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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/span>orkplaces do it. Newly reopened public libraries do it. LAX does it. Some restaurants, bars, and retail stores started doing it when governors let them serve customers again: Use temperature checks — almost always with “non-contact infrared thermometers” — to identify people who might have, and therefore spread, the infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, temperature checks could well join the long list of fumbled responses to the pandemic, from the testing debacle to federal officials’ about-face on masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Carol Yan, UC San Diego Health']‘I hope it will be used as a screening measure for the virus across the world.’[/pullquote]Because many contagious people have no symptoms, using temperature checks to catch them is like trying to catch tennis balls in a soccer net: way too many can get through. On Tuesday, the head of the Transportation Security Administration told reporters, “I know in talking to our medical professionals and talking to the Centers for Disease Control … that temperature checks are not a guarantee that passengers who don’t have an elevated temperature also don’t have COVID-19.” The reverse is also true: Feverish travelers might not have COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, however, a growing body of science suggests a simple fix: make smell tests another part of routine screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Loss of Smell Is One of the Earliest Signs\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/26/from-nose-to-toe-covid19-virus-attacks-like-no-other-respiratory-infection/\">nose-to-toes symptoms\u003c/a> of COVID-19, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/23/coronavirus-sense-of-smell-anosmia/\">loss of the sense of smell\u003c/a> — also known as anosmia — could work particularly well as an add-on to temperature checks, significantly increasing the proportion of infected people identified by screening in airports, workplaces, and other public places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My impression is that anosmia is an earlier symptom of COVID-19 relative to fever, and some infected people can have anosmia and nothing else,” said physician Andrew Badley, who heads a virus lab at the Mayo Clinic. “So it’s potentially a more sensitive screen for asymptomatic patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.20067660v4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a>, Badley and colleagues found that COVID-19 patients were 27 times more likely than others to have lost their sense of smell. But they were only 2.6 times more likely to have fever or chills, suggesting that anosmia produces a clearer signal and may therefore be a better COVID-catching net than fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no definitive study on the predictive value of temperature checks for COVID-19. But there are clues from when that strategy was used during the SARS epidemic of 2003. Deployed at airports, especially in Asia, the devices fell far short of the ideal, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.14.06.19115-en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> found. Although contactless thermometers are quite \u003ca href=\"https://www.community.healthcare.mic.nihr.ac.uk/reports-and-resources/horizon-scanning-reports/hs-report-0025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">accurate\u003c/a> if used correctly, many \u003ca href=\"http://www.emdocs.net/nuances-to-the-management-of-febrile-patients-non-infectious-causes-of-fever/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other conditions\u003c/a> (including medications and inflammatory disease) can cause fever. As a result, the likelihood that someone with a fever had SARS ranged from 4% to 65%, depending on the underlying prevalence of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likelihood that someone with a normal temperature reading was SARS-free was at least 86%. That suggests SARS fever checks didn’t miss many infected people. Unlike SARS, unfortunately, COVID-19 can be contagious even before an infected person runs a fever, which makes missed cases more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As experts have cast around for other screening tools, some have zeroed in on smell tests, which could be as simple as asking people to identify a particular scent from a scratch-and-sniff card. Though not a universal symptom, loss of smell is one of the earliest signs of COVID-19 because of how the virus acts. Support cells in the olfactory epithelium, the tissue that lines the nasal cavities, are covered with the receptors that SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells. They become infected very early in the disease process, often before the body has mounted the immune response that causes fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These support cells either secrete molecules that shut down the olfactory receptor neurons, or stop working and starve the neurons, or somehow fail to support the neurons,” said Danielle Reed, associate director of the Monell Chemical Senses Center, a world leader in the science of taste and smell. As a result, “the [olfactory neurons] either stop working or die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Can You Smell This Dill Pickle?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an analysis of 24 individual studies, with data from 8,438 test-confirmed COVID-19 patients from 13 countries, 41% reported that they had lost their sense of smell partly or completely, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30546-2/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. But in studies that used objective measurements of smell rather than simply asking patients, the incidence of anosmia was 2.3 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Monell analysis of 47 studies finds that nearly 80% of COVID-19 patients have lost their sense of smell as determined by scratch-and sniff tests, Reed said. But only about 50% include that in self-reported symptoms. In other words, people don’t realize they have partly or even completely lost their sense of smell. That may be because they’re suffering other, more serious symptoms and so don’t notice this one, or because smell isn’t something they focus on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/alr.22592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> of 1,480 patients led by otolaryngologist Carol Yan of UC San Diego Health, someone with anosmia was “more than 10 times more likely to have COVID-19 than other causes of infection,” she said. Nasal inflammation from some 200 cold, flu, and other viruses can cause it, she said, but especially during the summer, when those infections are pretty rare, the chance that anosmia is the result of COVID-19 rises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anosmia was quite specific to COVID-19,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fever, in contrast, has many possible causes. Temperature checks will therefore flag more people as potentially infected with COVID-19 than smell tests will. The likelihood that anosmia indicates COVID-19, called a test’s positive predictive value, increases as the prevalence of COVID-19 increases, as it is in many areas of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key unanswered question is a smell test’s “negative predictive value”: If someone has a normal sense of smell, the chance that he or she is nevertheless infected and likely contagious. Because at least some people infected with SARS-CoV-2 will have a normal sense of smell, especially early on, even experts who believe that anosmia screening can be widely beneficial — “I hope it will be used as a screening measure for the virus across the world,” Yan said — say it should be added to fever checks or other screening tools, but shouldn’t replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is value in evaluating anosmia screening as a way to identify asymptomatic spreaders,” said Badley, the Mayo Clinic researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego Health is doing that. It asks about loss of smell (and taste) when it screens visitors and staff before allowing them to enter its buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because many people are unaware of their anosmia, testing would be even better than asking, Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gold-standard test is the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, called UPSIT. It uses 40 microencapsulated scents — including dill pickle, turpentine, banana, soap, licorice, and cedar — released by scratching with a pencil. The test taker has a choice of four answers for each, and the whole thing takes 10 to 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A screening test for anosmia in the context of COVID-19 could be much simpler, experts say, especially since the idea is to identify whether individuals can smell or not, rather than whether they can discriminate different scents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can see several practical ways is to have people check their sense of smell as a routine matter when entering public areas,” Reed said. Medical offices could “ask people to smell a scratch-and-sniff card and pick the correct odor out of four choices. For workplaces and schools, one way is to ask people to ‘stop and smell the roses’ as they enter buildings and report abrupt reductions in their ratings of odor intensity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid cultural bias (not everyone knows what bubblegum or grass smells like), a test for anosmia in COVID-19 could have a standard amount of phenyl-ethyl alcohol (which smells like roses) on a swab or stick and have people sniff it, Reed said. A second stick could have less, testing for diminished sense of smell. A third stick could be a blank, to identify people who falsely claim they can smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/02/smell-tests-temperature-checks-covid19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/span>orkplaces do it. Newly reopened public libraries do it. LAX does it. Some restaurants, bars, and retail stores started doing it when governors let them serve customers again: Use temperature checks — almost always with “non-contact infrared thermometers” — to identify people who might have, and therefore spread, the infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, temperature checks could well join the long list of fumbled responses to the pandemic, from the testing debacle to federal officials’ about-face on masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Because many contagious people have no symptoms, using temperature checks to catch them is like trying to catch tennis balls in a soccer net: way too many can get through. On Tuesday, the head of the Transportation Security Administration told reporters, “I know in talking to our medical professionals and talking to the Centers for Disease Control … that temperature checks are not a guarantee that passengers who don’t have an elevated temperature also don’t have COVID-19.” The reverse is also true: Feverish travelers might not have COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, however, a growing body of science suggests a simple fix: make smell tests another part of routine screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Loss of Smell Is One of the Earliest Signs\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/26/from-nose-to-toe-covid19-virus-attacks-like-no-other-respiratory-infection/\">nose-to-toes symptoms\u003c/a> of COVID-19, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/23/coronavirus-sense-of-smell-anosmia/\">loss of the sense of smell\u003c/a> — also known as anosmia — could work particularly well as an add-on to temperature checks, significantly increasing the proportion of infected people identified by screening in airports, workplaces, and other public places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My impression is that anosmia is an earlier symptom of COVID-19 relative to fever, and some infected people can have anosmia and nothing else,” said physician Andrew Badley, who heads a virus lab at the Mayo Clinic. “So it’s potentially a more sensitive screen for asymptomatic patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.20067660v4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a>, Badley and colleagues found that COVID-19 patients were 27 times more likely than others to have lost their sense of smell. But they were only 2.6 times more likely to have fever or chills, suggesting that anosmia produces a clearer signal and may therefore be a better COVID-catching net than fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no definitive study on the predictive value of temperature checks for COVID-19. But there are clues from when that strategy was used during the SARS epidemic of 2003. Deployed at airports, especially in Asia, the devices fell far short of the ideal, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.14.06.19115-en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> found. Although contactless thermometers are quite \u003ca href=\"https://www.community.healthcare.mic.nihr.ac.uk/reports-and-resources/horizon-scanning-reports/hs-report-0025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">accurate\u003c/a> if used correctly, many \u003ca href=\"http://www.emdocs.net/nuances-to-the-management-of-febrile-patients-non-infectious-causes-of-fever/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other conditions\u003c/a> (including medications and inflammatory disease) can cause fever. As a result, the likelihood that someone with a fever had SARS ranged from 4% to 65%, depending on the underlying prevalence of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The likelihood that someone with a normal temperature reading was SARS-free was at least 86%. That suggests SARS fever checks didn’t miss many infected people. Unlike SARS, unfortunately, COVID-19 can be contagious even before an infected person runs a fever, which makes missed cases more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As experts have cast around for other screening tools, some have zeroed in on smell tests, which could be as simple as asking people to identify a particular scent from a scratch-and-sniff card. Though not a universal symptom, loss of smell is one of the earliest signs of COVID-19 because of how the virus acts. Support cells in the olfactory epithelium, the tissue that lines the nasal cavities, are covered with the receptors that SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells. They become infected very early in the disease process, often before the body has mounted the immune response that causes fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These support cells either secrete molecules that shut down the olfactory receptor neurons, or stop working and starve the neurons, or somehow fail to support the neurons,” said Danielle Reed, associate director of the Monell Chemical Senses Center, a world leader in the science of taste and smell. As a result, “the [olfactory neurons] either stop working or die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Can You Smell This Dill Pickle?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an analysis of 24 individual studies, with data from 8,438 test-confirmed COVID-19 patients from 13 countries, 41% reported that they had lost their sense of smell partly or completely, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30546-2/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. But in studies that used objective measurements of smell rather than simply asking patients, the incidence of anosmia was 2.3 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Monell analysis of 47 studies finds that nearly 80% of COVID-19 patients have lost their sense of smell as determined by scratch-and sniff tests, Reed said. But only about 50% include that in self-reported symptoms. In other words, people don’t realize they have partly or even completely lost their sense of smell. That may be because they’re suffering other, more serious symptoms and so don’t notice this one, or because smell isn’t something they focus on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/alr.22592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> of 1,480 patients led by otolaryngologist Carol Yan of UC San Diego Health, someone with anosmia was “more than 10 times more likely to have COVID-19 than other causes of infection,” she said. Nasal inflammation from some 200 cold, flu, and other viruses can cause it, she said, but especially during the summer, when those infections are pretty rare, the chance that anosmia is the result of COVID-19 rises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anosmia was quite specific to COVID-19,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fever, in contrast, has many possible causes. Temperature checks will therefore flag more people as potentially infected with COVID-19 than smell tests will. The likelihood that anosmia indicates COVID-19, called a test’s positive predictive value, increases as the prevalence of COVID-19 increases, as it is in many areas of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key unanswered question is a smell test’s “negative predictive value”: If someone has a normal sense of smell, the chance that he or she is nevertheless infected and likely contagious. Because at least some people infected with SARS-CoV-2 will have a normal sense of smell, especially early on, even experts who believe that anosmia screening can be widely beneficial — “I hope it will be used as a screening measure for the virus across the world,” Yan said — say it should be added to fever checks or other screening tools, but shouldn’t replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is value in evaluating anosmia screening as a way to identify asymptomatic spreaders,” said Badley, the Mayo Clinic researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego Health is doing that. It asks about loss of smell (and taste) when it screens visitors and staff before allowing them to enter its buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because many people are unaware of their anosmia, testing would be even better than asking, Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gold-standard test is the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, called UPSIT. It uses 40 microencapsulated scents — including dill pickle, turpentine, banana, soap, licorice, and cedar — released by scratching with a pencil. The test taker has a choice of four answers for each, and the whole thing takes 10 to 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A screening test for anosmia in the context of COVID-19 could be much simpler, experts say, especially since the idea is to identify whether individuals can smell or not, rather than whether they can discriminate different scents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can see several practical ways is to have people check their sense of smell as a routine matter when entering public areas,” Reed said. Medical offices could “ask people to smell a scratch-and-sniff card and pick the correct odor out of four choices. For workplaces and schools, one way is to ask people to ‘stop and smell the roses’ as they enter buildings and report abrupt reductions in their ratings of odor intensity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid cultural bias (not everyone knows what bubblegum or grass smells like), a test for anosmia in COVID-19 could have a standard amount of phenyl-ethyl alcohol (which smells like roses) on a swab or stick and have people sniff it, Reed said. A second stick could have less, testing for diminished sense of smell. A third stick could be a blank, to identify people who falsely claim they can smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/02/smell-tests-temperature-checks-covid19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "For HIV Survivors, Pandemic Is Sad Reminder of Early Days of AIDS",
"headTitle": "For HIV Survivors, Pandemic Is Sad Reminder of Early Days of AIDS | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">In January, two weeks after Rick Solomon joined the YMCA near his home, he fell ill. The 65-year-old Berkeley resident hoped to spend the month working out, instead he laid in bed wheezing, with crippling muscle aches. He missed several days of work at a small publishing house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[pullquote size='medium' citation='Dr. Steven Deeks, UCSF']‘I am pretty sure that my patients, my older, primarily gay men who survived the ’80s and ’90s, were the first to effectively shelter in place because they know what a pandemic is.’[/pullquote]“I was sick for most of the month of February with a horrible cough like I’ve never had before,” said Solomon running his fingers through his thick salt and pepper hair. “It went into my chest. I used inhalers for the first time in my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He was never tested for COVID-19 because he hadn’t traveled overseas recently, which was one of the official requirements for testing at the time. And although he has since tested negative for the virus’ antibodies, Solomon still believes he may have caught the bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The test the lab used was not FDA approved,” he said. “So who knows? It was just a different kind of cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Solomon took the antibody test because he wanted to enroll in a study at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital looking at HIV-positive people infected with COVID-19. It’s a topic of special interest to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“COVID is going to have a major impact on the trajectory of the HIV epidemic,” said Dr. Steven Deeks, a UCSF professor of medicine and HIV researcher. “We just don’t know how.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 527px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Steven Deeks is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. \" width=\"527\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Steven Deeks is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Some answers may come to light this week at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aids2020.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">23rd International AIDS Conference.\u003c/span>\u003c/a> The event was scheduled to happen in San Francisco and Oakland until the coronavirus hit. Now scientists, policymakers, public health experts and patients from around the world will gather virtually. COVID-19 is a central topic on the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Surprising Positive Trend\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Infectious disease doctors assumed people with HIV would be at higher risk for complications from the novel coronavirus due to a weakened immune system. Plus, the majority of HIV-positive people in the U.S. are older, and many struggle with underlying conditions like heart disease and diabetes, which make illness from COVID-19 infection more severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Early in the outbreak, four of Dr. Edward “Lalo” Cachay’s patients were hospitalized for complications with COVID-19. Cachay, a professor of medicine at UC San Diego, feared the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You could potentially have a very dangerous combination of both biological and social determinants of health,” said Cachay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">HIV patients are not only immunocompromised, many also face psycho-social barriers like poor health insurance and mental illness. But not only did Cachay’s four patients experience good outcomes, this positive trend is playing out across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966724\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 438px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"Edward “Lalo” Cachay, a professor of medicine at UCSD., smiles in a university portrait. He has warm brown eyes behind brown glasses and a closely trimmed, salt-and-pepper beard and mustache.\" width=\"438\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-1020x1062.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341.jpg 1281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edward “Lalo” Cachay, a professor of medicine at UCSD. \u003ccite>(UCSD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“People with HIV are radically underrepresented in the different cohorts coming from Europe and China with very advanced, severe forms of COVID-19,” Cachay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Two small studies from \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(20)30164-8/fulltext\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Spain\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(20)30164-8/fulltext\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Italy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> show that HIV-positive people infected with COVID-19 did not fare worse than those without HIV. Scientists are not sure why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>More Questions Than Answers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The bottom line is we have no idea,” said Deeks. “We have lots of interesting questions, lots of important questions, and lots of anecdotes. But at the end of day, we don’t have much data at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Cachay hopes a study he is involved in will offer concrete answers. He’s partnering with scientists at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington to answer some key questions: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What factors might predict which HIV patients are most at risk? Do HIV patients who contract COVID-19 suffer severe illness? And are mortality rates higher in HIV patients who contract the novel\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"s1\">coronavirus? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“I hope this study will help us disentangle the data more,” said Cachay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Some experts theorize daily HIV meds might offer some protection against the coronavirus. Others wonder if the immune system of people with HIV is altered in a way that offers some resilience. Or, perhaps, experience helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I am pretty sure that my patients, my older, primarily gay men who survived the ’80s and ’90s, were the first to effectively shelter in place because they know what a pandemic is,” said Deeks. “They know how a virus can ravage a community. They know how important social distancing is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dr. Michael Gottlieb, the UCLA HIV physician who identified the first cluster of HIV cases in 1981, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“They’ve survived one virus,” he said. “They don’t want to be nabbed by this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Lessons Learned From One Pandemic Help Save Lives in Another\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">John Schumacher, a 63-year-old soft spoken gay male, is a case in point. Over the years, the long-term HIV survivor and community volunteer has faced many perilous moments with his health.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I’ve learned to err on the side of caution,” Schumacher said. “You know, to wear a condom if someone else wants to, wear gloves, to do what is safer or what seems safe, even if I may not agree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When the coronavirus started spreading, he started washing his hands diligently and wore a mask before it was widely recommended. He always carries hand sanitizer, and he says the same is true for his 31 housemates who are also HIV-positive. The group shares a community house in San Francisco. Fortunately no one has tested positive for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We think we had the training to do better in this pandemic,” said Jesus Guillen, of San Francisco. “We have experience at many of these things. We know how to push past barriers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For example, even though Guillen loves to socialize, he didn’t balk when officials announced the stay-at-home directive because he understands all too well what’s at stake. Over the years, the tall flamboyant Latino has lost many close friends, including his first American lover whom he met soon after crossing the Mexican border in 1984.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966713\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 546px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966713\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jesus Guillen snaps a selfie at Ocean Beach in San Francisco.\" width=\"546\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesus Guillen snaps a selfie at Ocean Beach in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Jesus Guillen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I was with just one person,” he sighs. “And sadly, he died one year later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>‘We Got The Real Social Distancing’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, the 60-year-old with spiky platinum hair and a turquoise earring is a proud activist in San Francisco. But when he first found out he was HIV-positive, he was a shy immigrant who didn’t tell anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“In those times, they were not allowing people who were HIV-positive to stay in this country,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But it was more than just fear of \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol31_2004/fall2004/irr_hr_fall04_persecution/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">deportation\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that silenced Guillen. In 1985, a Los Angeles Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-19-mn-30337-story.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">poll\u003c/span>\u003c/a> revealed a majority of Americans favored quarantining people with AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We got the social distancing through discrimination, through a stigma, through homophobia, through all those things, We got the real social distancing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak, memories from the ’80s flooded back. The Grand Princess cruise ship carrying passengers with COVID-19 was docking at the Port of Oakland, when Guillen overheard a conversation on a bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was a normal average person saying, ‘Why do they allow them to be right there in Oakland? They should be taking these people to an island.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That took me back so much to the early ’80s with HIV.” Guillen winced. “People wanted to put us in cages or places completely separate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Hauntingly Similar \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Four decades ago, no one could have imagined AIDS would kill more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/hivaids/fact-sheet/the-hivaids-epidemic-in-the-united-states-the-basics/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">700,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a> people in America, and more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">32 million\u003c/span>\u003c/a> worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966715\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966715 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Michael Gottlieb attends The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation World AIDS Day Event co-hosted by SAG-AFTRA at the at James Cagney Boardroom on November 30, 2016 in Los Angeles, California.\" width=\"721\" height=\"844\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168.jpg 721w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168-160x187.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Gottlieb attends The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation World AIDS Day event co-hosted by SAG-AFTRA at the at James Cagney Boardroom on Nov. 30, 2016, in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Jesse Grant/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I thought that the very first case might just be a one-off phenomenon,” said Dr. Michael Gottlieb, of UCLA. “We didn’t even know that AIDS was caused by a virus. We didn’t know that for two full years after the description of the first patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Scientists like Gottlieb struggled to access funding to study HIV. It took a couple of years before researchers understood how AIDS was transmitted. Fear plagued gay neighborhoods like the Castro. People worried a cough or a toilet seat might be a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You’d go out in the street at night and no one would be there,” said Rick Solomon, a 65-year-old Berkeley resident who is enrolled in a COVID-19 study at San Francisco General. “And the bars were almost empty. People didn’t go out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Throughout the ’80s, Solomon kept a little notebook of names of people who died. The list grew to more than 200 people. He was not surprised when he tested positive in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Even though HIV and the new coronavirus are not similar in genome, transmission or mortality; the experience of living through two plagues is hauntingly comparable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The apocalyptic scenes of New York City ICUs overwhelmed with people with COVID-19 pneumonia remind me of our early days where patients with AIDS presented very late with pneumocystis pneumonia and required ventilators,” said Gottlieb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Other elements are also familiar. Results from small studies are overblown. Officials change course abruptly. Public health is politicized. Lives become statistics. Headlines tout new cures. Vaccines are promised. And at the end of the day, individual actions save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Back in the early ’80s, the answer was condoms and fewer sexual partners,” said Gottlieb. “Today, the answer is masks and social distancing. Behavior change is essential in preventing the spread of both of these viruses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966726 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-800x654.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"654\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-800x654.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1020x834.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-768x628.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1536x1256.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1920x1569.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ACT-UP protesters march through the streets surrounding the U.S. Capitol and shout “shame” outside the office of the Republican National Committee on May 20, 2004, in Washington, D.C. \u003ccite>(TIM SLOAN/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Piercing Differences\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, for many long-term HIV survivors, the differences between the two pandemics shadow the similarities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For years, HIV advocates and patients protested to garner government attention and funding. “We were literally fighting for our lives,” said Solomon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, many medical researchers say it’s difficult to find funding for projects that \u003cem>aren’t\u003c/em> coronavirus. Scientists mapped the entire COVID-19 genome and understood transmission within months, not years, after initial infections broke out in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Now, a few months into the coronavirus outbreak, some people have hit the streets demanding officials do \u003ci>less\u003c/i> to protect society from the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“In many ways, there’s no comparison,” says Guillen, “because in those days the reality is society in general didn’t care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This week at the AIDS 2020 Conference, scientists may reveal a physiological reason HIV patients are weathering the coronavirus better than predicted. But, Guillen believes coping skills are playing a key role. Long-term survivors have pushed up against disinterest, oppression and even disgust for decades, and yet, “We found ways to keep going,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">In January, two weeks after Rick Solomon joined the YMCA near his home, he fell ill. The 65-year-old Berkeley resident hoped to spend the month working out, instead he laid in bed wheezing, with crippling muscle aches. He missed several days of work at a small publishing house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I was sick for most of the month of February with a horrible cough like I’ve never had before,” said Solomon running his fingers through his thick salt and pepper hair. “It went into my chest. I used inhalers for the first time in my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He was never tested for COVID-19 because he hadn’t traveled overseas recently, which was one of the official requirements for testing at the time. And although he has since tested negative for the virus’ antibodies, Solomon still believes he may have caught the bug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The test the lab used was not FDA approved,” he said. “So who knows? It was just a different kind of cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Solomon took the antibody test because he wanted to enroll in a study at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital looking at HIV-positive people infected with COVID-19. It’s a topic of special interest to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“COVID is going to have a major impact on the trajectory of the HIV epidemic,” said Dr. Steven Deeks, a UCSF professor of medicine and HIV researcher. “We just don’t know how.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 527px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Steven Deeks is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. \" width=\"527\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/SD-ZSF-Photograph.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Steven Deeks is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Some answers may come to light this week at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aids2020.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">23rd International AIDS Conference.\u003c/span>\u003c/a> The event was scheduled to happen in San Francisco and Oakland until the coronavirus hit. Now scientists, policymakers, public health experts and patients from around the world will gather virtually. COVID-19 is a central topic on the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Surprising Positive Trend\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Infectious disease doctors assumed people with HIV would be at higher risk for complications from the novel coronavirus due to a weakened immune system. Plus, the majority of HIV-positive people in the U.S. are older, and many struggle with underlying conditions like heart disease and diabetes, which make illness from COVID-19 infection more severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Early in the outbreak, four of Dr. Edward “Lalo” Cachay’s patients were hospitalized for complications with COVID-19. Cachay, a professor of medicine at UC San Diego, feared the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You could potentially have a very dangerous combination of both biological and social determinants of health,” said Cachay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">HIV patients are not only immunocompromised, many also face psycho-social barriers like poor health insurance and mental illness. But not only did Cachay’s four patients experience good outcomes, this positive trend is playing out across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966724\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 438px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"Edward “Lalo” Cachay, a professor of medicine at UCSD., smiles in a university portrait. He has warm brown eyes behind brown glasses and a closely trimmed, salt-and-pepper beard and mustache.\" width=\"438\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-1020x1062.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Cachay-Edward-_white-coat-2-e1593709402341.jpg 1281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edward “Lalo” Cachay, a professor of medicine at UCSD. \u003ccite>(UCSD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“People with HIV are radically underrepresented in the different cohorts coming from Europe and China with very advanced, severe forms of COVID-19,” Cachay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Two small studies from \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(20)30164-8/fulltext\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Spain\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(20)30164-8/fulltext\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Italy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> show that HIV-positive people infected with COVID-19 did not fare worse than those without HIV. Scientists are not sure why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>More Questions Than Answers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The bottom line is we have no idea,” said Deeks. “We have lots of interesting questions, lots of important questions, and lots of anecdotes. But at the end of day, we don’t have much data at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Cachay hopes a study he is involved in will offer concrete answers. He’s partnering with scientists at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington to answer some key questions: \u003cspan class=\"s1\">What factors might predict which HIV patients are most at risk? Do HIV patients who contract COVID-19 suffer severe illness? And are mortality rates higher in HIV patients who contract the novel\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"s1\">coronavirus? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“I hope this study will help us disentangle the data more,” said Cachay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Some experts theorize daily HIV meds might offer some protection against the coronavirus. Others wonder if the immune system of people with HIV is altered in a way that offers some resilience. Or, perhaps, experience helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I am pretty sure that my patients, my older, primarily gay men who survived the ’80s and ’90s, were the first to effectively shelter in place because they know what a pandemic is,” said Deeks. “They know how a virus can ravage a community. They know how important social distancing is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dr. Michael Gottlieb, the UCLA HIV physician who identified the first cluster of HIV cases in 1981, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“They’ve survived one virus,” he said. “They don’t want to be nabbed by this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Lessons Learned From One Pandemic Help Save Lives in Another\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">John Schumacher, a 63-year-old soft spoken gay male, is a case in point. Over the years, the long-term HIV survivor and community volunteer has faced many perilous moments with his health.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I’ve learned to err on the side of caution,” Schumacher said. “You know, to wear a condom if someone else wants to, wear gloves, to do what is safer or what seems safe, even if I may not agree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When the coronavirus started spreading, he started washing his hands diligently and wore a mask before it was widely recommended. He always carries hand sanitizer, and he says the same is true for his 31 housemates who are also HIV-positive. The group shares a community house in San Francisco. Fortunately no one has tested positive for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We think we had the training to do better in this pandemic,” said Jesus Guillen, of San Francisco. “We have experience at many of these things. We know how to push past barriers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For example, even though Guillen loves to socialize, he didn’t balk when officials announced the stay-at-home directive because he understands all too well what’s at stake. Over the years, the tall flamboyant Latino has lost many close friends, including his first American lover whom he met soon after crossing the Mexican border in 1984.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966713\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 546px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1966713\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jesus Guillen snaps a selfie at Ocean Beach in San Francisco.\" width=\"546\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/PICT0293-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesus Guillen snaps a selfie at Ocean Beach in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Jesus Guillen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I was with just one person,” he sighs. “And sadly, he died one year later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>‘We Got The Real Social Distancing’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, the 60-year-old with spiky platinum hair and a turquoise earring is a proud activist in San Francisco. But when he first found out he was HIV-positive, he was a shy immigrant who didn’t tell anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“In those times, they were not allowing people who were HIV-positive to stay in this country,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But it was more than just fear of \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol31_2004/fall2004/irr_hr_fall04_persecution/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">deportation\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that silenced Guillen. In 1985, a Los Angeles Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-19-mn-30337-story.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">poll\u003c/span>\u003c/a> revealed a majority of Americans favored quarantining people with AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We got the social distancing through discrimination, through a stigma, through homophobia, through all those things, We got the real social distancing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak, memories from the ’80s flooded back. The Grand Princess cruise ship carrying passengers with COVID-19 was docking at the Port of Oakland, when Guillen overheard a conversation on a bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was a normal average person saying, ‘Why do they allow them to be right there in Oakland? They should be taking these people to an island.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That took me back so much to the early ’80s with HIV.” Guillen winced. “People wanted to put us in cages or places completely separate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Hauntingly Similar \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Four decades ago, no one could have imagined AIDS would kill more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/hivaids/fact-sheet/the-hivaids-epidemic-in-the-united-states-the-basics/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">700,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a> people in America, and more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">32 million\u003c/span>\u003c/a> worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966715\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 721px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966715 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Michael Gottlieb attends The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation World AIDS Day Event co-hosted by SAG-AFTRA at the at James Cagney Boardroom on November 30, 2016 in Los Angeles, California.\" width=\"721\" height=\"844\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168.jpg 721w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-626934506-1-e1593659360168-160x187.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Gottlieb attends The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation World AIDS Day event co-hosted by SAG-AFTRA at the at James Cagney Boardroom on Nov. 30, 2016, in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Jesse Grant/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I thought that the very first case might just be a one-off phenomenon,” said Dr. Michael Gottlieb, of UCLA. “We didn’t even know that AIDS was caused by a virus. We didn’t know that for two full years after the description of the first patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Scientists like Gottlieb struggled to access funding to study HIV. It took a couple of years before researchers understood how AIDS was transmitted. Fear plagued gay neighborhoods like the Castro. People worried a cough or a toilet seat might be a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“You’d go out in the street at night and no one would be there,” said Rick Solomon, a 65-year-old Berkeley resident who is enrolled in a COVID-19 study at San Francisco General. “And the bars were almost empty. People didn’t go out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Throughout the ’80s, Solomon kept a little notebook of names of people who died. The list grew to more than 200 people. He was not surprised when he tested positive in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Even though HIV and the new coronavirus are not similar in genome, transmission or mortality; the experience of living through two plagues is hauntingly comparable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The apocalyptic scenes of New York City ICUs overwhelmed with people with COVID-19 pneumonia remind me of our early days where patients with AIDS presented very late with pneumocystis pneumonia and required ventilators,” said Gottlieb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Other elements are also familiar. Results from small studies are overblown. Officials change course abruptly. Public health is politicized. Lives become statistics. Headlines tout new cures. Vaccines are promised. And at the end of the day, individual actions save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Back in the early ’80s, the answer was condoms and fewer sexual partners,” said Gottlieb. “Today, the answer is masks and social distancing. Behavior change is essential in preventing the spread of both of these viruses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966726 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-800x654.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"654\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-800x654.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1020x834.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-768x628.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1536x1256.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211-1920x1569.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/GettyImages-50861211.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ACT-UP protesters march through the streets surrounding the U.S. Capitol and shout “shame” outside the office of the Republican National Committee on May 20, 2004, in Washington, D.C. \u003ccite>(TIM SLOAN/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Piercing Differences\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, for many long-term HIV survivors, the differences between the two pandemics shadow the similarities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For years, HIV advocates and patients protested to garner government attention and funding. “We were literally fighting for our lives,” said Solomon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Today, many medical researchers say it’s difficult to find funding for projects that \u003cem>aren’t\u003c/em> coronavirus. Scientists mapped the entire COVID-19 genome and understood transmission within months, not years, after initial infections broke out in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Now, a few months into the coronavirus outbreak, some people have hit the streets demanding officials do \u003ci>less\u003c/i> to protect society from the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“In many ways, there’s no comparison,” says Guillen, “because in those days the reality is society in general didn’t care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This week at the AIDS 2020 Conference, scientists may reveal a physiological reason HIV patients are weathering the coronavirus better than predicted. But, Guillen believes coping skills are playing a key role. Long-term survivors have pushed up against disinterest, oppression and even disgust for decades, and yet, “We found ways to keep going,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Use This New Tool to See the COVID-19 Risk In Your County",
"headTitle": "Use This New Tool to See the COVID-19 Risk In Your County | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOWVhYWIyNDgtZDJlMy00NWE1LWJjN2EtYWM2MDhlNTNmNGJiIiwidCI6ImMxMzZlZWMwLWZlOTItNDVlMC1iZWFlLTQ2OTg0OTczZTIzMiIsImMiOjF9\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How severe is the spread of COVID-19 in your community? If you’re confused, you’re not alone. Though state and local dashboards provide lots of numbers, from case counts to deaths, it’s often unclear how to interpret them — and hard to compare them to other places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There hasn’t been a unified, national approach to communicating risk, says \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/danielleallen/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Allen\u003c/a>, a professor and director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University. “That’s made it harder for people,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, along with researchers at the Harvard Global Health Institute, is leading a collaboration of top scientists at institutions around the country who have joined forces to create a unified set of metrics, including a shared definition of risk levels — and tools for communities to fight the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration launched these tools this week, including a \u003ca href=\"https://globalepidemics.org/key-metrics-for-covid-suppression/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new, online risk-assessment map\u003c/a> (above) that allows people to check the state or the county where they live and see a COVID-19 risk rating of green, yellow, orange or red. The risk levels are based upon the number of new daily cases per 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A community that has fewer than one daily new case per 100,000 is green. One to 9 is yellow; between 10 and 24 is orange; and 25 and above puts you in the red. “When you get into that orange and red zone it means, in all likelihood, you’re seeing a lot of velocity, a kind of fast upward trend,” Allen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is by no means the only attempt to categorize risk levels across the United States. There are a number of frameworks out there using different measures. And that can lead to confusion, says Allen. “What we really need is a shared vocabulary and shared way of presenting data across jurisdictions,” she says. This effort represents the consensus of eight institutions and more than a dozen individual experts who have agreed on these metrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other important metrics when it comes to tracking the spread and severity of COVID-19. Local public health leaders need to know how many people are dying and how many people are hospitalized. They need to know how many tests are coming back positive in an area. (The lower the positivity rate, the more likely a community is testing enough to accurately detect the spread of the virus.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the group settled on tying the alert level to numbers of new cases per 100,000, because that’s a good indicator to show the current picture of outbreaks and compare them in a consistent way. It’s a standard way to measure the risk against the total population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows you to compare a rural area in upstate New York compared to New York City and have an apples-to-apples comparison for relative impact and relative caseload,” says \u003ca href=\"http://talusanalytics.com/team/#:~:text=Ellie%20Graeden%20PhD,and%20response%2C%20and%20risk%20assessment.\">Ellie Graeden\u003c/a> of Talus Analytics and the Center for Global Health, Science and Security at Georgetown University, which is part of the convergence group that developed the metrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, by sticking with a standard, core metric you can compare trends over time. “You want to know whether things are going up or down,” Allen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the public, this means you can now compare the case incidence where you live to that of, say, a nearby county where you’re considering going on an errand. Or the county where your parents live if you’re considering a visit. It gives you a way to assess your community’s risk level compared to others, at a glance, and modify your behavior accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For policymakers, the risk levels are meant to signal the intensity of the effort needed to control COVID-19 and to trigger specific interventions. The collaborative released guidance for how state and local leaders should manage their response, depending on their risk level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As this [pandemic] unfolded, a lot of us were waiting for the federal government to stand up and really produce … some practical guidance on how those at the state and local level should be responding,” said Graeden. But in the absence of that clear guidance, this collaboration aims to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a jurisdiction is at the green level, it’s on track for containing the virus. At yellow, a community should implement measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing and have an active program of testing, contact tracing and isolation — including targeted testing of those in high-risk environments. Orange is considered “dangerous” and requires surging testing and contact tracing efforts — or if that’s not possible, it may call for stay-home orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the red level, “jurisdictions have reached a tipping point for uncontrolled spread,” according to the collaborative’s guidance. At this level, “you really need to be back at a stay-at-home [advisory]” Graeden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two states — Arizona and Florida — are at the red level and 14 are orange. Only Hawaii is green. But there’s a great deal of variation county by county. In orange Texas, for instance, more than 20 counties are red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to take some of the guesswork out of the policy response at a local level, says Graeden, and offer a more standardized way to communicate the risk and the response options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all modified our metrics to align more accurately across the different platforms,” she said. “We’re now communicating and all agreeing on the same basic thresholds for the types of actions that need to be taken. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shared metrics and guidance will be incorporated into a number of initiatives and sites focused on COVID-19 response, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.covidlocal.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covidlocal.org\u003c/a>, led by a group of disease outbreak experts and former public health officials, and \u003ca href=\"https://covidactnow.org/?s=58173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CovidActNow,\u003c/a> led by former technology executives and a group of academics. The convergence group hopes to see it adopted more widely and used by local and state governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Green%2C+Yellow%2C+Orange+Or+Red%3F+This+New+Tool+Shows+COVID-19+Risk+In+Your+County&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As coronavirus cases surge in many states, a new color-coding tool backed by a coalition of top scientists provides an apples-to-apples way of comparing outbreak severity, down to the county level.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOWVhYWIyNDgtZDJlMy00NWE1LWJjN2EtYWM2MDhlNTNmNGJiIiwidCI6ImMxMzZlZWMwLWZlOTItNDVlMC1iZWFlLTQ2OTg0OTczZTIzMiIsImMiOjF9\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How severe is the spread of COVID-19 in your community? If you’re confused, you’re not alone. Though state and local dashboards provide lots of numbers, from case counts to deaths, it’s often unclear how to interpret them — and hard to compare them to other places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There hasn’t been a unified, national approach to communicating risk, says \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/danielleallen/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Allen\u003c/a>, a professor and director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University. “That’s made it harder for people,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, along with researchers at the Harvard Global Health Institute, is leading a collaboration of top scientists at institutions around the country who have joined forces to create a unified set of metrics, including a shared definition of risk levels — and tools for communities to fight the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration launched these tools this week, including a \u003ca href=\"https://globalepidemics.org/key-metrics-for-covid-suppression/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new, online risk-assessment map\u003c/a> (above) that allows people to check the state or the county where they live and see a COVID-19 risk rating of green, yellow, orange or red. The risk levels are based upon the number of new daily cases per 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A community that has fewer than one daily new case per 100,000 is green. One to 9 is yellow; between 10 and 24 is orange; and 25 and above puts you in the red. “When you get into that orange and red zone it means, in all likelihood, you’re seeing a lot of velocity, a kind of fast upward trend,” Allen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is by no means the only attempt to categorize risk levels across the United States. There are a number of frameworks out there using different measures. And that can lead to confusion, says Allen. “What we really need is a shared vocabulary and shared way of presenting data across jurisdictions,” she says. This effort represents the consensus of eight institutions and more than a dozen individual experts who have agreed on these metrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other important metrics when it comes to tracking the spread and severity of COVID-19. Local public health leaders need to know how many people are dying and how many people are hospitalized. They need to know how many tests are coming back positive in an area. (The lower the positivity rate, the more likely a community is testing enough to accurately detect the spread of the virus.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the group settled on tying the alert level to numbers of new cases per 100,000, because that’s a good indicator to show the current picture of outbreaks and compare them in a consistent way. It’s a standard way to measure the risk against the total population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows you to compare a rural area in upstate New York compared to New York City and have an apples-to-apples comparison for relative impact and relative caseload,” says \u003ca href=\"http://talusanalytics.com/team/#:~:text=Ellie%20Graeden%20PhD,and%20response%2C%20and%20risk%20assessment.\">Ellie Graeden\u003c/a> of Talus Analytics and the Center for Global Health, Science and Security at Georgetown University, which is part of the convergence group that developed the metrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, by sticking with a standard, core metric you can compare trends over time. “You want to know whether things are going up or down,” Allen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the public, this means you can now compare the case incidence where you live to that of, say, a nearby county where you’re considering going on an errand. Or the county where your parents live if you’re considering a visit. It gives you a way to assess your community’s risk level compared to others, at a glance, and modify your behavior accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For policymakers, the risk levels are meant to signal the intensity of the effort needed to control COVID-19 and to trigger specific interventions. The collaborative released guidance for how state and local leaders should manage their response, depending on their risk level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As this [pandemic] unfolded, a lot of us were waiting for the federal government to stand up and really produce … some practical guidance on how those at the state and local level should be responding,” said Graeden. But in the absence of that clear guidance, this collaboration aims to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a jurisdiction is at the green level, it’s on track for containing the virus. At yellow, a community should implement measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing and have an active program of testing, contact tracing and isolation — including targeted testing of those in high-risk environments. Orange is considered “dangerous” and requires surging testing and contact tracing efforts — or if that’s not possible, it may call for stay-home orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the red level, “jurisdictions have reached a tipping point for uncontrolled spread,” according to the collaborative’s guidance. At this level, “you really need to be back at a stay-at-home [advisory]” Graeden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two states — Arizona and Florida — are at the red level and 14 are orange. Only Hawaii is green. But there’s a great deal of variation county by county. In orange Texas, for instance, more than 20 counties are red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to take some of the guesswork out of the policy response at a local level, says Graeden, and offer a more standardized way to communicate the risk and the response options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all modified our metrics to align more accurately across the different platforms,” she said. “We’re now communicating and all agreeing on the same basic thresholds for the types of actions that need to be taken. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shared metrics and guidance will be incorporated into a number of initiatives and sites focused on COVID-19 response, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.covidlocal.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covidlocal.org\u003c/a>, led by a group of disease outbreak experts and former public health officials, and \u003ca href=\"https://covidactnow.org/?s=58173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CovidActNow,\u003c/a> led by former technology executives and a group of academics. The convergence group hopes to see it adopted more widely and used by local and state governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Green%2C+Yellow%2C+Orange+Or+Red%3F+This+New+Tool+Shows+COVID-19+Risk+In+Your+County&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A User's Guide To Masks: What's Best At Protecting Others (And Yourself)",
"headTitle": "A User’s Guide To Masks: What’s Best At Protecting Others (And Yourself) | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>So you want to wear a face mask? Good call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\"> body of evidence \u003c/a>supports the idea that wearing face masks in public, even when you feel well, can help curb the spread of the coronavirus — since people can spread the virus even without showing symptoms. That’s the main reason to wear a mask: to protect other people from you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Face masks can also offer the wearer some protection — though how much varies greatly, depending on the type of mask. No mask will offer full protection, and they should not be viewed as a replacement for physical distancing of at least 6 feet from others, frequent hand-washing and avoiding crowds. When you combine masks with those measures, they can make a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what kind of mask is best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When choosing a mask, experts say focus on the fabric, fit and breathability. How well a mask protects is a function of both what it’s made of and how well it seals to your face. But if you can’t breathe well through it, then you’re less likely to keep it on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at different kinds of masks you might consider and how effective they are at protecting the people around you — and you as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says people should wear cloth face coverings in public, we’ll talk about fabric masks first. But if you’ve purchased a medical mask or respirator, scroll down for some important notes — like how to spot if you’ve got a fake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966779\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 749px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png\" alt=\"A gray neck gaiter with small yellow, red and blue bands of color, and a turquoise cloth mask. with fabric ear handles.\" width=\"749\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png 749w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668-160x82.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A neck gaiter and cloth mask. (Photo illustration by Max Posner/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Fabric Masks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First, consider the fabric itself. \u003c/strong>“The tightness of the weave is really important. That’s the first thing I would ask people to look into,” says\u003ca href=\"https://pme.uchicago.edu/faculty/supratik-guha\"> Supratik Guha\u003c/a>, a professor of molecular engineering at the University of Chicago. To check your fabric, hold it up to a light: If you can easily see the outline of the individual fibers, it’s not going to make a great filter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say a thick 100% cotton weave is a good bet. That’s because at the microscopic level, the natural fibers in cotton tend to have more three-dimensional structure than synthetic fibers, which are smoother, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/christopher-d-zangmeister\">Christopher Zangmeister\u003c/a>, a researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. That 3D structure can create more roadblocks that can stop an incoming particle, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zangmeister co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.0c05025\">new study in ACS Nano\u003c/a> that tested how well dozens of different materials filtered. While two synthetics, including one that’s 100% polyester, did well, most synthetics ranked near the bottom, he says. But even a mask made out of synthetic fibers is better than no mask at all, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Think multiple layers.\u003c/strong> Several studies have found that masks made of multiple layers are more effective at blocking small particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good option: a mask made of two layers of a thick-weave fabric with a built-in pocket where you can place a filter, says May Chu, an epidemiologist at the Colorado School of Public Health who co-authored\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02211?ref=pdf\"> a paper\u003c/a> published on June 2 in Nano Letters on the filtration efficiency of household mask materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best bet for the material to slip in as a filter is polypropylene, which is derived from plastic, says Chu. “If you go to Walmart, you look for Oly-fun, which is the brand name of that fabric. It’s also called spunbond,” says Chu, who’s a scientific adviser to the World Health Organization and helped craft its recent\u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak\"> detailed guidance\u003c/a> on cloth masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu says polypropylene is great as a physical filter, but has another benefit: It holds an electrostatic charge. In other words, it uses the power of static electricity. Think of the static cling that can happen when you rub two pieces of fabric together, says Chu. That’s basically what’s happening with this fabric: That “cling” effect traps incoming — and outgoing — droplets. “That’s what you want — the cling is what’s important,” Chu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike other materials, polypropylene keeps its electrostatic charge in the humidity created when you breathe out, says\u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/\"> Yi Cui\u003c/a>, a professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford who co-authored the Nano Letters study with Chu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cui and Chu note that polypropylene will lose its electrostatic charge when you wash it, but you can recharge it by ironing it or by rubbing it with a plastic glove for around 20 seconds. Once you’ve got static cling, ka-ching — you’re back in business. Cui says a two-layer thick-weave cotton mask alone can filter out about 35% of small particles. But adding a filter made out of two layers of charged polypropylene could boost that filtration efficiency by as much as another 35%, Cui says. You still want a cotton layer closest to your face, he says, because it’s a more comfortable material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can’t get your hands on polypropylene fabric, reach for tissues: Take two sheets of facial tissue, fold them over and put them inside your mask’s pocket so that you end up with a four-layer filter that you can change out daily. “Surprisingly, the four layers of paper gives you adequate protection,” says Chu — though tissues don’t have the added power of electrostatic charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If neither of those are options, a mask made of three or more layers of tightly woven cotton will also do a decent job, Chu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though some sites online have suggested that coffee filters might make good mask filters, Chu and Zangmeister both advise against this. Zangmeister notes that coffee filters are hard to breathe through, so you end up breathing around the filter rather than through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if you have a hose. You put your thumb over part of it, and the water just goes around it. In this case, the [air] flow will go around that filter,” which defeats the purpose of using a filter, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shape also matters: \u003c/strong>A mask’s ability to filter out particles depends on not just what it’s made out of, but how well it seals to your face. When it comes to cloth masks, those that cup tightly to your face are best, Cui says. Masks with pleats or folds are also a good choice: The folds expand so that you have more air flowing through the fabric itself instead of leaking out through gaps at the sides of the mask. Masks with a flat front design are less effective, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another trick to improve the seal of your mask:\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\"> Add a layer of pantyhose\u003c/a>. Cut a length of hose about 8 to 10 inches long, from top to bottom, from one leg on a pair of hose, and pull it on top of your mask. This forces particles that might have otherwise gone around the loose edges of the mask and been inhaled to instead go through the mask, which can filter them out, says \u003ca href=\"https://coe.northeastern.edu/people/fernandez-loretta/\">Loretta Fernandez\u003c/a>, a researcher at Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about neck-gaiter masks (also known as buffs)? Often made of synthetic fabric, they are designed to cover your face, nose and mouth and wrap around you. “There would theoretically be less chance for the air to escape laterally out of the sides like it would from a mask that’s open on the side,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/abraarkaran/bio\">Abraar Karan\u003c/a>, a physician at Harvard Medical School who’s working on Massachusetts’ COVID-19 response team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid masks with exhalation valves. \u003c/strong>Some cloth and disposable masks come with an exhalation valve at the front. The valve makes it easier to breathe out, but it also releases unfiltered air, so it doesn’t protect others if you’re contagious. And protecting others is the primary reason to wear a mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep it clean.\u003c/strong> Experts say cloth masks should be washed daily with soap or detergent and hot water. Make sure the mask is completely dry before you reuse it, as a wet mask can make it harder to breathe and can promote the growth of microorganisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966783\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 726px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"726\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png 726w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM-672x372.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A version of the N95 respirator used in U.S. hospitals and a pleated surgical mask. (Photo illustration by Max Posner/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Medical Masks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>N95 respirators: \u003c/strong>N95 respirators are designed to create a tight seal around the nose and mouth. When worn correctly, they can block at least 95% of small airborne particles. These respirators are great at protecting both the wearer and the people around the wearer. One reason they’re so effective: N95s are made out of many layers of fine polypropylene fibers, which, as we’ve discussed, use the power of static electricity to trap incoming and outgoing particles and droplets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts say\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/faqs-shortages-surgical-masks-and-gowns-during-covid-19-pandemic\"> N95s remain in short supply\u003c/a> and should still be reserved for health care workers and first responders. If you do get your hands on an N95, you should know that some of these respirators out there are fakes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has some tips on\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/counterfeitResp.html\"> how to spot a counterfeit respirator\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KN95 respirators:\u003c/strong> A KN95 respirator is regulated by the Chinese government; like an N95, it’s supposed to filter out at least 95% of small airborne particles. However,\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/respirators/testing/NonNIOSHresults.html\"> testing has revealed\u003c/a> that the actual performance of many of the KN95s for sale in the U.S. “is all over the place,” and many are counterfeit, says Avilash Cramer, a doctoral candidate at the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology program and a volunteer with\u003ca href=\"https://www.panfab.org/\"> PanFab\u003c/a>, an effort to address shortages of medical devices and personal protective equipment amid the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some counterfeits may indeed filter out at least 95% of particles, “some are catastrophically bad. Some are falling apart in our hands,” says Cramer, whose recent work with PanFab has focused on spotting and testing fake respirators. Trying to determine if a KN95 is counterfeit can be hard, he says, but here’s one telltale sign: If the packaging says it’s NIOSH approved, don’t trust it — because a U.S. government agency like NIOSH (the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) would not approve a mask made to another country’s standard. If you’ve got a KN95, Cramer says to check \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-euas__;!!Iwwt!FbdR2-0R0pUxgAXGxEQ2iZvjVoQlO5AJxb49ylPaBSO02NFiYPXvNXrRHDBr%24\">Appendix A\u003c/a> of the Food and Drug Administration’s emergency use authorization to see if the model you have is authorized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: If you have a KN95, just know it’s possible you might not be getting nearly as much protection as you think. So be sure to keep up with those other habits to help keep you safe, including physical distancing. “Wearing even a genuine respirator doesn’t make you invincible, so those habits are good no matter what,” Cramer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surgical masks: \u003c/strong>Surgical masks are disposable coverings worn loosely around the face. In short supply at the start of the pandemic, they’re becoming more widely available. They’re primarily designed to protect other people from the wearer and to\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks\"> block large particle droplets or splashes\u003c/a> in the air, although not very small particles. Many surgical masks are made of paper, though some are made with polypropylene, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/about-us/staff/lisa-m-brosseau-scd-cih\">Lisa Brosseau\u003c/a>, a research consultant with the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Research has found that surgical masks can block the vast majority of respiratory droplets emitted by an infected person. But how well a surgical mask protects \u003cem>you\u003c/em>, the wearer, from smaller particles\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115281/\"> can vary widely\u003c/a> when tested with the same methods used to test N95 respirators. For example, one surgical mask that Cui tested blocked around 30% of small particles, while others filtered out up to 80%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brosseau says she’s seen some surgical masks that have been cleared for medical use by the FDA and have better filtration efficiencies, but most masks sold in the U.S. haven’t gone through the FDA approval process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of whether you choose a cloth or surgical mask, she says, be aware that this doesn’t mean you can suddenly be in prolonged close contact with others. These masks might buy you a few extra minutes of protection, she says, but “not hours. Not lengthy periods of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+User%27s+Guide+To+Masks%3A+What%27s+Best+At+Protecting+Others+%28And+Yourself%29&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "“We're trading shelter-in-place for face masks,\" says UCSF epidemiologist Dr. George Rutherford. \"That seems to me to be a pretty reasonable tradeoff.”",
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"description": "“We're trading shelter-in-place for face masks," says UCSF epidemiologist Dr. George Rutherford. "That seems to me to be a pretty reasonable tradeoff.”",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So you want to wear a face mask? Good call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\"> body of evidence \u003c/a>supports the idea that wearing face masks in public, even when you feel well, can help curb the spread of the coronavirus — since people can spread the virus even without showing symptoms. That’s the main reason to wear a mask: to protect other people from you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Face masks can also offer the wearer some protection — though how much varies greatly, depending on the type of mask. No mask will offer full protection, and they should not be viewed as a replacement for physical distancing of at least 6 feet from others, frequent hand-washing and avoiding crowds. When you combine masks with those measures, they can make a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what kind of mask is best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When choosing a mask, experts say focus on the fabric, fit and breathability. How well a mask protects is a function of both what it’s made of and how well it seals to your face. But if you can’t breathe well through it, then you’re less likely to keep it on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at different kinds of masks you might consider and how effective they are at protecting the people around you — and you as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says people should wear cloth face coverings in public, we’ll talk about fabric masks first. But if you’ve purchased a medical mask or respirator, scroll down for some important notes — like how to spot if you’ve got a fake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966779\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 749px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png\" alt=\"A gray neck gaiter with small yellow, red and blue bands of color, and a turquoise cloth mask. with fabric ear handles.\" width=\"749\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668.png 749w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.08.50-PM-e1593727918668-160x82.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A neck gaiter and cloth mask. (Photo illustration by Max Posner/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Fabric Masks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First, consider the fabric itself. \u003c/strong>“The tightness of the weave is really important. That’s the first thing I would ask people to look into,” says\u003ca href=\"https://pme.uchicago.edu/faculty/supratik-guha\"> Supratik Guha\u003c/a>, a professor of molecular engineering at the University of Chicago. To check your fabric, hold it up to a light: If you can easily see the outline of the individual fibers, it’s not going to make a great filter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say a thick 100% cotton weave is a good bet. That’s because at the microscopic level, the natural fibers in cotton tend to have more three-dimensional structure than synthetic fibers, which are smoother, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/christopher-d-zangmeister\">Christopher Zangmeister\u003c/a>, a researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. That 3D structure can create more roadblocks that can stop an incoming particle, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zangmeister co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.0c05025\">new study in ACS Nano\u003c/a> that tested how well dozens of different materials filtered. While two synthetics, including one that’s 100% polyester, did well, most synthetics ranked near the bottom, he says. But even a mask made out of synthetic fibers is better than no mask at all, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Think multiple layers.\u003c/strong> Several studies have found that masks made of multiple layers are more effective at blocking small particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good option: a mask made of two layers of a thick-weave fabric with a built-in pocket where you can place a filter, says May Chu, an epidemiologist at the Colorado School of Public Health who co-authored\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02211?ref=pdf\"> a paper\u003c/a> published on June 2 in Nano Letters on the filtration efficiency of household mask materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best bet for the material to slip in as a filter is polypropylene, which is derived from plastic, says Chu. “If you go to Walmart, you look for Oly-fun, which is the brand name of that fabric. It’s also called spunbond,” says Chu, who’s a scientific adviser to the World Health Organization and helped craft its recent\u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak\"> detailed guidance\u003c/a> on cloth masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu says polypropylene is great as a physical filter, but has another benefit: It holds an electrostatic charge. In other words, it uses the power of static electricity. Think of the static cling that can happen when you rub two pieces of fabric together, says Chu. That’s basically what’s happening with this fabric: That “cling” effect traps incoming — and outgoing — droplets. “That’s what you want — the cling is what’s important,” Chu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike other materials, polypropylene keeps its electrostatic charge in the humidity created when you breathe out, says\u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/\"> Yi Cui\u003c/a>, a professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford who co-authored the Nano Letters study with Chu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cui and Chu note that polypropylene will lose its electrostatic charge when you wash it, but you can recharge it by ironing it or by rubbing it with a plastic glove for around 20 seconds. Once you’ve got static cling, ka-ching — you’re back in business. Cui says a two-layer thick-weave cotton mask alone can filter out about 35% of small particles. But adding a filter made out of two layers of charged polypropylene could boost that filtration efficiency by as much as another 35%, Cui says. You still want a cotton layer closest to your face, he says, because it’s a more comfortable material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can’t get your hands on polypropylene fabric, reach for tissues: Take two sheets of facial tissue, fold them over and put them inside your mask’s pocket so that you end up with a four-layer filter that you can change out daily. “Surprisingly, the four layers of paper gives you adequate protection,” says Chu — though tissues don’t have the added power of electrostatic charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If neither of those are options, a mask made of three or more layers of tightly woven cotton will also do a decent job, Chu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though some sites online have suggested that coffee filters might make good mask filters, Chu and Zangmeister both advise against this. Zangmeister notes that coffee filters are hard to breathe through, so you end up breathing around the filter rather than through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if you have a hose. You put your thumb over part of it, and the water just goes around it. In this case, the [air] flow will go around that filter,” which defeats the purpose of using a filter, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shape also matters: \u003c/strong>A mask’s ability to filter out particles depends on not just what it’s made out of, but how well it seals to your face. When it comes to cloth masks, those that cup tightly to your face are best, Cui says. Masks with pleats or folds are also a good choice: The folds expand so that you have more air flowing through the fabric itself instead of leaking out through gaps at the sides of the mask. Masks with a flat front design are less effective, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another trick to improve the seal of your mask:\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\"> Add a layer of pantyhose\u003c/a>. Cut a length of hose about 8 to 10 inches long, from top to bottom, from one leg on a pair of hose, and pull it on top of your mask. This forces particles that might have otherwise gone around the loose edges of the mask and been inhaled to instead go through the mask, which can filter them out, says \u003ca href=\"https://coe.northeastern.edu/people/fernandez-loretta/\">Loretta Fernandez\u003c/a>, a researcher at Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about neck-gaiter masks (also known as buffs)? Often made of synthetic fabric, they are designed to cover your face, nose and mouth and wrap around you. “There would theoretically be less chance for the air to escape laterally out of the sides like it would from a mask that’s open on the side,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/abraarkaran/bio\">Abraar Karan\u003c/a>, a physician at Harvard Medical School who’s working on Massachusetts’ COVID-19 response team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid masks with exhalation valves. \u003c/strong>Some cloth and disposable masks come with an exhalation valve at the front. The valve makes it easier to breathe out, but it also releases unfiltered air, so it doesn’t protect others if you’re contagious. And protecting others is the primary reason to wear a mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep it clean.\u003c/strong> Experts say cloth masks should be washed daily with soap or detergent and hot water. Make sure the mask is completely dry before you reuse it, as a wet mask can make it harder to breathe and can promote the growth of microorganisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966783\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 726px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"726\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM.png 726w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-02-at-3.09.07-PM-672x372.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A version of the N95 respirator used in U.S. hospitals and a pleated surgical mask. (Photo illustration by Max Posner/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Medical Masks\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>N95 respirators: \u003c/strong>N95 respirators are designed to create a tight seal around the nose and mouth. When worn correctly, they can block at least 95% of small airborne particles. These respirators are great at protecting both the wearer and the people around the wearer. One reason they’re so effective: N95s are made out of many layers of fine polypropylene fibers, which, as we’ve discussed, use the power of static electricity to trap incoming and outgoing particles and droplets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts say\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/faqs-shortages-surgical-masks-and-gowns-during-covid-19-pandemic\"> N95s remain in short supply\u003c/a> and should still be reserved for health care workers and first responders. If you do get your hands on an N95, you should know that some of these respirators out there are fakes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has some tips on\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/counterfeitResp.html\"> how to spot a counterfeit respirator\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KN95 respirators:\u003c/strong> A KN95 respirator is regulated by the Chinese government; like an N95, it’s supposed to filter out at least 95% of small airborne particles. However,\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/respirators/testing/NonNIOSHresults.html\"> testing has revealed\u003c/a> that the actual performance of many of the KN95s for sale in the U.S. “is all over the place,” and many are counterfeit, says Avilash Cramer, a doctoral candidate at the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology program and a volunteer with\u003ca href=\"https://www.panfab.org/\"> PanFab\u003c/a>, an effort to address shortages of medical devices and personal protective equipment amid the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some counterfeits may indeed filter out at least 95% of particles, “some are catastrophically bad. Some are falling apart in our hands,” says Cramer, whose recent work with PanFab has focused on spotting and testing fake respirators. Trying to determine if a KN95 is counterfeit can be hard, he says, but here’s one telltale sign: If the packaging says it’s NIOSH approved, don’t trust it — because a U.S. government agency like NIOSH (the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) would not approve a mask made to another country’s standard. If you’ve got a KN95, Cramer says to check \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-euas__;!!Iwwt!FbdR2-0R0pUxgAXGxEQ2iZvjVoQlO5AJxb49ylPaBSO02NFiYPXvNXrRHDBr%24\">Appendix A\u003c/a> of the Food and Drug Administration’s emergency use authorization to see if the model you have is authorized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: If you have a KN95, just know it’s possible you might not be getting nearly as much protection as you think. So be sure to keep up with those other habits to help keep you safe, including physical distancing. “Wearing even a genuine respirator doesn’t make you invincible, so those habits are good no matter what,” Cramer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surgical masks: \u003c/strong>Surgical masks are disposable coverings worn loosely around the face. In short supply at the start of the pandemic, they’re becoming more widely available. They’re primarily designed to protect other people from the wearer and to\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks\"> block large particle droplets or splashes\u003c/a> in the air, although not very small particles. Many surgical masks are made of paper, though some are made with polypropylene, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/about-us/staff/lisa-m-brosseau-scd-cih\">Lisa Brosseau\u003c/a>, a research consultant with the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Research has found that surgical masks can block the vast majority of respiratory droplets emitted by an infected person. But how well a surgical mask protects \u003cem>you\u003c/em>, the wearer, from smaller particles\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115281/\"> can vary widely\u003c/a> when tested with the same methods used to test N95 respirators. For example, one surgical mask that Cui tested blocked around 30% of small particles, while others filtered out up to 80%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brosseau says she’s seen some surgical masks that have been cleared for medical use by the FDA and have better filtration efficiencies, but most masks sold in the U.S. haven’t gone through the FDA approval process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of whether you choose a cloth or surgical mask, she says, be aware that this doesn’t mean you can suddenly be in prolonged close contact with others. These masks might buy you a few extra minutes of protection, she says, but “not hours. Not lengthy periods of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+User%27s+Guide+To+Masks%3A+What%27s+Best+At+Protecting+Others+%28And+Yourself%29&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hospital in San Mateo County Treating COVID-19 Patients From San Quentin’s Outbreak",
"headTitle": "Hospital in San Mateo County Treating COVID-19 Patients From San Quentin’s Outbreak | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>At least 1,135 people incarcerated at San Quentin have active cases of COVID-19, according to state correctional \u003ca href=\"/www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statistics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen of those individuals have been transferred from the prison to Seton Medical Center in Daly City to receive care. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corrections officials told San Mateo County to expect up to 50 patients ill from the prison outbreak.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But San Mateo County’s coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.smchealth.org/san-mateo-county-covid-19-and-other-health-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dashboard\u003c/a> does not discern between patients transferred from San Quentin and people who were infected within the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Supervisor David Canepa said he’s worried the numbers on the dashboard issue could lead the public to assume the virus is spreading more rapidly in San Mateo County than is the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to alleviate that right away,” Canepa said during a supervisors’ meeting on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Health Officer Louise Rogers told the supervisors that the county is meeting state hospitalization benchmarks related to reopening the economy “but with the numbers of transfers from the prison system that may be thrown off; we’ll be trying to account for that in our reporting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my questions is how to do that,” she said. “It isn’t called out in the data and it can’t really be because they are all patients. We may need to do some separate accounting, but I’m not sure exactly how. But I understand the need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalists, epidemiologists and the public all follow the data dashboard closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County’s dashboard mirrors reporting software used by most Bay Area counties and the state, the same data problem could appear in other places where hospitals are taking in patients from prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003ca href=\"https://data.sfgov.org/stories/s/wmxr-upyn\">reports\u003c/a> the number of currently hospitalized patients who have been transferred from another location on its dashboard, a practice that dates back to when the city provided care to people who fell ill with the virus on a cruise ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, corrections officials have transferred 71 patients with COVID-19 from state prisons to hospitals for treatment, including 43 people from San Quentin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corrections officers monitor the incarcerated individuals who receive care at hospitals outside of the prison system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canepa said the county can play an important role in treating sick people from San Quentin’s outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone deserves care and everyone deserves to get better and get well,” he said. “It’s about compassion. It’s about care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At least 1,135 people incarcerated at San Quentin have active cases of COVID-19, according to state correctional \u003ca href=\"/www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statistics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen of those individuals have been transferred from the prison to Seton Medical Center in Daly City to receive care. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corrections officials told San Mateo County to expect up to 50 patients ill from the prison outbreak.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But San Mateo County’s coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.smchealth.org/san-mateo-county-covid-19-and-other-health-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dashboard\u003c/a> does not discern between patients transferred from San Quentin and people who were infected within the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Supervisor David Canepa said he’s worried the numbers on the dashboard issue could lead the public to assume the virus is spreading more rapidly in San Mateo County than is the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to alleviate that right away,” Canepa said during a supervisors’ meeting on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Health Officer Louise Rogers told the supervisors that the county is meeting state hospitalization benchmarks related to reopening the economy “but with the numbers of transfers from the prison system that may be thrown off; we’ll be trying to account for that in our reporting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my questions is how to do that,” she said. “It isn’t called out in the data and it can’t really be because they are all patients. We may need to do some separate accounting, but I’m not sure exactly how. But I understand the need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalists, epidemiologists and the public all follow the data dashboard closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County’s dashboard mirrors reporting software used by most Bay Area counties and the state, the same data problem could appear in other places where hospitals are taking in patients from prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003ca href=\"https://data.sfgov.org/stories/s/wmxr-upyn\">reports\u003c/a> the number of currently hospitalized patients who have been transferred from another location on its dashboard, a practice that dates back to when the city provided care to people who fell ill with the virus on a cruise ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, corrections officials have transferred 71 patients with COVID-19 from state prisons to hospitals for treatment, including 43 people from San Quentin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corrections officers monitor the incarcerated individuals who receive care at hospitals outside of the prison system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canepa said the county can play an important role in treating sick people from San Quentin’s outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone deserves care and everyone deserves to get better and get well,” he said. “It’s about compassion. It’s about care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Virus-Driven Drop in Emissions Could Hamper Farmers' Climate Efforts",
"headTitle": "Virus-Driven Drop in Emissions Could Hamper Farmers’ Climate Efforts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The drop in greenhouse gas emissions that accompanied the coronavirus stay-at-home orders might seem like the lone silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic. But in California, the reduced demand for petroleum-based fuel has had one paradoxical consequence: Revenue from the state’s system for limiting carbon emissions plummeted last month, putting many of the “climate smart” agricultural programs it funds in jeopardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote citation='Javier Zamora, JSM Organic Farms']‘Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil.’[/pullquote]California’s cap-and-trade system is designed to reduce climate-harming greenhouse gas pollution. Major emitters like power plants receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emissions allowances\u003c/a> from the state government, but if companies’ emissions surpass what the allowances cover, they must reduce their greenhouse gas output accordingly, or buy additional allowances at auctions held four times each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state’s sale of the emissions allowances funds \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dozens of programs\u003c/a> that support California’s climate goals, including a number of agriculture initiatives like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Healthy Soils\u003c/a>, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1940561/california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">helps farmers\u003c/a> restore microbes to damaged farmland and trap carbon underground. Healthy Soils recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/egov/Press_Releases/Press_Release.asp?PRnum=20-065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awarded grants\u003c/a> worth about $22 million to 316 projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil,” said Javier Zamora, owner of JSM Organic Farms. Zamora received a $42,000 Healthy Soils grant last year that funded the construction of a hedge row along one of his fields. The hedge prevents wind from eroding the topsoil, retains water and keeps pests at bay. He would have built it anyway, but with the Healthy Soils funding, he expects to have it done in a fraction of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But such funding is now endangered by the decrease in revenue from cap-and-trade allowance auctions. The auctions normally generate between $600 million and $800 million in revenue. But proceeds from the most recent auction, in May, totaled just $25 million, making the auction the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965124/californias-cap-and-trade-program-generates-severely-reduced-revenue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-performing since 2017\u003c/a>, with \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/results_summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">37% \u003c/a> of the offered allowances sold, compared to 100% in each of the last three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power plants and other emitters can “bank” their unused allowances, effectively saving them to put toward future emissions. The recent decline in emissions, along with the banked allowances, meant that many businesses’ recent carbon output was covered by the allowances they already owned and they did not have to buy more, decreasing auction revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg\" alt=\"Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \" width=\"800\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1020x694.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1200x816.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">May’s auction result will only have an impact on this fiscal year’s programs, but the low revenue could signal trouble for the next auction in August and the allocation of funding in the upcoming budget, said Jeanne Merrill, the policy director of the California Climate and Agriculture Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of funds may become a longer-term challenge for California’s climate smart agriculture programs if the August auction goes poorly. Some programs probably would not receive funding in the upcoming budget. And starting in January 2021, lawmakers will \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2020/06/02/california-climate-programs-see-bottom-fall-out-of-main-funding-source-1289867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer be required\u003c/a> to allocate money raised in the cap-and-trade auctions to climate-specific programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the state is in recession, you might imagine, next year, it will be quite tempting to use [those] funds for non-climate investments or programs,” Merrill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Essential Agriculture\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Katie Patterson, the California policy manager for the \u003ca href=\"https://farmland.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Farmland Trust\u003c/a>, said she has seen agriculture take on a new level of visibility since the start of the pandemic. She hopes its heightened presence will sustain public interest and help prioritize future funding for agriculture-related climate programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Folks are talking about the essentialism of agriculture, the essentialism of small- and medium-sized farms and also the food structure, too: farm to food bank, farm to school,” she said. “So a lot of our food system’s work is being looked at in a much more thoughtful way, not by just policymakers, not by advocates, but by communities, people who walked into their stores and saw their food wasn’t there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">PT Ranch saw their pasteurized meat sales double in recent months, said ranch manager Molly Taylor. Though she attributes the initial spike in business to the panic that arose when meat disappeared from supermarket shelves, sales have remained higher than before the pandemic. Taylor thinks it could be connected to the spread of COVID-19 in meatpacking plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Even though the panic has subsided, I think people either have the time to consider their purchases more carefully now, or are genuinely concerned about losing localized and regional meat production in light of all of the issues with the more concentrated and consolidated packing plants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor plans to use the Healthy Soils grant she was awarded in May to better facilitate carbon capture on the ranch, through regenerative soil management practices like no-till farming and the use of cover crops. With a growing number of people interested in where their food comes from and becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943671/centers-of-insurrection-central-valley-farmers-reckon-with-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">conscious of its carbon footprint\u003c/a>, “one of the strongest stories we can tell about the production of food is through this lens of climate change mitigation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet, in spite of the new conversations happening around the food system, some cap-and-trade-funded climate smart agriculture programs, including Healthy Soils, face an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">About 65% of cap-and-trade revenue is already earmarked for specific programs, including the \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/solutions/farmlandconservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Agricultural Lands Conservation\u003c/a> or SALC Program, which the American Farmland Trust helped launch in 2015. The project has since enabled the permanent conservation of more than 112,000 acres of at-risk farmland in California, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was the first program in the country to draw the nexus between climate change and farmland protection, she said. More programs targeting agricultural emissions in California — including Healthy Soils — soon followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately 2% of the total cap-and-trade revenue is allocated to the SALC program, in a continuous appropriation every year. While the program itself is not in jeopardy, low revenue could reduce its funding by \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/faulty-cap-and-trade-auctions-healthy-soils-climate-smart-agriculture-funding-in-jeopardy/?utm_source=California+Climate+%26+Agriculture+Network&utm_campaign=0b0c4fb708-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_06_21_05_09_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ba73b276e-0b0c4fb708-215643177&mc_cid=0b0c4fb708&mc_eid=7b5bb267b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a quarter\u003c/a>. Land protection groups like the American Farmland Trust may have to seek out alternative sources of funding to sustain SALC projects if cap-and-trade does not rebound quickly enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 35% of auction revenue not designated for a specific program ends up in a “discretionary pot,” to be appropriated by the state Legislature, Patterson said. If the proceeds remain lower than anticipated, some programs supported from that pool of money will not receive funding during the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of the programs that are not automatically funded, the governor has designated the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/node/1666/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Funding Agriculture Replacement Measures for Emission Reductions\u003c/a> or FARMER Program, aimed at lowering diesel emissions from agricultural equipment, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00031/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among the highest priority\u003c/a>, making it most likely to receive funding from the discretionary pot, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For programs given lower priority, such as Healthy Soils, the climate-friendly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/AMMP/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alternative Manure Management Program\u003c/a> (AMMP) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/ddrdp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dairy Digester Research & Development Program\u003c/a>, which helps farmers install onsite technology that captures usable methane from livestock manure, funding from cap-and-trade is far less secure. The American Farmland Trust is pushing for Healthy Soils to be prioritized as highly as FARMER and hopes to see AMMP, Dairy Digesters and other lower-priority programs receive funding as well, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/sweep/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Efficiency & Enhancement Program\u003c/a>, an especially \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/california-falls-short-on-climate-smart-farming-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">popular\u003c/a> initiative intended to reduce farms’ water and energy use by upgrading their irrigation systems, was one of the programs given the lowest priority. The state has already announced that it will not be funded for the second year in a row, though the program’s 182 already-approved projects that are still being implemented will be seen through completion, according to Steve Lyle, director of public affairs at the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor, from PT Ranch, worked with the state to provide technical assistance to other farmers during last year’s Healthy Soils grant application period, long before the May cap-and-trade auction raised concerns about future funding for that program. She told growers that they could expect Healthy Soils to be in place every year, and that if they did not receive a grant this year, they could, and should, apply next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t know if we’re going to be able to hold their attention if it becomes a variable source of funding year to year, unpredictable and unreliable,” Taylor said. “It takes a whole year, sometimes, to plan for something like this. And for that planning to go totally out the window and then expect someone in two years to remember it’s there, or to trust that it’s going to come through—it takes a long time to establish this type of trust with growers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state’s cap-and-trade program funds ‘climate smart’ agriculture programs. But with emissions down, funding for those programs is also expected to drop.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The drop in greenhouse gas emissions that accompanied the coronavirus stay-at-home orders might seem like the lone silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic. But in California, the reduced demand for petroleum-based fuel has had one paradoxical consequence: Revenue from the state’s system for limiting carbon emissions plummeted last month, putting many of the “climate smart” agricultural programs it funds in jeopardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade system is designed to reduce climate-harming greenhouse gas pollution. Major emitters like power plants receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emissions allowances\u003c/a> from the state government, but if companies’ emissions surpass what the allowances cover, they must reduce their greenhouse gas output accordingly, or buy additional allowances at auctions held four times each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state’s sale of the emissions allowances funds \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dozens of programs\u003c/a> that support California’s climate goals, including a number of agriculture initiatives like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Healthy Soils\u003c/a>, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1940561/california-has-farmers-growing-weeds-why-to-capture-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">helps farmers\u003c/a> restore microbes to damaged farmland and trap carbon underground. Healthy Soils recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/egov/Press_Releases/Press_Release.asp?PRnum=20-065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awarded grants\u003c/a> worth about $22 million to 316 projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Most organic farmers that I know, our goal is not only to mine the soil, but feed the soil,” said Javier Zamora, owner of JSM Organic Farms. Zamora received a $42,000 Healthy Soils grant last year that funded the construction of a hedge row along one of his fields. The hedge prevents wind from eroding the topsoil, retains water and keeps pests at bay. He would have built it anyway, but with the Healthy Soils funding, he expects to have it done in a fraction of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But such funding is now endangered by the decrease in revenue from cap-and-trade allowance auctions. The auctions normally generate between $600 million and $800 million in revenue. But proceeds from the most recent auction, in May, totaled just $25 million, making the auction the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965124/californias-cap-and-trade-program-generates-severely-reduced-revenue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">worst-performing since 2017\u003c/a>, with \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/results_summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">37% \u003c/a> of the offered allowances sold, compared to 100% in each of the last three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power plants and other emitters can “bank” their unused allowances, effectively saving them to put toward future emissions. The recent decline in emissions, along with the banked allowances, meant that many businesses’ recent carbon output was covered by the allowances they already owned and they did not have to buy more, decreasing auction revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg\" alt=\"Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \" width=\"800\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1020x694.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015-1200x816.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Burroughs_015.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosie and Ward Burroughs, of Burroughs Family Farms in Denair, stand in the cover crops in their organic almond orchard. The cover crops will soon be mowed down in preparation for the harvest. These plants and grasses under the almond grove bring a variety of microbes to the soil, which enhances the health of the soil and growth of the trees. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">May’s auction result will only have an impact on this fiscal year’s programs, but the low revenue could signal trouble for the next auction in August and the allocation of funding in the upcoming budget, said Jeanne Merrill, the policy director of the California Climate and Agriculture Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of funds may become a longer-term challenge for California’s climate smart agriculture programs if the August auction goes poorly. Some programs probably would not receive funding in the upcoming budget. And starting in January 2021, lawmakers will \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2020/06/02/california-climate-programs-see-bottom-fall-out-of-main-funding-source-1289867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer be required\u003c/a> to allocate money raised in the cap-and-trade auctions to climate-specific programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the state is in recession, you might imagine, next year, it will be quite tempting to use [those] funds for non-climate investments or programs,” Merrill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Essential Agriculture\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Katie Patterson, the California policy manager for the \u003ca href=\"https://farmland.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Farmland Trust\u003c/a>, said she has seen agriculture take on a new level of visibility since the start of the pandemic. She hopes its heightened presence will sustain public interest and help prioritize future funding for agriculture-related climate programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Folks are talking about the essentialism of agriculture, the essentialism of small- and medium-sized farms and also the food structure, too: farm to food bank, farm to school,” she said. “So a lot of our food system’s work is being looked at in a much more thoughtful way, not by just policymakers, not by advocates, but by communities, people who walked into their stores and saw their food wasn’t there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">PT Ranch saw their pasteurized meat sales double in recent months, said ranch manager Molly Taylor. Though she attributes the initial spike in business to the panic that arose when meat disappeared from supermarket shelves, sales have remained higher than before the pandemic. Taylor thinks it could be connected to the spread of COVID-19 in meatpacking plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Even though the panic has subsided, I think people either have the time to consider their purchases more carefully now, or are genuinely concerned about losing localized and regional meat production in light of all of the issues with the more concentrated and consolidated packing plants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor plans to use the Healthy Soils grant she was awarded in May to better facilitate carbon capture on the ranch, through regenerative soil management practices like no-till farming and the use of cover crops. With a growing number of people interested in where their food comes from and becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943671/centers-of-insurrection-central-valley-farmers-reckon-with-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">conscious of its carbon footprint\u003c/a>, “one of the strongest stories we can tell about the production of food is through this lens of climate change mitigation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet, in spite of the new conversations happening around the food system, some cap-and-trade-funded climate smart agriculture programs, including Healthy Soils, face an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">About 65% of cap-and-trade revenue is already earmarked for specific programs, including the \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/solutions/farmlandconservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Agricultural Lands Conservation\u003c/a> or SALC Program, which the American Farmland Trust helped launch in 2015. The project has since enabled the permanent conservation of more than 112,000 acres of at-risk farmland in California, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was the first program in the country to draw the nexus between climate change and farmland protection, she said. More programs targeting agricultural emissions in California — including Healthy Soils — soon followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately 2% of the total cap-and-trade revenue is allocated to the SALC program, in a continuous appropriation every year. While the program itself is not in jeopardy, low revenue could reduce its funding by \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/faulty-cap-and-trade-auctions-healthy-soils-climate-smart-agriculture-funding-in-jeopardy/?utm_source=California+Climate+%26+Agriculture+Network&utm_campaign=0b0c4fb708-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_06_21_05_09_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ba73b276e-0b0c4fb708-215643177&mc_cid=0b0c4fb708&mc_eid=7b5bb267b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a quarter\u003c/a>. Land protection groups like the American Farmland Trust may have to seek out alternative sources of funding to sustain SALC projects if cap-and-trade does not rebound quickly enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 35% of auction revenue not designated for a specific program ends up in a “discretionary pot,” to be appropriated by the state Legislature, Patterson said. If the proceeds remain lower than anticipated, some programs supported from that pool of money will not receive funding during the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of the programs that are not automatically funded, the governor has designated the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/node/1666/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Funding Agriculture Replacement Measures for Emission Reductions\u003c/a> or FARMER Program, aimed at lowering diesel emissions from agricultural equipment, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00031/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among the highest priority\u003c/a>, making it most likely to receive funding from the discretionary pot, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For programs given lower priority, such as Healthy Soils, the climate-friendly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/AMMP/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alternative Manure Management Program\u003c/a> (AMMP) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/ddrdp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dairy Digester Research & Development Program\u003c/a>, which helps farmers install onsite technology that captures usable methane from livestock manure, funding from cap-and-trade is far less secure. The American Farmland Trust is pushing for Healthy Soils to be prioritized as highly as FARMER and hopes to see AMMP, Dairy Digesters and other lower-priority programs receive funding as well, Patterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/sweep/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Efficiency & Enhancement Program\u003c/a>, an especially \u003ca href=\"http://calclimateag.org/california-falls-short-on-climate-smart-farming-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">popular\u003c/a> initiative intended to reduce farms’ water and energy use by upgrading their irrigation systems, was one of the programs given the lowest priority. The state has already announced that it will not be funded for the second year in a row, though the program’s 182 already-approved projects that are still being implemented will be seen through completion, according to Steve Lyle, director of public affairs at the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor, from PT Ranch, worked with the state to provide technical assistance to other farmers during last year’s Healthy Soils grant application period, long before the May cap-and-trade auction raised concerns about future funding for that program. She told growers that they could expect Healthy Soils to be in place every year, and that if they did not receive a grant this year, they could, and should, apply next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t know if we’re going to be able to hold their attention if it becomes a variable source of funding year to year, unpredictable and unreliable,” Taylor said. “It takes a whole year, sometimes, to plan for something like this. And for that planning to go totally out the window and then expect someone in two years to remember it’s there, or to trust that it’s going to come through—it takes a long time to establish this type of trust with growers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1967134/planeas-visitar-a-tu-familia-este-verano-haz-este-quiz-para-medir-los-riesgos-de-viajar-en-tiempos-de-covid-19\">\u003cem>Leer en español\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.qzzr.com/c/quiz/477732/visiting-relatives-during-covid-19\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"headTitle": "‘Everything Was Preventable.’ Prisons’ Failure to Contain COVID-19 Is Bad for Public Health | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story has been updated with comments from Gov. Gavin Newsom’s June 29 press conference.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Corcoran and Avenal state prisons in the arid Central Valley to historical San Quentin on the San Francisco Bay, California prisons have emerged as raging COVID-19 hot spots, even as the state annually spends more on inmate health care than other big states spend on their entire prison systems.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Marc Levine, Assembly member, Marin County']‘Everything was preventable. Everything.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new state budget taking effect July 1 authorizes $13.1 billion for California’s 34 prisons, housing 114,000 inmates, more than three times what any other state spends. That sum includes $3.6 billion for medical and dental services and mental health care — roughly \u003ca href=\"https://nicic.gov/state-statistics/2017/texas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">what Texas spends\u003c/a> to run its entire 140,000-inmate prison system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yet, despite the extraordinary dedication of resources, California prison officials are struggling to contain the COVID-19 outbreaks, let alone prevent them. On March 25, there was just one confirmed COVID-19 case among California’s inmates. Three months later, more than 4,600 inmates have contracted the disease, an infection rate of about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">40 per 1,000 inmates and rising\u003c/a> — more than seven times higher than the infection rate for the state’s population as a whole. Twenty-one inmates have died. More than 730 staffers have tested positive, and two have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prison systems in several other states \u003ca href=\"https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/05/01/a-state-by-state-look-at-coronavirus-in-prisons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are seeing worse outbreaks\u003c/a>. In Ohio, at least 84 inmates have died. In Michigan prisons, 68 inmates have died. In Texas, at least 79. But given what it spends on prison health care, and its history, California might have seen the scourge coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prisoner rights attorneys in California for years have waged high-profile court challenges alleging inadequate health care delivery behind bars. As a result of their efforts, federal judges in San Francisco and Sacramento oversee the state’s prison health care system. A special office, known as the California Correctional Health Care Services, has a staff of 57 to monitor the delivery of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year, there is a major outbreak,” said San Francisco attorney Michael Bien, who for 30 years has wrangled with the state over conditions for inmates diagnosed with varying levels of mental illness. Hepatitis, HIV and \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/45/8/1047/344842\">other communicable diseases\u003c/a> are common in prisons. “Prisons are like nursing homes,” Bien said. “They’re very dangerous for infectious diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that California’s prisons were so crowded and the physical and mental health care so deficient that conditions amounted to cruel and unusual punishment. In response, California cut its prison population and now houses 114,000 inmates, down from a peak of 173,000 in 2006. Many health experts believe the prison system is still too crowded to keep the novel coronavirus from spreading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Institution for Men in Chino, in the suburbs east of Los Angeles, was the first California lockup struck. It reports more than 890 cases involving inmates and 16 deaths. In an effort to contain the virus at the Chino prison, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) on May 30 transferred 121 inmates considered especially vulnerable to infection 444 miles north to California’s oldest prison, San Quentin, just north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Marc Levine, a Democrat whose Marin County district includes San Quentin, said some Chino prisoners initially were housed on the upper tier of a San Quentin cellblock, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Coronavirus-outbreak-at-San-Quentin-State-Prison-15353583.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called the Badger Unit\u003c/a>. That allowed their droplets to descend on inmates below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was preventable. Everything,” Levine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, CDCR spokesperson Dana Simas said inmates from Chino who had tested positive upon arrival at San Quentin “were not exposed to the general population” of the prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the virus arrived, and more than 1,011 San Quentin inmates since have tested positive, said Gov. Gavin Newsom in a June 29 press conference. And, he added, 42% of the San Quentin inmate population is considered to be medically vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chino inmates also were transferred to Corcoran State Prison, south of Fresno. Now, 155 Corcoran prisoners have the virus. In Lassen County, officials are blaming the transfer of prisoners from San Quentin to the California Correctional Center in Susanville for an outbreak that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/coronavirus/article243822702.html?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infected 211 inmates in the past two weeks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corrections officials say they now routinely distribute cloth masks to inmates and workers throughout the prison system, providing hand sanitizer in common areas, and have increased attention to disinfecting surfaces. Prisons are screening and taking the temperatures of staffers who enter the prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have taken unprecedented steps to address the COVID-19 pandemic in all state prisons, including the cessation of visiting, volunteers, and group programs; developing comprehensive prevention and treatment protocols,” Simas \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/covid-19-response-efforts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s prisons were built to contain felons, not the coronavirus. Each of the state’s 34 prisons house 2,000 to 5,000 inmates. Many live in dorms, sleeping in double bunks and sharing showers and dining halls. Others live two to a 60- to 80-square-foot cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, to create more space, the state sped the release of 3,500 inmates who had less than six months to serve on their sentences. Newsom says the state has identified an additional cohort of more than 3,500 people being evaluated for early release, including assessing how medically vulnerable they are. Starting July 1, the state once more will start speeding the release of prisoners who have six months or less left on their sentences, with caveats: They cannot have been convicted of violent or serious felonies, domestic violence or sex crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also must have plans for housing. That’s important for officials grappling with California’s other epidemic: homelessness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are actualizing plans to move people and we are doing it as responsibly as we humanly, possibly, can,” Newsom said. “I just want folks to know — advocates for urgency to know — your voices are being heard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear whether COVID-related releases from state prisons have amplified the state’s homeless crisis. But El Dorado County District Attorney Vern Pierson, vice president of the California District Attorneys Association’s board of directors, predicts it’s a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to exacerbate an already bad situation,” Pierson said. “The numbers that will become homeless will be high. The supervision will be less and less. The likelihood of reoffending will likely go up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sacramento, Mayor Darrell Steinberg, co-chair of Newsom’s homelessness task force, said that since the start of the pandemic the capital city has moved 800 people from the streets into hotels, a hopeful sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that gain has been more than offset because fewer people are in county jails. To limit the spread of the coronavirus in county lockups, jailers statewide have reduced the number of total inmates from 72,000 to 51,000, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bscc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/JPS-ADP-Data-Snapshot-Draft-6.12.2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the California Board of State and Community Corrections reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part because of those releases, homeless encampments along the Sacramento River have “grown and grown in a very significant way,” Steinberg said. Similar spikes in homelessness are occurring across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing people, “if they do not present a real risk,” is not the problem, Steinberg said. “The problem is releasing them without any connection with housing and the support necessary for them to be successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDCR’s response to the pandemic will come under scrutiny in a July 1 oversight hearing to be convened by state Sen. Nancy Skinner, a Berkeley Democrat who chairs the Senate Committee on Public Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are the biggest congregate facilities in the state? Prisons,” Skinner said. “They are exactly the type of facility no one wants to be in a pandemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s efforts to stem the outbreaks matter beyond the prison gates, several experts noted. Prison workers go home at the end of their shifts. Inmates too sick to be cared for in prison infirmaries are sent to community hospitals. Ultimately, prison health and public health are inextricably intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story has been updated with comments from Gov. Gavin Newsom’s June 29 press conference.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Corcoran and Avenal state prisons in the arid Central Valley to historical San Quentin on the San Francisco Bay, California prisons have emerged as raging COVID-19 hot spots, even as the state annually spends more on inmate health care than other big states spend on their entire prison systems.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Everything was preventable. Everything.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new state budget taking effect July 1 authorizes $13.1 billion for California’s 34 prisons, housing 114,000 inmates, more than three times what any other state spends. That sum includes $3.6 billion for medical and dental services and mental health care — roughly \u003ca href=\"https://nicic.gov/state-statistics/2017/texas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">what Texas spends\u003c/a> to run its entire 140,000-inmate prison system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yet, despite the extraordinary dedication of resources, California prison officials are struggling to contain the COVID-19 outbreaks, let alone prevent them. On March 25, there was just one confirmed COVID-19 case among California’s inmates. Three months later, more than 4,600 inmates have contracted the disease, an infection rate of about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">40 per 1,000 inmates and rising\u003c/a> — more than seven times higher than the infection rate for the state’s population as a whole. Twenty-one inmates have died. More than 730 staffers have tested positive, and two have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prison systems in several other states \u003ca href=\"https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/05/01/a-state-by-state-look-at-coronavirus-in-prisons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are seeing worse outbreaks\u003c/a>. In Ohio, at least 84 inmates have died. In Michigan prisons, 68 inmates have died. In Texas, at least 79. But given what it spends on prison health care, and its history, California might have seen the scourge coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prisoner rights attorneys in California for years have waged high-profile court challenges alleging inadequate health care delivery behind bars. As a result of their efforts, federal judges in San Francisco and Sacramento oversee the state’s prison health care system. A special office, known as the California Correctional Health Care Services, has a staff of 57 to monitor the delivery of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year, there is a major outbreak,” said San Francisco attorney Michael Bien, who for 30 years has wrangled with the state over conditions for inmates diagnosed with varying levels of mental illness. Hepatitis, HIV and \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/45/8/1047/344842\">other communicable diseases\u003c/a> are common in prisons. “Prisons are like nursing homes,” Bien said. “They’re very dangerous for infectious diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that California’s prisons were so crowded and the physical and mental health care so deficient that conditions amounted to cruel and unusual punishment. In response, California cut its prison population and now houses 114,000 inmates, down from a peak of 173,000 in 2006. Many health experts believe the prison system is still too crowded to keep the novel coronavirus from spreading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Institution for Men in Chino, in the suburbs east of Los Angeles, was the first California lockup struck. It reports more than 890 cases involving inmates and 16 deaths. In an effort to contain the virus at the Chino prison, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) on May 30 transferred 121 inmates considered especially vulnerable to infection 444 miles north to California’s oldest prison, San Quentin, just north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Marc Levine, a Democrat whose Marin County district includes San Quentin, said some Chino prisoners initially were housed on the upper tier of a San Quentin cellblock, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Coronavirus-outbreak-at-San-Quentin-State-Prison-15353583.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called the Badger Unit\u003c/a>. That allowed their droplets to descend on inmates below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was preventable. Everything,” Levine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, CDCR spokesperson Dana Simas said inmates from Chino who had tested positive upon arrival at San Quentin “were not exposed to the general population” of the prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the virus arrived, and more than 1,011 San Quentin inmates since have tested positive, said Gov. Gavin Newsom in a June 29 press conference. And, he added, 42% of the San Quentin inmate population is considered to be medically vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chino inmates also were transferred to Corcoran State Prison, south of Fresno. Now, 155 Corcoran prisoners have the virus. In Lassen County, officials are blaming the transfer of prisoners from San Quentin to the California Correctional Center in Susanville for an outbreak that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/coronavirus/article243822702.html?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infected 211 inmates in the past two weeks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corrections officials say they now routinely distribute cloth masks to inmates and workers throughout the prison system, providing hand sanitizer in common areas, and have increased attention to disinfecting surfaces. Prisons are screening and taking the temperatures of staffers who enter the prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have taken unprecedented steps to address the COVID-19 pandemic in all state prisons, including the cessation of visiting, volunteers, and group programs; developing comprehensive prevention and treatment protocols,” Simas \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/covid-19-response-efforts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s prisons were built to contain felons, not the coronavirus. Each of the state’s 34 prisons house 2,000 to 5,000 inmates. Many live in dorms, sleeping in double bunks and sharing showers and dining halls. Others live two to a 60- to 80-square-foot cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, to create more space, the state sped the release of 3,500 inmates who had less than six months to serve on their sentences. Newsom says the state has identified an additional cohort of more than 3,500 people being evaluated for early release, including assessing how medically vulnerable they are. Starting July 1, the state once more will start speeding the release of prisoners who have six months or less left on their sentences, with caveats: They cannot have been convicted of violent or serious felonies, domestic violence or sex crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also must have plans for housing. That’s important for officials grappling with California’s other epidemic: homelessness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are actualizing plans to move people and we are doing it as responsibly as we humanly, possibly, can,” Newsom said. “I just want folks to know — advocates for urgency to know — your voices are being heard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear whether COVID-related releases from state prisons have amplified the state’s homeless crisis. But El Dorado County District Attorney Vern Pierson, vice president of the California District Attorneys Association’s board of directors, predicts it’s a matter of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to exacerbate an already bad situation,” Pierson said. “The numbers that will become homeless will be high. The supervision will be less and less. The likelihood of reoffending will likely go up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sacramento, Mayor Darrell Steinberg, co-chair of Newsom’s homelessness task force, said that since the start of the pandemic the capital city has moved 800 people from the streets into hotels, a hopeful sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that gain has been more than offset because fewer people are in county jails. To limit the spread of the coronavirus in county lockups, jailers statewide have reduced the number of total inmates from 72,000 to 51,000, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bscc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/JPS-ADP-Data-Snapshot-Draft-6.12.2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the California Board of State and Community Corrections reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part because of those releases, homeless encampments along the Sacramento River have “grown and grown in a very significant way,” Steinberg said. Similar spikes in homelessness are occurring across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing people, “if they do not present a real risk,” is not the problem, Steinberg said. “The problem is releasing them without any connection with housing and the support necessary for them to be successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDCR’s response to the pandemic will come under scrutiny in a July 1 oversight hearing to be convened by state Sen. Nancy Skinner, a Berkeley Democrat who chairs the Senate Committee on Public Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are the biggest congregate facilities in the state? Prisons,” Skinner said. “They are exactly the type of facility no one wants to be in a pandemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s efforts to stem the outbreaks matter beyond the prison gates, several experts noted. Prison workers go home at the end of their shifts. Inmates too sick to be cared for in prison infirmaries are sent to community hospitals. Ultimately, prison health and public health are inextricably intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Confirmed U.S. Coronavirus Cases Jump to All-Time Daily High",
"headTitle": "Confirmed U.S. Coronavirus Cases Jump to All-Time Daily High | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Texas and Florida clamped down on bars again Friday in the biggest retreat yet amid a surge across the South and West that sent the number of confirmed new coronavirus infections per day in the U.S. to an all-time high of 40,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]U.S. health officials said the true number of Americans infected is about 20 million, or almost 10 times higher than the official count.[/pullquote]Texas Gov. Greg Abbott ordered all bars closed, while Florida banned alcohol consumption at all such establishments. Together the two states joined the small but growing list of those that are either backtracking or putting any further reopenings of their economies on hold because of comeback by the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott had pursued up to now one of the most aggressive reopening schedules of any state and had not only resisted calls to order the wearing of masks, but had also refused until last week to let local governments take such measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is clear that the rise in cases is largely driven by certain types of activities, including Texans congregating in bars,” he said. “The actions in this executive order are essential to our mission to swiftly contain this virus and protect public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida agency that governs bars acted after the daily number of confirmed cases neared 9,000, a record that was almost double the previous mark set just two days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, meanwhile, reported more than 17,000 confirmed new cases in the past three days, with a record high of nearly 6,000 on Thursday. The day’s tally of over 4,700 hospitalizations was also a record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of the hardest-hit states, including Texas, Florida, Arizona and Arkansas, have Republican governors who have resisted mask-wearing requirements and echoed President Donald Trump’s desire to quickly reopen the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the surge, the White House coronavirus task force, led by Vice President Mike Pence, was scheduled to hold its first briefing in nearly two months on Friday afternoon, signaling the administration’s recognition that it cannot ignore the alarming increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of confirmed new infections in the U.S. per day soared past the previous high of 36,400, set on April 24, during one of the deadliest stretches in the crisis so far, according to the count kept by Johns Hopkins University. The average number of new cases per day has risen about 60 percent over the past two weeks, according to an Associated Press analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the increase is believed to reflect, in part, greatly expanded testing, experts say there is ample evidence the virus is making a comeback, including rising deaths and hospitalizations in parts of the country, especially in the South and West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deaths from the coronavirus in the U.S. are down to around 600 per day, compared with about 2,200 in mid-April. Despite the rise in cases, some experts have expressed doubt that deaths will return to that level, because of advances in treatment and prevention and also because a large share of the new infections are in younger adults, who are more likely than older ones to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus is blamed for 124,000 deaths in the U.S. and 2.4 million confirmed infections nationwide, by Johns Hopkins’ count. But U.S. health officials said the true number of Americans infected is about 20 million, or almost 10 times higher. Worldwide, the virus has claimed close to a half-million lives, according to Johns Hopkins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to closing bars again, Abbott scaled back restaurant capacity and shut down rafting operations and said any outdoor gatherings of more than 100 people will need approval from the local government. The move came as the number of patients at Texas hospitals statewide more than doubled in two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Arizona put on hold any further efforts to reopen the economy, with Republican Gov. Doug Ducey saying the numbers “continue to go in the wrong direction.” Arizona reported over 3,000 additional infections Thursday, the fourth day in a week with an increase over that mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevada’s governor ordered the wearing of face masks in public, Las Vegas casinos included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere around the world, China moved closer to containing a fresh outbreak in Beijing. Another record daily increase in India pushed the caseload in the world’s second most populous nation toward half a million. And other countries with big populations like Indonesia, Pakistan and Mexico grappled with large numbers of infections and strained health care systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South Africa, which accounts for about half of the infections on the African continent with over 118,000, reported a record of nearly 6,600 new cases after loosening what had been one of the world’s strictest lockdowns earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Italy, one of the hardest-hit European nations, battled to control an outbreak among Bulgarian seasonal crop pickers near Naples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor of the southern Campania region insisted that the workers who live in an apartment complex with dozens of COVID-19 cases stay inside for just over two weeks, not even emerging for food — authorities will deliver groceries to them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Texas Gov. Greg Abbott ordered all bars closed, while Florida banned alcohol consumption at all such establishments. Together the two states joined the small but growing list of those that are either backtracking or putting any further reopenings of their economies on hold because of comeback by the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott had pursued up to now one of the most aggressive reopening schedules of any state and had not only resisted calls to order the wearing of masks, but had also refused until last week to let local governments take such measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is clear that the rise in cases is largely driven by certain types of activities, including Texans congregating in bars,” he said. “The actions in this executive order are essential to our mission to swiftly contain this virus and protect public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida agency that governs bars acted after the daily number of confirmed cases neared 9,000, a record that was almost double the previous mark set just two days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, meanwhile, reported more than 17,000 confirmed new cases in the past three days, with a record high of nearly 6,000 on Thursday. The day’s tally of over 4,700 hospitalizations was also a record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of the hardest-hit states, including Texas, Florida, Arizona and Arkansas, have Republican governors who have resisted mask-wearing requirements and echoed President Donald Trump’s desire to quickly reopen the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the surge, the White House coronavirus task force, led by Vice President Mike Pence, was scheduled to hold its first briefing in nearly two months on Friday afternoon, signaling the administration’s recognition that it cannot ignore the alarming increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of confirmed new infections in the U.S. per day soared past the previous high of 36,400, set on April 24, during one of the deadliest stretches in the crisis so far, according to the count kept by Johns Hopkins University. The average number of new cases per day has risen about 60 percent over the past two weeks, according to an Associated Press analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the increase is believed to reflect, in part, greatly expanded testing, experts say there is ample evidence the virus is making a comeback, including rising deaths and hospitalizations in parts of the country, especially in the South and West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deaths from the coronavirus in the U.S. are down to around 600 per day, compared with about 2,200 in mid-April. Despite the rise in cases, some experts have expressed doubt that deaths will return to that level, because of advances in treatment and prevention and also because a large share of the new infections are in younger adults, who are more likely than older ones to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus is blamed for 124,000 deaths in the U.S. and 2.4 million confirmed infections nationwide, by Johns Hopkins’ count. But U.S. health officials said the true number of Americans infected is about 20 million, or almost 10 times higher. Worldwide, the virus has claimed close to a half-million lives, according to Johns Hopkins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to closing bars again, Abbott scaled back restaurant capacity and shut down rafting operations and said any outdoor gatherings of more than 100 people will need approval from the local government. The move came as the number of patients at Texas hospitals statewide more than doubled in two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Arizona put on hold any further efforts to reopen the economy, with Republican Gov. Doug Ducey saying the numbers “continue to go in the wrong direction.” Arizona reported over 3,000 additional infections Thursday, the fourth day in a week with an increase over that mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevada’s governor ordered the wearing of face masks in public, Las Vegas casinos included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere around the world, China moved closer to containing a fresh outbreak in Beijing. Another record daily increase in India pushed the caseload in the world’s second most populous nation toward half a million. And other countries with big populations like Indonesia, Pakistan and Mexico grappled with large numbers of infections and strained health care systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South Africa, which accounts for about half of the infections on the African continent with over 118,000, reported a record of nearly 6,600 new cases after loosening what had been one of the world’s strictest lockdowns earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Italy, one of the hardest-hit European nations, battled to control an outbreak among Bulgarian seasonal crop pickers near Naples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor of the southern Campania region insisted that the workers who live in an apartment complex with dozens of COVID-19 cases stay inside for just over two weeks, not even emerging for food — authorities will deliver groceries to them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "No Coronavirus Spike From Black Lives Matter Protests in Bay Area, Experts Say",
"headTitle": "No Coronavirus Spike From Black Lives Matter Protests in Bay Area, Experts Say | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Friday, June 26, 2020\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the Bay Area, as the region battles the coronavirus pandemic, tens of thousands have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">taken\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">to\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">streets\u003c/a> in cities like Oakland, San Francisco and San Rafael to protest the killing of George Floyd and to demand systemic changes in policing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"National Bureau of Economic Research working paper\"]‘We find no evidence that net COVID-19 case growth differentially rose following the onset of Black Lives Matter protests, and even modest evidence of a small longer-run case growth decline.’[/pullquote]Many Bay Area cities announced support for the right to protest injustice and encouraged people to stay safe by wearing masks and washing hands. But maintaining physical distance at some of the protests was virtually impossible, and health officials worried that marching crowds, protesters huddled together to listen to speeches, and throngs of demonstrators pressed up against police lines would lead to a surge in coronavirus transmissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bay Area health officials and experts say that while COVID-19 cases are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964968/charts-the-bay-area-is-opening-up-again-heres-tracking-data-for-each-county-to-see-how-its-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rising —\u003c/a> some counties have seen troubling spikes recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964968/charts-the-bay-area-is-opening-up-again-heres-tracking-data-for-each-county-to-see-how-its-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">—\u003c/a> they see little indication so far that the protests are the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alameda County, evidence has yet to emerge weeks after the peak of the demonstrations that they have significantly contributed to a spike in case counts, says Dr. Nick Moss, acting director of the Division of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention at the county health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We investigate every reported COVID-19 case and try to elicit where they may have been exposed,” Moss said. “This includes a specific question related to mass gatherings, including protests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attending protests, Moss said, is “not emerging as a risk for the most recent cases that we’re seeing in the county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford epidemiologist Yvonne Maldonado has come to the same conclusion. “I was worried that the protests could be super-spreader events,” she said. “It turns out, the bottom line is it doesn’t look like that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten Bibbons-Domingo, chair of the Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department at UCSF, says the rise in coronavirus cases and hospitalizations in California “has as much to do with just reopening the economy as it does with any discrete events like the protests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upticks in cases do not coincide with the timing or locations where the protests took place, she said, though making a final determination on that is difficult without more testing and enough contact tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco does not have data related to protesters who have tested positive because the testing sites are not asking people if they have recently participated in demonstrations, city spokesperson Cristina Padilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is still analyzing whether the protests contributed to the growing number of infections, Gov. Gavin Newsom said Wednesday, by reviewing COVID-19 case and hospitalization data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total number of cases and hospitalizations in the state has surged. Newsom on Monday said more than 35% of the state’s caseload emerged in the previous two weeks, spurring him to issue an order that residents throughout California wear face masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor discouraged people from assuming, based on early reports, that the virus doesn’t spread at protests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use common sense,” Newsom said. “Just because someone else did something that is not good for their public health doesn’t mean that you should do something that’s not good for your public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, Sonia Angell, director of the California Department of Public Health, said she thinks the protests could be “a contributor” to the state’s rising cases, but she said it “is difficult to tease out exactly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the same time the people were going out to protest, we also had increased movement for other reasons in our community because our economy is also opening up and people are going out,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angell encouraged Californians to practice physical distancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County officials are encouraging people who attended demonstrations to get tested at \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/2019-ncov/testing.aspx\">sites\u003c/a> in Oakland, Berkeley or other areas throughout the county. People do not need insurance, and they will not be asked about their immigration status, according to the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say they are also offering \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">free\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">COVID\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">-19 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">testing\u003c/a> for people who have attended a recent protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What Happened?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say the lack of a protest-related surge might be attributed to several factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outdoors settings, where the virus doesn’t spread as well, and the wearing of masks likely lowered the rates of transmission, says Bibbins-Domingo. “What I saw on television — many people, most people were wearing masks,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters may also be younger and therefore have mild symptoms or be asymptomatic, she added, and those infections would not have registered in case totals because there is less incentive for people to get tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged those who took part in the large gatherings to get a test, because they could still be spreading the virus unwittingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did the Protests Actually \u003cem>Lower\u003c/em> Transmission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One counterintuitive finding about the protests and the coronavirus comes in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w27408.pdf\">working\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w27408.pdf\">paper\u003c/a> released by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The researchers analyzed federal coronavirus data and matched it up with cellphone records to come to the conclusion that while many people took to the streets to protest, the images of unrest, police violence and vandalism may have spurred many more to stay home. Therefore, the protests could have had the net effect of limiting movement, which would have curtailed the spread of the virus in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find no evidence that net COVID-19 case growth differentially rose following the onset of Black Lives Matter protests, and even modest evidence of a small longer-run case growth decline,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bibbins-Domingo says mass participation in protests shows that there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/internal-medicine/police-tactics-covid-public-health#.Xtgatp56q7E.twitter\">ways\u003c/a> to lower the risks posed by the coronavirus through precautions like face coverings, testing, and potentially post-event quarantines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she emphasizes proceeding cautiously. “I wouldn’t take as proof that you didn’t have a big uptick after one protest or a few protests … that the virus is no longer a threat,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Bay Area health officials and experts say they see little indication —at least so far — that the protests have significantly contributed to a rise in COVID-19 cases.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Friday, June 26, 2020\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the Bay Area, as the region battles the coronavirus pandemic, tens of thousands have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">taken\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">to\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11822277/bay-area-george-floyd-police-violence-protests-curfews\">streets\u003c/a> in cities like Oakland, San Francisco and San Rafael to protest the killing of George Floyd and to demand systemic changes in policing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Many Bay Area cities announced support for the right to protest injustice and encouraged people to stay safe by wearing masks and washing hands. But maintaining physical distance at some of the protests was virtually impossible, and health officials worried that marching crowds, protesters huddled together to listen to speeches, and throngs of demonstrators pressed up against police lines would lead to a surge in coronavirus transmissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bay Area health officials and experts say that while COVID-19 cases are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964968/charts-the-bay-area-is-opening-up-again-heres-tracking-data-for-each-county-to-see-how-its-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rising —\u003c/a> some counties have seen troubling spikes recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964968/charts-the-bay-area-is-opening-up-again-heres-tracking-data-for-each-county-to-see-how-its-going\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">—\u003c/a> they see little indication so far that the protests are the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alameda County, evidence has yet to emerge weeks after the peak of the demonstrations that they have significantly contributed to a spike in case counts, says Dr. Nick Moss, acting director of the Division of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention at the county health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We investigate every reported COVID-19 case and try to elicit where they may have been exposed,” Moss said. “This includes a specific question related to mass gatherings, including protests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attending protests, Moss said, is “not emerging as a risk for the most recent cases that we’re seeing in the county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford epidemiologist Yvonne Maldonado has come to the same conclusion. “I was worried that the protests could be super-spreader events,” she said. “It turns out, the bottom line is it doesn’t look like that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten Bibbons-Domingo, chair of the Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department at UCSF, says the rise in coronavirus cases and hospitalizations in California “has as much to do with just reopening the economy as it does with any discrete events like the protests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upticks in cases do not coincide with the timing or locations where the protests took place, she said, though making a final determination on that is difficult without more testing and enough contact tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco does not have data related to protesters who have tested positive because the testing sites are not asking people if they have recently participated in demonstrations, city spokesperson Cristina Padilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is still analyzing whether the protests contributed to the growing number of infections, Gov. Gavin Newsom said Wednesday, by reviewing COVID-19 case and hospitalization data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total number of cases and hospitalizations in the state has surged. Newsom on Monday said more than 35% of the state’s caseload emerged in the previous two weeks, spurring him to issue an order that residents throughout California wear face masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor discouraged people from assuming, based on early reports, that the virus doesn’t spread at protests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use common sense,” Newsom said. “Just because someone else did something that is not good for their public health doesn’t mean that you should do something that’s not good for your public health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, Sonia Angell, director of the California Department of Public Health, said she thinks the protests could be “a contributor” to the state’s rising cases, but she said it “is difficult to tease out exactly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the same time the people were going out to protest, we also had increased movement for other reasons in our community because our economy is also opening up and people are going out,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angell encouraged Californians to practice physical distancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County officials are encouraging people who attended demonstrations to get tested at \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/2019-ncov/testing.aspx\">sites\u003c/a> in Oakland, Berkeley or other areas throughout the county. People do not need insurance, and they will not be asked about their immigration status, according to the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco officials say they are also offering \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">free\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">COVID\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">-19 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://sf.gov/find-out-how-get-tested-coronavirus\">testing\u003c/a> for people who have attended a recent protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What Happened?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say the lack of a protest-related surge might be attributed to several factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outdoors settings, where the virus doesn’t spread as well, and the wearing of masks likely lowered the rates of transmission, says Bibbins-Domingo. “What I saw on television — many people, most people were wearing masks,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters may also be younger and therefore have mild symptoms or be asymptomatic, she added, and those infections would not have registered in case totals because there is less incentive for people to get tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged those who took part in the large gatherings to get a test, because they could still be spreading the virus unwittingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did the Protests Actually \u003cem>Lower\u003c/em> Transmission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One counterintuitive finding about the protests and the coronavirus comes in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w27408.pdf\">working\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w27408.pdf\">paper\u003c/a> released by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The researchers analyzed federal coronavirus data and matched it up with cellphone records to come to the conclusion that while many people took to the streets to protest, the images of unrest, police violence and vandalism may have spurred many more to stay home. Therefore, the protests could have had the net effect of limiting movement, which would have curtailed the spread of the virus in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We find no evidence that net COVID-19 case growth differentially rose following the onset of Black Lives Matter protests, and even modest evidence of a small longer-run case growth decline,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bibbins-Domingo says mass participation in protests shows that there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/internal-medicine/police-tactics-covid-public-health#.Xtgatp56q7E.twitter\">ways\u003c/a> to lower the risks posed by the coronavirus through precautions like face coverings, testing, and potentially post-event quarantines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she emphasizes proceeding cautiously. “I wouldn’t take as proof that you didn’t have a big uptick after one protest or a few protests … that the virus is no longer a threat,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
},
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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