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"content": "\u003cp>California currently provides two-thirds of the country’s fruits and nuts, but according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> published \u003cspan class=\"aBn\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">Tuesday\u003c/span>\u003c/span>, by the end of the century California’s climate will no longer be able to support the state’s major crops, including orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, published in\u003ca href=\"https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> “Agronomy,”\u003c/a> warns that the increased rate and scale of climate change is “beyond the realm of experience” for the agricultural community, and unless farmers take urgent measures, the consequences could threaten national food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, as an agricultural leader for various commodities, impacts on agricultural production due to climate change would not only translate into national food security issues but also economic impacts that could disrupt state and national commodity systems,” the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, led by researchers from the University of California, \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Merced\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Davis\u003c/a> campuses, looked at past and current trends in California’s climate and examined what impact\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> record low levels of snowpack\u003c/a>, and extreme events such as drought will have on crop yields over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientist and author Peter Gleick called it the most important report he’s seen on the impact of climate change on California agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This may be the most important article on this subject I’ve ever seen. And I’ve seen them all. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Climate\u003c/a> and California agriculture. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/9ZV4txgON4\">https://t.co/9ZV4txgON4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/968378900488376320?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 27, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California produces more than a third of the nation’s vegetables and two-thirds of its fruits and nuts. Irrigated crops account for nearly 90 percent of the harvested crops in the state. The total value of the state’s fruits and nuts in 2015 was $18.1 billion, nearly 67 percent of the country’s total value, according to a report issued by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/PDFs/2016Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Food and Agriculure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same report notes that California produces between 80 and 95 percent of country’s apricots, grapes, lemons, mandarins, nectarines, plums, and strawberries. It also supplies more than half of the country’s avocados and raspberries.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Unless farmers take urgent measures, the consequences could threaten national food security.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Historically low precipitation rates and diminishing snowpack levels could severely disrupt those industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/a>, a primary source of the state’s water supply, could see a 65 percent loss by the end of the century because of warmer temperatures, according to the report.\u003cbr>\n[contextly_sidebar id=”zJpOOClu2URQFYBoi5xIZqlCt9alxPwS”]Global crop production will also have to double by 2050 to meet the demand of the world’s growing population, according to an estimate from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/press/en/2009/gaef3242.doc.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United Nations\u003c/a>. But climate change could threaten eight out of the 20 major crops grown in California — almonds, wine grapes, table grapes, strawberries, hay, walnuts, freestone peaches, and cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the report say they hope their findings will provide researchers and policymakers guidance on how to prepare for upcoming weather changes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California currently provides two-thirds of the country’s fruits and nuts, but according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> published \u003cspan class=\"aBn\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">Tuesday\u003c/span>\u003c/span>, by the end of the century California’s climate will no longer be able to support the state’s major crops, including orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, published in\u003ca href=\"https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> “Agronomy,”\u003c/a> warns that the increased rate and scale of climate change is “beyond the realm of experience” for the agricultural community, and unless farmers take urgent measures, the consequences could threaten national food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, as an agricultural leader for various commodities, impacts on agricultural production due to climate change would not only translate into national food security issues but also economic impacts that could disrupt state and national commodity systems,” the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, led by researchers from the University of California, \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Merced\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Davis\u003c/a> campuses, looked at past and current trends in California’s climate and examined what impact\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> record low levels of snowpack\u003c/a>, and extreme events such as drought will have on crop yields over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientist and author Peter Gleick called it the most important report he’s seen on the impact of climate change on California agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This may be the most important article on this subject I’ve ever seen. And I’ve seen them all. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Climate\u003c/a> and California agriculture. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/9ZV4txgON4\">https://t.co/9ZV4txgON4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/968378900488376320?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 27, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California produces more than a third of the nation’s vegetables and two-thirds of its fruits and nuts. Irrigated crops account for nearly 90 percent of the harvested crops in the state. The total value of the state’s fruits and nuts in 2015 was $18.1 billion, nearly 67 percent of the country’s total value, according to a report issued by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/PDFs/2016Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Food and Agriculure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same report notes that California produces between 80 and 95 percent of country’s apricots, grapes, lemons, mandarins, nectarines, plums, and strawberries. It also supplies more than half of the country’s avocados and raspberries.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Unless farmers take urgent measures, the consequences could threaten national food security.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Historically low precipitation rates and diminishing snowpack levels could severely disrupt those industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/a>, a primary source of the state’s water supply, could see a 65 percent loss by the end of the century because of warmer temperatures, according to the report.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Global crop production will also have to double by 2050 to meet the demand of the world’s growing population, according to an estimate from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/press/en/2009/gaef3242.doc.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United Nations\u003c/a>. But climate change could threaten eight out of the 20 major crops grown in California — almonds, wine grapes, table grapes, strawberries, hay, walnuts, freestone peaches, and cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the report say they hope their findings will provide researchers and policymakers guidance on how to prepare for upcoming weather changes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Will California's Water Wars Create A Constitutional Conundrum?",
"headTitle": "Will California’s Water Wars Create A Constitutional Conundrum? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With nearly half the state \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/22/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back in drought\u003c/a>, California’s water regulator held a contentious hearing in Sacramento on Tuesday on whether to make permanent the temporary water bans enacted by Governor Jerry Brown during the 2014-2017 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board announced it will revisit the proposed measures in March while it makes some minor revisions to the draft proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the proposed measures \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/09/06/drought-rules-lone-gone-yet-california-keeps-saving-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relate to restrictions\u003c/a> against over watering lawns; hosing down driveways and sidewalks; washing vehicles with hoses not equipped with a shut-off nozzle; and running non-recirculated water in an ornamental fountain. Certain exceptions would apply for public health and safety reasons or commercial agricultural purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Water Resources Control Board, which wants to make these rules permanent, holds that even though the measures were passed in a time of emergency they should be understood as part of a broader effort to make conservation a way of life in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought-prone state.\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920251\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-768x526.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1920x1314.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1180x808.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker uses a hose to wash the sidewalk in front of a residential hotel on July 15, 2014 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said that climate change is causing more frequent and longer droughts in California. She pointed to the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which remains at levels well below the average. The Sierra snowpack, a source of about a third of the state’s water supply, is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently at 22 percent\u003c/a> of the long term average for early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why making conservation in California a way of life is so important,” said Marcus. “The Sierra water content shows we are worse off than we were three years ago, at the peak of the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Only “Reasonable” Use\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut the proposed rules, which would carry fines of up to $500 per violation, faced strong push back from some water agencies who accuse the regulatory board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">of a power grab.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue, opponents say, is constitutional. The California Constitution contains a provision that prohibits the “waste or unreasonable use” of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority.’\u003ccite>Jeff Stephenson, San Diego Water Authority\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Water administrators fear that the board is going to rely on the constitutional provision to erode the water rights belonging to California landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Erratic individuals can occupy great positions of power in government, and you had better believe they will occupy your chair someday,” said Jackson Minasian, an attorney for Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation Co. “Their view of what is ‘waste and unreasonable use’ will be radically different than yours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Stephenson, of the San Diego County Water Authority, said the proposal marks an unauthorized expansion of the water board’s authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority on this matter and several others,” said Stephenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board pushed back however, arguing that it was operating within its statutory authority to prevent\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/01/12/the-water-in-your-jeans-how-two-consumer-products-giants-are-cutting-back-on-water-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wasteful water\u003c/a> uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel confident that the board is acting squarely within its authority,” said David Rose, Water Board staff counsel. “We made sure specific uses were being addressed and that they would not impact water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1259645\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 475px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1259645\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-240x162.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-375x253.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sprinklers water the lawn in Golden Gate Park on April 2, 2015 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rose added that water banned for use in one area, could always be put to another use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prohibiting these specific discreet, wasteful and unreasonable water uses would allow suppliers, water users and water rights holders to use any amount of water that they couldn’t use . . . on a reasonable and beneficial use,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water: Private or Public Right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nRichard M. Frank, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/faculty/frank/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Environmental Law & Policy Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, says that lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right, compared to for example owning a car or home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a limited property right, which is something that is lost on a lot of people in the ongoing California debate on water. The courts have long held that water is owned by the public, and that is also embedded in California statutes. “[contextly_sidebar id=”YZxhkODn2tSAEK3h8N7xJTANCBGykjBn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private parties who seek to appropriate water have since 1914 had to first obtain a license from the state to use water and that license is subject to restrictions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important of these restrictions is the constitutional provision stating that all water use must be ‘reasonable,'” Frank said. “And the state can limit, ban, and penalize unreasonable uses of water. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 349px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"349\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heather Welles, an attorney who works on water rights at the law firm \u003ca href=\"https://www.omm.com/professionals/heather-welles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O’Melveny in Los Angeles\u003c/a>,\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>says the courts have been pretty deferential to the board’s authority to identify specific practices as wasteful or unreasonable. And in this case, the board has provided safeguards within the proposed regulations to allow water users to protest a citation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a general matter, if the board is going to take action that limits specific water rights, it would have to engage in a process that would give water rights holders the ability to dispute the grounds\u003cstrong>,” \u003c/strong>said Welles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Here, the proposed regulations incorporate a process by which if the board is actually issuing a notice or penalty, then the water user may request a hearing before the board and, of course, seek judicial review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank noted that if Governor Brown declares another drought emergency, the move will only strengthen the board’s hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board will have broader legal authority than it has now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the state plunges back into drought, just months after emerging from the last one, permanent water restrictions in California may be\u003cb> \u003c/b>imminent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not in an emergency right now, but shame on us if we just\u003cbr>\nbury our heads in the sand,” Marcus, Water Board Chairwoman, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8020998-181/california-weighs-bringing-back-drought-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> the \u003cem>Santa Rosa Press Democrat.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal observers expect a protracted battle ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With nearly half the state \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/22/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back in drought\u003c/a>, California’s water regulator held a contentious hearing in Sacramento on Tuesday on whether to make permanent the temporary water bans enacted by Governor Jerry Brown during the 2014-2017 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board announced it will revisit the proposed measures in March while it makes some minor revisions to the draft proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the proposed measures \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/09/06/drought-rules-lone-gone-yet-california-keeps-saving-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relate to restrictions\u003c/a> against over watering lawns; hosing down driveways and sidewalks; washing vehicles with hoses not equipped with a shut-off nozzle; and running non-recirculated water in an ornamental fountain. Certain exceptions would apply for public health and safety reasons or commercial agricultural purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Water Resources Control Board, which wants to make these rules permanent, holds that even though the measures were passed in a time of emergency they should be understood as part of a broader effort to make conservation a way of life in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought-prone state.\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920251\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-768x526.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1920x1314.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1180x808.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker uses a hose to wash the sidewalk in front of a residential hotel on July 15, 2014 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said that climate change is causing more frequent and longer droughts in California. She pointed to the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which remains at levels well below the average. The Sierra snowpack, a source of about a third of the state’s water supply, is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently at 22 percent\u003c/a> of the long term average for early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why making conservation in California a way of life is so important,” said Marcus. “The Sierra water content shows we are worse off than we were three years ago, at the peak of the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Only “Reasonable” Use\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut the proposed rules, which would carry fines of up to $500 per violation, faced strong push back from some water agencies who accuse the regulatory board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">of a power grab.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue, opponents say, is constitutional. The California Constitution contains a provision that prohibits the “waste or unreasonable use” of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority.’\u003ccite>Jeff Stephenson, San Diego Water Authority\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Water administrators fear that the board is going to rely on the constitutional provision to erode the water rights belonging to California landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Erratic individuals can occupy great positions of power in government, and you had better believe they will occupy your chair someday,” said Jackson Minasian, an attorney for Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation Co. “Their view of what is ‘waste and unreasonable use’ will be radically different than yours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Stephenson, of the San Diego County Water Authority, said the proposal marks an unauthorized expansion of the water board’s authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority on this matter and several others,” said Stephenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board pushed back however, arguing that it was operating within its statutory authority to prevent\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/01/12/the-water-in-your-jeans-how-two-consumer-products-giants-are-cutting-back-on-water-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wasteful water\u003c/a> uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel confident that the board is acting squarely within its authority,” said David Rose, Water Board staff counsel. “We made sure specific uses were being addressed and that they would not impact water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1259645\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 475px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1259645\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-240x162.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-375x253.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sprinklers water the lawn in Golden Gate Park on April 2, 2015 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rose added that water banned for use in one area, could always be put to another use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prohibiting these specific discreet, wasteful and unreasonable water uses would allow suppliers, water users and water rights holders to use any amount of water that they couldn’t use . . . on a reasonable and beneficial use,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water: Private or Public Right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nRichard M. Frank, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/faculty/frank/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Environmental Law & Policy Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, says that lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right, compared to for example owning a car or home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a limited property right, which is something that is lost on a lot of people in the ongoing California debate on water. The courts have long held that water is owned by the public, and that is also embedded in California statutes. “\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private parties who seek to appropriate water have since 1914 had to first obtain a license from the state to use water and that license is subject to restrictions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important of these restrictions is the constitutional provision stating that all water use must be ‘reasonable,'” Frank said. “And the state can limit, ban, and penalize unreasonable uses of water. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 349px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"349\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heather Welles, an attorney who works on water rights at the law firm \u003ca href=\"https://www.omm.com/professionals/heather-welles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O’Melveny in Los Angeles\u003c/a>,\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>says the courts have been pretty deferential to the board’s authority to identify specific practices as wasteful or unreasonable. And in this case, the board has provided safeguards within the proposed regulations to allow water users to protest a citation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a general matter, if the board is going to take action that limits specific water rights, it would have to engage in a process that would give water rights holders the ability to dispute the grounds\u003cstrong>,” \u003c/strong>said Welles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Here, the proposed regulations incorporate a process by which if the board is actually issuing a notice or penalty, then the water user may request a hearing before the board and, of course, seek judicial review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank noted that if Governor Brown declares another drought emergency, the move will only strengthen the board’s hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board will have broader legal authority than it has now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the state plunges back into drought, just months after emerging from the last one, permanent water restrictions in California may be\u003cb> \u003c/b>imminent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not in an emergency right now, but shame on us if we just\u003cbr>\nbury our heads in the sand,” Marcus, Water Board Chairwoman, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8020998-181/california-weighs-bringing-back-drought-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> the \u003cem>Santa Rosa Press Democrat.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal observers expect a protracted battle ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wine Lovers: Relax, Study Suggests Calif. Grapevines Can Weather Searing Drought",
"headTitle": "Wine Lovers: Relax, Study Suggests Calif. Grapevines Can Weather Searing Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The drought could be crippling, but the wine will be good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is the happy conclusion of a study published today in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaao6969\">Science\u003c/a>. It turns out that the grapevine is hardier than anyone thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who looked at vineyards in California’s Napa Valley and the Bordeaux region of France found that in times of drought, the grapevine’s resistance actually increased as the season progressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted over a period of ten years, found that the grapevines were not at risk of dying from “even very dry conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means farmers may not need to water their vineyards as much as previously thought during a dry spell. It also could mean better-tasting wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As the climate is changing, we can determine, ‘What are the tolerance levels of these plants and will they endure?'”\u003ccite>Gregory Gambetta, Bordeaux Sciences Agro\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“One of the triggers of ripening occurs when stress is present such as a dry spell,” says Paul Skinner, a co-author of the study and a vineyard consultant at Vineyard Investigations. “It serves to slow down the growth of the vine vegetatively and when the vine stops growing, that is directly connected to the ripening of the fruit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study sets the practical limits of when grapevines die without water, says Skinner. “This is about trying to figure out how to manage vines during periods of drought. We need to know what these limits are in order to manage risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are a boost for California vineyards, which produce nearly 90 percent of all American wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Business\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wine sector is an economic powerhouse for the state and threats stemming from climate change could spell serious trouble for California’s economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a report \u003ca href=\"http://www.wineinstitute.org/files/Wine%20Institute%20Economic%20Impact%20Highlights%202016.pdf\">issued\u003c/a> in 2016 by the Wine Institute, the industry contributes $57.6 billion annually to the local economy and employs about 325,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State’s renowned vineyards also attract some 24 million tourists annually, generating $7.2 billion in revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During severe droughts, plants often die from embolism. It occurs when plants are deprived of water, causing tension in the plant as it starts to convert water into gas. The resulting air bubbles impede the passage of water within the plant, causing it to increase in thirst and potentially die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When plants are well watered, they will never experience embolism,” Skinner told KQED. “It’s a result of extreme drought. And a purpose of this study was to quantify what the threshold is for mortality in a grapevine during a drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though total precipitation might not decrease with California’s changing climate, scientists say to expect more severe droughts when they do occur. The study looked at what levels of drought would be enough to cause a degree of embolism sufficient to kill grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We looked at the level of drought and we looked at Napa and found that their vines never reach that level,” says Gregory Gambetta, a professor of viticulture at Bordeaux Sciences Agro and the study’s principle investigator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the world grapples with climate change, knowing what these thresholds are is of critical importance to farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the climate is changing, we can determine, ‘What are the tolerance levels of these plants and will they endure?'” explains Gambetta. “Will vines survive and bounce back?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saving Grapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner says the study will also allow farmers to adopt techniques to weather climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might prove to be very valuable for land owners who do not want to lose their physical vineyards and plant something else,” he suggests. “I think it will lead to more refinements in what we do, rather than major changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gambetta adds that vineyards are normally productive for twenty to forty years and require a significant amount of financial investment. The study’s findings suggest that farmers might not have to abandon their crop during a dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, during these drought periods,” he says, “farmers regulate the amount of water they get and sometimes they make decisions to essentially whip out vineyards, thinking they will probably die anyway. So there is question of, ‘Did they have to?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gambetta cautions, however, that the study’s findings do not mean farmers should stop watering their vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It simply sets thresholds that we did not know before, that we could not quantify precisely,” he points out. “Now, we can say that these are the levels of stress that vines can endure during a period of drought. That sets a bar for farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the vines were very resilient and we now know what range we are operating in,” adds Skinner. “Hopefully we can find ways to save water by adopting some of the information in this study as a guide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while researchers still have some important questions concerning to what extent vines can repair themselves and recover, farmers now at least have actual numbers to work with when determining how to ration resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how you ration your wine, you’re on your own.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Research shows grapevines are incredibly resilient, which could help growers conserve water and produce better-tasting grapes.\r\n\r\n ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The drought could be crippling, but the wine will be good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is the happy conclusion of a study published today in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaao6969\">Science\u003c/a>. It turns out that the grapevine is hardier than anyone thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who looked at vineyards in California’s Napa Valley and the Bordeaux region of France found that in times of drought, the grapevine’s resistance actually increased as the season progressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted over a period of ten years, found that the grapevines were not at risk of dying from “even very dry conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means farmers may not need to water their vineyards as much as previously thought during a dry spell. It also could mean better-tasting wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As the climate is changing, we can determine, ‘What are the tolerance levels of these plants and will they endure?'”\u003ccite>Gregory Gambetta, Bordeaux Sciences Agro\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“One of the triggers of ripening occurs when stress is present such as a dry spell,” says Paul Skinner, a co-author of the study and a vineyard consultant at Vineyard Investigations. “It serves to slow down the growth of the vine vegetatively and when the vine stops growing, that is directly connected to the ripening of the fruit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study sets the practical limits of when grapevines die without water, says Skinner. “This is about trying to figure out how to manage vines during periods of drought. We need to know what these limits are in order to manage risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are a boost for California vineyards, which produce nearly 90 percent of all American wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Business\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wine sector is an economic powerhouse for the state and threats stemming from climate change could spell serious trouble for California’s economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a report \u003ca href=\"http://www.wineinstitute.org/files/Wine%20Institute%20Economic%20Impact%20Highlights%202016.pdf\">issued\u003c/a> in 2016 by the Wine Institute, the industry contributes $57.6 billion annually to the local economy and employs about 325,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State’s renowned vineyards also attract some 24 million tourists annually, generating $7.2 billion in revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During severe droughts, plants often die from embolism. It occurs when plants are deprived of water, causing tension in the plant as it starts to convert water into gas. The resulting air bubbles impede the passage of water within the plant, causing it to increase in thirst and potentially die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When plants are well watered, they will never experience embolism,” Skinner told KQED. “It’s a result of extreme drought. And a purpose of this study was to quantify what the threshold is for mortality in a grapevine during a drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though total precipitation might not decrease with California’s changing climate, scientists say to expect more severe droughts when they do occur. The study looked at what levels of drought would be enough to cause a degree of embolism sufficient to kill grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We looked at the level of drought and we looked at Napa and found that their vines never reach that level,” says Gregory Gambetta, a professor of viticulture at Bordeaux Sciences Agro and the study’s principle investigator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the world grapples with climate change, knowing what these thresholds are is of critical importance to farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the climate is changing, we can determine, ‘What are the tolerance levels of these plants and will they endure?'” explains Gambetta. “Will vines survive and bounce back?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saving Grapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner says the study will also allow farmers to adopt techniques to weather climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might prove to be very valuable for land owners who do not want to lose their physical vineyards and plant something else,” he suggests. “I think it will lead to more refinements in what we do, rather than major changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gambetta adds that vineyards are normally productive for twenty to forty years and require a significant amount of financial investment. The study’s findings suggest that farmers might not have to abandon their crop during a dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, during these drought periods,” he says, “farmers regulate the amount of water they get and sometimes they make decisions to essentially whip out vineyards, thinking they will probably die anyway. So there is question of, ‘Did they have to?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gambetta cautions, however, that the study’s findings do not mean farmers should stop watering their vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It simply sets thresholds that we did not know before, that we could not quantify precisely,” he points out. “Now, we can say that these are the levels of stress that vines can endure during a period of drought. That sets a bar for farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the vines were very resilient and we now know what range we are operating in,” adds Skinner. “Hopefully we can find ways to save water by adopting some of the information in this study as a guide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while researchers still have some important questions concerning to what extent vines can repair themselves and recover, farmers now at least have actual numbers to work with when determining how to ration resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how you ration your wine, you’re on your own.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The impacts of climate change aren’t a distant threat for the Pacific shellfish industry. Acidifying seawater is already causing problems for oyster farms along the West Coast and it’s only expected to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has one Bay Area oyster farm looking for ways to adapt by teaming up with scientists, who are studying how the local ecosystem could lend a helping hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need help,” says Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company. “That ‘canary in a coalmine’ analogy drives me crazy, but that’s what we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’\u003ccite>Terry Sawyer, Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By that, he means that oysters are an “indicator species” on the frying edge of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer’s own natural habitat is on the mudflats of Tomales Bay, about 50 miles north of San Francisco, where his oyster operation is located. But a few years ago, he started going to climate change conferences, sitting next to scientists and policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon chemistry is incredibly sophisticated, complicated science,” he says. “I am definitely out of my element — out of my comfort zone. I’d rather be in shorts and no shoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sawyer, these wonky affairs are a necessity. Like a lot of oyster farmers, he buys baby oysters from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington. But starting a decade ago, the hatcheries began having mysterious die-offs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The orders that we were getting – if we were getting them at all, they wouldn’t necessarily happen at the time or the size that we could take them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1180x1039.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-960x845.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-240x211.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-375x330.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-520x458.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2.jpg 1823w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company examines a bag of fresh oysters. He sells to both restaurants and individual retail customers. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists eventually identified the main culprit: increasingly acidic seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Carbon Sponge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a quarter of the carbon humans put into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean. It acts like a carbon sponge, but adding carbon to seawater makes it more acidic. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the oceans have become about 30 percent more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s harmful for animals that build shells, like oysters, and spells big trouble for the Pacific shellfish industry, worth more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want to curl up in a fetal position,” says Sawyer. “You do want to say, ‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer found some help by opening up his oyster farm to a team of scientists. Equipment monitors the water’s acidity in real time, part of a network run by UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a significant move: knowing what’s going on day-to-day, minute-by-minute,” he says. “And it’s also been proving the point. We have numbers you can’t argue with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists like Kristy Kroeker (left) from UC Santa Cruz are looking to seagrass as a natural acidification remedy. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is opening its own oyster hatchery in Humboldt Bay, 200 miles to the north, to improve the reliability of the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oyster farm is also assisting with cutting-edge scientific research, focused on how oysters could get a boost from native plants in Tomales Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Acid Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny morning, a team of scientists is scuba-diving in a shallow part of the bay, surrounded by thick, green seagrass, waving in the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re down in it, it really feels like you’re in a forest of seagrass,” says Kristy Kroeke, a marine biologist at UC Santa Cruz. “It’s quite long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seagrass is a glimmer of hope for oyster farmers. Plants, whether it’s a forest or lawn, take up carbon dioxide and use it for photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plants under the water are doing the exact same thing,” Kroeker says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919015\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-768x638.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1020x848.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1180x981.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-960x798.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-240x199.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-375x312.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-520x432.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3.jpg 1795w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seagrasses from Tomales Bay. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The seagrass pulls the carbon out of the water, which makes it slightly less acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, they’re creating this little bubble of seawater around them that’s more friendly for animals that might be threatened by ocean acidification,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroeker is testing whether seagrasses could act as a buffer, protecting the oysters nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plants mesh bags of baby oysters in the seagrass bed, which she’ll be watching in the months to come. So far, the results look promising, but not necessarily the whole answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seagrass can reduce acidification around it, but possibly only in certain locations or at certain times of year. More research will be needed, Kroeker says, but against a global problem, local approaches have a lot of potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we use parts of nature that we already know are important,” she wonders, “seagrasses – to actually benefit people and protect them from some of these impacts?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is being studied around the world in different ecosystems, including near coral reefs, and using bigger marine plants, like kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it’ll be up to oyster farmers like Terry Sawyer to make the research work on the ground – or, in the water. He’s hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an aquaculture point of view, you bet I’m hopeful,” Sawyer says. “Maybe I’m being idealistic here, but we’re learning so much. We’re just at the tip of the iceberg on that.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The impacts of climate change aren’t a distant threat for the Pacific shellfish industry. Acidifying seawater is already causing problems for oyster farms along the West Coast and it’s only expected to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has one Bay Area oyster farm looking for ways to adapt by teaming up with scientists, who are studying how the local ecosystem could lend a helping hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need help,” says Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company. “That ‘canary in a coalmine’ analogy drives me crazy, but that’s what we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’\u003ccite>Terry Sawyer, Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By that, he means that oysters are an “indicator species” on the frying edge of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer’s own natural habitat is on the mudflats of Tomales Bay, about 50 miles north of San Francisco, where his oyster operation is located. But a few years ago, he started going to climate change conferences, sitting next to scientists and policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon chemistry is incredibly sophisticated, complicated science,” he says. “I am definitely out of my element — out of my comfort zone. I’d rather be in shorts and no shoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sawyer, these wonky affairs are a necessity. Like a lot of oyster farmers, he buys baby oysters from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington. But starting a decade ago, the hatcheries began having mysterious die-offs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The orders that we were getting – if we were getting them at all, they wouldn’t necessarily happen at the time or the size that we could take them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1180x1039.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-960x845.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-240x211.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-375x330.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-520x458.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2.jpg 1823w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company examines a bag of fresh oysters. He sells to both restaurants and individual retail customers. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists eventually identified the main culprit: increasingly acidic seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Carbon Sponge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a quarter of the carbon humans put into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean. It acts like a carbon sponge, but adding carbon to seawater makes it more acidic. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the oceans have become about 30 percent more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s harmful for animals that build shells, like oysters, and spells big trouble for the Pacific shellfish industry, worth more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want to curl up in a fetal position,” says Sawyer. “You do want to say, ‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer found some help by opening up his oyster farm to a team of scientists. Equipment monitors the water’s acidity in real time, part of a network run by UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a significant move: knowing what’s going on day-to-day, minute-by-minute,” he says. “And it’s also been proving the point. We have numbers you can’t argue with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists like Kristy Kroeker (left) from UC Santa Cruz are looking to seagrass as a natural acidification remedy. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is opening its own oyster hatchery in Humboldt Bay, 200 miles to the north, to improve the reliability of the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oyster farm is also assisting with cutting-edge scientific research, focused on how oysters could get a boost from native plants in Tomales Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Acid Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny morning, a team of scientists is scuba-diving in a shallow part of the bay, surrounded by thick, green seagrass, waving in the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re down in it, it really feels like you’re in a forest of seagrass,” says Kristy Kroeke, a marine biologist at UC Santa Cruz. “It’s quite long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seagrass is a glimmer of hope for oyster farmers. Plants, whether it’s a forest or lawn, take up carbon dioxide and use it for photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plants under the water are doing the exact same thing,” Kroeker says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919015\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-768x638.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1020x848.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1180x981.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-960x798.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-240x199.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-375x312.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-520x432.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3.jpg 1795w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seagrasses from Tomales Bay. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The seagrass pulls the carbon out of the water, which makes it slightly less acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, they’re creating this little bubble of seawater around them that’s more friendly for animals that might be threatened by ocean acidification,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroeker is testing whether seagrasses could act as a buffer, protecting the oysters nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plants mesh bags of baby oysters in the seagrass bed, which she’ll be watching in the months to come. So far, the results look promising, but not necessarily the whole answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seagrass can reduce acidification around it, but possibly only in certain locations or at certain times of year. More research will be needed, Kroeker says, but against a global problem, local approaches have a lot of potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we use parts of nature that we already know are important,” she wonders, “seagrasses – to actually benefit people and protect them from some of these impacts?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is being studied around the world in different ecosystems, including near coral reefs, and using bigger marine plants, like kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it’ll be up to oyster farmers like Terry Sawyer to make the research work on the ground – or, in the water. He’s hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an aquaculture point of view, you bet I’m hopeful,” Sawyer says. “Maybe I’m being idealistic here, but we’re learning so much. We’re just at the tip of the iceberg on that.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "This Moment on Earth: Because Climate Change is Everyone’s Story | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>How could a single species that appeared in the last .0045% of planetary time have disrupted the life-support system that has nourished evolution for 4.5 billion years? And how can we survive the crisis of this moment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the ongoing conversation that This Moment on Earth invites you to join, and to tune in for starting April 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1922335\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-768x752.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-240x235.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-375x367.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-520x509.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>We humans don’t often think about the long stretch of time that brought us forth. We are daily caught up in work and side-hustles, caring for children and parents, and the ever-accelerating pace of life. But KQED Science wants to recognize this moment in its evolutionary context, because in the arc of evolution we may find stories that restore the depths of our humanness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you were to walk a mile for each one billion years of Earth’s evolution, a 4.5-mile walk. You’d come across the earliest form of life very quickly, at less than a half mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not until your walk is nearly over — not until the last 24 inches — do you reach humans. The industrial revolution – that gaseous, belching hunger that birthed washing machines, world travel and semiconductor chips, and now traps us on a warming planet – that’s just the width of a human hair on the tail end of our evolutionary history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1922156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-768x752.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-240x235.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-375x367.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-520x509.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>Tethered to computers and cars, we may feel like we derive from machines, but we do not. We derive from Earth: from soil, sunlight, air and water. We got our eyes from fish, and our spine from a sort of sea worm. The carbon atoms in our skin were once perhaps a bird’s bones or a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We arose from life’s planetary history; now we perch on the edge of our own cataclysm, and the question before us is how to survive through this moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we need to do or become in order to participate with the life-support systems of Earth? How do we build homes and transportation systems that offer us a future rather than a trap? How do we talk with children, or process the grief we feel? What stories can we offer one another along this journey?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been asking you to tell us your climate change stories: what emotion you feel about it and how you process that, what you do in your personal or work life, and how you envision a sustainable human future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Moment on Earth will bring your stories into a broader conversation on the air and on this page. We invite you to listen, read and participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"story\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tell us your climate change story.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[hearken id=\"846\" src=\"//modules.wearehearken.com/kqed-science/embed/846.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How could a single species that appeared in the last .0045% of planetary time have disrupted the life-support system that has nourished evolution for 4.5 billion years? And how can we survive the crisis of this moment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the ongoing conversation that This Moment on Earth invites you to join, and to tune in for starting April 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1922335\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-768x752.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-240x235.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-375x367.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-520x509.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>We humans don’t often think about the long stretch of time that brought us forth. We are daily caught up in work and side-hustles, caring for children and parents, and the ever-accelerating pace of life. But KQED Science wants to recognize this moment in its evolutionary context, because in the arc of evolution we may find stories that restore the depths of our humanness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you were to walk a mile for each one billion years of Earth’s evolution, a 4.5-mile walk. You’d come across the earliest form of life very quickly, at less than a half mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not until your walk is nearly over — not until the last 24 inches — do you reach humans. The industrial revolution – that gaseous, belching hunger that birthed washing machines, world travel and semiconductor chips, and now traps us on a warming planet – that’s just the width of a human hair on the tail end of our evolutionary history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1922156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-768x752.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-240x235.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-375x367.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-520x509.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>Tethered to computers and cars, we may feel like we derive from machines, but we do not. We derive from Earth: from soil, sunlight, air and water. We got our eyes from fish, and our spine from a sort of sea worm. The carbon atoms in our skin were once perhaps a bird’s bones or a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We arose from life’s planetary history; now we perch on the edge of our own cataclysm, and the question before us is how to survive through this moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we need to do or become in order to participate with the life-support systems of Earth? How do we build homes and transportation systems that offer us a future rather than a trap? How do we talk with children, or process the grief we feel? What stories can we offer one another along this journey?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been asking you to tell us your climate change stories: what emotion you feel about it and how you process that, what you do in your personal or work life, and how you envision a sustainable human future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Moment on Earth will bring your stories into a broader conversation on the air and on this page. We invite you to listen, read and participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"story\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tell us your climate change story.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "the-water-in-your-jeans-how-two-consumer-products-giants-are-cutting-back-on-water-use",
"title": "The Water in Your Jeans: How Two Consumer Products Giants Are Cutting Back on Water Use",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here’s a sobering thought:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies have shown that as we look out to 2030, global demand for water is expected to outstrip supply by 40 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So says Brooke Barton with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CERES, a Boston-based non-profit\u003c/a> that helps businesses build sustainability into their work, including water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, that’s a challenge that’s just not on the radar of a lot of companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising how many companies and manufacturing facilities around the world aren’t even measuring how much water they use,” Barton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CERES is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/campaigns/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trying to change that\u003c/a>, by tracking food companies’ progress using less water, and by appealing to their self-interest; tracking and cutting water use can save corporations a lot of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Especially in some areas where we produce, water is a challenge. Water is a premium.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bart Sights, Levi Strauss\u003cbr>\n\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Barton says that message is getting through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing is a growing cadre of companies who are shifting direction and elevating this as a priority in their business,” says Barton, who highlighted Levi’s and PepsiCo as two examples of corporate leaders in water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PepsiCo produces many types of beverages – including Gatorade – as well as many types of chips like Cheetos, Ruffles, and Tostitos. At a massive Gatorade facility just outside of Phoenix, in the city of Tolleson, Arizona, bottling lines fill 600 containers per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing grape, we’re doing fruit punch, we’re doing lemon lime,” says Tim Carey, who directs sustainability programs for PepsiCo Beverages in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carey says the company started investing in water efficiency four years ago in water-scarce Arizona. Since then, they’ve seen a 24 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918758\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-800x612.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-800x612.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-1180x903.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-520x398.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PepsiCo is now saving $1.5 million annually at its Gatorade processing facility in Tolleson, AZ and using 24 percent less water. \u003ccite>(Jason Margolis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s about a hundred million gallons of water that were used in 2013 every year that we do not use this year,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates into $1.5 million of annual cost savings, music to the ears of Carey’s corporate bosses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how’d Pepsi do it? It starts with cleaning all those empty bottles. Water is out; air is in. Pulses of air remove dust particles from sterilized bottles.\u003cdel>\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another water-saving step: more efficient filtering of the water used in\u003cdel>\u003c/del> Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Originally we would just do a single pass-through, reverse osmosis. We’d use the clean water in our operation and the rest would go to drain,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is now re-captured and cleaned again. Previously, Pepsi recovered 80 percent of the water used here; now they recover 87 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pepsi’s next trick can be found on the rooftop. Carey opens a hatch and emerges into the bright Arizona sun. “On top of this roof we have a field of solar panels that covers about 700,000 square feet,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s like 12 football fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just what do solar panels have to do with saving water? It goes back to the local utility. Most power plants use tremendous amounts of water to generate electricity, boiling water to create steam or using water as a coolant. The less power Pepsi draws from the grid, the less water is used at the power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And because we’re all in the same watershed, we’re saving water in Arizona in the watershed that supplies us,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”dXijkgRA7cTCewDbD8hiOv3rz12YXaBH”]That, in turn, helps maintain the long-term viability of Pepsi’s operations in Tolleson. Pepsi is also working with The Nature Conservancy in Arizona and elsewhere, experimenting with ways to replenish local watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond Arizona, Pepsi has set a goal to reduce its water use an additional 25 percent by 2025 (compared to 2015) at all its food and beverage facilities worldwide. By that same year, the company plans to replenish 100 percent of the water it uses in manufacturing operations in high-risk water areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pepsi may be leading the way, but what it’s doing isn’t exactly splitting the atom. So why are corporations like PepsiCo just making these changes now? Why weren’t these things done 25 years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carey says water has long been cheap and CEO’s just didn’t think about sustainability as a business advantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People didn’t say, ‘Oh what can I do to save water?’ she says. “Second thing is they probably did what I call ‘the gross stuff.’ They did the big water savings projects, which were fairly obvious. We’re at the precision scale now where we say: How can we tune our operations? How can we buy equipment and make it operate just perfectly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges will be different for just about every plant, in just about every industry, but more companies are at least asking the questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wet Jeans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider Levi’s, where, strange as it might seem, water is a main ingredient for blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This team is charged with coming up with new techniques every day,” says Bart Sights, who runs Levi Strauss & Co.’s “Eureka” lab near downtown San Francisco. “It’s time, temperature, pressure, mixture…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab is a miniature factory at the forefront of denim technology. Hundreds of pairs of prototypes are stacked along the walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918761\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918761\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-800x594.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-768x570.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-240x178.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-375x278.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-520x386.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeans hanging in the Levi Strauss “reference library.” Many colors and patterns are created with water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each jean has a recipe,” he says. “It’s very similar to cooking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeans all start out with the same basic ingredient: dark denim fabric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until forty years or so ago, jeans were sold like this,” Sights says. “They were stiff and scratchy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, consumers choose from a huge variety: light, dark, faded, pre-shrunk, stone-washed. And those variations are created with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has several rows of washing machines, but at a full-scale Levi’s factory, each machine washes 300 pairs of jeans at a time. To get the right color and texture, some jeans are washed over and over, which uses a lot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a few years ago, the company developed machines that use ozone gas instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It reduces the color from something dark to something light without using very much water at all,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi Strauss has developed about a dozen other waterless techniques with the goal to use them in 80 percent of its products by 2020. That means rolling them out to factories around the world, from Egypt to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company hasn’t quantified how much water it plans to save but so far, it reports having saved \u003ca href=\"http://www.levistrauss.com/sustainability/planet/water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 200 million gallons\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To use less water is usually less expensive,” Sights says. “Especially in some areas where we produce, [where] water is a challenge. Water is a premium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirsty Crop\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, most of the water in your jeans comes from growing the cotton itself, a notoriously thirsty crop. Levi’s doesn’t grow it, but \u003cstrong>is\u003c/strong> working on ways to reduce that water demand too, including sourcing fabric from the Better Cotton Initiative, which works with farmers to reduce water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s all the water that jeans use after we buy them, which makes up about a quarter of their total water footprint. Levi’s has found that Americans use more water to wash our jeans than consumers in Europe or China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among hard-core lovers of 501s, there is a movement to never wash their jeans, to develop a personalized patina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[For] true connoisseurs and aficionados, it’s the ultimate form of self-expression for people,” Sights says. “I never wash my jeans. Ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for everyone else, Sights has an easier option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could just convince people in America to wash their jeans only every five times they wear them, that would move the needle.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California often has too much water or too little water. Businesses are starting to look at how that affects them. ",
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"title": "The Water in Your Jeans: How Two Consumer Products Giants Are Cutting Back on Water Use | KQED",
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"headline": "The Water in Your Jeans: How Two Consumer Products Giants Are Cutting Back on Water Use",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer,\u003c/strong> KQED Science and \u003cstrong>Jason Margolis,\u003c/strong> The World",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s a sobering thought:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies have shown that as we look out to 2030, global demand for water is expected to outstrip supply by 40 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So says Brooke Barton with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CERES, a Boston-based non-profit\u003c/a> that helps businesses build sustainability into their work, including water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, that’s a challenge that’s just not on the radar of a lot of companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising how many companies and manufacturing facilities around the world aren’t even measuring how much water they use,” Barton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CERES is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/campaigns/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trying to change that\u003c/a>, by tracking food companies’ progress using less water, and by appealing to their self-interest; tracking and cutting water use can save corporations a lot of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Especially in some areas where we produce, water is a challenge. Water is a premium.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bart Sights, Levi Strauss\u003cbr>\n\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Barton says that message is getting through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing is a growing cadre of companies who are shifting direction and elevating this as a priority in their business,” says Barton, who highlighted Levi’s and PepsiCo as two examples of corporate leaders in water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PepsiCo produces many types of beverages – including Gatorade – as well as many types of chips like Cheetos, Ruffles, and Tostitos. At a massive Gatorade facility just outside of Phoenix, in the city of Tolleson, Arizona, bottling lines fill 600 containers per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing grape, we’re doing fruit punch, we’re doing lemon lime,” says Tim Carey, who directs sustainability programs for PepsiCo Beverages in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carey says the company started investing in water efficiency four years ago in water-scarce Arizona. Since then, they’ve seen a 24 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918758\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-800x612.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-800x612.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-1180x903.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-520x398.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PepsiCo is now saving $1.5 million annually at its Gatorade processing facility in Tolleson, AZ and using 24 percent less water. \u003ccite>(Jason Margolis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s about a hundred million gallons of water that were used in 2013 every year that we do not use this year,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates into $1.5 million of annual cost savings, music to the ears of Carey’s corporate bosses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how’d Pepsi do it? It starts with cleaning all those empty bottles. Water is out; air is in. Pulses of air remove dust particles from sterilized bottles.\u003cdel>\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another water-saving step: more efficient filtering of the water used in\u003cdel>\u003c/del> Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Originally we would just do a single pass-through, reverse osmosis. We’d use the clean water in our operation and the rest would go to drain,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is now re-captured and cleaned again. Previously, Pepsi recovered 80 percent of the water used here; now they recover 87 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pepsi’s next trick can be found on the rooftop. Carey opens a hatch and emerges into the bright Arizona sun. “On top of this roof we have a field of solar panels that covers about 700,000 square feet,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s like 12 football fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just what do solar panels have to do with saving water? It goes back to the local utility. Most power plants use tremendous amounts of water to generate electricity, boiling water to create steam or using water as a coolant. The less power Pepsi draws from the grid, the less water is used at the power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And because we’re all in the same watershed, we’re saving water in Arizona in the watershed that supplies us,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That, in turn, helps maintain the long-term viability of Pepsi’s operations in Tolleson. Pepsi is also working with The Nature Conservancy in Arizona and elsewhere, experimenting with ways to replenish local watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond Arizona, Pepsi has set a goal to reduce its water use an additional 25 percent by 2025 (compared to 2015) at all its food and beverage facilities worldwide. By that same year, the company plans to replenish 100 percent of the water it uses in manufacturing operations in high-risk water areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pepsi may be leading the way, but what it’s doing isn’t exactly splitting the atom. So why are corporations like PepsiCo just making these changes now? Why weren’t these things done 25 years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carey says water has long been cheap and CEO’s just didn’t think about sustainability as a business advantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People didn’t say, ‘Oh what can I do to save water?’ she says. “Second thing is they probably did what I call ‘the gross stuff.’ They did the big water savings projects, which were fairly obvious. We’re at the precision scale now where we say: How can we tune our operations? How can we buy equipment and make it operate just perfectly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges will be different for just about every plant, in just about every industry, but more companies are at least asking the questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wet Jeans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider Levi’s, where, strange as it might seem, water is a main ingredient for blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This team is charged with coming up with new techniques every day,” says Bart Sights, who runs Levi Strauss & Co.’s “Eureka” lab near downtown San Francisco. “It’s time, temperature, pressure, mixture…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab is a miniature factory at the forefront of denim technology. Hundreds of pairs of prototypes are stacked along the walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918761\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918761\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-800x594.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-768x570.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-240x178.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-375x278.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-520x386.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeans hanging in the Levi Strauss “reference library.” Many colors and patterns are created with water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each jean has a recipe,” he says. “It’s very similar to cooking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeans all start out with the same basic ingredient: dark denim fabric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until forty years or so ago, jeans were sold like this,” Sights says. “They were stiff and scratchy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, consumers choose from a huge variety: light, dark, faded, pre-shrunk, stone-washed. And those variations are created with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has several rows of washing machines, but at a full-scale Levi’s factory, each machine washes 300 pairs of jeans at a time. To get the right color and texture, some jeans are washed over and over, which uses a lot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a few years ago, the company developed machines that use ozone gas instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It reduces the color from something dark to something light without using very much water at all,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi Strauss has developed about a dozen other waterless techniques with the goal to use them in 80 percent of its products by 2020. That means rolling them out to factories around the world, from Egypt to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company hasn’t quantified how much water it plans to save but so far, it reports having saved \u003ca href=\"http://www.levistrauss.com/sustainability/planet/water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 200 million gallons\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To use less water is usually less expensive,” Sights says. “Especially in some areas where we produce, [where] water is a challenge. Water is a premium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirsty Crop\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, most of the water in your jeans comes from growing the cotton itself, a notoriously thirsty crop. Levi’s doesn’t grow it, but \u003cstrong>is\u003c/strong> working on ways to reduce that water demand too, including sourcing fabric from the Better Cotton Initiative, which works with farmers to reduce water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s all the water that jeans use after we buy them, which makes up about a quarter of their total water footprint. Levi’s has found that Americans use more water to wash our jeans than consumers in Europe or China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among hard-core lovers of 501s, there is a movement to never wash their jeans, to develop a personalized patina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[For] true connoisseurs and aficionados, it’s the ultimate form of self-expression for people,” Sights says. “I never wash my jeans. Ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for everyone else, Sights has an easier option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could just convince people in America to wash their jeans only every five times they wear them, that would move the needle.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "LISTEN: 1,200 Years of Earth's Climate, Transformed into Sound",
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"headTitle": "LISTEN: 1,200 Years of Earth’s Climate, Transformed into Sound | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is difficult to talk about. The subject is complex. Denial is rampant. The scale of the problem is hard to grasp. And, while it is arguably the most important story of our time, it has a way of wearing people down. Rather than exhausting the topic, the topic exhausts us.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When you sonify data, you experience time in a way you can’t when you look at a chart.\u003ccite>Hal Gordon, Graduate student\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We know this. So, we’d like to offer a new way to understand the speed at which our planet has changed over the past few hundred years. This project was brought to us by three UC Berkeley graduate students and a sonification artist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Chafe, director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://ccrma.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics\u003c/a> composed the piece of music based on data compiled by Hal Gordon, Kate Pennington and Valeri Vasquez at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONuA9HmkF3M&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ll hear global temperatures and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the most recent three centuries in the graphic above. The music in our story below tracks global average temperature and CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from 850 A.D. to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A large part of what motivated us to think about sonifying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and temperature data over time,” says Pennington, “is that when you look at a graph of how these two things have moved together, you see very clearly that they track each other really closely. But it’s hard to understand time when you see it all at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the pace of climate change can be better communicated through sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src= https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/01/WEBSonificationVenton180108.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"LISTEN: 1,200 Years of Earth's Climate, Transformed into Sound\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/PIA18033_orig.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all climate data you see it in a long chart with time that is way longer than human life time so it’s impossible to experience,” says Gordon. “But when you sonify it you actually experience time in a way that you can’t experience when you look at the chart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you hear in the piece that Chris has composed there’s really not a lot happening for a really long time and it’s kind of soothing,” says Pennington. “We have a normal state of the world, and life has evolved relative to that normal state of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1918662 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png\" alt=\"Graph of global CO2 levels\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-160x80.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-768x384.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1020x510.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1180x590.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-960x480.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-240x120.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-375x188.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-520x260.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>The piece of sound begins with a low drone, the tone of which represents the concentration of carbon dioxide during the Middle Ages. It is accompanied by a twangy ping-pong sound: global temperature averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1700s, however, you begin to hear a change. The Industrial Revolution and widespread deforestation in Europe take hold. Carbon concentrations begin to creep up. Approaching the 1900s, the tone becomes a higher-pitched wail. The last few seconds of the piece sound like an alarm, the result of a meteoric rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7ROfg5tk22E0HRPe7NwtKDIl7x2oGjPf”]”The whole concept that we’re trying to explain here is not a pleasant one, it’s actually a frightening one,” says Vasquez. “So it might be really appropriate that it ends in this kind of ambulance sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re now living in a world that is about 1.5 degrees C above what it was before the Industrial Revolution (and about \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1 degree above what it was in the first half of the 1900s\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could seem relatively minor change, but it indicates the Earth’s balance has been disrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My body temperature’s 98.6. If I have a fever of 101, I would worry. If all the doctors tell me that my temperature’s going to go up, I would be very worried,” says \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/inez-fung\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inez Fung\u003c/a>, climate scientist at UC Berkeley. “If I have a temperature of 103, I know other organs are going to be influenced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is manifesting itself in sea-level rise, extreme storms, prolonged droughts, deadly floods, wildfires and emerging diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers extract an ice core piece out of a drill machine, on August 25, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers extract an ice core from a drilling machine in the French Alps, on August 25, 2016. \u003ccite>(PHILIPPE DESMAZES/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole planet is adapted to a certain range,” says Fung. “We’re going into a range where, yes, we’ve seen higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> before, but people have not been around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentration was as high at it is today was \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-the-world-passed-a-carbon-threshold-400ppm-and-why-it-matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3 million years ago. \u003c/a>That’s about the time of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/02/12/133658692/fossil-suggests-lucy-had-the-first-modern-foot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Australopithecus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the pre-human hominin species that Lucy comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can study the ancient climate through a number of means. One is by analyzing \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice cores\u003c/a>. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cores hold trapped air bubbles going back thousands of years. After drilling a core, researchers can melt down sections of the ice and capture the released air to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (among other things). \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Temperature data can be reconstructed\u003c/a> in part from tree rings and mud core samples from the bottoms of lakes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”KnekqcEwhVBH0ZmRPxuFxIEj2SNSGdqX”]What will happen in the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We literally don’t know what will happen next,” says Pennington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/531048986/so-what-exactly-is-in-the-paris-climate-accord\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aim of the Paris Climate Accord\u003c/a> is to limit the rise in temperature to “well below” 2 degrees and, if possible, to 1.5 C, “recognizing that this would \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/files/home/application/pdf/paris_agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significantly reduce the risks and impacts\u003c/a> of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year President Trump announced he was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/01/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdrawing the U.S. from participation\u003c/a> in the Paris Accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However California, along with a number of states and cities around the world, have \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/06/01/california-defiant-as-president-trump-withdraws-from-paris-climate-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defiantly expressed commitment\u003c/a> to the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens next is “really sort of a pick-your-adventure choice” says Pennington, with all of us playing some role in the outcome. We, as a society, have the chance to choose what the future will sound like.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is difficult to talk about. The subject is complex. Denial is rampant. The scale of the problem is hard to grasp. And, while it is arguably the most important story of our time, it has a way of wearing people down. Rather than exhausting the topic, the topic exhausts us.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When you sonify data, you experience time in a way you can’t when you look at a chart.\u003ccite>Hal Gordon, Graduate student\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We know this. So, we’d like to offer a new way to understand the speed at which our planet has changed over the past few hundred years. This project was brought to us by three UC Berkeley graduate students and a sonification artist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Chafe, director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://ccrma.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics\u003c/a> composed the piece of music based on data compiled by Hal Gordon, Kate Pennington and Valeri Vasquez at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ONuA9HmkF3M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ONuA9HmkF3M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ll hear global temperatures and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the most recent three centuries in the graphic above. The music in our story below tracks global average temperature and CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from 850 A.D. to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A large part of what motivated us to think about sonifying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and temperature data over time,” says Pennington, “is that when you look at a graph of how these two things have moved together, you see very clearly that they track each other really closely. But it’s hard to understand time when you see it all at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the pace of climate change can be better communicated through sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all climate data you see it in a long chart with time that is way longer than human life time so it’s impossible to experience,” says Gordon. “But when you sonify it you actually experience time in a way that you can’t experience when you look at the chart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you hear in the piece that Chris has composed there’s really not a lot happening for a really long time and it’s kind of soothing,” says Pennington. “We have a normal state of the world, and life has evolved relative to that normal state of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1918662 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png\" alt=\"Graph of global CO2 levels\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-160x80.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-768x384.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1020x510.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1180x590.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-960x480.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-240x120.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-375x188.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-520x260.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>The piece of sound begins with a low drone, the tone of which represents the concentration of carbon dioxide during the Middle Ages. It is accompanied by a twangy ping-pong sound: global temperature averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1700s, however, you begin to hear a change. The Industrial Revolution and widespread deforestation in Europe take hold. Carbon concentrations begin to creep up. Approaching the 1900s, the tone becomes a higher-pitched wail. The last few seconds of the piece sound like an alarm, the result of a meteoric rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The whole concept that we’re trying to explain here is not a pleasant one, it’s actually a frightening one,” says Vasquez. “So it might be really appropriate that it ends in this kind of ambulance sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re now living in a world that is about 1.5 degrees C above what it was before the Industrial Revolution (and about \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1 degree above what it was in the first half of the 1900s\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could seem relatively minor change, but it indicates the Earth’s balance has been disrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My body temperature’s 98.6. If I have a fever of 101, I would worry. If all the doctors tell me that my temperature’s going to go up, I would be very worried,” says \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/inez-fung\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inez Fung\u003c/a>, climate scientist at UC Berkeley. “If I have a temperature of 103, I know other organs are going to be influenced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is manifesting itself in sea-level rise, extreme storms, prolonged droughts, deadly floods, wildfires and emerging diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers extract an ice core piece out of a drill machine, on August 25, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers extract an ice core from a drilling machine in the French Alps, on August 25, 2016. \u003ccite>(PHILIPPE DESMAZES/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole planet is adapted to a certain range,” says Fung. “We’re going into a range where, yes, we’ve seen higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> before, but people have not been around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentration was as high at it is today was \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-the-world-passed-a-carbon-threshold-400ppm-and-why-it-matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3 million years ago. \u003c/a>That’s about the time of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/02/12/133658692/fossil-suggests-lucy-had-the-first-modern-foot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Australopithecus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the pre-human hominin species that Lucy comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can study the ancient climate through a number of means. One is by analyzing \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice cores\u003c/a>. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cores hold trapped air bubbles going back thousands of years. After drilling a core, researchers can melt down sections of the ice and capture the released air to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (among other things). \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Temperature data can be reconstructed\u003c/a> in part from tree rings and mud core samples from the bottoms of lakes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>What will happen in the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We literally don’t know what will happen next,” says Pennington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/531048986/so-what-exactly-is-in-the-paris-climate-accord\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aim of the Paris Climate Accord\u003c/a> is to limit the rise in temperature to “well below” 2 degrees and, if possible, to 1.5 C, “recognizing that this would \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/files/home/application/pdf/paris_agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significantly reduce the risks and impacts\u003c/a> of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year President Trump announced he was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/01/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdrawing the U.S. from participation\u003c/a> in the Paris Accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However California, along with a number of states and cities around the world, have \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/06/01/california-defiant-as-president-trump-withdraws-from-paris-climate-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defiantly expressed commitment\u003c/a> to the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens next is “really sort of a pick-your-adventure choice” says Pennington, with all of us playing some role in the outcome. We, as a society, have the chance to choose what the future will sound like.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "VIDEO: 2017 Was the Year of the Billion-Dollar Disaster",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the trend in weather and climate extremes in the U.S. A NOAA/NCEI report indicates that through September, the U.S. has had 15 individual billion-dollar weather disasters in 2017. Only 2011 had more billion-dollar disasters with 16, and that was through the entire year. Even without the final calculations from Harvey, Irma and Maria, the total cost is for 2017 about $25 billion, which is far behind the costliest year, 2005 ($215 billion).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igx_CLQkWac\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than one type of event focused on one part of the country, this year’s disasters were spread over several regions. Climate change may have worsened some of the events this year, including drought in the northern Plains and wildfires in the West. In a warming world, soils dry out more from evaporation, making droughts worse and further drying out vegetation, which is susceptible to wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher evaporation rates also provide more fuel for hurricanes, allowing them to produce heavier rain. The warming oceans and glacial melt cause the sea level to rise, which translates into a storm surge that is higher and pushes farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>METHODOLOGY:\u003c/strong> Data is provided by NOAA NCEI. Methodology developed by NOAA NCEI with input from economic experts and consultants to remove biases. More details about the specific events included in NOAA’s analysis can be found at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\u003c/a>. Cost of the disasters have been adjusted for inflation. Additional review of the methodology can be found from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/billions/docs/smith-and-katz-2013.pdf\">Smith and Katz, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the trend in weather and climate extremes in the U.S. A NOAA/NCEI report indicates that through September, the U.S. has had 15 individual billion-dollar weather disasters in 2017. Only 2011 had more billion-dollar disasters with 16, and that was through the entire year. Even without the final calculations from Harvey, Irma and Maria, the total cost is for 2017 about $25 billion, which is far behind the costliest year, 2005 ($215 billion).\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/igx_CLQkWac'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/igx_CLQkWac'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Rather than one type of event focused on one part of the country, this year’s disasters were spread over several regions. Climate change may have worsened some of the events this year, including drought in the northern Plains and wildfires in the West. In a warming world, soils dry out more from evaporation, making droughts worse and further drying out vegetation, which is susceptible to wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher evaporation rates also provide more fuel for hurricanes, allowing them to produce heavier rain. The warming oceans and glacial melt cause the sea level to rise, which translates into a storm surge that is higher and pushes farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>METHODOLOGY:\u003c/strong> Data is provided by NOAA NCEI. Methodology developed by NOAA NCEI with input from economic experts and consultants to remove biases. More details about the specific events included in NOAA’s analysis can be found at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\u003c/a>. Cost of the disasters have been adjusted for inflation. Additional review of the methodology can be found from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/billions/docs/smith-and-katz-2013.pdf\">Smith and Katz, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A warming planet due to human-induced climate change will likely contribute to an increase in volcanic activity, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/geology/46/1/10.1130_G39633.1/3/47.pdf?Expires=1514031066&Signature=R3GABkkKn-4EZiMlnFsnC6BvsALit07m1zwvOxbkYpMeLyQZn64tYjC7XsYzkvPONNnbaXSRSrEqi-l194T3ODpY7FmNLPy9-uHdBkdIxZqhBFApDsEfZAvwbe4DBvP6Ag8j4Pc047fH7dVkrMCzxCI1iKmLjviMqJOR7t2rcfLzU2rCtu8dnbOuRuIYE~ZfWHZo~1ZMu9L~kg25U9S-ETV6FdbBJWXrVJ-VZSykcGRkBeDUAde3lKk2Wtq0dgJnSmW0qdfHuLmp9LBiWgyQ7dXeU2B~bMYwldPFde3smA0pyxgrPTp5lzZ3jbXblHTIMRZI36DJM4uFwPxFpp6ggA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q\">a recent study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Geology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a relationship between climate and volcanism might seem counter-intuitive, it turns out that pressure exerted by thick glaciers on the Earth’s crust — what geologists call “surface loading” – has an impact on the flow of magma below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6XIyyeNMKtC3CGQjT34G4GXgo9lznIui”]The correlation affects “magma flow and the voids and gaps in the Earth where magma flows to the surface as well as how much magma the crust can actually hold,” the study’s lead author Graeme T. Swindles, an associate professor of Earth system dynamics at the University of Leeds, wrote in an email to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/get-ready-for-more-volcanic-eruptions-as-the-planet-warms/\">Scientific American. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study published last month, Swindles’ team examined the geologic record of eruptions of Icelandic volcanoes 5,500 to 4,500 years ago – a period in Earth’s history when the climate was cooler, but still not a full-blown ice age. The level of volcanic activity was discerned by looking at the record of ash that settled on the peat bogs and lakes that fell over Europe, Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing the volcanic record with glacial coverage, the team found that the number of eruptions dropped significantly as the climate cooled and ice cover increased. The eruptions that did occur also tended to be smaller in magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big change in the record in the mid-\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/holocene.php\">Holocene\u003c/a> [epoch], where we see no volcanic ash in Europe and very little in Iceland,” says Swindles. “This seems to overlap with a time where there’s cold climate conditions, which would have favored glacial advance in Iceland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swindles says his team found about a 600-year lag between advancing glaciers and diminished volcanic activity. “That’s because it takes a long time to grow ice masses,” he told the magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reverse, the team found that as the climate warmed and glaciers melted, there were more and bigger eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After glaciers are removed the surface pressure decreases, and the magmas more easily propagate to the surface and thus erupt,” Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also a lag between retreating glaciers and increased volcanic activity, but it was shorter, the team found — although the study cautions there could be other climate-related factors that contributed to the compressed lag time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A warming planet due to human-induced climate change will likely contribute to an increase in volcanic activity, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/geology/46/1/10.1130_G39633.1/3/47.pdf?Expires=1514031066&Signature=R3GABkkKn-4EZiMlnFsnC6BvsALit07m1zwvOxbkYpMeLyQZn64tYjC7XsYzkvPONNnbaXSRSrEqi-l194T3ODpY7FmNLPy9-uHdBkdIxZqhBFApDsEfZAvwbe4DBvP6Ag8j4Pc047fH7dVkrMCzxCI1iKmLjviMqJOR7t2rcfLzU2rCtu8dnbOuRuIYE~ZfWHZo~1ZMu9L~kg25U9S-ETV6FdbBJWXrVJ-VZSykcGRkBeDUAde3lKk2Wtq0dgJnSmW0qdfHuLmp9LBiWgyQ7dXeU2B~bMYwldPFde3smA0pyxgrPTp5lzZ3jbXblHTIMRZI36DJM4uFwPxFpp6ggA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q\">a recent study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Geology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a relationship between climate and volcanism might seem counter-intuitive, it turns out that pressure exerted by thick glaciers on the Earth’s crust — what geologists call “surface loading” – has an impact on the flow of magma below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The correlation affects “magma flow and the voids and gaps in the Earth where magma flows to the surface as well as how much magma the crust can actually hold,” the study’s lead author Graeme T. Swindles, an associate professor of Earth system dynamics at the University of Leeds, wrote in an email to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/get-ready-for-more-volcanic-eruptions-as-the-planet-warms/\">Scientific American. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study published last month, Swindles’ team examined the geologic record of eruptions of Icelandic volcanoes 5,500 to 4,500 years ago – a period in Earth’s history when the climate was cooler, but still not a full-blown ice age. The level of volcanic activity was discerned by looking at the record of ash that settled on the peat bogs and lakes that fell over Europe, Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing the volcanic record with glacial coverage, the team found that the number of eruptions dropped significantly as the climate cooled and ice cover increased. The eruptions that did occur also tended to be smaller in magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big change in the record in the mid-\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/holocene.php\">Holocene\u003c/a> [epoch], where we see no volcanic ash in Europe and very little in Iceland,” says Swindles. “This seems to overlap with a time where there’s cold climate conditions, which would have favored glacial advance in Iceland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swindles says his team found about a 600-year lag between advancing glaciers and diminished volcanic activity. “That’s because it takes a long time to grow ice masses,” he told the magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reverse, the team found that as the climate warmed and glaciers melted, there were more and bigger eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After glaciers are removed the surface pressure decreases, and the magmas more easily propagate to the surface and thus erupt,” Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also a lag between retreating glaciers and increased volcanic activity, but it was shorter, the team found — although the study cautions there could be other climate-related factors that contributed to the compressed lag time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Scientists Watch Their Words, Hoping To Stave Off Funding Cuts",
"headTitle": "Climate Scientists Watch Their Words, Hoping To Stave Off Funding Cuts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists appear to be self-censoring by omitting the term “climate change” in public grant summaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR analysis of grants awarded by the National Science Foundation found a steadily decreasing number with the phrase “climate change” in the title or summary, resulting in a sharp drop in the term’s use in 2017. At the same time, the use of alternative terms such as “extreme weather” appears to be rising slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The change in language appears to be driven in part by the Trump administration’s open hostility to the topic of climate change. Earlier this year, President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">pulled the U.S. out of the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, and the President’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4311386-Trump-2018-ProposedBudget-Appendix.html\">2018 budget proposal\u003c/a> singled out climate change research programs for elimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Environmental Protection Agency has been systematically removing references to climate change from its official website. Both the EPA’s leader, Scott Pruitt, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry have said they do not accept the scientific consensus that humans are causing the planet to get warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the scientific community, we’re very cautious people,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.depts.ttu.edu/politicalscience/Faculty/Hayhoe_Katharine.php\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a>, the director of the Climate Science Center at Texas Tech. “We tend to be quite averse to notoriety and conflict, so I absolutely have seen self-censorship among my colleagues. [They’ll say] ‘Well, maybe I shouldn’t say it that way, because whatever funding organization or politician or agency won’t appreciate it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NSF data appears to bear out the change in language. While the number of grants with the term “climate change” in the public summary has dropped, the number of grants with the terms “environmental change” or “extreme weather” has increased slightly. That suggests that, even if research topics remain the same, the words scientists use to describe them may change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-520x293.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1.png 1461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grants funded by the National Science Foundation have seen a drop in the use of the phrase “climate change” in public summaries. \u003ccite>(Source: National Science Foundation Credit: Katie Park and Rebecca Hersher/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Scientists I know are increasingly using terms like ‘global change’, ‘environmental change’, and ‘extreme weather’, rather than explicitly saying ‘climate change’,” \u003ca href=\"http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/researchers/8560\">Jonathan Thompson\u003c/a>, the senior ecologist at the Harvard Forest, wrote in an email to NPR. Thompson has been the lead investigator on multiple research projects funded by the NSF in recent years. “This seems to be born out of an abundance of caution to limit their exposure to any political landmines in what is already an extremely competitive process,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other climate researchers acknowledged that they had personally removed the term “climate change” from funding proposals or public summaries in the last year, or had advised graduate students who had done so. All were concerned that if they disclosed their names, it could negatively impact their future funding competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Internal pressure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation is widely regarded to be among the most independent bodies funding federal research, so it’s particularly notable when politics seeps into statements by agency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the head of the NSF geosciences directorate, William Easterling, fielded a question from a climate scientist about the language used to describe NSF priorities. “Let me just be perfectly honest, the appetite of NSF right now is doing as little as it needs to to, you know, poke the bear, and yet stand by our scientific principles,” Easterling said, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/new-nsf-geosciences-head-charts-course-turbulent-budget-climate\">report by the American Institute of Physics\u003c/a>, a trade group for physicists and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term climate change, Easterling noted, is “a polarizing icon, for better for worse — obviously for worse, from a scientist’s perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple scientists said Easterling’s comments were one reason they felt it prudent to avoid using the term “climate change” in grant proposals if they could. NSF spokesperson Aya Collins wrote in an email to NPR, “NSF takes no position on the language used by researchers to describe physical processes and outcomes if the merit review process judges the language to be appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a research project has been approved, some scientists say NSF program officers encourage scientists to avoid using the term “climate change” in the public title and description that gets published on the NSF website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone sees that as a problem, given the political environment. “Every interaction I’ve had with NSF program officers about using the words ‘climate change’ under the current administration is not anything I’d consider a negative form of censorship,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/earth/people/faculty/michael-dietze/\">Michael Dietze\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have staff [at NSF] who are genuinely trying to protect U.S. science and U.S. scientists in a hostile environment,” Dietze adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is evidence that other agencies are making similar decisions. Earlier this year, a project coordinator at a Department of Energy lab \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/us-energy-agency-asked-scientists-to-scrub-references-to-climate-change-1.22513\">emailed a researcher \u003c/a>at Northeastern University asking her to adjust the language a public abstract for research funded by the DOE. The email, which circulated widely among scientists on social media, read in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I have been asked to contact you to update the wording in your proposal abstract to remove words such as ‘global warming’ or ‘climate change’. This is being asked as we have to meet the President’s budget language restrictions and don’t want to make any changes without your knowledge or consent.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As the DOE email suggests, White House rhetoric can have immediate effects on how scientists describe their research. It’s unclear what language the email is referring to, but, among other things, President Trump’s budget proposes $50 million in cuts to the EPA’s Air, Climate and Energy program and rebranding it to remove the word “climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the NSF, it remains unclear whether there is a real threat to research branded “climate”. Even scientists who said they have avoided the term “climate change” in grant proposals say they haven’t seen evidence of direct political meddling in the NSF process for determining who wins funding. That is echoed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/staff/mitch-ambrose\">Mitch Ambrose\u003c/a>, a policy analyst for the American Institute of Physics. “I haven’t seen any evidence that the Trump administration has issued any specific guidance to NSF,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”bUJYroGTwP5MS8A6IW93BeE5oghA6vH5″]Spokespeople for the House Science and Technology Committee, which oversees the NSF, and the White House Office of Science and Technology did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Words matter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time scientists have resorted to euphemism to protect their research. Early studies of human sexuality referred to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/955170\">fertility-related behavior\u003c/a>.” Stem cell research was referred to by some Bush-era researchers as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/news/specials/cloning/faq_blanknav.html\">therapeutic cloning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The web of alternative language can be confusing to policymakers and frustrating for universities and other institutions that support science. Some are concerned that the language scientists use to describe climate change research may lead to similar problems. And, anecdotally, some scientists worry that political pressure may be driving young scientists away from climate studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people have shifted away from climate research altogether,” in recent years says \u003ca href=\"http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/mote/\">Philip Mote\u003c/a>, the director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University. The perception of censorship and fierce competition for funding could lead talented students to more lucrative fields such as software development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding the term “climate change” could also lead to a more fractured scientific community. Climate change research is an inherently interdisciplinary field and shared terminology allows people to collaborate, either through interagency groups or through university departments that reflect the larger trends in available funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we all have to go off in different directions to keep the science moving forward, we lose that community,” says Dietze. “We won’t gather and work together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all of that could translate into problems for average citizens. \u003ca href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/global/recordisplay.cfm?deid=322482\">Cities\u003c/a>, some of them already dealing with rising sea levels and more severe storms, rely on the federal government for information about climate change. Water resource managers and emergency officials look to federal climate programs for long-term data. And insurers are using climate change data to determine rates for homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest environmental challenge in human history,” says Mote. “Absent political winds, I don’t think researchers would avoid using the term ‘climate change’ to describe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Sarah McCammon contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Scientists+Watch+Their+Words%2C+Hoping+To+Stave+Off+Funding+Cuts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists appear to be self-censoring by omitting the term “climate change” in public grant summaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR analysis of grants awarded by the National Science Foundation found a steadily decreasing number with the phrase “climate change” in the title or summary, resulting in a sharp drop in the term’s use in 2017. At the same time, the use of alternative terms such as “extreme weather” appears to be rising slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The change in language appears to be driven in part by the Trump administration’s open hostility to the topic of climate change. Earlier this year, President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">pulled the U.S. out of the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, and the President’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4311386-Trump-2018-ProposedBudget-Appendix.html\">2018 budget proposal\u003c/a> singled out climate change research programs for elimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Environmental Protection Agency has been systematically removing references to climate change from its official website. Both the EPA’s leader, Scott Pruitt, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry have said they do not accept the scientific consensus that humans are causing the planet to get warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the scientific community, we’re very cautious people,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.depts.ttu.edu/politicalscience/Faculty/Hayhoe_Katharine.php\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a>, the director of the Climate Science Center at Texas Tech. “We tend to be quite averse to notoriety and conflict, so I absolutely have seen self-censorship among my colleagues. [They’ll say] ‘Well, maybe I shouldn’t say it that way, because whatever funding organization or politician or agency won’t appreciate it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NSF data appears to bear out the change in language. While the number of grants with the term “climate change” in the public summary has dropped, the number of grants with the terms “environmental change” or “extreme weather” has increased slightly. That suggests that, even if research topics remain the same, the words scientists use to describe them may change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-520x293.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1.png 1461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grants funded by the National Science Foundation have seen a drop in the use of the phrase “climate change” in public summaries. \u003ccite>(Source: National Science Foundation Credit: Katie Park and Rebecca Hersher/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Scientists I know are increasingly using terms like ‘global change’, ‘environmental change’, and ‘extreme weather’, rather than explicitly saying ‘climate change’,” \u003ca href=\"http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/researchers/8560\">Jonathan Thompson\u003c/a>, the senior ecologist at the Harvard Forest, wrote in an email to NPR. Thompson has been the lead investigator on multiple research projects funded by the NSF in recent years. “This seems to be born out of an abundance of caution to limit their exposure to any political landmines in what is already an extremely competitive process,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other climate researchers acknowledged that they had personally removed the term “climate change” from funding proposals or public summaries in the last year, or had advised graduate students who had done so. All were concerned that if they disclosed their names, it could negatively impact their future funding competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Internal pressure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation is widely regarded to be among the most independent bodies funding federal research, so it’s particularly notable when politics seeps into statements by agency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the head of the NSF geosciences directorate, William Easterling, fielded a question from a climate scientist about the language used to describe NSF priorities. “Let me just be perfectly honest, the appetite of NSF right now is doing as little as it needs to to, you know, poke the bear, and yet stand by our scientific principles,” Easterling said, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/new-nsf-geosciences-head-charts-course-turbulent-budget-climate\">report by the American Institute of Physics\u003c/a>, a trade group for physicists and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term climate change, Easterling noted, is “a polarizing icon, for better for worse — obviously for worse, from a scientist’s perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple scientists said Easterling’s comments were one reason they felt it prudent to avoid using the term “climate change” in grant proposals if they could. NSF spokesperson Aya Collins wrote in an email to NPR, “NSF takes no position on the language used by researchers to describe physical processes and outcomes if the merit review process judges the language to be appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a research project has been approved, some scientists say NSF program officers encourage scientists to avoid using the term “climate change” in the public title and description that gets published on the NSF website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone sees that as a problem, given the political environment. “Every interaction I’ve had with NSF program officers about using the words ‘climate change’ under the current administration is not anything I’d consider a negative form of censorship,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/earth/people/faculty/michael-dietze/\">Michael Dietze\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have staff [at NSF] who are genuinely trying to protect U.S. science and U.S. scientists in a hostile environment,” Dietze adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is evidence that other agencies are making similar decisions. Earlier this year, a project coordinator at a Department of Energy lab \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/us-energy-agency-asked-scientists-to-scrub-references-to-climate-change-1.22513\">emailed a researcher \u003c/a>at Northeastern University asking her to adjust the language a public abstract for research funded by the DOE. The email, which circulated widely among scientists on social media, read in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I have been asked to contact you to update the wording in your proposal abstract to remove words such as ‘global warming’ or ‘climate change’. This is being asked as we have to meet the President’s budget language restrictions and don’t want to make any changes without your knowledge or consent.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As the DOE email suggests, White House rhetoric can have immediate effects on how scientists describe their research. It’s unclear what language the email is referring to, but, among other things, President Trump’s budget proposes $50 million in cuts to the EPA’s Air, Climate and Energy program and rebranding it to remove the word “climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the NSF, it remains unclear whether there is a real threat to research branded “climate”. Even scientists who said they have avoided the term “climate change” in grant proposals say they haven’t seen evidence of direct political meddling in the NSF process for determining who wins funding. That is echoed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/staff/mitch-ambrose\">Mitch Ambrose\u003c/a>, a policy analyst for the American Institute of Physics. “I haven’t seen any evidence that the Trump administration has issued any specific guidance to NSF,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Spokespeople for the House Science and Technology Committee, which oversees the NSF, and the White House Office of Science and Technology did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Words matter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time scientists have resorted to euphemism to protect their research. Early studies of human sexuality referred to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/955170\">fertility-related behavior\u003c/a>.” Stem cell research was referred to by some Bush-era researchers as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/news/specials/cloning/faq_blanknav.html\">therapeutic cloning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The web of alternative language can be confusing to policymakers and frustrating for universities and other institutions that support science. Some are concerned that the language scientists use to describe climate change research may lead to similar problems. And, anecdotally, some scientists worry that political pressure may be driving young scientists away from climate studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people have shifted away from climate research altogether,” in recent years says \u003ca href=\"http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/mote/\">Philip Mote\u003c/a>, the director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University. The perception of censorship and fierce competition for funding could lead talented students to more lucrative fields such as software development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding the term “climate change” could also lead to a more fractured scientific community. Climate change research is an inherently interdisciplinary field and shared terminology allows people to collaborate, either through interagency groups or through university departments that reflect the larger trends in available funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we all have to go off in different directions to keep the science moving forward, we lose that community,” says Dietze. “We won’t gather and work together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all of that could translate into problems for average citizens. \u003ca href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/global/recordisplay.cfm?deid=322482\">Cities\u003c/a>, some of them already dealing with rising sea levels and more severe storms, rely on the federal government for information about climate change. Water resource managers and emergency officials look to federal climate programs for long-term data. And insurers are using climate change data to determine rates for homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest environmental challenge in human history,” says Mote. “Absent political winds, I don’t think researchers would avoid using the term ‘climate change’ to describe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Sarah McCammon contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Scientists+Watch+Their+Words%2C+Hoping+To+Stave+Off+Funding+Cuts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes",
"headTitle": "Breathing Fire: Californians’ Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the deadliest fires in California history swept through leafy neighborhoods in Santa Rosa, Kathleen Sarmento fled her home in the dark, drove to an evacuation center and began setting up a medical triage unit. Patients with burns and other severe injuries were dispatched to hospitals. She set about treating many people whose symptoms resulted from exposure to polluted air and heavy smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were coming in with headaches. I had one. My eyes were burning,” said Sarmento, the director of nursing at Santa Rosa Community Health, which provides health care for those who cannot afford it. But respiratory problems — coughs and shortness of breath — were among the biggest risks. “We made sure everyone had a mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the evacuees at the shelter that October night were elderly, some from nursing homes who needed oxygen 24/7. Sarmento scrambled to find regulators for oxygen tanks that were otherwise useless. It was a chaotic night — but what came to worry her most were the weeks and months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Xlg0O9oyLXkaXQvm4ibSW3KwbYbGKbmz”]“It looked like it was snowing for days,” Sarmento said of the falling ash. “People really need to take the smoke seriously. You’ve got cars exploding, tires burning. There has to be some long- term effect” on people’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Puget Sound to Disneyland and east over the Rockies, Americans have coughed and wheezed, rushed to emergency rooms and shut themselves indoors this year as pollution from wildfires darkened skies and rained soot across the landscape. Even to healthy people, it can make breathing a miserable, chest-heaving experience. To the elderly, the young and the frail, the pollution can be disabling or deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the nation has greatly improved air quality over the last 40 years through environmental regulations and technological improvements, the increasing frequency of large wildfires now undermines that progress, releasing copious pollutants that spread far and wide through the air and linger long after the fires are extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change, degraded ecosystems and the fickleness of the weather have been amplifying fires in forests, grasslands and neighborhoods throughout the West. Nine times more western forestland is burning in large fires each year on average now than 30 years ago, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calculations by two leading scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 6068px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6068\" height=\"4050\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colette Hatch has a lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily. Three weeks after the fires started, she still won’t open her windows and sleeps with an air purifier. “I still have a dry cough, a dry throat,” she says. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The blazes create smoke waves — pulses of pollution containing everything from charred plastic residue to soot to other small particles that lodge deep in the lungs. They can trigger short-term ailments, such as coughing; worsen chronic diseases, such as asthma; and lead to long-term damage, including cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the fires in Northern California’s wine country, which destroyed thousands of homes and killed 43 people, went well beyond the burn zone. The smoke choked the San Francisco Bay Area, home to 7 million people in nine counties, for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colette Hatch, 75, of Santa Rosa, who suffers from lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily, evacuated to her daughter’s home in Sunnyvale, in Silicon Valley, when the fires came. But even nearly 100 miles away, Hatch said she struggled to breathe, coughing so hard she couldn’t sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wafting beyond Oakland and Livermore in the East Bay, the smoke headed into California’s agricultural heartland, the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known collectively as the Central Valley, it stretches for hundreds of miles roughly north to south, bracketed by mountain ranges that trap some of the dirtiest air in America. Increasingly, wildfires like the ones in Northern California’s wine country funnel smoke into the chute, significantly raising the pollution levels in places as far away as Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917547\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Josh Bien ignites the forest floor during a prescribed burn in Sierra National Park. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate Central, a research and journalism nonprofit, examined air district data from California’s Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-undermining-air-pollution-progress-21753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The analysis\u003c/a> showed that while the number of heavily polluted days is falling overall each year on average — those days are occurring more frequently during the peak fire season. The researchers, who share their work with editorially independent journalists, say wildfire smoke is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors in the San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Bay Area showed levels spiked in October as the wine country fires sullied skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With large wildfires on the rise, smoke and the attendant breathing ailments seemed everywhere this year. In September, smoke from fires burning in California, the Pacific Northwest and Montana pushed as far east as Pennsylvania. Smoke triggered emergency declarations in Washington state and California. The Evergreen State was experiencing few fires of its own in July when it was hit by smoke waves that poured across the Canadian border. And smoke returned to much of the northwest in August and September as fires \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=waowf-000351&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke out in the Cascades\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=ormhf-000176&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Columbia Gorge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember waking up one morning and the sky was orangey-red and there was ash falling out of the sky,” said \u003ca href=\"http://deohs.washington.edu/faculty/hess_jeremy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeremy Hess\u003c/a>, a researcher and physician at the University of Washington in Seattle. “This summer was very busy for us in the emergency department and we were often over capacity. If it wasn’t the smoke, it was the heat,” Hess said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As World Warms, Environment and Health Suffer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blazes came after \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/01/bay-area-weather-scorching-temperatures-will-produce-hottest-days-in-a-decade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking late summer heat\u003c/a> dried out grass that had flourished following \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6861398-181/just-like-that-santa-rosa?gallery=6866230&artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking winter rains\u003c/a> — both forms of extreme weather that are worsened by global warming. In addition, a high pressure system over the Pacific fanned the flames by driving unusually hot and powerful seasonal winds into Northern California from the dry highlands of Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immediate precipitant may have been sparks from power lines, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/7567756-181/north-bay-fires-a-complex?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigations into the causes\u003c/a> are ongoing. But a changing climate helped fuel the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917529\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1917529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed by the effects of drought in the Sierra National Forest. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change was not the cause but it’s definitely an ingredient,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a climate and ecology researcher at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. And that means worse is to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams said there was a clear connection between the nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit overall increase in global temperature since the late 1800s and the severity of these and other fires. (Warming in the West has been outpacing the global average in recent decades because of natural cycles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire really responds strongly to even that small of a change of temperature,” said Williams, whose assessment of global warming’s role in the wine country fires is shared by other experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentally, the fires are a double whammy: They destroy trees that help to slow global warming by absorbing heat-trapping carbon dioxide as they grow. They also release carbon dioxide stored within, as well as black carbon that melts snow and ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715001796\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated in 2015 that large fires had helped turn \u003c/a>California’s forests and other lands into polluters, releasing more carbon to the atmosphere than they suck back in. The state’s wildlands released more heat-trapping pollution from 2001 through 2010 than Vermont’s entire economy. Rising temperatures aren’t the only cause — the forests are overloaded with fuel following more than a century of aggressive firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public attention has tended to focus on other health risks from climate change such as heat stroke in summer and the spread of mosquito-borne diseases northward, the effects of smoke pollution have been gaining more attention following dramatic and widespread wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoky air in San Francisco during the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Amy Graff/SFGate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most dangerous pollution from wildfires is fine soot — “really small particles that we know can get into the lungs,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado who researches climate change and human health. It’s known as PM2.5, meaning “particulate matter” that’s less than 2.5 microns wide, only visible using microscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can nestle into lung tissue and pass into the bloodstream, contributing to an array of health problems including infections and, potentially, heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms related to smoke waves may not be diagnosed right away, making it hard to recognize the role a fire may have played in an illness or death. Reid led an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/14-09277/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a year ago\u003c/a> based on hundreds of studies into fire pollution’s health effects. The clearest links shown in the studies were between PM2.5 and asthma and other breathing problems; links to heart disease were less conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from leading American universities\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27648592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> examined fire pollution \u003c/a>across the West, finding that two of every three counties in the region suffered at least one smoke wave from 2004 through 2009. When they correlated those findings with medical data, they found a 7 percent jump in breathing-related hospitalizations after smoke levels were most extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917531\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 6963px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6963\" height=\"4647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg 6963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6963px) 100vw, 6963px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants from the fire in the Coffey Park neighborhood of Santa Rosa, Calif., on Oct. 27, 2017. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An acute fire lasting, for example, days to weeks, may not show up as an immediate problem but as health problems that may occur over a time span of weeks or months,” said Loretta Mickley, a Harvard researcher who worked on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This Summer in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elva Hernandez, 51, has lived in the San Joaquin Valley most of her life. She’s suffered from asthma since she was 10. This summer she was stuck inside her house for several weeks as smoke waves suffocated her neighborhood in the small town of Kerman, Calif., near Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smell, all the dust, the smoke, the smog, everything, it’s just — you can’t breathe,” said Hernandez, a stay-at-home mom whose husband analyzes lab samples at a hospital. “You can’t live your life normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley is home to 4 million people, many of them poor. One in six children suffers from asthma. Poor people often are most affected by air pollution, partly because they tend to live in more drafty housing in more polluted neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enforcement of federal regulations dating to the Nixon administration has been reducing air pollution from fossil fuels and fertilizers in the valley, requiring cleaner engines for trucks and the replacement of outdated equipment on farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been seeing a lot of positive trends,” said Jon Klassen, manager of the air monitoring team at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. At the same time, “there’s a lot more emissions coming from these fires. They’re uncontrollable. They’re very difficult to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon.’\u003ccite>Russ Henly, California Natural Resources Agency\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Research looking at air pollution levels helps explain why people like Hernandez are suffering more during fire seasons. The Climate Central analysis of San Joaquin Valley air data showed that while the number of days each year on which levels of PM2.5 exceeded federal standards declined by about 45 percent overall from 2000 to 2016, they increased by almost a third during the peak summer fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley to the north, summer fire season pollution has been responsible for about 40 percent of the days when federal standards for PM2.5 pollution were exceeded in recent years. That’s up from less than a tenth of them earlier this century, the researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires also release toxic material and chemicals that react in the atmosphere to form ozone pollution, which can hang over neighborhoods as haze. Ozone irritates lungs and throats, triggers shortness of breath and aggravates diseases like bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez’s asthma doctor, Praveen Buddiga, who operates his own practice in nearby Fresno, treated patients with oxygen and medicine during September fires in the Sierra Nevada mountains, which straddle California and Nevada. He did so again following the wine country fires in October. For asthmatics, the onslaughts of fire pollution are “like pouring a little salt into the wounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buddiga suggests his patients limit their time outside, drive with windows rolled up and wear masks when smoke waves hit. Better yet, he advises them to leave the area if possible until the smoke clears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1150px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1150\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stands of trees killed by the 2013 Rim Fire in Stanislaus National Forest. \u003ccite>(Jason Steinberg/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But risks can be difficult to gauge for patients and experts who want to offer precautions. Scientists who sampled pollution from wildfires using a NASA jet \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JD026315/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in June\u003c/a> that fire pollution is being “significantly underestimated” by the federal government. While fleets of mobile air monitors are deployed near fires to help government agencies project the movement of smoke waves, the network of permanent monitors is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no real good way of communicating to people, ‘Hey, the wildfire smoke is really bad in these spots, and this is where you take precautions,’” said Rob Carlmark, a weathercaster with ABC10 in Sacramento whose audience stretches from Bay Area cities to Lake Tahoe at the Nevada border. Absent local smoke pollution data, he tells viewers, “The best smoke detector is your nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lighting Up to Protect Lungs — and the Planet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh Bien wore a heavy pack and held a hoe in one hand. Using the other, the firefighter dripped a burning mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline on the forest floor from a spouted canister. Saplings and beds of pine needles sizzled and burned around him in a national forest in the Sierra Nevada, an hour’s drive east of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like smoke from suburban fires in the San Francisco Bay Area, that from large wildfires in the forest of this 600-mile mountain range can travel into the Central Valley. A spate of large fires in August and September created heavy smoke that suffocated foothills towns and drove people like Elva Hernandez indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devastating forest fire seasons in recent years \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53771\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have prompted research\u003c/a> pointing to the need for more prescribed burns like this one. They’re set and managed by firefighters and foresters and guided by computer models that predict the spread of fires and their smoke. They’re aimed at removing highly flammable undergrowth and spare the mature trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk.’\u003ccite>Chris Field, ecology professor at Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You can either do it on your terms,” said Adam Hernandez, a prescribed fire and fuels management officer with the U.S. Forest Service, as gray smoke billowed around, “or you wait for that wildfire to come and it does it on its terms — and then you’re in a bad way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small fires used to burn regularly through the understories of the Sierra Nevada’s forests, started by lightning and native tribes. That changed after the Native Americans were forced from the mountain range, followed by more than a century of logging and aggressive firefighting. Those activities replaced stands of large, fire-resistant trees with thickets of smaller ones, building up fuel for enormous blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have some of these extreme wildfires, you’re creating more harmful emissions,” said Jonathan Long, an ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service. Extreme fires burn larger areas and their flames jump from forest floors to incinerate canopies, producing heavy black smoke and killing mature trees. “We think taking the medicine in small doses is a lot healthier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excessive undergrowth amplified the impact of California’s recent drought — there was too little water for so many trees. More than 100 million trees may have died across the Sierra Nevada in recent years. The dead trees can provide nesting cavities and their logs create important habitat for wildlife, but some scientists fear they may also intensify fires after they topple into desiccated piles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has been striking agreements with state agencies to use more prescribed burns and take other steps to better manage forests. In January, California \u003ca href=\"http://fire.ca.gov/fcat/downloads/California%20Forest%20Carbon%20Plan%20Draft%20for%20Public%20Review_Jan17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released an ambitious draft plan\u003c/a> to restore forests over the decades to come — through a focus on prescribed burns — with the goal of reducing pollution from wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon so that they’re storing more carbon than they’re releasing,” said Russ Henly, a California Natural Resources Agency official who helped draft the plan. By 2020, the plan seeks to double the amount of land treated using prescribed burns to 35,000 acres a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many local, state and federal agencies overseeing environmental rules and owning land in California, the state says coordination will be key. For example, the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District can prevent national parks and other landowners from conducting prescribed burns when pollution levels will be affected — which is most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of the growing danger of big blazes, the air district has become more accommodating of prescribed fires. Still, finding the money to pay for the work remains a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some members of Congress have pushed logging as a way to ease forest fires, though that approach could have the opposite effect: Trees valued by loggers tend to be the largest and most fire-resistant. Troublesome small trees and dead ones have little value other than as fuel for power plants, and even then they’re generally too expensive to gather. Low natural gas prices have been forcing the closure of biomass power plants, which are fueled with wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the money is found to improve forest management, climate change will likely limit the progress from improved forest management, said Christopher Field, an ecology professor at Stanford University. The fire season will continue to lengthen. Landscapes will continue to dry out. “The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field oversaw a survey dealing with Sierra Nevada forests completed by 75 academics, government officials and nonprofit and industry employees. While most agreed that prescribed burns and other approaches can lock carbon into the mountain’s ecosystems, they warned it will be difficult to overcome the losses from wildfires as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California doesn’t include carbon losses from forest fires when it tallies its progress toward reducing climate pollution. But amid the burning, logging and clearing of tropical forests from Indonesia to the Amazon and the Congo, destructive fires in the forestlands of a U.S. state that has some of the world’s most ambitious climate goals are contributing to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in the process, they are making people sick.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nThis story was produced through a partnership between \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> with support from the \u003ca href=\"https://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West \u003c/a>at Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Large wildfires are releasing pollution that’s undermining decades of progress in cleaning the air, sickening Americans.",
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"description": "Large wildfires are releasing pollution that’s undermining decades of progress in cleaning the air, sickening Americans.",
"title": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes | KQED",
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"headline": "Breathing Fire: Californians' Health Is a Casualty of Climate-Fueled Blazes",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/john-upton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Upton\u003c/a>, Climate Central\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/author/barbara-feder-ostrov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barbara Feder Ostrov\u003c/a>, California Healthline",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the deadliest fires in California history swept through leafy neighborhoods in Santa Rosa, Kathleen Sarmento fled her home in the dark, drove to an evacuation center and began setting up a medical triage unit. Patients with burns and other severe injuries were dispatched to hospitals. She set about treating many people whose symptoms resulted from exposure to polluted air and heavy smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were coming in with headaches. I had one. My eyes were burning,” said Sarmento, the director of nursing at Santa Rosa Community Health, which provides health care for those who cannot afford it. But respiratory problems — coughs and shortness of breath — were among the biggest risks. “We made sure everyone had a mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the evacuees at the shelter that October night were elderly, some from nursing homes who needed oxygen 24/7. Sarmento scrambled to find regulators for oxygen tanks that were otherwise useless. It was a chaotic night — but what came to worry her most were the weeks and months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It looked like it was snowing for days,” Sarmento said of the falling ash. “People really need to take the smoke seriously. You’ve got cars exploding, tires burning. There has to be some long- term effect” on people’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Puget Sound to Disneyland and east over the Rockies, Americans have coughed and wheezed, rushed to emergency rooms and shut themselves indoors this year as pollution from wildfires darkened skies and rained soot across the landscape. Even to healthy people, it can make breathing a miserable, chest-heaving experience. To the elderly, the young and the frail, the pollution can be disabling or deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the nation has greatly improved air quality over the last 40 years through environmental regulations and technological improvements, the increasing frequency of large wildfires now undermines that progress, releasing copious pollutants that spread far and wide through the air and linger long after the fires are extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change, degraded ecosystems and the fickleness of the weather have been amplifying fires in forests, grasslands and neighborhoods throughout the West. Nine times more western forestland is burning in large fires each year on average now than 30 years ago, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calculations by two leading scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 6068px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Colette-Hatch-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6068\" height=\"4050\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colette Hatch has a lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily. Three weeks after the fires started, she still won’t open her windows and sleeps with an air purifier. “I still have a dry cough, a dry throat,” she says. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The blazes create smoke waves — pulses of pollution containing everything from charred plastic residue to soot to other small particles that lodge deep in the lungs. They can trigger short-term ailments, such as coughing; worsen chronic diseases, such as asthma; and lead to long-term damage, including cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the fires in Northern California’s wine country, which destroyed thousands of homes and killed 43 people, went well beyond the burn zone. The smoke choked the San Francisco Bay Area, home to 7 million people in nine counties, for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colette Hatch, 75, of Santa Rosa, who suffers from lung disease and uses a nebulizer daily, evacuated to her daughter’s home in Sunnyvale, in Silicon Valley, when the fires came. But even nearly 100 miles away, Hatch said she struggled to breathe, coughing so hard she couldn’t sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wafting beyond Oakland and Livermore in the East Bay, the smoke headed into California’s agricultural heartland, the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known collectively as the Central Valley, it stretches for hundreds of miles roughly north to south, bracketed by mountain ranges that trap some of the dirtiest air in America. Increasingly, wildfires like the ones in Northern California’s wine country funnel smoke into the chute, significantly raising the pollution levels in places as far away as Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917547\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Prescribed-Burn.John-Upton-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Josh Bien ignites the forest floor during a prescribed burn in Sierra National Park. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate Central, a research and journalism nonprofit, examined air district data from California’s Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-undermining-air-pollution-progress-21753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The analysis\u003c/a> showed that while the number of heavily polluted days is falling overall each year on average — those days are occurring more frequently during the peak fire season. The researchers, who share their work with editorially independent journalists, say wildfire smoke is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors in the San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Bay Area showed levels spiked in October as the wine country fires sullied skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With large wildfires on the rise, smoke and the attendant breathing ailments seemed everywhere this year. In September, smoke from fires burning in California, the Pacific Northwest and Montana pushed as far east as Pennsylvania. Smoke triggered emergency declarations in Washington state and California. The Evergreen State was experiencing few fires of its own in July when it was hit by smoke waves that poured across the Canadian border. And smoke returned to much of the northwest in August and September as fires \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=waowf-000351&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke out in the Cascades\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://vis.ecowest.org/interactive/wildfires.php#year=2017&firekey=ormhf-000176&f=all&h=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Columbia Gorge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember waking up one morning and the sky was orangey-red and there was ash falling out of the sky,” said \u003ca href=\"http://deohs.washington.edu/faculty/hess_jeremy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeremy Hess\u003c/a>, a researcher and physician at the University of Washington in Seattle. “This summer was very busy for us in the emergency department and we were often over capacity. If it wasn’t the smoke, it was the heat,” Hess said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As World Warms, Environment and Health Suffer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blazes came after \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/01/bay-area-weather-scorching-temperatures-will-produce-hottest-days-in-a-decade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking late summer heat\u003c/a> dried out grass that had flourished following \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/6861398-181/just-like-that-santa-rosa?gallery=6866230&artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking winter rains\u003c/a> — both forms of extreme weather that are worsened by global warming. In addition, a high pressure system over the Pacific fanned the flames by driving unusually hot and powerful seasonal winds into Northern California from the dry highlands of Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immediate precipitant may have been sparks from power lines, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/7567756-181/north-bay-fires-a-complex?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigations into the causes\u003c/a> are ongoing. But a changing climate helped fuel the blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917529\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 451px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1917529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"451\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/Trees-killed-by-drought.John-Upton-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trees killed by the effects of drought in the Sierra National Forest. \u003ccite>(John Upton/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change was not the cause but it’s definitely an ingredient,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a climate and ecology researcher at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. And that means worse is to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams said there was a clear connection between the nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit overall increase in global temperature since the late 1800s and the severity of these and other fires. (Warming in the West has been outpacing the global average in recent decades because of natural cycles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fire really responds strongly to even that small of a change of temperature,” said Williams, whose assessment of global warming’s role in the wine country fires is shared by other experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentally, the fires are a double whammy: They destroy trees that help to slow global warming by absorbing heat-trapping carbon dioxide as they grow. They also release carbon dioxide stored within, as well as black carbon that melts snow and ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715001796\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicated in 2015 that large fires had helped turn \u003c/a>California’s forests and other lands into polluters, releasing more carbon to the atmosphere than they suck back in. The state’s wildlands released more heat-trapping pollution from 2001 through 2010 than Vermont’s entire economy. Rising temperatures aren’t the only cause — the forests are overloaded with fuel following more than a century of aggressive firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public attention has tended to focus on other health risks from climate change such as heat stroke in summer and the spread of mosquito-borne diseases northward, the effects of smoke pollution have been gaining more attention following dramatic and widespread wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/San-Fran-in-Smoke.Amy-Graff-SFGATE-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoky air in San Francisco during the North Bay fires. \u003ccite>(Amy Graff/SFGate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The most dangerous pollution from wildfires is fine soot — “really small particles that we know can get into the lungs,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado who researches climate change and human health. It’s known as PM2.5, meaning “particulate matter” that’s less than 2.5 microns wide, only visible using microscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can nestle into lung tissue and pass into the bloodstream, contributing to an array of health problems including infections and, potentially, heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms related to smoke waves may not be diagnosed right away, making it hard to recognize the role a fire may have played in an illness or death. Reid led an analysis \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/14-09277/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a year ago\u003c/a> based on hundreds of studies into fire pollution’s health effects. The clearest links shown in the studies were between PM2.5 and asthma and other breathing problems; links to heart disease were less conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from leading American universities\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27648592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> examined fire pollution \u003c/a>across the West, finding that two of every three counties in the region suffered at least one smoke wave from 2004 through 2009. When they correlated those findings with medical data, they found a 7 percent jump in breathing-related hospitalizations after smoke levels were most extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917531\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 6963px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"6963\" height=\"4647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN.jpg 6963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/air-pollution-9.-Coffey-Park-neighborhood-of-Santa-Rosa.Heidi-de-Marco-KHN-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 6963px) 100vw, 6963px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants from the fire in the Coffey Park neighborhood of Santa Rosa, Calif., on Oct. 27, 2017. \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An acute fire lasting, for example, days to weeks, may not show up as an immediate problem but as health problems that may occur over a time span of weeks or months,” said Loretta Mickley, a Harvard researcher who worked on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This Summer in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elva Hernandez, 51, has lived in the San Joaquin Valley most of her life. She’s suffered from asthma since she was 10. This summer she was stuck inside her house for several weeks as smoke waves suffocated her neighborhood in the small town of Kerman, Calif., near Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smell, all the dust, the smoke, the smog, everything, it’s just — you can’t breathe,” said Hernandez, a stay-at-home mom whose husband analyzes lab samples at a hospital. “You can’t live your life normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley is home to 4 million people, many of them poor. One in six children suffers from asthma. Poor people often are most affected by air pollution, partly because they tend to live in more drafty housing in more polluted neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enforcement of federal regulations dating to the Nixon administration has been reducing air pollution from fossil fuels and fertilizers in the valley, requiring cleaner engines for trucks and the replacement of outdated equipment on farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been seeing a lot of positive trends,” said Jon Klassen, manager of the air monitoring team at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. At the same time, “there’s a lot more emissions coming from these fires. They’re uncontrollable. They’re very difficult to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon.’\u003ccite>Russ Henly, California Natural Resources Agency\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Research looking at air pollution levels helps explain why people like Hernandez are suffering more during fire seasons. The Climate Central analysis of San Joaquin Valley air data showed that while the number of days each year on which levels of PM2.5 exceeded federal standards declined by about 45 percent overall from 2000 to 2016, they increased by almost a third during the peak summer fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley to the north, summer fire season pollution has been responsible for about 40 percent of the days when federal standards for PM2.5 pollution were exceeded in recent years. That’s up from less than a tenth of them earlier this century, the researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires also release toxic material and chemicals that react in the atmosphere to form ozone pollution, which can hang over neighborhoods as haze. Ozone irritates lungs and throats, triggers shortness of breath and aggravates diseases like bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hernandez’s asthma doctor, Praveen Buddiga, who operates his own practice in nearby Fresno, treated patients with oxygen and medicine during September fires in the Sierra Nevada mountains, which straddle California and Nevada. He did so again following the wine country fires in October. For asthmatics, the onslaughts of fire pollution are “like pouring a little salt into the wounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buddiga suggests his patients limit their time outside, drive with windows rolled up and wear masks when smoke waves hit. Better yet, he advises them to leave the area if possible until the smoke clears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1150px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1150\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg.jpg 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/2016.07.11-Stanislaus-National-Forrest-still-photography-014.Jason-Steinberg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1150px) 100vw, 1150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stands of trees killed by the 2013 Rim Fire in Stanislaus National Forest. \u003ccite>(Jason Steinberg/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But risks can be difficult to gauge for patients and experts who want to offer precautions. Scientists who sampled pollution from wildfires using a NASA jet \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JD026315/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported in June\u003c/a> that fire pollution is being “significantly underestimated” by the federal government. While fleets of mobile air monitors are deployed near fires to help government agencies project the movement of smoke waves, the network of permanent monitors is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no real good way of communicating to people, ‘Hey, the wildfire smoke is really bad in these spots, and this is where you take precautions,’” said Rob Carlmark, a weathercaster with ABC10 in Sacramento whose audience stretches from Bay Area cities to Lake Tahoe at the Nevada border. Absent local smoke pollution data, he tells viewers, “The best smoke detector is your nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lighting Up to Protect Lungs — and the Planet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh Bien wore a heavy pack and held a hoe in one hand. Using the other, the firefighter dripped a burning mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline on the forest floor from a spouted canister. Saplings and beds of pine needles sizzled and burned around him in a national forest in the Sierra Nevada, an hour’s drive east of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like smoke from suburban fires in the San Francisco Bay Area, that from large wildfires in the forest of this 600-mile mountain range can travel into the Central Valley. A spate of large fires in August and September created heavy smoke that suffocated foothills towns and drove people like Elva Hernandez indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devastating forest fire seasons in recent years \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/53771\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have prompted research\u003c/a> pointing to the need for more prescribed burns like this one. They’re set and managed by firefighters and foresters and guided by computer models that predict the spread of fires and their smoke. They’re aimed at removing highly flammable undergrowth and spare the mature trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk.’\u003ccite>Chris Field, ecology professor at Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You can either do it on your terms,” said Adam Hernandez, a prescribed fire and fuels management officer with the U.S. Forest Service, as gray smoke billowed around, “or you wait for that wildfire to come and it does it on its terms — and then you’re in a bad way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small fires used to burn regularly through the understories of the Sierra Nevada’s forests, started by lightning and native tribes. That changed after the Native Americans were forced from the mountain range, followed by more than a century of logging and aggressive firefighting. Those activities replaced stands of large, fire-resistant trees with thickets of smaller ones, building up fuel for enormous blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have some of these extreme wildfires, you’re creating more harmful emissions,” said Jonathan Long, an ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service. Extreme fires burn larger areas and their flames jump from forest floors to incinerate canopies, producing heavy black smoke and killing mature trees. “We think taking the medicine in small doses is a lot healthier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excessive undergrowth amplified the impact of California’s recent drought — there was too little water for so many trees. More than 100 million trees may have died across the Sierra Nevada in recent years. The dead trees can provide nesting cavities and their logs create important habitat for wildlife, but some scientists fear they may also intensify fires after they topple into desiccated piles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has been striking agreements with state agencies to use more prescribed burns and take other steps to better manage forests. In January, California \u003ca href=\"http://fire.ca.gov/fcat/downloads/California%20Forest%20Carbon%20Plan%20Draft%20for%20Public%20Review_Jan17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released an ambitious draft plan\u003c/a> to restore forests over the decades to come — through a focus on prescribed burns — with the goal of reducing pollution from wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to ensure that we have healthy, resilient forests that are net sinks of carbon so that they’re storing more carbon than they’re releasing,” said Russ Henly, a California Natural Resources Agency official who helped draft the plan. By 2020, the plan seeks to double the amount of land treated using prescribed burns to 35,000 acres a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many local, state and federal agencies overseeing environmental rules and owning land in California, the state says coordination will be key. For example, the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District can prevent national parks and other landowners from conducting prescribed burns when pollution levels will be affected — which is most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of the growing danger of big blazes, the air district has become more accommodating of prescribed fires. Still, finding the money to pay for the work remains a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some members of Congress have pushed logging as a way to ease forest fires, though that approach could have the opposite effect: Trees valued by loggers tend to be the largest and most fire-resistant. Troublesome small trees and dead ones have little value other than as fuel for power plants, and even then they’re generally too expensive to gather. Low natural gas prices have been forcing the closure of biomass power plants, which are fueled with wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the money is found to improve forest management, climate change will likely limit the progress from improved forest management, said Christopher Field, an ecology professor at Stanford University. The fire season will continue to lengthen. Landscapes will continue to dry out. “The challenge we still face is how to get out of decades of managing forests in ways that increase, rather than decrease, fire risk,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Field oversaw a survey dealing with Sierra Nevada forests completed by 75 academics, government officials and nonprofit and industry employees. While most agreed that prescribed burns and other approaches can lock carbon into the mountain’s ecosystems, they warned it will be difficult to overcome the losses from wildfires as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California doesn’t include carbon losses from forest fires when it tallies its progress toward reducing climate pollution. But amid the burning, logging and clearing of tropical forests from Indonesia to the Amazon and the Congo, destructive fires in the forestlands of a U.S. state that has some of the world’s most ambitious climate goals are contributing to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in the process, they are making people sick.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nThis story was produced through a partnership between \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> with support from the \u003ca href=\"https://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West \u003c/a>at Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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