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"title": "California Delta a Flash Point for Conflict as Climate Change Unfolds",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is vital to water supplies for 25 million people and 4 million acres of farmland. It is linked to the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay, which makes this water supply uniquely vulnerable to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet understanding sea level rise in the Delta is complicated. The largest estuary on the West Coast of the Americas, it consists of some 70 islands and more than 1,000 miles of levees. It is also fed by California’s two largest rivers, which drain the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of this complicates how sea level rise “propagates” through the Delta. It also increases the urgency of the need to understand how changing weather patterns caused by climate change will affect streamflow through the estuary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help with these questions, the Delta Stewardship Council, a state government agency, recently published a comprehensive new white paper on the issue: “\u003ca href=\"http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/docs/delta-plan/climate-change-and-delta-synthesis-public-draft-march-23-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Climate Change and the Delta: A Synthesis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.” To summarize the paper, Water Deeply interviewed Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the council.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923161\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ron Melcer is a a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, which has released a new white paper examining climate change impacts on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy Delta Stewardship Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is the purpose of this report? Is it a first?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ronald Melcer: We\u003c/span>’ve set out to do a series of synthesis papers that try and really distill the new science since 2013 related to various topics. We see climate change as a major one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t believe there’s been a synthesis of climate change specific to the Delta, though. So in that sense, this is new. It’s a more definitive look at climate change in the Delta than we’ve had before. We were really trying to set the stage for how we think about restoration in the Delta, and at the same time be as comprehensive as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is your sea level rise projection in this report?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Melcer: There is nearly a 70 percent chance that by 2100 we’re going to see 2.4ft of sea level rise at the Golden Gate Bridge. That’s with a low-emissions scenario, which is based on the Paris climate agreement. So if we were to do some significant work, it would take really relying on the best available technology, doing carbon sequestration and coupling that with a zero-emissions way of living. The way we operate on the planet would fundamentally change. It’s pretty optimistic to think that we’ll get there. But that’s what the Paris agreement calls for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The high emissions scenario is more akin to the trajectory that we’re on at this point. That\u003c/span>’s sort of a business as usual scenario. So if we don’t do anything, that’s where we’re headed. That shows 3.4ft of sea level rise by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Delta see the same magnitude of sea level rise as the Golden Gate?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: Depending on where you are, it will be less than these maximum numbers. But there are some interesting interactions that happen as land elevation changes and the forces of streamflow come in to meet with the tidal waters. That actually drives the water surface elevation up a little bit in localized areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Currently we’re working on engaging some technical expertise to do a climate vulnerability assessment within the Delta. This is a key question we would be looking to answer: What do water surface elevations look like within the Delta? We’ll be identifying assets and vulnerabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will water flows change through the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There is not universal agreement on the total amount of precipitation we would expect. But the big takeaways are that we expect to see higher streamflow due to rainfall in the winter across all the models. That ties back to atmospheric temperature, ocean temperature, warmer storms coming onboard. And on average, the peak of runoff would shift by one month earlier in the season.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What sort of management issues does this raise?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: T\u003c/span>he system is really predicated on a large snowpack that slowly feeds the reservoirs and river systems. So if we see shifts in runoff, that system starts to require changes in how we operate reservoirs. And that then has downstream impacts on our ability to provide for water supply and water quality management. There’s this cascading effect across all the functions that we rely on our reservoir systems for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the potential downstream effects?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: The Department of Water Resources has done some interesting modeling that shows the effects of just an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood flows. There’s also an expectation that the occurrence of atmospheric rivers will increase. So on average, we expect flood volumes to increase 60–80 percent on the San Joaquin River, and 10–20 percent on the Sacramento River. That has to do with elevations of the mountain ranges in those different basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These are significant increases in the amount of water that’s flowing across the landscape during a flood event. Whereas, historically we would see some of that contributing to snowpack and then being released slowly through the melting process later in the year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For some San Joaquin basin streams, we expect to see more than a 50 percent increase in 100-year flood events. That’s a massive increase in risk. We have an opportunity to start to figure out what that means, what our flood management infrastructure should look like, with some of the modeling work that\u003c/span>’s come out. We should be thinking about what we need on the landscape to pass that magnitude of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will salinity change in the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There are a couple of implications. An increase in water surface elevation increases the amount of salt water that makes its way into the Delta. We really focus on the implications for habitat, for fish species. That mixing point between freshwater and salt water is really important for the aquatic ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we are to continue to manage water quality in the Delta with reservoirs, it really is going to require increased reservoir releases to counter that influx of salinity. Some studies have shown that, with 1ft of sea level rise, it would require almost 500,000 acre-feet of additional Delta outflow, generally in the form of reservoir releases, to meet salinity requirements as they stand at this point.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: That sounds like a lot of additional pressure on the state’s water system.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: It starts to paint a picture where we\u003c/span>’re having difficulty meeting all of those objectives. The implications of increasing streamflow in winter and less runoff later in the year leave us with reservoirs that are not full, and then we’re unable to really use managed flows to deal with things like salinity intrusion in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We release flow at certain times of year to protect fish and their spawning activities. Supporting these fish becomes really difficult in these future scenarios where that flexibility continues to be reduced by dynamics of precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/04/27/california-delta-a-flash-point-for-conflict-as-climate-change-unfolds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is vital to water supplies for 25 million people and 4 million acres of farmland. It is linked to the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay, which makes this water supply uniquely vulnerable to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet understanding sea level rise in the Delta is complicated. The largest estuary on the West Coast of the Americas, it consists of some 70 islands and more than 1,000 miles of levees. It is also fed by California’s two largest rivers, which drain the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of this complicates how sea level rise “propagates” through the Delta. It also increases the urgency of the need to understand how changing weather patterns caused by climate change will affect streamflow through the estuary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help with these questions, the Delta Stewardship Council, a state government agency, recently published a comprehensive new white paper on the issue: “\u003ca href=\"http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/docs/delta-plan/climate-change-and-delta-synthesis-public-draft-march-23-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Climate Change and the Delta: A Synthesis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.” To summarize the paper, Water Deeply interviewed Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the council.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923161\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ron Melcer is a a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, which has released a new white paper examining climate change impacts on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy Delta Stewardship Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is the purpose of this report? Is it a first?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ronald Melcer: We\u003c/span>’ve set out to do a series of synthesis papers that try and really distill the new science since 2013 related to various topics. We see climate change as a major one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t believe there’s been a synthesis of climate change specific to the Delta, though. So in that sense, this is new. It’s a more definitive look at climate change in the Delta than we’ve had before. We were really trying to set the stage for how we think about restoration in the Delta, and at the same time be as comprehensive as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is your sea level rise projection in this report?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Melcer: There is nearly a 70 percent chance that by 2100 we’re going to see 2.4ft of sea level rise at the Golden Gate Bridge. That’s with a low-emissions scenario, which is based on the Paris climate agreement. So if we were to do some significant work, it would take really relying on the best available technology, doing carbon sequestration and coupling that with a zero-emissions way of living. The way we operate on the planet would fundamentally change. It’s pretty optimistic to think that we’ll get there. But that’s what the Paris agreement calls for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The high emissions scenario is more akin to the trajectory that we’re on at this point. That\u003c/span>’s sort of a business as usual scenario. So if we don’t do anything, that’s where we’re headed. That shows 3.4ft of sea level rise by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Delta see the same magnitude of sea level rise as the Golden Gate?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: Depending on where you are, it will be less than these maximum numbers. But there are some interesting interactions that happen as land elevation changes and the forces of streamflow come in to meet with the tidal waters. That actually drives the water surface elevation up a little bit in localized areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Currently we’re working on engaging some technical expertise to do a climate vulnerability assessment within the Delta. This is a key question we would be looking to answer: What do water surface elevations look like within the Delta? We’ll be identifying assets and vulnerabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will water flows change through the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There is not universal agreement on the total amount of precipitation we would expect. But the big takeaways are that we expect to see higher streamflow due to rainfall in the winter across all the models. That ties back to atmospheric temperature, ocean temperature, warmer storms coming onboard. And on average, the peak of runoff would shift by one month earlier in the season.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What sort of management issues does this raise?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: T\u003c/span>he system is really predicated on a large snowpack that slowly feeds the reservoirs and river systems. So if we see shifts in runoff, that system starts to require changes in how we operate reservoirs. And that then has downstream impacts on our ability to provide for water supply and water quality management. There’s this cascading effect across all the functions that we rely on our reservoir systems for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the potential downstream effects?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: The Department of Water Resources has done some interesting modeling that shows the effects of just an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood flows. There’s also an expectation that the occurrence of atmospheric rivers will increase. So on average, we expect flood volumes to increase 60–80 percent on the San Joaquin River, and 10–20 percent on the Sacramento River. That has to do with elevations of the mountain ranges in those different basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These are significant increases in the amount of water that’s flowing across the landscape during a flood event. Whereas, historically we would see some of that contributing to snowpack and then being released slowly through the melting process later in the year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For some San Joaquin basin streams, we expect to see more than a 50 percent increase in 100-year flood events. That’s a massive increase in risk. We have an opportunity to start to figure out what that means, what our flood management infrastructure should look like, with some of the modeling work that\u003c/span>’s come out. We should be thinking about what we need on the landscape to pass that magnitude of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will salinity change in the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There are a couple of implications. An increase in water surface elevation increases the amount of salt water that makes its way into the Delta. We really focus on the implications for habitat, for fish species. That mixing point between freshwater and salt water is really important for the aquatic ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we are to continue to manage water quality in the Delta with reservoirs, it really is going to require increased reservoir releases to counter that influx of salinity. Some studies have shown that, with 1ft of sea level rise, it would require almost 500,000 acre-feet of additional Delta outflow, generally in the form of reservoir releases, to meet salinity requirements as they stand at this point.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: That sounds like a lot of additional pressure on the state’s water system.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: It starts to paint a picture where we\u003c/span>’re having difficulty meeting all of those objectives. The implications of increasing streamflow in winter and less runoff later in the year leave us with reservoirs that are not full, and then we’re unable to really use managed flows to deal with things like salinity intrusion in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We release flow at certain times of year to protect fish and their spawning activities. Supporting these fish becomes really difficult in these future scenarios where that flexibility continues to be reduced by dynamics of precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/04/27/california-delta-a-flash-point-for-conflict-as-climate-change-unfolds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt has signed a proposed rule that would restrict the types of scientific studies regulators can use to determine the impact of pesticide and pollution exposure on human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt says the change would increase transparency in the agency’s decision-making by requiring all underlying data used in scientific studies to be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including former EPA administrators and scientists, say Pruitt’s move is designed to restrict the agency from citing peer-reviewed public-health studies that use patient medical records required to be kept confidential under patient privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> would be\u003c/a> “walking into a judicial minefield” if he tried to stop the E.P.A. from considering certain studies, says Richard J. Lazarus, a professor of environmental law at Harvard who spoke with the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embattled EPA administrator signed the proposed order at EPA headquarters Tuesday in an event that was livestreamed on the agency’s website but not open to press coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NYT, which obtained an advanced copy of the proposed regulation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports that \u003c/a>the public will have 30 days to offer comments on the measure before a final rule is issued.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt has signed a proposed rule that would restrict the types of scientific studies regulators can use to determine the impact of pesticide and pollution exposure on human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt says the change would increase transparency in the agency’s decision-making by requiring all underlying data used in scientific studies to be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including former EPA administrators and scientists, say Pruitt’s move is designed to restrict the agency from citing peer-reviewed public-health studies that use patient medical records required to be kept confidential under patient privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> would be\u003c/a> “walking into a judicial minefield” if he tried to stop the E.P.A. from considering certain studies, says Richard J. Lazarus, a professor of environmental law at Harvard who spoke with the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embattled EPA administrator signed the proposed order at EPA headquarters Tuesday in an event that was livestreamed on the agency’s website but not open to press coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NYT, which obtained an advanced copy of the proposed regulation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/climate/epa-science-transparency-pruitt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports that \u003c/a>the public will have 30 days to offer comments on the measure before a final rule is issued.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wilder Weather Swings in California's Future Could Spell Disaster",
"headTitle": "Wilder Weather Swings in California’s Future Could Spell Disaster | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you think California has seen some wild weather recently, fasten your seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eye-popping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from climate scientists at UCLA projects big increases in the frequency of extreme events at both ends of the wet-dry spectrum: big flood-inducing storms as well as droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings.’\u003ccite>Daniel Swain, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings,” says the normally restrained Daniel Swain, lead author on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at specific extreme events in California’s past and used a suite of climate models to project their frequency in the future. Those events included last year’s “whiplash” winter that drenched the state after a five-year drought, as well as the state’s driest year and the epic \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods of 1861-62\u003c/a>. That was the winter Gov. Leland Stanford attended his own inauguration by rowboat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a biblical flood,” says co-author Alex Hall, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a> at UCLA. “It was 40 days straight, practically, of rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922931\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of a storm sequence similar to that which caused the Great Flood of 1862. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall and Swain estimate that a similar event today could trigger a $1 trillion catastrophe. And they say it will happen again, perhaps sooner than scientists had previously reckoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/rzgxCYEM4NtELZKUVsCXq?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study, published today\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Nature Climate Change\u003c/em>, estimates that the Great Flood of 1862 was a once-in-200 year event at the time that it happened. Now, their projections indicate we can expect an event on that scale about every 50 years, and that it’s “more likely than not” we’ll see a recurrence sometime between now and 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we are prepared for that type of event,” says Hall, recalling the February 2017 storms that triggered widespread flooding throughout the state and mass evacuations along the Feather River after the nearly catastrophic failure of the spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at last year’s record-setting precipitation and projected that kind of whiplash winter will also be a more frequent feature of California’s hydrologic cycle, approximately doubling in frequency from its prior 25-year interval, a trend they say will be “noticeable” by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that these events happen,” says Hall. “They’re a natural feature of the climate system here in California — but, we expect them to become much more frequent in the future because of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for.’\u003ccite>Alex Hall, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The same goes for droughts, according to the UCLA study, which also looked at the state’s driest winter on record, 1976-77. Previously about a 100-year event, a single dry year of that severity would be expected to happen every 50 years, with greater frequency in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for,” says Hall, who admits to having a “pearl-clutch moment” when he first saw the data from his study. His preview of the then-unpublished work generated by far the most buzz at a recent symposium on extreme precipitation at \u003cspan class=\"st\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography \u003c/span>in La Jolla. But he says there may be a (somewhat tarnished) silver lining behind all of the dark clouds produced by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922933\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922933 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of single drought years equivalent to California’s driest on record, 1976-77. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If the planet comes together and eventually reduces or eliminated greenhouse gas emissions,” suggests Hall, “then we can avert some — not all — of the risk of these types of events occurring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to point out that the team used a pessimistic “business-as-usual” projection of future greenhouse gas emissions in their calculations — in other words, they assumed that emissions are not significantly reduced in years to come. Swain says they chose this over a more optimistic mid-range assumption partly because, it’s “still (unfortunately) the closest to the actual observed emissions trajectory,” and that their scenario would, “likely apply even under very optimistic future emissions trajectories, but the magnitude of the changes in frequency would be substantially less on a lower emissions path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other findings from the study were arresting as well. Among other things, the team projects a “sharpening” of California’s precipitation calendar, with more falling during the core winter months (November-February) and less during the spring and fall shoulder seasons. That has implications for runoff and water supply that will force a rethinking by water managers around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in general climate change is forcing us to confront the fact that we are not living in harmony with our environment,” says Hall.\u003cbr>\n“All climate change is doing is forcing us to confront that fact sooner, and this is an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1922981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'Very sobering' study projects more extremes in wet and dry winters -- and the likelihood of a trillion-dollar disaster.",
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"title": "Wilder Weather Swings in California's Future Could Spell Disaster | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you think California has seen some wild weather recently, fasten your seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eye-popping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from climate scientists at UCLA projects big increases in the frequency of extreme events at both ends of the wet-dry spectrum: big flood-inducing storms as well as droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings.’\u003ccite>Daniel Swain, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings,” says the normally restrained Daniel Swain, lead author on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at specific extreme events in California’s past and used a suite of climate models to project their frequency in the future. Those events included last year’s “whiplash” winter that drenched the state after a five-year drought, as well as the state’s driest year and the epic \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods of 1861-62\u003c/a>. That was the winter Gov. Leland Stanford attended his own inauguration by rowboat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a biblical flood,” says co-author Alex Hall, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a> at UCLA. “It was 40 days straight, practically, of rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922931\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of a storm sequence similar to that which caused the Great Flood of 1862. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall and Swain estimate that a similar event today could trigger a $1 trillion catastrophe. And they say it will happen again, perhaps sooner than scientists had previously reckoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/rzgxCYEM4NtELZKUVsCXq?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study, published today\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Nature Climate Change\u003c/em>, estimates that the Great Flood of 1862 was a once-in-200 year event at the time that it happened. Now, their projections indicate we can expect an event on that scale about every 50 years, and that it’s “more likely than not” we’ll see a recurrence sometime between now and 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we are prepared for that type of event,” says Hall, recalling the February 2017 storms that triggered widespread flooding throughout the state and mass evacuations along the Feather River after the nearly catastrophic failure of the spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at last year’s record-setting precipitation and projected that kind of whiplash winter will also be a more frequent feature of California’s hydrologic cycle, approximately doubling in frequency from its prior 25-year interval, a trend they say will be “noticeable” by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that these events happen,” says Hall. “They’re a natural feature of the climate system here in California — but, we expect them to become much more frequent in the future because of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for.’\u003ccite>Alex Hall, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The same goes for droughts, according to the UCLA study, which also looked at the state’s driest winter on record, 1976-77. Previously about a 100-year event, a single dry year of that severity would be expected to happen every 50 years, with greater frequency in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for,” says Hall, who admits to having a “pearl-clutch moment” when he first saw the data from his study. His preview of the then-unpublished work generated by far the most buzz at a recent symposium on extreme precipitation at \u003cspan class=\"st\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography \u003c/span>in La Jolla. But he says there may be a (somewhat tarnished) silver lining behind all of the dark clouds produced by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922933\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922933 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of single drought years equivalent to California’s driest on record, 1976-77. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If the planet comes together and eventually reduces or eliminated greenhouse gas emissions,” suggests Hall, “then we can avert some — not all — of the risk of these types of events occurring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to point out that the team used a pessimistic “business-as-usual” projection of future greenhouse gas emissions in their calculations — in other words, they assumed that emissions are not significantly reduced in years to come. Swain says they chose this over a more optimistic mid-range assumption partly because, it’s “still (unfortunately) the closest to the actual observed emissions trajectory,” and that their scenario would, “likely apply even under very optimistic future emissions trajectories, but the magnitude of the changes in frequency would be substantially less on a lower emissions path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other findings from the study were arresting as well. Among other things, the team projects a “sharpening” of California’s precipitation calendar, with more falling during the core winter months (November-February) and less during the spring and fall shoulder seasons. That has implications for runoff and water supply that will force a rethinking by water managers around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in general climate change is forcing us to confront the fact that we are not living in harmony with our environment,” says Hall.\u003cbr>\n“All climate change is doing is forcing us to confront that fact sooner, and this is an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1922981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-little-known-farming-method-that-saves-water",
"title": "Farming That Uses a Little Water ... And a Whole Lot of Fish Poop",
"publishDate": 1524488530,
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"headTitle": "Farming That Uses a Little Water … And a Whole Lot of Fish Poop | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: The following story was produced for Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most farms grow food with soil and water. But at Ouroboros Farm in Half Moon Bay, Ken Armstrong grows food with water and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.’\u003ccite>Ken Armstrong, Ouroboros Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Inside a building about the size of a professional basketball court, water pours from a pipe into huge tubs where goldfish, catfish and tilapia are swimming. Then a complex pipe system takes water from the tubs to feed rows of lettuce, cabbage, and kale, floating on large platforms over water beds. What we’re looking at is called “aquaponics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are looking for sustainable solutions to our agricultural needs in the future,” Armstrong says, “and aquaponics is one of those solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farming with aquaponics means balancing three ecosystems: fish, plants and bacteria. The system is a loop that circulates the same water over and over from fish to plants to fish to plants. The job of the fish is just to eat and poop. Bacteria turn the fish poop into nitrates for plants. As the plants take in nourishment, they filter the water and clean it. The clean water goes back to the fish tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922906\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 919px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png 919w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-800x601.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-768x577.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Goldfish, catfish and tilapia swim in large tubs, their waste nourishing the greens. The plants clean the water, which then returns to the fish tubs. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much the only utilization of water in an aquaponics system is through transpiration,” Armstrong says, “what the plants actually utilize, and very little is lost to evaporation, which is the case in most soil-based agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a state prone to drought, water is a huge worry for farmers. During the most recent drought, some farmers had to fallow their fields for lack of water. Armstrong says that wouldn’t happen to him, even in a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3VFuuEySRDwWsaLZCUb6okqN4g9136oF”]Despite the benefits, there are some challenges in using aquaponics. Plants that prefer low acidity, like blueberries, don’t do well. And there are high upfront costs to all that infrastructure, plus high energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to heat the water, aerate the water, and pump the water,” says Jackson Gross, a researcher at the UC Davis Department of Animal Science. “It’s not without its inefficiencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are ways to minimize these in the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be hooked up with solar,” Gross says. “You can utilize gravity. You can be better with water conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquaponics has been around since the days of the Aztecs and Mayans, who used floating gardens to take advantage of the nutrient-rich waters of nearby lakes. The Asian cultures put tilapia or carp in their rice fields to increase yields and reduce the number of insects. Now, Armstrong says, aquaponics is intriguing as a possible climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re sequestering carbon by doing this,” he says. “You’re not using a lot of chemical-based fertilizers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1875px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1875\" height=\"2500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg 1875w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collard greens grow in clay pebbles at Ouroboros Farm. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the future, aquaponics could be used in urban areas to grow leafy green vegetables, which are the plants these systems are most suitable for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong did a thought experiment using a famous San Francisco skyscraper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to use the Bank of America building, that footprint, put aquaponics systems on every floor there — that one square block radius of San Francisco could probably produce 1 to 2 million pounds of fish per year and over 300 million heads of lettuce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the transportation costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going down the ground floor of the Bank of America building,” he says, “there would be your fish and produce market, so your fish and produce are just coming up and down in an elevator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That vision could be a ways away, but up at UC Davis, Jackson Gross and other researchers are working on a plan for a new commercial- scale aquaponics farm. And as climate change poses new challenges, someday the fish and lettuce on your future dinner plate may be grown together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bonnie Liu is a junior at Santa Clara High School. Her story was produced as part of Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: line-through\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: The following story was produced for Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most farms grow food with soil and water. But at Ouroboros Farm in Half Moon Bay, Ken Armstrong grows food with water and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.’\u003ccite>Ken Armstrong, Ouroboros Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Inside a building about the size of a professional basketball court, water pours from a pipe into huge tubs where goldfish, catfish and tilapia are swimming. Then a complex pipe system takes water from the tubs to feed rows of lettuce, cabbage, and kale, floating on large platforms over water beds. What we’re looking at is called “aquaponics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are looking for sustainable solutions to our agricultural needs in the future,” Armstrong says, “and aquaponics is one of those solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farming with aquaponics means balancing three ecosystems: fish, plants and bacteria. The system is a loop that circulates the same water over and over from fish to plants to fish to plants. The job of the fish is just to eat and poop. Bacteria turn the fish poop into nitrates for plants. As the plants take in nourishment, they filter the water and clean it. The clean water goes back to the fish tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922906\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 919px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png 919w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-800x601.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-768x577.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Goldfish, catfish and tilapia swim in large tubs, their waste nourishing the greens. The plants clean the water, which then returns to the fish tubs. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much the only utilization of water in an aquaponics system is through transpiration,” Armstrong says, “what the plants actually utilize, and very little is lost to evaporation, which is the case in most soil-based agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a state prone to drought, water is a huge worry for farmers. During the most recent drought, some farmers had to fallow their fields for lack of water. Armstrong says that wouldn’t happen to him, even in a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Despite the benefits, there are some challenges in using aquaponics. Plants that prefer low acidity, like blueberries, don’t do well. And there are high upfront costs to all that infrastructure, plus high energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to heat the water, aerate the water, and pump the water,” says Jackson Gross, a researcher at the UC Davis Department of Animal Science. “It’s not without its inefficiencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are ways to minimize these in the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be hooked up with solar,” Gross says. “You can utilize gravity. You can be better with water conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquaponics has been around since the days of the Aztecs and Mayans, who used floating gardens to take advantage of the nutrient-rich waters of nearby lakes. The Asian cultures put tilapia or carp in their rice fields to increase yields and reduce the number of insects. Now, Armstrong says, aquaponics is intriguing as a possible climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re sequestering carbon by doing this,” he says. “You’re not using a lot of chemical-based fertilizers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1875px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1875\" height=\"2500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg 1875w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collard greens grow in clay pebbles at Ouroboros Farm. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the future, aquaponics could be used in urban areas to grow leafy green vegetables, which are the plants these systems are most suitable for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong did a thought experiment using a famous San Francisco skyscraper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to use the Bank of America building, that footprint, put aquaponics systems on every floor there — that one square block radius of San Francisco could probably produce 1 to 2 million pounds of fish per year and over 300 million heads of lettuce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the transportation costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going down the ground floor of the Bank of America building,” he says, “there would be your fish and produce market, so your fish and produce are just coming up and down in an elevator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That vision could be a ways away, but up at UC Davis, Jackson Gross and other researchers are working on a plan for a new commercial- scale aquaponics farm. And as climate change poses new challenges, someday the fish and lettuce on your future dinner plate may be grown together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bonnie Liu is a junior at Santa Clara High School. Her story was produced as part of Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: line-through\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Biologist Roland Knapp works in the Sierra Nevada, seeing every day the impact humans have on the environment. And he’s learned that one of the most important tools for fighting climate change is our own hearts.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes it’s hard for us as humans to wrap our mind around the fact that a single species, us, could have these dramatic affects, globally. Is that possible? Could humans really be causing the ice caps in Antarctica to disappear?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s hard to wrap your head around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I think some of that – why should what I do over here have any affect on what happens over there, and even if it does, so what, it doesn’t affect me – I think that happens because we don’t have a connection to these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get out into the world. Get out into the world and look at that world. Find an ecosystem that really moves you in some way. For me, that’s the Sierra Nevada, for somebody else it might be blue oak woodlands, for somebody else it might be the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All it takes is walking around in those systems, whether it be the coastal ranges around the Bay Area watching newts emerge from their overwintering areas and make their way to ponds, and immediately realizing, “Oh my gosh, they’re having to cross these roads and they’re getting run over.” It’s pretty hard for anybody, I think, to see that sort of a potential impact and not want to do something about it to minimize that impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we had the ability to understand these ecosystems, and understand our potential impact to them, we could probably avert many of the impacts we’re now struggling with. And that’s true for climate change, that’s true for biodiversity loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a very high bar to ask society to try to anticipate the effects of their actions. And yet, if we want a planet that has some fraction, even, of the species we enjoy and that have inhabited this planet for millions of years, we’re probably going to have to adopt that kind of an approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roland Knapp is a biologist with the University of California Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All it takes is walking around in those systems, whether it be the coastal ranges around the Bay Area watching newts emerge from their overwintering areas and make their way to ponds, and immediately realizing, “Oh my gosh, they’re having to cross these roads and they’re getting run over.” It’s pretty hard for anybody, I think, to see that sort of a potential impact and not want to do something about it to minimize that impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we had the ability to understand these ecosystems, and understand our potential impact to them, we could probably avert many of the impacts we’re now struggling with. And that’s true for climate change, that’s true for biodiversity loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a very high bar to ask society to try to anticipate the effects of their actions. And yet, if we want a planet that has some fraction, even, of the species we enjoy and that have inhabited this planet for millions of years, we’re probably going to have to adopt that kind of an approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roland Knapp is a biologist with the University of California Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global warming is screwing up nature’s intricately timed dinner hour, often making hungry critters and those on the menu show up at much different times, a new study shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timing is everything in nature. Bees have to be around and flowers have to bloom at the same time for pollination to work, and hawks need to migrate at the same time as their prey. In many cases, global warming is interfering with that timing, scientists said.[contextly_sidebar id=”DW1hzBXeclQ1VU4UvjMvJqg203mcsZzZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first-of-its-kind global mega analysis on the biological timing of 88 species that rely on another life form shows that on average species are moving out of sync by about six days a decade, although some pairs are actually moving closer together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other studies have looked at individual pairs of species and how warming temperatures have changed their migration, breeding and other timing, the study in Monday’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings\u003c/a> of the National Academy of Sciences gives the first global look at a worsening timing problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in species timing are considerably greater than they were before the 1980s, the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There isn’t really any clear indication that it is going to slow down or stop in the near future,” said study lead author Heather Kharouba, an ecologist at the University of Ottawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example in the Netherlands, the Eurasian sparrow hawk has been late for dinner because its prey, the blue tit, has — over 16 years — arrived almost six days earlier than the hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s most noticeable and crucial in Washington state’s Lake Washington, where over the past 25 years, plant plankton are now blooming 34 days earlier than the zooplankton that eat them. That’s crucial because that’s messing with the bottom of the food chain, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NNrs8rOJPw3YfFBgqJPxjpMJRqAKiFjW”]In Greenland, the plants are showing up almost three days earlier than the caribou, so more of the baby caribou are dying “because there wasn’t enough food,” Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With warmer temperatures, most species moved their habits earlier, but interdependent species didn’t always move at the same rate. It’s the relative speed of changes in timing that’s key, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the small number of species involved in small areas over different studies, Kharouba’s team could not find a statistically significant link between temperature and changes in how species sync together. But what she saw, she said, “is consistent with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists not involved in the study praised the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It demonstrates that many species interactions from around the world are in a state of rapid flux,” Boston University biology professor Richard Primack said in an email. “Prior to this study, studies of changing species interactions focused on one place or one group of species.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming is screwing up nature’s intricately timed dinner hour, often making hungry critters and those on the menu show up at much different times, a new study shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timing is everything in nature. Bees have to be around and flowers have to bloom at the same time for pollination to work, and hawks need to migrate at the same time as their prey. In many cases, global warming is interfering with that timing, scientists said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first-of-its-kind global mega analysis on the biological timing of 88 species that rely on another life form shows that on average species are moving out of sync by about six days a decade, although some pairs are actually moving closer together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other studies have looked at individual pairs of species and how warming temperatures have changed their migration, breeding and other timing, the study in Monday’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings\u003c/a> of the National Academy of Sciences gives the first global look at a worsening timing problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in species timing are considerably greater than they were before the 1980s, the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There isn’t really any clear indication that it is going to slow down or stop in the near future,” said study lead author Heather Kharouba, an ecologist at the University of Ottawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example in the Netherlands, the Eurasian sparrow hawk has been late for dinner because its prey, the blue tit, has — over 16 years — arrived almost six days earlier than the hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s most noticeable and crucial in Washington state’s Lake Washington, where over the past 25 years, plant plankton are now blooming 34 days earlier than the zooplankton that eat them. That’s crucial because that’s messing with the bottom of the food chain, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In Greenland, the plants are showing up almost three days earlier than the caribou, so more of the baby caribou are dying “because there wasn’t enough food,” Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With warmer temperatures, most species moved their habits earlier, but interdependent species didn’t always move at the same rate. It’s the relative speed of changes in timing that’s key, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the small number of species involved in small areas over different studies, Kharouba’s team could not find a statistically significant link between temperature and changes in how species sync together. But what she saw, she said, “is consistent with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists not involved in the study praised the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It demonstrates that many species interactions from around the world are in a state of rapid flux,” Boston University biology professor Richard Primack said in an email. “Prior to this study, studies of changing species interactions focused on one place or one group of species.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s hard to change a habit, even if there’s a good reason for it. And comedian Nato Green thinks he has a pretty darn good reason.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m one of the great comedians of our time. But I’m also dumb. Because I’m not a vegan. Even though I claim to believe in science and the science is overwhelming that the best thing we can do for climate change is adopt a vegan diet. Even not adopt a vegan diet, just be more vegan. It’s like the Kinsey scale — like no one’s really gay or straight — there’s a spectrum. Like, just move toward the gay end of the spectrum of veganism. Carnivorous-fluid, like gender-fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m terrified about climate change. I would place my level of panic about the future of the planet somewhere between listening to Nick Cave and dry heaving on the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I’m still not a vegan, because vegans are annoying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Jew, I understand what it’s like to be right and irritating. Like most progressives, I believe that feeling sufficiently upset is an acceptable alternative to doing anything concrete. Like most Americans, I hope denial will save me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday I’ll have to tell my kids, “Sorry, we had to move to Fury Road because in 2017 daddy didn’t want to stop eating brisket.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s not me. I read that alfalfa is a water guzzler which California harvests for export to China to feed cows — the worst offenders for greenhouse gases — to feed workers to make our iPads. The solution to climate change isn’t for \u003cem>me\u003c/em> to stop eating meat because the offending meat is in China. We’d be better off to boycott Apple products. But Californians prefer apocalypse to a day without Words With Friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, I’ve been Saint Augustine about veganism. Yes, but not yet. I love animal products too much. I’ve made my own bacon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m experimenting with cutting beef out of my diet and cooking more vegan at home. It makes me angry, but I like it. Less full, less sleepy, less heartburn. I would need to eat a whole lot more fruits and vegetables than ribs and scones to fill the hole of anxiety inside of me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I will forage on — see what I did there? — for the sake of the planet, even though enjoying vegan food makes me furious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nato Green is a San Francisco-based comedian and humor columnist currently residing in Cuba.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday I’ll have to tell my kids, “Sorry, we had to move to Fury Road because in 2017 daddy didn’t want to stop eating brisket.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s not me. I read that alfalfa is a water guzzler which California harvests for export to China to feed cows — the worst offenders for greenhouse gases — to feed workers to make our iPads. The solution to climate change isn’t for \u003cem>me\u003c/em> to stop eating meat because the offending meat is in China. We’d be better off to boycott Apple products. But Californians prefer apocalypse to a day without Words With Friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, I’ve been Saint Augustine about veganism. Yes, but not yet. I love animal products too much. I’ve made my own bacon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m experimenting with cutting beef out of my diet and cooking more vegan at home. It makes me angry, but I like it. Less full, less sleepy, less heartburn. I would need to eat a whole lot more fruits and vegetables than ribs and scones to fill the hole of anxiety inside of me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I will forage on — see what I did there? — for the sake of the planet, even though enjoying vegan food makes me furious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nato Green is a San Francisco-based comedian and humor columnist currently residing in Cuba.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.[contextly_sidebar id=”c0Fwd9tNC4edwCdXjMW1CXoaTfgcJ7bq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[contextly_sidebar id=”xakQMZeDQ9efXEJKjsJmRZrLJsJYY3kK”]Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>We don’t know exactly how climate change might affect the rain that is vital to California. And that’s troubling to Shirley Gutierrez.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every water droplet is a world. It’s a tiny miracle that refracts light, and it creates beautiful sounds as it falls. Water flowing is like music to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to know that I was born in San Francisco, and that I grew up here. Right before I was born, when I was in my eighth month of gestation, it was one of the rainiest months in California history. So while I was \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em>, it was raining like crazy all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I was a child, the winters were very robust, very rich. It would start raining in November, and it would rain steadily and heavily for several months. Having rain, having that abundance of rain in my life when I was a kid, felt like wealth. It felt like richness and safety somehow. Like the order of things was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I still long for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the first experience I have of winter is the anxiety about whether we’re going to have one at all. I remember one time when I was driving home to Walnut Creek, and I looked over at the hills and the hills were the color of August. They were completely brown. And I had this bizarre mental slippage about what time of year it was, and I started to panic a little bit before I remembered that, “Yeah, it’s December. It’s December, and this is the time and this is the year, and you’re okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1922647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I haven’t yet found coping mechanisms that are adequate. But I also think it’s important to remember there are things we can do literally in our own backyards. Right now, we are trapping water in small ways and attempting to save it as much as we can. It could be just catching the shower water, or using our dishwater and putting that on plants or using it to water trees, or whatever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of water in ponds, lakes, streams, falling from the sky – all of that means life and renewal to me. And so saving it means promoting life to me. And that’s very very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Shirley Gutierrez is a freelance film and television editor in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the first experience I have of winter is the anxiety about whether we’re going to have one at all. I remember one time when I was driving home to Walnut Creek, and I looked over at the hills and the hills were the color of August. They were completely brown. And I had this bizarre mental slippage about what time of year it was, and I started to panic a little bit before I remembered that, “Yeah, it’s December. It’s December, and this is the time and this is the year, and you’re okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1922647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/iStock-831934260-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I haven’t yet found coping mechanisms that are adequate. But I also think it’s important to remember there are things we can do literally in our own backyards. Right now, we are trapping water in small ways and attempting to save it as much as we can. It could be just catching the shower water, or using our dishwater and putting that on plants or using it to water trees, or whatever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of water in ponds, lakes, streams, falling from the sky – all of that means life and renewal to me. And so saving it means promoting life to me. And that’s very very important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Shirley Gutierrez is a freelance film and television editor in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
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