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"title": "California's Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion",
"headTitle": "California’s Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Disruption in the electricity market is afoot as more California neighborhoods move away from big companies to locally owned power providers. This model, known as Community Choice Aggregation, appeals to customers interested in cleaner, more affordable power, and the break up of utility monopolies.[contextly_sidebar id=”XAyuBuZ6v0uUS1C2BKO5IniYyxoQVnQ6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A CCA trade group estimates that by 2020 more than half of California’s residents will be served by a CCA. Currently, \u003ca href=\"https://cal-cca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there are 13 active CCAs\u003c/a> in the state. More than 80 California cities are in the process of considering, or forming, a CCA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Local, green electricity-on-the-cheap faces its own battles, however. Skeptics worry CCAs do little to nothing to reduce overall green-house gas emissions. Some caution CCAs may be stifling investment in clean power infrastructure by taking customers away from traditional utilities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A state law passed in 2002 allowed the formation of these locally-owned agencies. In the North Bay, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Clean Energy \u003c/a>was the first CCA to purchase electricity on behalf of its residents.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\nSome traditional investor-owned utilities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">such as Pacific Gas and Electric Co., have put a positive spin on the movement, painting a rosy picture of a collaborative synergy with CCAs, rather than a threat to their business model.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We respect the energy choices that are available to customers and we will continue to cooperate with local governments as they develop these CCA programs,” says Paul Doherty, spokesperson at PG&E, which serves central and northern California.[contextly_sidebar id=”IKllBgL1cc4hgXuqKuyfXW7uLglVnZew”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the setup, PG&E \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">provides billing, transmission, and distribution services for CCA customers. The only thing a CCA does is select its energy portfolio and then sell energy to customers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We view [PG&E]\u003cem>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>as a partner,” says Annie Henderson, the spokesperson at \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Community Energy\u003c/a>, which is rolling out services in June for Alameda County and eleven of its cities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But California energy analysts say those talking points belie a more complicated, if not delicate, relationship. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>The Cost of Escape\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Utilities are not willing to let their customers go without a fight. \u003c/span>PG&E and other traditional utilities are engaged in a contentious dispute with CCAs over “exit fees.” These fees are the cost utilities want to recoup each month from CCA customers for power projects they invested on behalf of those customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind Turbines line the hillsides outside Bakersfield, California. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The assumption was that those customers would stay in our service territory, and that we would need to serve them,” PG&E Senior Vice President Steven Malnight\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rtoinsider.com/community-choice-aggregator-cca-48422/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> told state senators last year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> during a hearing on the matter. “Today, we know that reality is significantly different.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April, PG&E and two other energy companies \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20170425_pge_and_other_california_energy_companies_propose_reforms_to_support_the_states_clean_energy_goals_protect_customer_choice_and_ensure_customer_equality_\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">submitted a joint filing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the California Public Utilities Commission proposing a new mechanism for calculating the fee, known as the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment, that would serve to raise the cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CPUC is currently overseeing the issue in a series of hearings and is expected \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M211/K795/211795024.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to submit\u003c/a> a ruling in July.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has already\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegoenergydistrict.org/fair-exit-fees.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> raised this fee\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at least twice, including in 2015, when the fees jumped between 44 – 127\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>percent, depending on the locale. (In 2015 the fee for an average CCA customer \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2015/12/22/pge-nearly-doubles-fee-for-those-who-leave-for-clean-energy-programs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jumped to about $13 from $6.70\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CCAs and other community advocates \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PCIA/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have strongly come out\u003c/a> against the proposal arguing that it threatens to make CCAs less affordable.[contextly_sidebar id=”JpRa9fEWPmAEEPOZLUPPjSOF8pxK0MVk”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, What is Fair?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>However, allowing CCA customers to walk away from investments made on their behalf risks disproportionately punishing remaining utility customers, says Severin Borenstein, energy policy expert at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has argued, and I think there is something to this and so does the PUC, that this [exit] fee was set too low,” says Borenstein. When customers depart the CCA should pay for their share of contracts, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And CCAs have completely rejected that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923407\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923407 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Diego harbor glows under the night sky. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But community advocates say customers shouldn’t be on the hook for risky business choices made by shareholder-owned companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may be called public utilities but it’s a misnomer because they operate for profit and not for the benefit of the public,” says April Rose Maurath Sommer, whose nonprofit Protect Our Communities Foundation, provided testimony at a recent PUC hearing.[contextly_sidebar id=”iPTDjaiBleBB5dv7W9dvhA6QQHuWDN44″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She says that shareholders should bare the burden of poor management decisions. Those decisions include over-procuring electricity which has led to a costly power glut in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Much Power\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A 2017\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-electricity-capacity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> report by the Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that state regulators continued approving the opening of new power plants even as electricity consumption in the state decreased. As a result, these power plants will produce at least 21 percent more electricity than California needs by 2020, according to the LA Times.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that hasn’t translated to lower costs for residents, who pay among the highest rates in the nation. While electricity consumption in California has decreased by 2.6 percent since 2008, the LA Times says that customers are still paying $6.8 billion more for power than they did then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customers are paying nearly double the amount of what the rest of the country pays in order to cover the costs of these power plants. And that’s likely to continue for the near future. Customers will contribute “many billions of dollars” because regulators approved higher rates to compensate utilities for reckless investments, according to the LA Times.[contextly_sidebar id=”CkKsUGfXgGt6jkypUYwJ4xgTfS9NYzY4″]\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E in particular fought hard in 2010 to secure approval for the Colusa power plant, an investment that will cost its customers more than $700 million over the plant’s lifespan. The plant has operated “far below capacity” since launching, reports the LA Times.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same 2017 hearing in Sacramento, comments made by regulators suggest that the California Public Utilities Commission is not equipped to deal with these challenges.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We are being deregulated from the bottom up, and there is no real plan as to how it fits together,” CPUC president Michael Picker told lawmakers. “I am looking to you for direction.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CPUC report issued on Thursday explored the recent developments in the energy market and attempts to outline the main challenges. The aim of the report is to “jumpstart a conversation” and to provide guidance for policymakers, according to the accompanying press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan,” a statement issued by CPUC President Michael Picker warns. “If California policy makers are not careful, we could drift slowly back into another predicament like the energy crisis of 2001.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs, however, take issue with the report’s characterizations of the changing energy landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highly regulated locally controlled CCAs were designed to help correct the problems from the energy crisis and they are performing as intended – delivering reliable, affordable and clean energy to local customers, while exceeding the state’s GHG goals,” said Beth Vaughan, the executive director of CalCCA, a trade association that represents the interests of CCAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Green Comparisons\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Along with affordability, many customers enrolling in community choice programs are expecting a different, greener type of energy than what the incumbent utilities have offered.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But experts say so far the actual numbers don’t reflect a significant difference.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923410\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Gas & Electric repair truck parked on a San Francisco street. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20180220_pge_clean_energy_deliveries_already_meet_future_goals\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> obtains nearly\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 80 percent of its electricity from carbon free resources while 33 percent comes from renewable sources. By comparison, homes covered by EBCE will be powered by 85 percent carbon-free power and at least 38 percent renewable energy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Commercial customers in Albany and Hayward will be powered by 100 percent carbon-free power at the same rate as PG&E.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think in general the difference isn’t all that huge,” says Borenstein. “PG&E is offering an extremely green portfolio.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Musical Chairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, questions remain over where CCAs are procuring their energy from and whether their entry into the market will help reduce overall greenhouse emissions.[contextly_sidebar id=”EA3qE4w9ywR6M9xJMceykln1EFSta4r4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CCAs are simply obtaining electricity from the existing grid rather than generating new energy, then that purchase has not actually increased the total amount of green power. According to Borenstein, it’s simply “reshuffling” what’s already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs have been under a lot of pressure to ensure that the electricity they provide is actually creating cleaner power, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Merely buying renewable energy doesn’t necessarily mean that the purchase is increasing the total amount of renewable energy on the grid, or decreasing greenhouse gases,” says Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs would need to invest in the requisite infrastructure allowing them to produce renewable energy. But critics say that CCAs don’t have the financial standing needed to invest in such projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, none of the CCAs have a credit rating and the first rule of business is ‘credit is fundamental to doing business,’” Jan Smutny-Jones, CEO of the Independent Energy Producers Association, told industry publication Utility Dive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Borenstein says that CCAs have increasingly become more sensitive to this. “At first they were doing things that customers would have found disappointing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear where EBCE will be purchasing its electricity from. According to their website, “The power portfolio is currently under development, but the intent is to purchase as much electricity as possible from sources located in California at prices that remain competitive with PG&E. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some however, the challenges CCAs may stumble on as they get off the ground are worth the trade-off if it means breaking a monopoly.[contextly_sidebar id=”FrYrE5SsTJYjYdBcAVi1K5ULnTKkffCH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With community choice aggregation, now people can choose between locally controlled retail energy or Pacific Gas and Electric,” says James Sweeney, management science and engineering professor at Stanford University. “So the first step is about local control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the challenges CCAs may face as they get off the ground, Borenstein says that opening up California’s electricity market to retail competition is likely to benefit the average Californians in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Disruption in the electricity market is afoot as more California neighborhoods move away from big companies to locally owned power providers. This model, known as Community Choice Aggregation, appeals to customers interested in cleaner, more affordable power, and the break up of utility monopolies.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A CCA trade group estimates that by 2020 more than half of California’s residents will be served by a CCA. Currently, \u003ca href=\"https://cal-cca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there are 13 active CCAs\u003c/a> in the state. More than 80 California cities are in the process of considering, or forming, a CCA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Local, green electricity-on-the-cheap faces its own battles, however. Skeptics worry CCAs do little to nothing to reduce overall green-house gas emissions. Some caution CCAs may be stifling investment in clean power infrastructure by taking customers away from traditional utilities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A state law passed in 2002 allowed the formation of these locally-owned agencies. In the North Bay, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Clean Energy \u003c/a>was the first CCA to purchase electricity on behalf of its residents.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\nSome traditional investor-owned utilities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">such as Pacific Gas and Electric Co., have put a positive spin on the movement, painting a rosy picture of a collaborative synergy with CCAs, rather than a threat to their business model.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We respect the energy choices that are available to customers and we will continue to cooperate with local governments as they develop these CCA programs,” says Paul Doherty, spokesperson at PG&E, which serves central and northern California.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the setup, PG&E \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">provides billing, transmission, and distribution services for CCA customers. The only thing a CCA does is select its energy portfolio and then sell energy to customers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We view [PG&E]\u003cem>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>as a partner,” says Annie Henderson, the spokesperson at \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Community Energy\u003c/a>, which is rolling out services in June for Alameda County and eleven of its cities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But California energy analysts say those talking points belie a more complicated, if not delicate, relationship. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>The Cost of Escape\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Utilities are not willing to let their customers go without a fight. \u003c/span>PG&E and other traditional utilities are engaged in a contentious dispute with CCAs over “exit fees.” These fees are the cost utilities want to recoup each month from CCA customers for power projects they invested on behalf of those customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind Turbines line the hillsides outside Bakersfield, California. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The assumption was that those customers would stay in our service territory, and that we would need to serve them,” PG&E Senior Vice President Steven Malnight\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rtoinsider.com/community-choice-aggregator-cca-48422/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> told state senators last year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> during a hearing on the matter. “Today, we know that reality is significantly different.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April, PG&E and two other energy companies \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20170425_pge_and_other_california_energy_companies_propose_reforms_to_support_the_states_clean_energy_goals_protect_customer_choice_and_ensure_customer_equality_\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">submitted a joint filing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the California Public Utilities Commission proposing a new mechanism for calculating the fee, known as the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment, that would serve to raise the cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CPUC is currently overseeing the issue in a series of hearings and is expected \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M211/K795/211795024.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to submit\u003c/a> a ruling in July.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has already\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegoenergydistrict.org/fair-exit-fees.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> raised this fee\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at least twice, including in 2015, when the fees jumped between 44 – 127\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>percent, depending on the locale. (In 2015 the fee for an average CCA customer \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2015/12/22/pge-nearly-doubles-fee-for-those-who-leave-for-clean-energy-programs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jumped to about $13 from $6.70\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CCAs and other community advocates \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PCIA/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have strongly come out\u003c/a> against the proposal arguing that it threatens to make CCAs less affordable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, What is Fair?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>However, allowing CCA customers to walk away from investments made on their behalf risks disproportionately punishing remaining utility customers, says Severin Borenstein, energy policy expert at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has argued, and I think there is something to this and so does the PUC, that this [exit] fee was set too low,” says Borenstein. When customers depart the CCA should pay for their share of contracts, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And CCAs have completely rejected that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923407\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923407 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Diego harbor glows under the night sky. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But community advocates say customers shouldn’t be on the hook for risky business choices made by shareholder-owned companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may be called public utilities but it’s a misnomer because they operate for profit and not for the benefit of the public,” says April Rose Maurath Sommer, whose nonprofit Protect Our Communities Foundation, provided testimony at a recent PUC hearing.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She says that shareholders should bare the burden of poor management decisions. Those decisions include over-procuring electricity which has led to a costly power glut in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Much Power\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A 2017\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-electricity-capacity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> report by the Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that state regulators continued approving the opening of new power plants even as electricity consumption in the state decreased. As a result, these power plants will produce at least 21 percent more electricity than California needs by 2020, according to the LA Times.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that hasn’t translated to lower costs for residents, who pay among the highest rates in the nation. While electricity consumption in California has decreased by 2.6 percent since 2008, the LA Times says that customers are still paying $6.8 billion more for power than they did then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customers are paying nearly double the amount of what the rest of the country pays in order to cover the costs of these power plants. And that’s likely to continue for the near future. Customers will contribute “many billions of dollars” because regulators approved higher rates to compensate utilities for reckless investments, according to the LA Times.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E in particular fought hard in 2010 to secure approval for the Colusa power plant, an investment that will cost its customers more than $700 million over the plant’s lifespan. The plant has operated “far below capacity” since launching, reports the LA Times.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same 2017 hearing in Sacramento, comments made by regulators suggest that the California Public Utilities Commission is not equipped to deal with these challenges.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We are being deregulated from the bottom up, and there is no real plan as to how it fits together,” CPUC president Michael Picker told lawmakers. “I am looking to you for direction.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CPUC report issued on Thursday explored the recent developments in the energy market and attempts to outline the main challenges. The aim of the report is to “jumpstart a conversation” and to provide guidance for policymakers, according to the accompanying press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan,” a statement issued by CPUC President Michael Picker warns. “If California policy makers are not careful, we could drift slowly back into another predicament like the energy crisis of 2001.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs, however, take issue with the report’s characterizations of the changing energy landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highly regulated locally controlled CCAs were designed to help correct the problems from the energy crisis and they are performing as intended – delivering reliable, affordable and clean energy to local customers, while exceeding the state’s GHG goals,” said Beth Vaughan, the executive director of CalCCA, a trade association that represents the interests of CCAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Green Comparisons\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Along with affordability, many customers enrolling in community choice programs are expecting a different, greener type of energy than what the incumbent utilities have offered.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But experts say so far the actual numbers don’t reflect a significant difference.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923410\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Gas & Electric repair truck parked on a San Francisco street. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20180220_pge_clean_energy_deliveries_already_meet_future_goals\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> obtains nearly\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 80 percent of its electricity from carbon free resources while 33 percent comes from renewable sources. By comparison, homes covered by EBCE will be powered by 85 percent carbon-free power and at least 38 percent renewable energy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Commercial customers in Albany and Hayward will be powered by 100 percent carbon-free power at the same rate as PG&E.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think in general the difference isn’t all that huge,” says Borenstein. “PG&E is offering an extremely green portfolio.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Musical Chairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, questions remain over where CCAs are procuring their energy from and whether their entry into the market will help reduce overall greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CCAs are simply obtaining electricity from the existing grid rather than generating new energy, then that purchase has not actually increased the total amount of green power. According to Borenstein, it’s simply “reshuffling” what’s already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs have been under a lot of pressure to ensure that the electricity they provide is actually creating cleaner power, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Merely buying renewable energy doesn’t necessarily mean that the purchase is increasing the total amount of renewable energy on the grid, or decreasing greenhouse gases,” says Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs would need to invest in the requisite infrastructure allowing them to produce renewable energy. But critics say that CCAs don’t have the financial standing needed to invest in such projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, none of the CCAs have a credit rating and the first rule of business is ‘credit is fundamental to doing business,’” Jan Smutny-Jones, CEO of the Independent Energy Producers Association, told industry publication Utility Dive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Borenstein says that CCAs have increasingly become more sensitive to this. “At first they were doing things that customers would have found disappointing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear where EBCE will be purchasing its electricity from. According to their website, “The power portfolio is currently under development, but the intent is to purchase as much electricity as possible from sources located in California at prices that remain competitive with PG&E. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some however, the challenges CCAs may stumble on as they get off the ground are worth the trade-off if it means breaking a monopoly.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With community choice aggregation, now people can choose between locally controlled retail energy or Pacific Gas and Electric,” says James Sweeney, management science and engineering professor at Stanford University. “So the first step is about local control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the challenges CCAs may face as they get off the ground, Borenstein says that opening up California’s electricity market to retail competition is likely to benefit the average Californians in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Straw Wars! Bay Area Push to Ban Plastic Straws Picks Up Steam",
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"content": "\u003cp>Oakland is now the latest Bay Area city to consider a proposal to bar food vendors from serving plastic straws unless requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Councilmember Abel Guillen, who introduced the proposal in March, says the legislation is part of broader effort in the city to reduce environmental waste. In 2006, Oakland adopted a policy called the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/IDR/o/ZW/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zero Waste Strategic Plan,\u003c/a> which aims to dramatically reduce the city’s waste disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make further progress on our waste-reduction goals and shift our culture away from single-use products, my ordinance will focus on ‘by request only’ use and better enforcement of existing legislation,” said Guillen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.abelforoakland.com/abel_s_enews_reducing_waste_and_dumping_standing_up_for_immigrants_updates_on_housing_park_blvd_and_ballpark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is considering similar legislation that would go one step further by banning single-use plastic straws altogether. Meanwhile straw-upon-request ordinances are already in place in Alameda, Davis, Manhattan Beach and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Big Culprits’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Local environmental advocates say that anti-plastic straw ordinances would eliminate a key source of pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic straws and stirrers are big culprits in trashing San Francisco Bay and our oceans,” David Lewis, the executive director of Save the Bay, told the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864939/the-last-straw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> radio program, the Plastics Industry Association says that straws are not the problem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Straws have come under fire in some circles. But the issue with straws isn’t that they exist, it’s that they aren’t always being disposed of properly. No matter what straw is made of, it should not end up as litter. The real challenge is making it easier for everyone to better dispose of straws and single use products by enhancing our recycling technologies.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocate Nicole Kozlowski told Forum that the industry has been pointing the finger at consumers for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have surpassed the tipping point of how much plastic can be in the system and we can’t recycle our way out of this issue,” said Kozlowski, who is the co-leader of \u003ca href=\"https://www.surfrider.org/programs/rise-above-plastics\">Rise Above Plastics\u003c/a>, an initiative of the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are one of the top 10 items routinely found on beaches around the world, according to the nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Conservancy. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic litter is not biodegradable, it ends up breaking into small parts that release toxins into the oceans, threatening the habitat of 500 wildlife species,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> including 23 endange\u003c/a>red species in San Francisco Bay, the Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabirds for example can ingest as much as 8 percent of their body weight in plastic, which for humans “is equivalent to the average woman having the weight of two babies in her stomach,” said Denise Hardesty, senior research scientist at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Georgia environmental engineering professor Jenna Jambeck calculated that nearly 9 million tons end up in the world’s oceans and coastlines each year, as of 2010, according to her 2015 study in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For every pound of tuna we’re taking out of the ocean, we’re putting two pounds of plastic in the ocean,” said ocean scientist Sherry Lippiatt, California regional coordinator for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s marine debris \u003ca href=\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/\">program.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area cities are looking into reinterpreting current laws on the books to go after plastic rather than crafting new legislation from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz, for instance\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=64417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, expanded a 2007 ordinance\u003c/a> on food packaging to include straws, among other items. That went into effect in November of last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Difficult to Recycle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Because plastic is potentially recyclable, straws have traditionally been left out of the scope of these ordinances even though many waste-disposal sites don’t accept single-use plastic due to the high costs associated with processing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are especially difficult to recycle because their small size makes them difficult to sort, and they can clog up machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Emeryville and Albany have existing ordinances on waste reduction with similar wording to Santa Cruz, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-last-straws-several-east-bay-governments-aim-to-ban-the-plastic-foodware/Content?oid=7855804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Express.\u003c/a> On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/sites/default/files/Ch-5_A-11_PolystyreneFoamBan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayward’s\u003c/a> ordinances explicitly exclude straws from their definition of “disposable foodware” and are therefore exempt from the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area legislation targeting single-use plastic straws is part of a growing effort in the state to curtail their use. An Assembly bill introduced in January would enact a straw-upon-request policy at restaurants statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Oakland is now the latest Bay Area city to consider a proposal to bar food vendors from serving plastic straws unless requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Councilmember Abel Guillen, who introduced the proposal in March, says the legislation is part of broader effort in the city to reduce environmental waste. In 2006, Oakland adopted a policy called the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/IDR/o/ZW/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zero Waste Strategic Plan,\u003c/a> which aims to dramatically reduce the city’s waste disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make further progress on our waste-reduction goals and shift our culture away from single-use products, my ordinance will focus on ‘by request only’ use and better enforcement of existing legislation,” said Guillen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.abelforoakland.com/abel_s_enews_reducing_waste_and_dumping_standing_up_for_immigrants_updates_on_housing_park_blvd_and_ballpark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is considering similar legislation that would go one step further by banning single-use plastic straws altogether. Meanwhile straw-upon-request ordinances are already in place in Alameda, Davis, Manhattan Beach and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Big Culprits’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Local environmental advocates say that anti-plastic straw ordinances would eliminate a key source of pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic straws and stirrers are big culprits in trashing San Francisco Bay and our oceans,” David Lewis, the executive director of Save the Bay, told the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864939/the-last-straw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> radio program, the Plastics Industry Association says that straws are not the problem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Straws have come under fire in some circles. But the issue with straws isn’t that they exist, it’s that they aren’t always being disposed of properly. No matter what straw is made of, it should not end up as litter. The real challenge is making it easier for everyone to better dispose of straws and single use products by enhancing our recycling technologies.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocate Nicole Kozlowski told Forum that the industry has been pointing the finger at consumers for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have surpassed the tipping point of how much plastic can be in the system and we can’t recycle our way out of this issue,” said Kozlowski, who is the co-leader of \u003ca href=\"https://www.surfrider.org/programs/rise-above-plastics\">Rise Above Plastics\u003c/a>, an initiative of the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are one of the top 10 items routinely found on beaches around the world, according to the nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Conservancy. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic litter is not biodegradable, it ends up breaking into small parts that release toxins into the oceans, threatening the habitat of 500 wildlife species,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> including 23 endange\u003c/a>red species in San Francisco Bay, the Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabirds for example can ingest as much as 8 percent of their body weight in plastic, which for humans “is equivalent to the average woman having the weight of two babies in her stomach,” said Denise Hardesty, senior research scientist at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Georgia environmental engineering professor Jenna Jambeck calculated that nearly 9 million tons end up in the world’s oceans and coastlines each year, as of 2010, according to her 2015 study in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For every pound of tuna we’re taking out of the ocean, we’re putting two pounds of plastic in the ocean,” said ocean scientist Sherry Lippiatt, California regional coordinator for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s marine debris \u003ca href=\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/\">program.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area cities are looking into reinterpreting current laws on the books to go after plastic rather than crafting new legislation from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz, for instance\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=64417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, expanded a 2007 ordinance\u003c/a> on food packaging to include straws, among other items. That went into effect in November of last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Difficult to Recycle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Because plastic is potentially recyclable, straws have traditionally been left out of the scope of these ordinances even though many waste-disposal sites don’t accept single-use plastic due to the high costs associated with processing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are especially difficult to recycle because their small size makes them difficult to sort, and they can clog up machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Emeryville and Albany have existing ordinances on waste reduction with similar wording to Santa Cruz, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-last-straws-several-east-bay-governments-aim-to-ban-the-plastic-foodware/Content?oid=7855804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Express.\u003c/a> On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/sites/default/files/Ch-5_A-11_PolystyreneFoamBan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayward’s\u003c/a> ordinances explicitly exclude straws from their definition of “disposable foodware” and are therefore exempt from the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area legislation targeting single-use plastic straws is part of a growing effort in the state to curtail their use. An Assembly bill introduced in January would enact a straw-upon-request policy at restaurants statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Delta a Flash Point for Conflict as Climate Change Unfolds",
"headTitle": "California Delta a Flash Point for Conflict as Climate Change Unfolds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is vital to water supplies for 25 million people and 4 million acres of farmland. It is linked to the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay, which makes this water supply uniquely vulnerable to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet understanding sea level rise in the Delta is complicated. The largest estuary on the West Coast of the Americas, it consists of some 70 islands and more than 1,000 miles of levees. It is also fed by California’s two largest rivers, which drain the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of this complicates how sea level rise “propagates” through the Delta. It also increases the urgency of the need to understand how changing weather patterns caused by climate change will affect streamflow through the estuary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help with these questions, the Delta Stewardship Council, a state government agency, recently published a comprehensive new white paper on the issue: “\u003ca href=\"http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/docs/delta-plan/climate-change-and-delta-synthesis-public-draft-march-23-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Climate Change and the Delta: A Synthesis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.” To summarize the paper, Water Deeply interviewed Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the council.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923161\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ron Melcer is a a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, which has released a new white paper examining climate change impacts on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy Delta Stewardship Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is the purpose of this report? Is it a first?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ronald Melcer: We\u003c/span>’ve set out to do a series of synthesis papers that try and really distill the new science since 2013 related to various topics. We see climate change as a major one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t believe there’s been a synthesis of climate change specific to the Delta, though. So in that sense, this is new. It’s a more definitive look at climate change in the Delta than we’ve had before. We were really trying to set the stage for how we think about restoration in the Delta, and at the same time be as comprehensive as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is your sea level rise projection in this report?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Melcer: There is nearly a 70 percent chance that by 2100 we’re going to see 2.4ft of sea level rise at the Golden Gate Bridge. That’s with a low-emissions scenario, which is based on the Paris climate agreement. So if we were to do some significant work, it would take really relying on the best available technology, doing carbon sequestration and coupling that with a zero-emissions way of living. The way we operate on the planet would fundamentally change. It’s pretty optimistic to think that we’ll get there. But that’s what the Paris agreement calls for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The high emissions scenario is more akin to the trajectory that we’re on at this point. That\u003c/span>’s sort of a business as usual scenario. So if we don’t do anything, that’s where we’re headed. That shows 3.4ft of sea level rise by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Delta see the same magnitude of sea level rise as the Golden Gate?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: Depending on where you are, it will be less than these maximum numbers. But there are some interesting interactions that happen as land elevation changes and the forces of streamflow come in to meet with the tidal waters. That actually drives the water surface elevation up a little bit in localized areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Currently we’re working on engaging some technical expertise to do a climate vulnerability assessment within the Delta. This is a key question we would be looking to answer: What do water surface elevations look like within the Delta? We’ll be identifying assets and vulnerabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will water flows change through the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There is not universal agreement on the total amount of precipitation we would expect. But the big takeaways are that we expect to see higher streamflow due to rainfall in the winter across all the models. That ties back to atmospheric temperature, ocean temperature, warmer storms coming onboard. And on average, the peak of runoff would shift by one month earlier in the season.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What sort of management issues does this raise?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: T\u003c/span>he system is really predicated on a large snowpack that slowly feeds the reservoirs and river systems. So if we see shifts in runoff, that system starts to require changes in how we operate reservoirs. And that then has downstream impacts on our ability to provide for water supply and water quality management. There’s this cascading effect across all the functions that we rely on our reservoir systems for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the potential downstream effects?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: The Department of Water Resources has done some interesting modeling that shows the effects of just an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood flows. There’s also an expectation that the occurrence of atmospheric rivers will increase. So on average, we expect flood volumes to increase 60–80 percent on the San Joaquin River, and 10–20 percent on the Sacramento River. That has to do with elevations of the mountain ranges in those different basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These are significant increases in the amount of water that’s flowing across the landscape during a flood event. Whereas, historically we would see some of that contributing to snowpack and then being released slowly through the melting process later in the year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For some San Joaquin basin streams, we expect to see more than a 50 percent increase in 100-year flood events. That’s a massive increase in risk. We have an opportunity to start to figure out what that means, what our flood management infrastructure should look like, with some of the modeling work that\u003c/span>’s come out. We should be thinking about what we need on the landscape to pass that magnitude of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will salinity change in the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There are a couple of implications. An increase in water surface elevation increases the amount of salt water that makes its way into the Delta. We really focus on the implications for habitat, for fish species. That mixing point between freshwater and salt water is really important for the aquatic ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we are to continue to manage water quality in the Delta with reservoirs, it really is going to require increased reservoir releases to counter that influx of salinity. Some studies have shown that, with 1ft of sea level rise, it would require almost 500,000 acre-feet of additional Delta outflow, generally in the form of reservoir releases, to meet salinity requirements as they stand at this point.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: That sounds like a lot of additional pressure on the state’s water system.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: It starts to paint a picture where we\u003c/span>’re having difficulty meeting all of those objectives. The implications of increasing streamflow in winter and less runoff later in the year leave us with reservoirs that are not full, and then we’re unable to really use managed flows to deal with things like salinity intrusion in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We release flow at certain times of year to protect fish and their spawning activities. Supporting these fish becomes really difficult in these future scenarios where that flexibility continues to be reduced by dynamics of precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/04/27/california-delta-a-flash-point-for-conflict-as-climate-change-unfolds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sea level rise and changing streamflows are converging with uncertain results in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, explains what the future may hold.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is vital to water supplies for 25 million people and 4 million acres of farmland. It is linked to the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay, which makes this water supply uniquely vulnerable to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet understanding sea level rise in the Delta is complicated. The largest estuary on the West Coast of the Americas, it consists of some 70 islands and more than 1,000 miles of levees. It is also fed by California’s two largest rivers, which drain the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of this complicates how sea level rise “propagates” through the Delta. It also increases the urgency of the need to understand how changing weather patterns caused by climate change will affect streamflow through the estuary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help with these questions, the Delta Stewardship Council, a state government agency, recently published a comprehensive new white paper on the issue: “\u003ca href=\"http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/docs/delta-plan/climate-change-and-delta-synthesis-public-draft-march-23-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Climate Change and the Delta: A Synthesis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.” To summarize the paper, Water Deeply interviewed Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the council.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923161\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ron Melcer is a a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, which has released a new white paper examining climate change impacts on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy Delta Stewardship Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is the purpose of this report? Is it a first?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ronald Melcer: We\u003c/span>’ve set out to do a series of synthesis papers that try and really distill the new science since 2013 related to various topics. We see climate change as a major one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t believe there’s been a synthesis of climate change specific to the Delta, though. So in that sense, this is new. It’s a more definitive look at climate change in the Delta than we’ve had before. We were really trying to set the stage for how we think about restoration in the Delta, and at the same time be as comprehensive as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is your sea level rise projection in this report?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Melcer: There is nearly a 70 percent chance that by 2100 we’re going to see 2.4ft of sea level rise at the Golden Gate Bridge. That’s with a low-emissions scenario, which is based on the Paris climate agreement. So if we were to do some significant work, it would take really relying on the best available technology, doing carbon sequestration and coupling that with a zero-emissions way of living. The way we operate on the planet would fundamentally change. It’s pretty optimistic to think that we’ll get there. But that’s what the Paris agreement calls for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The high emissions scenario is more akin to the trajectory that we’re on at this point. That\u003c/span>’s sort of a business as usual scenario. So if we don’t do anything, that’s where we’re headed. That shows 3.4ft of sea level rise by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Delta see the same magnitude of sea level rise as the Golden Gate?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: Depending on where you are, it will be less than these maximum numbers. But there are some interesting interactions that happen as land elevation changes and the forces of streamflow come in to meet with the tidal waters. That actually drives the water surface elevation up a little bit in localized areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Currently we’re working on engaging some technical expertise to do a climate vulnerability assessment within the Delta. This is a key question we would be looking to answer: What do water surface elevations look like within the Delta? We’ll be identifying assets and vulnerabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will water flows change through the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There is not universal agreement on the total amount of precipitation we would expect. But the big takeaways are that we expect to see higher streamflow due to rainfall in the winter across all the models. That ties back to atmospheric temperature, ocean temperature, warmer storms coming onboard. And on average, the peak of runoff would shift by one month earlier in the season.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What sort of management issues does this raise?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: T\u003c/span>he system is really predicated on a large snowpack that slowly feeds the reservoirs and river systems. So if we see shifts in runoff, that system starts to require changes in how we operate reservoirs. And that then has downstream impacts on our ability to provide for water supply and water quality management. There’s this cascading effect across all the functions that we rely on our reservoir systems for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the potential downstream effects?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: The Department of Water Resources has done some interesting modeling that shows the effects of just an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood flows. There’s also an expectation that the occurrence of atmospheric rivers will increase. So on average, we expect flood volumes to increase 60–80 percent on the San Joaquin River, and 10–20 percent on the Sacramento River. That has to do with elevations of the mountain ranges in those different basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These are significant increases in the amount of water that’s flowing across the landscape during a flood event. Whereas, historically we would see some of that contributing to snowpack and then being released slowly through the melting process later in the year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For some San Joaquin basin streams, we expect to see more than a 50 percent increase in 100-year flood events. That’s a massive increase in risk. We have an opportunity to start to figure out what that means, what our flood management infrastructure should look like, with some of the modeling work that\u003c/span>’s come out. We should be thinking about what we need on the landscape to pass that magnitude of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will salinity change in the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There are a couple of implications. An increase in water surface elevation increases the amount of salt water that makes its way into the Delta. We really focus on the implications for habitat, for fish species. That mixing point between freshwater and salt water is really important for the aquatic ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we are to continue to manage water quality in the Delta with reservoirs, it really is going to require increased reservoir releases to counter that influx of salinity. Some studies have shown that, with 1ft of sea level rise, it would require almost 500,000 acre-feet of additional Delta outflow, generally in the form of reservoir releases, to meet salinity requirements as they stand at this point.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: That sounds like a lot of additional pressure on the state’s water system.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: It starts to paint a picture where we\u003c/span>’re having difficulty meeting all of those objectives. The implications of increasing streamflow in winter and less runoff later in the year leave us with reservoirs that are not full, and then we’re unable to really use managed flows to deal with things like salinity intrusion in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We release flow at certain times of year to protect fish and their spawning activities. Supporting these fish becomes really difficult in these future scenarios where that flexibility continues to be reduced by dynamics of precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/04/27/california-delta-a-flash-point-for-conflict-as-climate-change-unfolds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Chief Signs Proposal Limiting Use of Science in Policymaking",
"headTitle": "EPA Chief Signs Proposal Limiting Use of Science in Policymaking | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt has signed a proposed rule that would restrict the types of scientific studies regulators can use to determine the impact of pesticide and pollution exposure on human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt says the change would increase transparency in the agency’s decision-making by requiring all underlying data used in scientific studies to be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including former EPA administrators and scientists, say Pruitt’s move is designed to restrict the agency from citing peer-reviewed public-health studies that use patient medical records required to be kept confidential under patient privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> would be\u003c/a> “walking into a judicial minefield” if he tried to stop the E.P.A. from considering certain studies, says Richard J. Lazarus, a professor of environmental law at Harvard who spoke with the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embattled EPA administrator signed the proposed order at EPA headquarters Tuesday in an event that was livestreamed on the agency’s website but not open to press coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NYT, which obtained an advanced copy of the proposed regulation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports that \u003c/a>the public will have 30 days to offer comments on the measure before a final rule is issued.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt has signed a proposed rule that would restrict the types of scientific studies regulators can use to determine the impact of pesticide and pollution exposure on human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt says the change would increase transparency in the agency’s decision-making by requiring all underlying data used in scientific studies to be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including former EPA administrators and scientists, say Pruitt’s move is designed to restrict the agency from citing peer-reviewed public-health studies that use patient medical records required to be kept confidential under patient privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> would be\u003c/a> “walking into a judicial minefield” if he tried to stop the E.P.A. from considering certain studies, says Richard J. Lazarus, a professor of environmental law at Harvard who spoke with the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embattled EPA administrator signed the proposed order at EPA headquarters Tuesday in an event that was livestreamed on the agency’s website but not open to press coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NYT, which obtained an advanced copy of the proposed regulation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports that \u003c/a>the public will have 30 days to offer comments on the measure before a final rule is issued.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wilder Weather Swings in California's Future Could Spell Disaster",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you think California has seen some wild weather recently, fasten your seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eye-popping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from climate scientists at UCLA projects big increases in the frequency of extreme events at both ends of the wet-dry spectrum: big flood-inducing storms as well as droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings.’\u003ccite>Daniel Swain, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings,” says the normally restrained Daniel Swain, lead author on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at specific extreme events in California’s past and used a suite of climate models to project their frequency in the future. Those events included last year’s “whiplash” winter that drenched the state after a five-year drought, as well as the state’s driest year and the epic \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods of 1861-62\u003c/a>. That was the winter Gov. Leland Stanford attended his own inauguration by rowboat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a biblical flood,” says co-author Alex Hall, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a> at UCLA. “It was 40 days straight, practically, of rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922931\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of a storm sequence similar to that which caused the Great Flood of 1862. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall and Swain estimate that a similar event today could trigger a $1 trillion catastrophe. And they say it will happen again, perhaps sooner than scientists had previously reckoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/rzgxCYEM4NtELZKUVsCXq?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study, published today\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Nature Climate Change\u003c/em>, estimates that the Great Flood of 1862 was a once-in-200 year event at the time that it happened. Now, their projections indicate we can expect an event on that scale about every 50 years, and that it’s “more likely than not” we’ll see a recurrence sometime between now and 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we are prepared for that type of event,” says Hall, recalling the February 2017 storms that triggered widespread flooding throughout the state and mass evacuations along the Feather River after the nearly catastrophic failure of the spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at last year’s record-setting precipitation and projected that kind of whiplash winter will also be a more frequent feature of California’s hydrologic cycle, approximately doubling in frequency from its prior 25-year interval, a trend they say will be “noticeable” by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that these events happen,” says Hall. “They’re a natural feature of the climate system here in California — but, we expect them to become much more frequent in the future because of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for.’\u003ccite>Alex Hall, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The same goes for droughts, according to the UCLA study, which also looked at the state’s driest winter on record, 1976-77. Previously about a 100-year event, a single dry year of that severity would be expected to happen every 50 years, with greater frequency in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for,” says Hall, who admits to having a “pearl-clutch moment” when he first saw the data from his study. His preview of the then-unpublished work generated by far the most buzz at a recent symposium on extreme precipitation at \u003cspan class=\"st\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography \u003c/span>in La Jolla. But he says there may be a (somewhat tarnished) silver lining behind all of the dark clouds produced by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922933\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922933 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of single drought years equivalent to California’s driest on record, 1976-77. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If the planet comes together and eventually reduces or eliminated greenhouse gas emissions,” suggests Hall, “then we can avert some — not all — of the risk of these types of events occurring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to point out that the team used a pessimistic “business-as-usual” projection of future greenhouse gas emissions in their calculations — in other words, they assumed that emissions are not significantly reduced in years to come. Swain says they chose this over a more optimistic mid-range assumption partly because, it’s “still (unfortunately) the closest to the actual observed emissions trajectory,” and that their scenario would, “likely apply even under very optimistic future emissions trajectories, but the magnitude of the changes in frequency would be substantially less on a lower emissions path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other findings from the study were arresting as well. Among other things, the team projects a “sharpening” of California’s precipitation calendar, with more falling during the core winter months (November-February) and less during the spring and fall shoulder seasons. That has implications for runoff and water supply that will force a rethinking by water managers around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in general climate change is forcing us to confront the fact that we are not living in harmony with our environment,” says Hall.\u003cbr>\n“All climate change is doing is forcing us to confront that fact sooner, and this is an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1922981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you think California has seen some wild weather recently, fasten your seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eye-popping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from climate scientists at UCLA projects big increases in the frequency of extreme events at both ends of the wet-dry spectrum: big flood-inducing storms as well as droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings.’\u003ccite>Daniel Swain, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings,” says the normally restrained Daniel Swain, lead author on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at specific extreme events in California’s past and used a suite of climate models to project their frequency in the future. Those events included last year’s “whiplash” winter that drenched the state after a five-year drought, as well as the state’s driest year and the epic \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods of 1861-62\u003c/a>. That was the winter Gov. Leland Stanford attended his own inauguration by rowboat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a biblical flood,” says co-author Alex Hall, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a> at UCLA. “It was 40 days straight, practically, of rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922931\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of a storm sequence similar to that which caused the Great Flood of 1862. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall and Swain estimate that a similar event today could trigger a $1 trillion catastrophe. And they say it will happen again, perhaps sooner than scientists had previously reckoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/rzgxCYEM4NtELZKUVsCXq?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study, published today\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Nature Climate Change\u003c/em>, estimates that the Great Flood of 1862 was a once-in-200 year event at the time that it happened. Now, their projections indicate we can expect an event on that scale about every 50 years, and that it’s “more likely than not” we’ll see a recurrence sometime between now and 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we are prepared for that type of event,” says Hall, recalling the February 2017 storms that triggered widespread flooding throughout the state and mass evacuations along the Feather River after the nearly catastrophic failure of the spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at last year’s record-setting precipitation and projected that kind of whiplash winter will also be a more frequent feature of California’s hydrologic cycle, approximately doubling in frequency from its prior 25-year interval, a trend they say will be “noticeable” by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that these events happen,” says Hall. “They’re a natural feature of the climate system here in California — but, we expect them to become much more frequent in the future because of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for.’\u003ccite>Alex Hall, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The same goes for droughts, according to the UCLA study, which also looked at the state’s driest winter on record, 1976-77. Previously about a 100-year event, a single dry year of that severity would be expected to happen every 50 years, with greater frequency in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for,” says Hall, who admits to having a “pearl-clutch moment” when he first saw the data from his study. His preview of the then-unpublished work generated by far the most buzz at a recent symposium on extreme precipitation at \u003cspan class=\"st\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography \u003c/span>in La Jolla. But he says there may be a (somewhat tarnished) silver lining behind all of the dark clouds produced by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922933\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922933 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of single drought years equivalent to California’s driest on record, 1976-77. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If the planet comes together and eventually reduces or eliminated greenhouse gas emissions,” suggests Hall, “then we can avert some — not all — of the risk of these types of events occurring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to point out that the team used a pessimistic “business-as-usual” projection of future greenhouse gas emissions in their calculations — in other words, they assumed that emissions are not significantly reduced in years to come. Swain says they chose this over a more optimistic mid-range assumption partly because, it’s “still (unfortunately) the closest to the actual observed emissions trajectory,” and that their scenario would, “likely apply even under very optimistic future emissions trajectories, but the magnitude of the changes in frequency would be substantially less on a lower emissions path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other findings from the study were arresting as well. Among other things, the team projects a “sharpening” of California’s precipitation calendar, with more falling during the core winter months (November-February) and less during the spring and fall shoulder seasons. That has implications for runoff and water supply that will force a rethinking by water managers around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in general climate change is forcing us to confront the fact that we are not living in harmony with our environment,” says Hall.\u003cbr>\n“All climate change is doing is forcing us to confront that fact sooner, and this is an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1922981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: The following story was produced for Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most farms grow food with soil and water. But at Ouroboros Farm in Half Moon Bay, Ken Armstrong grows food with water and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.’\u003ccite>Ken Armstrong, Ouroboros Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Inside a building about the size of a professional basketball court, water pours from a pipe into huge tubs where goldfish, catfish and tilapia are swimming. Then a complex pipe system takes water from the tubs to feed rows of lettuce, cabbage, and kale, floating on large platforms over water beds. What we’re looking at is called “aquaponics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are looking for sustainable solutions to our agricultural needs in the future,” Armstrong says, “and aquaponics is one of those solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farming with aquaponics means balancing three ecosystems: fish, plants and bacteria. The system is a loop that circulates the same water over and over from fish to plants to fish to plants. The job of the fish is just to eat and poop. Bacteria turn the fish poop into nitrates for plants. As the plants take in nourishment, they filter the water and clean it. The clean water goes back to the fish tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922906\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 919px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png 919w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-800x601.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-768x577.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Goldfish, catfish and tilapia swim in large tubs, their waste nourishing the greens. The plants clean the water, which then returns to the fish tubs. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much the only utilization of water in an aquaponics system is through transpiration,” Armstrong says, “what the plants actually utilize, and very little is lost to evaporation, which is the case in most soil-based agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a state prone to drought, water is a huge worry for farmers. During the most recent drought, some farmers had to fallow their fields for lack of water. Armstrong says that wouldn’t happen to him, even in a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3VFuuEySRDwWsaLZCUb6okqN4g9136oF”]Despite the benefits, there are some challenges in using aquaponics. Plants that prefer low acidity, like blueberries, don’t do well. And there are high upfront costs to all that infrastructure, plus high energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to heat the water, aerate the water, and pump the water,” says Jackson Gross, a researcher at the UC Davis Department of Animal Science. “It’s not without its inefficiencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are ways to minimize these in the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be hooked up with solar,” Gross says. “You can utilize gravity. You can be better with water conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquaponics has been around since the days of the Aztecs and Mayans, who used floating gardens to take advantage of the nutrient-rich waters of nearby lakes. The Asian cultures put tilapia or carp in their rice fields to increase yields and reduce the number of insects. Now, Armstrong says, aquaponics is intriguing as a possible climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re sequestering carbon by doing this,” he says. “You’re not using a lot of chemical-based fertilizers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1875px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1875\" height=\"2500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg 1875w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collard greens grow in clay pebbles at Ouroboros Farm. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the future, aquaponics could be used in urban areas to grow leafy green vegetables, which are the plants these systems are most suitable for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong did a thought experiment using a famous San Francisco skyscraper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to use the Bank of America building, that footprint, put aquaponics systems on every floor there — that one square block radius of San Francisco could probably produce 1 to 2 million pounds of fish per year and over 300 million heads of lettuce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the transportation costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going down the ground floor of the Bank of America building,” he says, “there would be your fish and produce market, so your fish and produce are just coming up and down in an elevator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That vision could be a ways away, but up at UC Davis, Jackson Gross and other researchers are working on a plan for a new commercial- scale aquaponics farm. And as climate change poses new challenges, someday the fish and lettuce on your future dinner plate may be grown together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bonnie Liu is a junior at Santa Clara High School. Her story was produced as part of Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: line-through\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: The following story was produced for Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most farms grow food with soil and water. But at Ouroboros Farm in Half Moon Bay, Ken Armstrong grows food with water and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.’\u003ccite>Ken Armstrong, Ouroboros Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Inside a building about the size of a professional basketball court, water pours from a pipe into huge tubs where goldfish, catfish and tilapia are swimming. Then a complex pipe system takes water from the tubs to feed rows of lettuce, cabbage, and kale, floating on large platforms over water beds. What we’re looking at is called “aquaponics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are looking for sustainable solutions to our agricultural needs in the future,” Armstrong says, “and aquaponics is one of those solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farming with aquaponics means balancing three ecosystems: fish, plants and bacteria. The system is a loop that circulates the same water over and over from fish to plants to fish to plants. The job of the fish is just to eat and poop. Bacteria turn the fish poop into nitrates for plants. As the plants take in nourishment, they filter the water and clean it. The clean water goes back to the fish tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922906\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 919px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png 919w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-800x601.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-768x577.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Goldfish, catfish and tilapia swim in large tubs, their waste nourishing the greens. The plants clean the water, which then returns to the fish tubs. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much the only utilization of water in an aquaponics system is through transpiration,” Armstrong says, “what the plants actually utilize, and very little is lost to evaporation, which is the case in most soil-based agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a state prone to drought, water is a huge worry for farmers. During the most recent drought, some farmers had to fallow their fields for lack of water. Armstrong says that wouldn’t happen to him, even in a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Despite the benefits, there are some challenges in using aquaponics. Plants that prefer low acidity, like blueberries, don’t do well. And there are high upfront costs to all that infrastructure, plus high energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to heat the water, aerate the water, and pump the water,” says Jackson Gross, a researcher at the UC Davis Department of Animal Science. “It’s not without its inefficiencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are ways to minimize these in the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be hooked up with solar,” Gross says. “You can utilize gravity. You can be better with water conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquaponics has been around since the days of the Aztecs and Mayans, who used floating gardens to take advantage of the nutrient-rich waters of nearby lakes. The Asian cultures put tilapia or carp in their rice fields to increase yields and reduce the number of insects. Now, Armstrong says, aquaponics is intriguing as a possible climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re sequestering carbon by doing this,” he says. “You’re not using a lot of chemical-based fertilizers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1875px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1875\" height=\"2500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg 1875w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collard greens grow in clay pebbles at Ouroboros Farm. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the future, aquaponics could be used in urban areas to grow leafy green vegetables, which are the plants these systems are most suitable for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong did a thought experiment using a famous San Francisco skyscraper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to use the Bank of America building, that footprint, put aquaponics systems on every floor there — that one square block radius of San Francisco could probably produce 1 to 2 million pounds of fish per year and over 300 million heads of lettuce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the transportation costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going down the ground floor of the Bank of America building,” he says, “there would be your fish and produce market, so your fish and produce are just coming up and down in an elevator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That vision could be a ways away, but up at UC Davis, Jackson Gross and other researchers are working on a plan for a new commercial- scale aquaponics farm. And as climate change poses new challenges, someday the fish and lettuce on your future dinner plate may be grown together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bonnie Liu is a junior at Santa Clara High School. Her story was produced as part of Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: line-through\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t much, and worm composting alone won’t stop climate change. But this is one small action, repeated and repeated, and it gives me a little hope in a dark time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Geneviève Duboscq is a writer and editor living in Novato.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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