The slimy stuff is slimy and it can smell bad and look gross and then you don’t want to touch it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Composting can be a hard sell, when you’ve been throwing stuff away your whole life, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’ll always be a market for high-quality compost, especially in California, where agriculture is such a big business, she said. But if the final compost product is contaminated, it becomes less desirable to farmers and landscapers. Think plastic bags, rocks and those annoying little stickers on fruits and veggies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The top lid on your Häagen-Dazs container — it feels like cardboard, but is that plastic on the edge?” she said, noting that many people might not care enough to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California’s golden age of compost\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California is in a golden age of compost research and policy, Brown said. Farmers have always known that compost adds nutrients to their fields and orchards. Now scientists are trying to measure how much carbon it locks into soil and how that benefits the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had 16-inch carrots in my garden this year, and that’s because of the healthier, lighter and fluffier soil from years of compost use,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t require genius cold-fusion tech. It requires you to put your broccoli stems into a different bucket. We can handle that — in theory,” Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Monumentally Stupid': California's AG Rebukes EPA Plan to Ease Methane Rules",
"headTitle": "‘Monumentally Stupid’: California’s AG Rebukes EPA Plan to Ease Methane Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s Attorney General Xavier Becerra is chastising the Trump Administration over its plan to revoke Obama-era regulations on climate-changing methane leaks from many oil facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s top lawyer called the plan “a monumentally stupid decision” and promised, once again, to fight the federal Environmental Protection Agency over its easing of environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we face a catastrophic climate emergency, now is not the time to go backwards,” Becerra said in a statement. “It is beyond foolish to gut rules that reduce emissions of super pollutants and protect against increased ozone. The EPA must get back to its mission of protecting our environment and public health, not the profits of corporate polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra issued his comments shortly after the New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/29/climate/epa-methane-greenhouse-gas.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage\">reported\u003c/a> that EPA officials wanted to cut back on the regulation of methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas and a major contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a component of natural gas that’s frequently wasted through leaks or intentional releases during drilling operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas driving climate change, methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t believe in climate change, this is a bad idea,” said Rob Jackson, chair of the Earth System Science Department at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson called the proposal “irresponsible” and added that it undercuts companies that make money by selling captured gas for fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many reasons for cutting methane emissions beyond climate,” he said. “When we cut leaks, we save lives and improve human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, toxics like cancer-causing \u003ca href=\"https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/benzene/basics/facts.asp\">benzene\u003c/a> are released along with the methane, Jackson said. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEnvironmental groups said the EPA’s plan is meant to restrict the agency’s overall legal authority to regulate the gas in the fight against global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler said the proposed rule followed President Donald Trump’s directions to remove “unnecessary and duplicative regulatory burdens from the oil and gas industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Methane Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-adopts-strict-rules-for-methane-emissions/\">passed\u003c/a> strong regulations that require oil and natural gas producers to reduce methane leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private interests own the vast majority of California’s large oil fields. Because the EPA proposal only applies to federal land, if adopted, the changes will not affect these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson expressed concern that the rollbacks could apply to the oil fields that are on land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. They account for about 10% of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/about/california\">total\u003c/a> oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a spokesperson for the board said in an email that California’s methane \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/oil-and-gas-methane-regulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rules \u003c/a>apply to federal land, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of the largest importers of oil and gas in the U.S. The state imports about half of its oil and close to 90% of its natural gas, said Los Angeles-based Tim O’Connor, senior director of the Environmental Defense Fund’s energy program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s gas being imported from Texas and the Permian Basin or from the Four Corners region, that fuel will be much dirtier and more impactful to the climate,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Connor said the rollbacks could push California completely away from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will continue California’s march toward the end of natural gas,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Environmental Deregulation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The step would be the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">latest\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">in\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">a\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">series\u003c/a> easing the previous administration’s emissions controls on the oil, gas and \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/d48562a8d7ee4df1bceec0990205e5b3\">coal\u003c/a> industries, including a 2016 rule regulating oil-industry methane leaks as a pollutant under the federal Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Trump, both the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/8388dfc9f24f4e42a14e51c0a666323f\">Interior\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/8388dfc9f24f4e42a14e51c0a666323f\">Department\u003c/a> and the EPA have proposed a series of rules — some blocked by courts — to loosen regulations of methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocates and former EPA officials had said they expected the new methane plan to go further than previous proposals, with a goal of exempting companies from requirements to detect and stop methane leaks at existing oil and gas sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, this is the umpteenth iteration of the EPA’s exercise to define away its Clean Air Act authority … to address air pollution and greenhouse gases,” said Joseph Goffman, an EPA air official under President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is the country’s primary source of methane emissions, according to the EPA, accounting for nearly one-third in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While environmental groups pointed to the long-term impact, the oil industry said the direct immediate effect on methane emissions would be negligible. Controls on other, regulated pollutants would also capture methane in the pipeline, said Erik Milito of the American Petroleum Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama-era methane limits imposed “a disproportionate effect on small businesses” in the oil industry, Milito said. “A lot of mom and pops would have their wells shut in, elderly people with wells on their properties that could be shut down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollbacks on emissions from oilfields, storage sites and pipelines have split the oil industry, worrying some in the industry about growing blowback in a world increasingly mindful of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Royal Dutch Shell this year urged the administration to crack down — not ease up — on the emissions. Many others in the oil and industry have welcomed the easing, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest rollback “highlights the Trump administration’s complete contempt for our climate,” Kassie Siegel of the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group, said in a statement. “The EPA is now so determined to actually increase greenhouse pollution that it’s even shrugging off concerns from oil and gas companies about gutting these protections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ellen Knickmeyer from the Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Attorney General Xavier Becerra is chastising the Trump Administration over its plan to revoke Obama-era regulations on climate-changing methane leaks from many oil facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s top lawyer called the plan “a monumentally stupid decision” and promised, once again, to fight the federal Environmental Protection Agency over its easing of environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we face a catastrophic climate emergency, now is not the time to go backwards,” Becerra said in a statement. “It is beyond foolish to gut rules that reduce emissions of super pollutants and protect against increased ozone. The EPA must get back to its mission of protecting our environment and public health, not the profits of corporate polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra issued his comments shortly after the New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/29/climate/epa-methane-greenhouse-gas.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage\">reported\u003c/a> that EPA officials wanted to cut back on the regulation of methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas and a major contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a component of natural gas that’s frequently wasted through leaks or intentional releases during drilling operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas driving climate change, methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t believe in climate change, this is a bad idea,” said Rob Jackson, chair of the Earth System Science Department at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson called the proposal “irresponsible” and added that it undercuts companies that make money by selling captured gas for fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many reasons for cutting methane emissions beyond climate,” he said. “When we cut leaks, we save lives and improve human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, toxics like cancer-causing \u003ca href=\"https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/benzene/basics/facts.asp\">benzene\u003c/a> are released along with the methane, Jackson said. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEnvironmental groups said the EPA’s plan is meant to restrict the agency’s overall legal authority to regulate the gas in the fight against global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler said the proposed rule followed President Donald Trump’s directions to remove “unnecessary and duplicative regulatory burdens from the oil and gas industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Methane Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-adopts-strict-rules-for-methane-emissions/\">passed\u003c/a> strong regulations that require oil and natural gas producers to reduce methane leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private interests own the vast majority of California’s large oil fields. Because the EPA proposal only applies to federal land, if adopted, the changes will not affect these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson expressed concern that the rollbacks could apply to the oil fields that are on land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. They account for about 10% of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/about/california\">total\u003c/a> oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a spokesperson for the board said in an email that California’s methane \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/oil-and-gas-methane-regulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rules \u003c/a>apply to federal land, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of the largest importers of oil and gas in the U.S. The state imports about half of its oil and close to 90% of its natural gas, said Los Angeles-based Tim O’Connor, senior director of the Environmental Defense Fund’s energy program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s gas being imported from Texas and the Permian Basin or from the Four Corners region, that fuel will be much dirtier and more impactful to the climate,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Connor said the rollbacks could push California completely away from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will continue California’s march toward the end of natural gas,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Environmental Deregulation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The step would be the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">latest\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">in\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">a\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">series\u003c/a> easing the previous administration’s emissions controls on the oil, gas and \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/d48562a8d7ee4df1bceec0990205e5b3\">coal\u003c/a> industries, including a 2016 rule regulating oil-industry methane leaks as a pollutant under the federal Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Trump, both the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/8388dfc9f24f4e42a14e51c0a666323f\">Interior\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/8388dfc9f24f4e42a14e51c0a666323f\">Department\u003c/a> and the EPA have proposed a series of rules — some blocked by courts — to loosen regulations of methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocates and former EPA officials had said they expected the new methane plan to go further than previous proposals, with a goal of exempting companies from requirements to detect and stop methane leaks at existing oil and gas sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, this is the umpteenth iteration of the EPA’s exercise to define away its Clean Air Act authority … to address air pollution and greenhouse gases,” said Joseph Goffman, an EPA air official under President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is the country’s primary source of methane emissions, according to the EPA, accounting for nearly one-third in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While environmental groups pointed to the long-term impact, the oil industry said the direct immediate effect on methane emissions would be negligible. Controls on other, regulated pollutants would also capture methane in the pipeline, said Erik Milito of the American Petroleum Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama-era methane limits imposed “a disproportionate effect on small businesses” in the oil industry, Milito said. “A lot of mom and pops would have their wells shut in, elderly people with wells on their properties that could be shut down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollbacks on emissions from oilfields, storage sites and pipelines have split the oil industry, worrying some in the industry about growing blowback in a world increasingly mindful of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Royal Dutch Shell this year urged the administration to crack down — not ease up — on the emissions. Many others in the oil and industry have welcomed the easing, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest rollback “highlights the Trump administration’s complete contempt for our climate,” Kassie Siegel of the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group, said in a statement. “The EPA is now so determined to actually increase greenhouse pollution that it’s even shrugging off concerns from oil and gas companies about gutting these protections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ellen Knickmeyer from the Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Attacking Global Warming by \u003ci>Adding\u003c/i> CO2 to the Atmosphere? Stanford Researchers Have a Plan",
"headTitle": "Attacking Global Warming by Adding CO2 to the Atmosphere? Stanford Researchers Have a Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Here’s a novel approach to reversing global warming: Let’s put more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right']Returning the atmosphere to a preindustrial level of methane by converting it to CO2 is the subject of a new research paper out of Stanford.[/pullquote]Researchers at Stanford University this week proposed a new process that they say could help slow the warming of the planet by converting methane gas floating around in the atmosphere into carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s true that CO2 is the main greenhouse gas driving climate change, methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process of converting one greenhouse gas into another is “counterintuitive,” says Rob Jackson, the lead author of the study and an earth scientist at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But molecule for molecule, CO2 traps less heat than methane. If the process is perfected, it could return the atmosphere to preindustrial concentrations of methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0299-x\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> has major implications for the globe. Last year, methane emissions passed a grim milestone: Atmospheric concentrations reached two-and-a-half times their preindustrial levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing we need to do is to cut greenhouse gas emissions,” Jackson explains. “If pollution were a drop of ink, it’s a lot easier to block that drop before it hits the water than it is to remove it after it’s been mixed into the water. The atmosphere is the same way. We need to cut emissions, but they are rising for both carbon dioxide and methane. We need to explore other ways to remove greenhouse gases after they’re in the atmosphere. It’s not preferable, but it may be necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea could be part of a “solutions space, although it is not the solution by itself,” said Richard Alley, a geoscience professor at Penn State University who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many places around the U.S. already make money by capturing “waste” methane from sewage and garbage and then using it as natural gas, which can be burned to generate energy, Alley says. If there are sources of methane that are not concentrated enough to be used commercially but are leaking, then converting those to CO2 would help reduce warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big issue long-term is still CO2,” Alley cautioned in an email. “Methane is converted to CO2 in a decade or so in the atmosphere, so whenever we get serious about reducing methane, the concentrations will be much lower a decade after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we raise CO2, on the other hand, it will remain elevated for centuries and longer, with a long tail beyond 10,000 years. If we invest in heading off methane now without also dealing with CO2, we commit to more long-term warming than if we prioritize CO2 now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conversion Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how, exactly, does the process of converting methane to CO2 work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>We’d like to use a class of minerals called zeolite,” says Jackson. “These minerals can be thought of as a honeycomb. They have lots of open pores inside and you can embed metals, copper and iron, and other elements that can act as catalysts to drive the reaction that we’re after.\u003ci>”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson’s team proposes using fans to push air through cylinders or beds that contain the minerals, Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have used zeolites to convert methane into methanol, which Jackson described as a kind-of “halfway point,” but they have yet to successfully convert methane into CO2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of work to be done on the chemistry,” Jackson admits. “And work to be done on the industrial infrastructure—the equipment, the scale at which this might be done to restore the atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end goal is returning the atmosphere to good health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the Endangered Species Act, and when a species is endangered, we don’t try to save it, we want to restore it to health,” notes Jackson. “I’d like to do the same thing for the atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But molecule for molecule, CO2 traps less heat than methane. If the process is perfected, it could return the atmosphere to preindustrial concentrations of methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0299-x\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> has major implications for the globe. Last year, methane emissions passed a grim milestone: Atmospheric concentrations reached two-and-a-half times their preindustrial levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing we need to do is to cut greenhouse gas emissions,” Jackson explains. “If pollution were a drop of ink, it’s a lot easier to block that drop before it hits the water than it is to remove it after it’s been mixed into the water. The atmosphere is the same way. We need to cut emissions, but they are rising for both carbon dioxide and methane. We need to explore other ways to remove greenhouse gases after they’re in the atmosphere. It’s not preferable, but it may be necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea could be part of a “solutions space, although it is not the solution by itself,” said Richard Alley, a geoscience professor at Penn State University who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many places around the U.S. already make money by capturing “waste” methane from sewage and garbage and then using it as natural gas, which can be burned to generate energy, Alley says. If there are sources of methane that are not concentrated enough to be used commercially but are leaking, then converting those to CO2 would help reduce warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big issue long-term is still CO2,” Alley cautioned in an email. “Methane is converted to CO2 in a decade or so in the atmosphere, so whenever we get serious about reducing methane, the concentrations will be much lower a decade after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we raise CO2, on the other hand, it will remain elevated for centuries and longer, with a long tail beyond 10,000 years. If we invest in heading off methane now without also dealing with CO2, we commit to more long-term warming than if we prioritize CO2 now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conversion Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how, exactly, does the process of converting methane to CO2 work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>We’d like to use a class of minerals called zeolite,” says Jackson. “These minerals can be thought of as a honeycomb. They have lots of open pores inside and you can embed metals, copper and iron, and other elements that can act as catalysts to drive the reaction that we’re after.\u003ci>”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson’s team proposes using fans to push air through cylinders or beds that contain the minerals, Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have used zeolites to convert methane into methanol, which Jackson described as a kind-of “halfway point,” but they have yet to successfully convert methane into CO2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of work to be done on the chemistry,” Jackson admits. “And work to be done on the industrial infrastructure—the equipment, the scale at which this might be done to restore the atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end goal is returning the atmosphere to good health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the Endangered Species Act, and when a species is endangered, we don’t try to save it, we want to restore it to health,” notes Jackson. “I’d like to do the same thing for the atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Final%20Rule%20-1004-AE53%20-%20%20Ready%20for%20OFR%209.18.18_508%20%281%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposing\u003c/a> to roll back another Obama-era energy regulation, this time one that aimed to curb methane leaks from oil and gas operations on tribal and public lands.[contextly_sidebar id=”wYJiHjg8DpGkOB72kvNLqXy3sCIDV7tW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, even more potent than carbon dioxide in the short term, that contributes to climate change. The Obama administration said that large amounts of methane are lost into the atmosphere through through leaks, as well as intentional venting and flaring at energy production sites. It moved to \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/methane_waste_prevention_rule_factsheet_final.pdf\">limit \u003c/a>that by requiring oil and gas companies to capture leaking and vented methane at existing sites, to gradually update their technology and to make plans for monitoring escaping gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Government Accountability Office says as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-275R\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$23 million of potential royalty revenue\u003c/a> from those gases is lost annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a statement, the Department of the Interior said that rule was “unnecessarily burdensome on the private sector.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flawed 2016 rule was a radical assertion of legal authority that stood in stark contrast to the longstanding understanding of Interior’s own lawyers,” said Deputy Secretary David Bernhardt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration revised the rule after Congress\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526729339/inside-the-debate-over-repealing-curbs-on-methane-leaks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> failed to repeal\u003c/a> it outright last year. The proposal will be open to public comment for 60 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes a week after the Environmental Protection Agency eased its own protections on methane emissions. That proposal was aimed more at new oil and gas sites and would cut required inspections for leaks from every six months to once a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Petroleum Institute welcomed the latest rollback, noting in a statement that “methane emissions have plummeted 14 percent since 1990″ even as natural gas production has greatly expanded.[contextly_sidebar id=”A9KSO5S7kHUlB6r3ue697cqP7IVIAWXT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas producers say they already have an economic incentive to capture methane, because they can sell it. Several large oil and gas companies have also announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-emissions/shell-targets-lower-methane-emissions-from-oil-and-gas-operations-idUSKCN1LX0P8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new efforts\u003c/a> to limit the release of methane, to help rein in their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups criticized the Trump administration rollback. “More methane waste will harm our air and water and have significant public health impacts,” said Jamie Williams, president of The Wilderness Society, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of state attorneys general also threatened a legal challenge, calling Interior’s proposal “a shocking abdication of the Secretary’s fundamental fiscal and environmental stewardship responsibilities over our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane proposal is the latest in a series of moves meant to undercut President Obama’s signature moves to address climate change. This year President Trump has also announced proposals to ease carbon emissions limits for power plants, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Eases+Regulation+Of+Methane+Leaks+On+Public+Lands&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration revised the rule after Congress\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526729339/inside-the-debate-over-repealing-curbs-on-methane-leaks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> failed to repeal\u003c/a> it outright last year. The proposal will be open to public comment for 60 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes a week after the Environmental Protection Agency eased its own protections on methane emissions. That proposal was aimed more at new oil and gas sites and would cut required inspections for leaks from every six months to once a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Petroleum Institute welcomed the latest rollback, noting in a statement that “methane emissions have plummeted 14 percent since 1990″ even as natural gas production has greatly expanded.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas producers say they already have an economic incentive to capture methane, because they can sell it. Several large oil and gas companies have also announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-emissions/shell-targets-lower-methane-emissions-from-oil-and-gas-operations-idUSKCN1LX0P8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new efforts\u003c/a> to limit the release of methane, to help rein in their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups criticized the Trump administration rollback. “More methane waste will harm our air and water and have significant public health impacts,” said Jamie Williams, president of The Wilderness Society, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of state attorneys general also threatened a legal challenge, calling Interior’s proposal “a shocking abdication of the Secretary’s fundamental fiscal and environmental stewardship responsibilities over our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane proposal is the latest in a series of moves meant to undercut President Obama’s signature moves to address climate change. This year President Trump has also announced proposals to ease carbon emissions limits for power plants, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Eases+Regulation+Of+Methane+Leaks+On+Public+Lands&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>University of California researchers are feeding seaweed to dairy cows in an attempt to make cattle more climate-friendly.[contextly_sidebar id=”ylNH5JFRGGqhgdjSHVvFP36hVRYWDiEO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis is studying whether adding small amounts of seaweed to cattle feed can help reduce their emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that’s released when cattle burp, pass gas or make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study this past spring, researchers found methane emissions were reduced by more than 30 percent in a dozen Holstein cows that ate the ocean algae, which was mixed into their feed and sweetened with molasses to disguise the salty taste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was extremely surprised when I saw the results,” said Ermias Kebreab, the UC Davis animal scientist who led the study. “I wasn’t expecting it to be that dramatic with a small amount of seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kebreab says his team plans to conduct a six-month study of a seaweed-infused diet in beef cattle starting in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More studies will be needed to determine its safety and efficacy, and seaweed growers would have to ramp up production to make it an economical option for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairy farms and other livestock operations are major sources of methane, a heat-trapping gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide.[contextly_sidebar id=”ewD09y9vsozPVU0ZmjIE1lGnFqOW8D4k”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers worldwide have searched for ways to reduce cattle emissions with various food additives such as garlic, oregano, cinnamon and even curry — with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, adding seaweed to cattle feed could help California dairy farms comply with a state law requiring livestock operators to cut emissions by 40 percent from 2013 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce methane on the dairy farm through manipulation of the diet, then it’s a win for consumers because it reduces the carbon footprint, and it’s for dairy farmers because it increases their feed efficiency,” said Michael Hutjens, an animal scientist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More studies will be needed to determine its safety and efficacy, and seaweed growers would have to ramp up production to make it an economical option for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairy farms and other livestock operations are major sources of methane, a heat-trapping gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers worldwide have searched for ways to reduce cattle emissions with various food additives such as garlic, oregano, cinnamon and even curry — with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, adding seaweed to cattle feed could help California dairy farms comply with a state law requiring livestock operators to cut emissions by 40 percent from 2013 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce methane on the dairy farm through manipulation of the diet, then it’s a win for consumers because it reduces the carbon footprint, and it’s for dairy farmers because it increases their feed efficiency,” said Michael Hutjens, an animal scientist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The nation’s oil and gas industry is emitting nearly 60 percent more methane than the official estimates of the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study.\u003c/a> [contextly_sidebar id=”nZE8jEmsyCd7NTLNCds83wkJJsMXkhKt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, represent the “best estimate to date” of the environmental impact of the U.S. oil and gas industry, according to co-author Jeff Peischl, a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory, in Boulder, Colorado. The study was led by researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, with support from 19 co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas over a 20-year period. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Study authors attribute the majority of these emissions to leaks, equipment malfunctions and operator errors. Researchers estimate the leak rate to be 2.3 percent, versus the current EPA estimate of 1.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although the percentages seem small, the volume represents enough natural gas to fuel 10 million homes — lost gas worth an estimated $2 billion,” the EDF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement that accompanied \u003c/a>the study.[contextly_sidebar id=”MPVsKnBjZurL3IhMGvXX5Gu6hV9YrO0N”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the oil and gas sector emits 13 million metric tons of methane per year, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the environmental impact of methane leaks in 2015 was roughly the same as carbon dioxide emissions from all U.S. coal plants operating that year. The problem spotlights a key challenge for an industry operating in an increasingly competitive, low-carbon economy. From\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21062018/methane-leaks-oil-gas-climate-change-risks-natural-gas-slcp-global-warming-pollution-science-edf-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study…presents some of the most compelling evidence to date that switching to gas from dirtier fuels like coal might not be as effective a climate strategy as its proponents suggest unless the gas industry improves how it controls leaks.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For the report’s underlying data, researchers turned to more than half a decade of studies on methane emissions conducted by more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Experts_Roster_Methane_Studies_6.14.18.pdf\">140 researchers from 40 institutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far the most comprehensive body of research of its kind,” co-author Steven Hamburg, the EDF’s chief scientist, said in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. “Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is the fastest, most cost-effective way we have to slow the rate of warming today, even as the larger transition to lower-carbon energy continues.”[contextly_sidebar id=”aX2zRp0OxjaSTMajTYlRE9wQe03gqdFZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Energy Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for-natural-gas.html\">estimates\u003c/a> the oil and gas sector can slash its methane emissions by 75 percent, with up to two-thirds of those cuts happening at zero net cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is taking issue with the study’s reliance on older data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No new measurements were made for this study,” Richard Meyer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aga.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gas Association’s \u003c/a>managing director of energy analysis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/21/emissions-greenhouse-gas-methane-higher-than-epa-thinks/722391002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told USA Today. \u003c/a>“Rather, the authors rely on previous scientific studies and a statistical method that produces higher emissions than previously estimated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']The study come as the Trump administration\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920211/u-s-district-court-rejects-trump-administration-attack-on-blm-waste-prevention-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> attempts\u003c/a> to undo Obama-era regulations meant to limit harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EDF hopes to help governments and companies track their methane emissions by\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/climate/how-methanesat-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> launching MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, a satellite that can measure and map human-caused methane emissions. The satellite is scheduled to launch in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The nation’s oil and gas industry is emitting nearly 60 percent more methane than the official estimates of the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, represent the “best estimate to date” of the environmental impact of the U.S. oil and gas industry, according to co-author Jeff Peischl, a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory, in Boulder, Colorado. The study was led by researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, with support from 19 co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas over a 20-year period. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Study authors attribute the majority of these emissions to leaks, equipment malfunctions and operator errors. Researchers estimate the leak rate to be 2.3 percent, versus the current EPA estimate of 1.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although the percentages seem small, the volume represents enough natural gas to fuel 10 million homes — lost gas worth an estimated $2 billion,” the EDF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement that accompanied \u003c/a>the study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the oil and gas sector emits 13 million metric tons of methane per year, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the environmental impact of methane leaks in 2015 was roughly the same as carbon dioxide emissions from all U.S. coal plants operating that year. The problem spotlights a key challenge for an industry operating in an increasingly competitive, low-carbon economy. From\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21062018/methane-leaks-oil-gas-climate-change-risks-natural-gas-slcp-global-warming-pollution-science-edf-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study…presents some of the most compelling evidence to date that switching to gas from dirtier fuels like coal might not be as effective a climate strategy as its proponents suggest unless the gas industry improves how it controls leaks.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For the report’s underlying data, researchers turned to more than half a decade of studies on methane emissions conducted by more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Experts_Roster_Methane_Studies_6.14.18.pdf\">140 researchers from 40 institutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far the most comprehensive body of research of its kind,” co-author Steven Hamburg, the EDF’s chief scientist, said in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. “Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is the fastest, most cost-effective way we have to slow the rate of warming today, even as the larger transition to lower-carbon energy continues.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Energy Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for-natural-gas.html\">estimates\u003c/a> the oil and gas sector can slash its methane emissions by 75 percent, with up to two-thirds of those cuts happening at zero net cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is taking issue with the study’s reliance on older data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No new measurements were made for this study,” Richard Meyer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aga.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gas Association’s \u003c/a>managing director of energy analysis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/21/emissions-greenhouse-gas-methane-higher-than-epa-thinks/722391002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told USA Today. \u003c/a>“Rather, the authors rely on previous scientific studies and a statistical method that produces higher emissions than previously estimated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The study come as the Trump administration\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920211/u-s-district-court-rejects-trump-administration-attack-on-blm-waste-prevention-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> attempts\u003c/a> to undo Obama-era regulations meant to limit harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EDF hopes to help governments and companies track their methane emissions by\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/climate/how-methanesat-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> launching MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, a satellite that can measure and map human-caused methane emissions. The satellite is scheduled to launch in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A second federal judge has rejected the Trump administration’s efforts to delay an Obama-era regulation aimed at restricting harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Orrick of the Northern District of California ordered the Interior Department to reinstate the regulation, which the Trump administration has repeatedly moved to delay or suspend.[contextly_sidebar id=”dwApIDW24HepgpoPhXfZWB9j8oHAyEk9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrick said Interior’s delay was “untethered to evidence” and likely to cause “irreparable injury” to California, New Mexico and other states in the form of increased air pollution and negative impacts on public health and the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling marks the second time a federal judge has rebuffed the Trump administration for failing to enforce the methane rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Magistrate Judge Elizabeth Laporte ordered the Obama rule reinstated in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A second federal judge has rejected the Trump administration’s efforts to delay an Obama-era regulation aimed at restricting harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Orrick of the Northern District of California ordered the Interior Department to reinstate the regulation, which the Trump administration has repeatedly moved to delay or suspend.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrick said Interior’s delay was “untethered to evidence” and likely to cause “irreparable injury” to California, New Mexico and other states in the form of increased air pollution and negative impacts on public health and the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling marks the second time a federal judge has rebuffed the Trump administration for failing to enforce the methane rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Magistrate Judge Elizabeth Laporte ordered the Obama rule reinstated in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"headTitle": "EPA Can’t Keep Delaying Obama-Era Methane Rules, Says Appeals Court | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An appeals court in Washington, D.C., has blocked an attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency to delay Obama-era methane regulations, rejecting claims by the EPA that the oil and gas industry wasn’t allowed to comment on the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could choose to rewrite the rules, but it overstepped in trying to delay them for years, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations in question are designed to prevent leaks at oil and gas facilities. Methane, which is released in natural gas leaks, is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a>, contributing to global warming; other leaked substances are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">harmful for human health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Obama administration, the EPA crafted new rules, and the first deadlines for reporting and compliance were set for this summer. But then the Trump administration announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">temporary stay\u003c/a> on the rules — first for 90 days, then for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”dIiNBwfnjN5A4JLfH72IoQl1bIGVRBjZ”]Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the EPA, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/09/519425866/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-questions-basic-facts-about-climate-change\">expressed doubt\u003c/a> over fundamental facts about climate change, like the central role that greenhouse gas emissions play in global warming. Before being confirmed, he promised to aggressively roll back regulations at the agency, and observers say he’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/us/politics/trump-epa-chief-pruitt-regulations-climate-change.html\">effective in fulfilling that promise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judges in the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this time, Pruitt’s rollback was erroneous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claimed that the stay was necessary because the oil and gas industry hadn’t been given the opportunity to have input on some elements of the rules changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several environmental nonprofits disagreed, and sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/A86B20D79BEB893E85258152005CA1B2/%24file/17-1145-1682465.pdf\">The judges ruled\u003c/a> that oil and gas companies could have commented on the provisions in question — in fact, that they \u003cem>had \u003c/em>commented about them, in writing, at the Obama-era EPA’s request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one case, the Trump administration pointed to an option for exempting pumps from regulation. Like the other provisions the EPA challenged, it hadn’t appeared in the proposed rule but did appear in the final rule, which meant the oil and gas industry didn’t get the chance to have any input on it, Pruitt’s agency argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court pointed out that the provision was actually suggested by the American Petroleum Institute, during the Obama administration’s comment process … which is why it didn’t show up in the first proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a brief scan of the record demonstrates the inaccuracy of EPA’s statements,” the judges wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said that because it wasn’t a final decision on the rule — just a two-year stay while the EPA “reconsidered” the regulation — there was nothing a court could do about it. The judges weren’t persuaded, saying that such a lengthy delay is “tantamount to amending or revoking a rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of federal methane regulations — covering emissions on federal or tribal lands — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/10/527786637/senators-reject-effort-to-roll-back-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rule\">narrowly survived a challenge in the Senate\u003c/a> in May. An effort to roll back the regulations failed 49-51, with Republican Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Susan Collins joining Democrats to keep the methane measure in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Christopher Joyce \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">reported earlier this year\u003c/a>, the concentration of methane gas in the atmosphere was relatively constant for years but has been increasing noticeably within the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are multiple sources: sewers, manure pits, livestock, rice fields, natural wetlands. The oil and gas industry emphasizes that the biggest sources are agricultural and natural — while environmental scientist Rob Jackson told NPR that the contributions from fossil fuel industry appear to be rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives note that there are voluntary efforts to reduce leaks as well. After all, it’s not just greenhouses gas emissions or air quality that’s at stake. “Methane is a commodity,” Christopher notes, “and leaked methane is money lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Appeals+Court+Says+EPA+Can%27t+Keep+Delaying+Obama-Era+Methane+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The U.S. Court of Appeals for D.C. notes the EPA can choose to rewrite a rule designed to prevent leaks from natural gas facilities. But it can't just put it off for two years, the judges decided.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An appeals court in Washington, D.C., has blocked an attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency to delay Obama-era methane regulations, rejecting claims by the EPA that the oil and gas industry wasn’t allowed to comment on the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could choose to rewrite the rules, but it overstepped in trying to delay them for years, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations in question are designed to prevent leaks at oil and gas facilities. Methane, which is released in natural gas leaks, is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a>, contributing to global warming; other leaked substances are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">harmful for human health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Obama administration, the EPA crafted new rules, and the first deadlines for reporting and compliance were set for this summer. But then the Trump administration announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">temporary stay\u003c/a> on the rules — first for 90 days, then for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the EPA, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/09/519425866/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-questions-basic-facts-about-climate-change\">expressed doubt\u003c/a> over fundamental facts about climate change, like the central role that greenhouse gas emissions play in global warming. Before being confirmed, he promised to aggressively roll back regulations at the agency, and observers say he’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/us/politics/trump-epa-chief-pruitt-regulations-climate-change.html\">effective in fulfilling that promise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judges in the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this time, Pruitt’s rollback was erroneous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claimed that the stay was necessary because the oil and gas industry hadn’t been given the opportunity to have input on some elements of the rules changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several environmental nonprofits disagreed, and sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/A86B20D79BEB893E85258152005CA1B2/%24file/17-1145-1682465.pdf\">The judges ruled\u003c/a> that oil and gas companies could have commented on the provisions in question — in fact, that they \u003cem>had \u003c/em>commented about them, in writing, at the Obama-era EPA’s request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one case, the Trump administration pointed to an option for exempting pumps from regulation. Like the other provisions the EPA challenged, it hadn’t appeared in the proposed rule but did appear in the final rule, which meant the oil and gas industry didn’t get the chance to have any input on it, Pruitt’s agency argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court pointed out that the provision was actually suggested by the American Petroleum Institute, during the Obama administration’s comment process … which is why it didn’t show up in the first proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a brief scan of the record demonstrates the inaccuracy of EPA’s statements,” the judges wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said that because it wasn’t a final decision on the rule — just a two-year stay while the EPA “reconsidered” the regulation — there was nothing a court could do about it. The judges weren’t persuaded, saying that such a lengthy delay is “tantamount to amending or revoking a rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of federal methane regulations — covering emissions on federal or tribal lands — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/10/527786637/senators-reject-effort-to-roll-back-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rule\">narrowly survived a challenge in the Senate\u003c/a> in May. An effort to roll back the regulations failed 49-51, with Republican Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Susan Collins joining Democrats to keep the methane measure in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Christopher Joyce \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">reported earlier this year\u003c/a>, the concentration of methane gas in the atmosphere was relatively constant for years but has been increasing noticeably within the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are multiple sources: sewers, manure pits, livestock, rice fields, natural wetlands. The oil and gas industry emphasizes that the biggest sources are agricultural and natural — while environmental scientist Rob Jackson told NPR that the contributions from fossil fuel industry appear to be rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives note that there are voluntary efforts to reduce leaks as well. After all, it’s not just greenhouses gas emissions or air quality that’s at stake. “Methane is a commodity,” Christopher notes, “and leaked methane is money lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Appeals+Court+Says+EPA+Can%27t+Keep+Delaying+Obama-Era+Methane+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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