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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like the honeybees that sweeten your tea, these honeymakers live in a colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re smaller and don’t have stingers to protect the sweet stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why they’re known as stingless bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 600 species of them in the tropics around the world, mostly in the Americas. And they’ve been around twice as long as honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No bee stingers? No bee suits needed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emilio Pérez is a stingless beekeeper in the highlands of Oaxaca, land inhabited by the Chinantec people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is \u003cem>Melipona beecheii\u003c/em>, one of the four bee species he keeps. He only raises native bees. Scientists say moving species around can spread diseases that harm them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how do these teensy bees without stingers protect their honey?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By annoying you. Some tangle in your hair … or eyebrow … and give you a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It only feels like a pinprick. But they could summon a whole swarm of their sisters by releasing pheromones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, for these bees, the best offense is a good defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guard bees stand watch at the nest entrance. \u003cem>Melipona beecheii\u003c/em> has just one imposing guard, stationed on this ledge shaped like a flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other species employ as many as 15 guards. They cover the perimeter of trumpet-shaped entrances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an outsider tries to come in – like this bee from another colony – the guards sniff it out and kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These peculiar structures also make great runways, as bees go off to work in the flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not picky. They collect nectar and pollen from dozens of plants, which they pollinate in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stingless bees also collect resin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the sticky stuff that plants like this cedar make to keep out burrowing insects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how she stows the drops on her back legs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different plants have different hues of resin: yellow, white, red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They mix the resin with wax to make a pliable building material called cerumen. Your average honeybee just uses wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stingless bees shape cerumen into little capsules for their offspring, and stack them like a tiered cake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also use the material to make their honey pots … these orbs. Yum!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a freewheeling architectural style, compared to honeybees’ hexagonal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, remember this protective barrier? It’s made of cerumen. The resin mixed in with the wax is what keeps the ants away. They hate the resin’s smell and stickiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a year, Emilio and his daughter Salustia collect honey from their nests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stingless bee colonies are smaller and usually make less honey than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of their \u003cem>Melipona beecheii\u003c/em> colonies makes about 9 pounds a year, just one seventh of what a honeybee hive produces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salustia: We’re having a honey tasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Deep Look team got to sample it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabriela: A strong fermented flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh: It tastes like SweeTarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stingless bee honey is sold as a health product to treat things like sore throats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All honeys contain hydrogen peroxide, which is antimicrobial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stingless bees visit a variety of plants, many in the rainforest. So, scientists are studying their honey and resins for chemicals that might have medicinal properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the sun goes down, bees head in for the night and cover their nest entrance once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No effort is too great to protect the riches everyone is after.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look at the underside of a fern leaf. Those rows of orange clusters aren’t tiny insects; they’re spores waiting to be catapulted away. Once a spore lands, it grows into a tiny plant, from which fern sperm swim away, searching for an egg to fertilize. Think of \u003cem>that \u003c/em>next time you’re hiking in the forest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The undersides of ferns have many looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all these intricate structures do the same thing. They hold – and then launch – the fern’s spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spores are the main way ferns make more ferns, but they’re not the eggs or sperm. Those come later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since before the dinosaurs roamed … and plants grew sex organs called flowers … ferns have been “doing it” through flying spores and swimming sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the spores mature, a fern leaf comes alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look how things are moving under there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of these clusters is called a sorus. And every worm-like thingy is a sporangium full of spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sporangium has an outer ring filled with water. When it’s warm outside, that water starts to evaporate. The ring shrinks, making the sporangium crack open. The ring bends farther and farther back. The sporangium jerks forward … and catapults the spores out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single fern launches millions of spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each one grows into a gametophyte. But these pea-sized plants aren’t baby ferns. Where their fern parent was asexual, the gametophytes make eggs and sperm in specialized organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, fern sperm. It’s a thing. Look at these little curlicues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the rains come, sperm swim away from the gametophyte that made them – a tiny puddle will do. They follow a trail of pheromones to find eggs stored in nearby gametophytes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sperm meets egg, ta-da! A fern sprouts right out of its gametophyte mother, which it feeds on. Now, this is a baby fern. Finally. Awww.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferns don’t need to wait around for some insect to help them with pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can go it alone, as long as there’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, next time you go on a walk through a damp forest, think of the ferns getting busy all around you.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since before the dinosaurs roamed … and plants grew sex organs called flowers … ferns have been “doing it” through flying spores and swimming sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the spores mature, a fern leaf comes alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look how things are moving under there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of these clusters is called a sorus. And every worm-like thingy is a sporangium full of spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sporangium has an outer ring filled with water. When it’s warm outside, that water starts to evaporate. The ring shrinks, making the sporangium crack open. The ring bends farther and farther back. The sporangium jerks forward … and catapults the spores out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single fern launches millions of spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each one grows into a gametophyte. But these pea-sized plants aren’t baby ferns. Where their fern parent was asexual, the gametophytes make eggs and sperm in specialized organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, fern sperm. It’s a thing. Look at these little curlicues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the rains come, sperm swim away from the gametophyte that made them – a tiny puddle will do. They follow a trail of pheromones to find eggs stored in nearby gametophytes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sperm meets egg, ta-da! A fern sprouts right out of its gametophyte mother, which it feeds on. Now, this is a baby fern. Finally. Awww.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferns don’t need to wait around for some insect to help them with pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can go it alone, as long as there’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, next time you go on a walk through a damp forest, think of the ferns getting busy all around you.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tiny marine flatworms called acoels hunt for prey in coral reefs. They’re referred to as “plant-animals” because they’ve got a partnership with photosynthetic algae that live inside of them. But this acoel’s real superpower is its ability to regenerate any part of their body!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Those aren’t cornflakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rock is absolutely covered with tiny marine flatworms, called acoels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not just an animal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also kind of a plant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re practically immortal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They use simple eyes called ocelli to seek out the sunniest spots on tropical coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where they spread themselves out like beach blankets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they don’t just lay around sunbathing all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acoels are also skilled hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They catch prey by engulfing them with their body and jamming them into their mouth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see their meal trying in vain to escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, they don’t have a butt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their poop just goes right back out through their mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you wouldn’t want to kiss one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t just hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These acoels are gardeners, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See those green dots? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are algae. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those reddish cells belong to the acoel itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sun hits our flatworm friend, the algae inside produce sugars through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers think they share those sugars with their host. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In return, the acoel provides its, um, waste, which is kind of like fertilizer for the algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the acoel protects its house guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers think the acoels pack toxic chemicals in those reddish cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So predators tend to leave them alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without its algae, the acoel would eventually die, even if it had plenty of prey to eat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call a creature like this a holobiont, a single being made up of two or more completely different species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, a solar-powered predator. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not even the weirdest thing about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Stanford University and the University of San Francisco are studying acoels, because of how they regenerate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to do that …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be OK, I promise. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’d think getting cut in half would be a bad thing, but within minutes, the wounded front half seals up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a couple days, it’ll have a whole new tail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the back side?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t just make a new head. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes two!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s hard to share one body with two heads. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So each half eventually pulls away from the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where there was once one acoel, now there are three!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What seemed like a moment of doom was actually one of rebirth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they don’t need the researcher’s scalpel; acoels can drop their tail and clone themselves on their own. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The acoel and their algae can multiply themselves like this over and over indefinitely, making them functionally immortal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acoels can do this because they’re packed with stem cells which morph into any body part the acoel needs to regrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since they can’t hunt until they grow new heads, they’re extra reliant on the energy they get from their algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these desperate times, the acoels even eat some of their algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorry!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every relationship has its challenges. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the acoel and its algae have a deal: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By taking advantage of each one’s abilities, they’re greater than the sum of their parts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also kind of a plant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re practically immortal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They use simple eyes called ocelli to seek out the sunniest spots on tropical coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where they spread themselves out like beach blankets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they don’t just lay around sunbathing all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acoels are also skilled hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They catch prey by engulfing them with their body and jamming them into their mouth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see their meal trying in vain to escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, they don’t have a butt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their poop just goes right back out through their mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you wouldn’t want to kiss one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t just hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These acoels are gardeners, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See those green dots? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are algae. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those reddish cells belong to the acoel itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sun hits our flatworm friend, the algae inside produce sugars through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers think they share those sugars with their host. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In return, the acoel provides its, um, waste, which is kind of like fertilizer for the algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the acoel protects its house guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers think the acoels pack toxic chemicals in those reddish cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So predators tend to leave them alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without its algae, the acoel would eventually die, even if it had plenty of prey to eat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call a creature like this a holobiont, a single being made up of two or more completely different species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, a solar-powered predator. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not even the weirdest thing about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Stanford University and the University of San Francisco are studying acoels, because of how they regenerate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to do that …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be OK, I promise. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’d think getting cut in half would be a bad thing, but within minutes, the wounded front half seals up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a couple days, it’ll have a whole new tail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the back side?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t just make a new head. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes two!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s hard to share one body with two heads. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So each half eventually pulls away from the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where there was once one acoel, now there are three!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What seemed like a moment of doom was actually one of rebirth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they don’t need the researcher’s scalpel; acoels can drop their tail and clone themselves on their own. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The acoel and their algae can multiply themselves like this over and over indefinitely, making them functionally immortal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acoels can do this because they’re packed with stem cells which morph into any body part the acoel needs to regrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since they can’t hunt until they grow new heads, they’re extra reliant on the energy they get from their algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these desperate times, the acoels even eat some of their algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorry!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every relationship has its challenges. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the acoel and its algae have a deal: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By taking advantage of each one’s abilities, they’re greater than the sum of their parts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sharpshooters survive by guzzling a lot of plant sap. But drinking all of that liquid nutrition presents a problem for these tiny insects: how do you move it all out? They’ve perfected a super-propulsive urination technique using a special catapult in their butt.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Not a cloud in the sky. So how is it raining under this grapevine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not rain … that’s pee!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It comes from this insect, a sharpshooter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And flinging pee rapid-fire like this is crucial to its survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sharpshooter gets all its nutrition from the thin, watery liquid inside a plant, called xylem sap, which it sucks out with this tube-shaped stylet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the brilliant blue adults and their translucent nymphs feed on the sap in grapevines and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sap has so little nutrition that sharpshooters need to guzzle nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They consume more than 300 times their body weight a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’d be like you downing over 80 bathtubs of cucumber water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yummmmmm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sharpshooter uses massive muscles in its head to suck out the liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking all that liquid in presents a problem – how to move it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you’re this small, gravity won’t just roll this effluent away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, surface tension makes the drops stick to the sharpshooter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gah!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if it can’t remove those drops, the sharpshooter could get sick … or rot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, best to send that pee flying away as fast as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the sharpshooter has evolved the perfect tool for the job: an anal stylus – or butt flicker, if you will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the pee flows out of the sharpshooter, it accumulates. When enough of it collects, kapow! The flicker catapults the drop away with tremendous power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even do it while doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s something incredible: Each drop of pee actually travels faster than the speed at which the butt flicker launched it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called superpropulsion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Georgia Tech filmed sharpshooters peeing in slo-mo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers noticed that after the sharpshooter forms a pee droplet, it gets compressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like what happens to a water balloon that hits the ground and flattens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A force builds in that compression, which then springs the balloon back into shape and away from the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same goes for the drop of pee!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It picks up speed as it returns to its orb shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why would researchers want to study insect urination?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning how sharpshooters eject liquid could help our own tiny devices do the same and be more reliable. Things like hearing aids or phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone has something they’re good at, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sharpshooter, it’s a whiz at whizzing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When grown-up jellyfish love each other very much, they make huge numbers of teeny-tiny potato-shaped larvae. Those larvae grow into little polyps that cling to rocks and catch prey with their stinging tentacles. But their best trick is when they clone themselves by morphing into a stack of squirming jellyfish pancakes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There’s a reason the ocean is full of jellyfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These creatures have mastered the ability to multiply themselves again and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult moon jellies grow to the size of dinner plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mature jellyfish like this is called a medusa for its resemblance to the ancient Greek monster with snakes for hair. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of snakes, this medusa has stinging tentacles that paralyze its prey. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to tell by looking at them but there are male and female moon jellies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The males release sperm into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the females collect it to fertilize their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those eggs turn into larvae called planulae that mom sends out into the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They look like fuzzy little potatoes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each planula does its best to settle on something solid — like rock – and develops into this, a polyp the size of a pea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The polyp clings to the rock with a sticky foot, like a miniature version of its colorful cousin, the sea anemone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its stinging tentacles catch prey that float by, like these tiny crustaceans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each mouthful it grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See that budding out of its side? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little clone!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few days the clone pops off, and settles in right next door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The polyps make more polyps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they form a whole neighborhood of clones …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do they go from tiny polyp stuck on a rock to giant medusa gliding through the open ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the water begins to cool at the end of summer, they go through yet another change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They slow down, stop hunting and develop these ridges along their sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a few weeks, the ridges get more and more pronounced, until the polyp looks like a stack of pancakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each individual pancake, called an ephyra, is a clone with the potential to grow into an adult. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right, it’s a whole extra round of cloning called strobilation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins with a twitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ephyrae flex and convulse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They impatiently work to free themselves … from themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next ones in line can’t wait for their turn either. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they help push things along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that effort, the ephyra on the very end finally breaks free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes jellyfish are so successful that they explode in number, creating a jellyfish bloom. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s great for predators like barnacles that snatch them up when they’re young … and for sea turtles that scarf down the grown-ups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why moon jellies play the odds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making babies that clone themselves, and clone themselves again, jellies multiply their chances that some will make it all the way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mature jellyfish like this is called a medusa for its resemblance to the ancient Greek monster with snakes for hair. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of snakes, this medusa has stinging tentacles that paralyze its prey. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to tell by looking at them but there are male and female moon jellies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The males release sperm into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the females collect it to fertilize their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those eggs turn into larvae called planulae that mom sends out into the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They look like fuzzy little potatoes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each planula does its best to settle on something solid — like rock – and develops into this, a polyp the size of a pea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The polyp clings to the rock with a sticky foot, like a miniature version of its colorful cousin, the sea anemone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its stinging tentacles catch prey that float by, like these tiny crustaceans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each mouthful it grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See that budding out of its side? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little clone!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few days the clone pops off, and settles in right next door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The polyps make more polyps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they form a whole neighborhood of clones …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do they go from tiny polyp stuck on a rock to giant medusa gliding through the open ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the water begins to cool at the end of summer, they go through yet another change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They slow down, stop hunting and develop these ridges along their sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a few weeks, the ridges get more and more pronounced, until the polyp looks like a stack of pancakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each individual pancake, called an ephyra, is a clone with the potential to grow into an adult. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right, it’s a whole extra round of cloning called strobilation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins with a twitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ephyrae flex and convulse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They impatiently work to free themselves … from themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next ones in line can’t wait for their turn either. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they help push things along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that effort, the ephyra on the very end finally breaks free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes jellyfish are so successful that they explode in number, creating a jellyfish bloom. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s great for predators like barnacles that snatch them up when they’re young … and for sea turtles that scarf down the grown-ups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why moon jellies play the odds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making babies that clone themselves, and clone themselves again, jellies multiply their chances that some will make it all the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Like its name suggests, the brown dog tick dines on dog blood. But as temperatures rise, they’re more likely to feast on you, too. That’s a problem, because the brown dog tick is a vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a disease that’s deadly to both dogs and humans.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>To pet a dog is to know peace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But who’s this interloper? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a brown dog tick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re the most widespread tick in the world, and the most adapted to living among us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown dog ticks are thought to have evolved alongside burrowing carnivores like foxes and weasels – and came indoors when we domesticated dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can be found in and around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what’s worse, they spread bacteria that can be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They aren’t the ticks known for carrying Lyme disease. Those are blacklegged ticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brown dog tick has grooves along its back, and they’re a solid, reddish brown. See the difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjad085\">Assistant professor of animal science at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Laura Backus, whose research on the brown dog tick we explored in this episode, has spent a lot of time looking into tick populations in California and Mexico during her Ph.D. and postdoc at the University of California, Davis. Check out her team’s work exploring the role of wildlife in tick-borne diseases in this paper!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://bugscope.beckman.illinois.edu/\">Microscopist T Josek took the incredible pictures of the brown dog tick’s Haller’s organ you saw in this episode. Learn more about their organization, Bugscope at the University of Illinois’s Beckman Institute here.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what kind of tick they are, they want one thing: blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to find that blood, they use what’s called the Haller’s organ, one near the tip of each foreleg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ticks use them to pick up chemical signals from the air: carbon dioxide, pheromones and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe the Haller’s organ even lets ticks detect the body heat of their prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All ticks have them, but they use them differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blacklegged tick “quests” – it stays put, waving its forelegs to sense when it can hop aboard a host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brown dog tick hunts, using that Haller’s organ to home in on a potential target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As its name suggests, a brown dog tick is happy to take all its meals from dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the right conditions, the brown dog tick will dine on you, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a problem, because they can transmit bacteria that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a terrible disease that can kill both dogs and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain spotted fever usually occurs in small clusters in the United States and is relatively rare. But outbreaks in northern Mexico have killed hundreds of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And rising temperatures due to climate change are sparking some troubling tick behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s particularly hot out, brown dog ticks start craving human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To investigate this, University of California, Davis researchers put a very good dog in a box and a very good human in another, connected by a plastic tube with hungry brown dog ticks inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t worry – there’s a screen here and here. The ticks can’t actually get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At room temperature, the ticks preferred dogs. But when researchers heated up the tube, to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, brown dog ticks preferred – you guessed it – us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still trying to determine why. In the meantime, researchers are developing vaccines to protect us from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tick treatments can keep the pests off of dogs. But they’re expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sonoran Desert, in Southern California, volunteers remove ticks by putting their tweezers right up against a dog’s skin and pulling straight up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one is full of dog blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they give the dogs oral medicine for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look at these happy pals!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then it’s back to the petting frenzy you both deserve.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She uses her sensitive antennae to sniff and taste her way to the perfect acorn. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She goes for the soft green ones. This one is too hard. This one’s too bitter! This one’s just right. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her antennae don’t stick out right from her head; they would never reach the acorn. Instead they’re down here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her razor-sharp mouth sits at the very tip. She makes tiny cuts in the acorn’s surface to break through the hardest part of the nut. Once it’s weakened, she punches through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rostrum’s downward curve lets her bite into the acorn directly beneath her. She often digs in under the cap. Maybe it’s easier to grab on there, or softer underneath it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, she bores in. Rotating her head and using her snout as a drill. She chows down as she goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her antennae start to get in the way, no problem. She just tucks half of each one into these side channels called scrobes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, she creates an arrow-straight tunnel. The naturally arched rostrum straightens as it drills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can do this because the rostrum has two layers: a hard and thin outer cover, called the exocuticle, and a flexible and thick inside, the endocuticle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be wondering: Where are the males? They’re here too. You’ll know them by their short rostrum. But that’s OK. They’re only tunneling into acorns for food. A female sports a rostrum as long as her body. Because she isn’t just eating. She’s building a nursery. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deeper she digs, the safer her babies will be. After she’s done carving, she turns around and extends an egg-laying organ, her ovipositor. But it doesn’t just drop eggs. Its tip can smell and taste to make sure the environment will be suitable for her growing babies. Once she’s convinced, she deposits her eggs one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she still has more eggs to lay. And she can’t put them all in one basket. She lays her eggs all over the oak to increase the chance they’ll survive, drilling into dozens of acorns. But that’s exhausting. So sometimes, she tries to nab another weevil’s tunnel for her own babies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is mom vs. mom! Not this time! Go find your own acorn!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few weeks, the larva eats and grows. Once the acorns have darkened and matured, they fall to the ground. Using its powerful mandibles, the larva chews its way out of its safe home. That’s a tight squeeze!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immediately, it burrows into the soil for protection. It will emerge in a coming season, waking up just as the new green acorns grow in the canopy above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, the weevil will travel up the tree in search of its own perfect acorn, one that’s just right for its growing family.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Every year, up to half the honeybee colonies in the U.S. die. Varroa mites, the bees’ ghastly parasites, are one of the main culprits. After hitching a ride into a hive, a mite mom hides in a honeycomb cell, where she and her offspring feed on a growing bee. But beekeepers and scientists are helping honeybees fight back.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Here’s a go-to recipe for beekeepers. It’s called a “sugar shake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a half-cup of bees. That’s about 300.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put them in a jar and cover them with a mesh lid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add two tablespoons confectioners’ sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shake for 30 seconds. We’re going for a nice, even coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Empty the sugar onto a tray. And there you have it: frosted varroa mites, aka \u003cem>Varroa destructor\u003c/em>. They’re a honeybee’s worst enemy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fine-powdered sugar made them lose the grip they had on their hosts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A minute ago, the mites were on the bees in the hive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as if you were carrying around a tick the size of a dinner plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, up to half the managed honeybee hives in the United States die from hazards like pesticide exposure, lack of flowers to forage on year-round, and varroa mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To feed, a varroa mite nestles between the bees’ protective plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It digs in with its gnarly mouth, the gnathosoma. The mite sinks it into a crucial organ called the fat body. It’s a layer of tissue that lines the abdomen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nElina L. Niño, associate professor of cooperative extension in apiculture at UC Davis, has answered \u003ca href=\"https://elninobeelab.sf.ucdavis.edu/resources-community\">common questions about honeybees\u003c/a> from beekeepers, homeowners and gardeners, including where to send pests to be identified. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 2019 paper by Samuel Ramsey and colleagues details how they discovered that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818371116\">varroa mites feed on the fat body of honeybees\u003c/a>. For a long time, it was thought that the mites fed on honeybees’ blood, known as hemolymph.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sort of like the human liver, the fat body helps the bee break down harmful stuff, including pesticides. And it maintains the bee’s immune system. So, when varroa mites attack the fat body, they seriously weaken the bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mites can also transmit a virus that causes a bee to be born with deformed wings, no good for flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s go back to the “sugar shake.” Beekeepers use them to monitor the varroa mites in their hives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As few as three mites per half-cup of bees could kill a hive within the year. That’s because varroa mites are great at sneaking into hives, hiding, and reproducing like mad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first mite gets into a hive by hitching a ride on a bee from another colony. Maybe the bee’s own colony wasn’t doing well and it was looking for a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite sniffs around for a bee larva and sneaks in right before the bees cover the cell with wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defenseless larva is now trapped with its enemy, which begins to feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the larva grows into a pupa, the mite, called a foundress, starts her family. Take a look underneath this bee pupa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite’s firstborn is always a son. The rest are daughters. They’re hard to tell apart when they’re young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the siblings come of age inside the cell, they’ll meet up on this pile of mite poop – maybe they’re guided by the scent. And they’ll mate … with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes two foundresses make it into a cell. Then their offspring get to mate with someone they’re not related to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mites live off the bee pupa, but they don’t kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bee is all grown up, it chews its way out of the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite slips onto its next victim. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why don’t the bees just pick those mites off themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, we didn’t start seeing varroa mites in the U.S. until the 1980s. They evolved on eastern honeybees, in Asia. That’s why the western honeybees in the Americas and Europe aren’t yet good at defending against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When beekeepers find mites in a sugar shake, they treat a hive with pesticide strips that kill the mites. But mites are becoming resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers are selectively breeding honeybees to fight back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Agriculture and private companies are breeding bees that can sniff out varroa mites. When the bees find some, they uncap the cells and interrupt reproduction. The bees then, um, “recycle” the unlucky pupa. Yep, they’re eating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Purdue and Central State universities, scientists breed honeybees known as “mite-biters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After collecting sperm from a male bee, they inseminate a queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the queen and the male come from colonies that are particularly good at killing mites by chewing off their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a grisly end for these tormentors and – just maybe – a fair shake for the honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey sugar, what’s shakin’? We’ve got more bee stories for you. Bindweed turret bees fill their underground nests with pollen. See those “pollen pants”? But freeloading flies drop their own eggs into the nests … from the air!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, PBS Digital Studios wants to know what you enjoy on YouTube and what you want more of. Follow the link in the description to take their annual survey. You even get to vote on new show ideas. Thanks for representing, and please tell them Deep Look sent you.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sort of like the human liver, the fat body helps the bee break down harmful stuff, including pesticides. And it maintains the bee’s immune system. So, when varroa mites attack the fat body, they seriously weaken the bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mites can also transmit a virus that causes a bee to be born with deformed wings, no good for flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s go back to the “sugar shake.” Beekeepers use them to monitor the varroa mites in their hives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As few as three mites per half-cup of bees could kill a hive within the year. That’s because varroa mites are great at sneaking into hives, hiding, and reproducing like mad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first mite gets into a hive by hitching a ride on a bee from another colony. Maybe the bee’s own colony wasn’t doing well and it was looking for a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite sniffs around for a bee larva and sneaks in right before the bees cover the cell with wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defenseless larva is now trapped with its enemy, which begins to feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the larva grows into a pupa, the mite, called a foundress, starts her family. Take a look underneath this bee pupa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite’s firstborn is always a son. The rest are daughters. They’re hard to tell apart when they’re young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the siblings come of age inside the cell, they’ll meet up on this pile of mite poop – maybe they’re guided by the scent. And they’ll mate … with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes two foundresses make it into a cell. Then their offspring get to mate with someone they’re not related to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mites live off the bee pupa, but they don’t kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bee is all grown up, it chews its way out of the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mite slips onto its next victim. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why don’t the bees just pick those mites off themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, we didn’t start seeing varroa mites in the U.S. until the 1980s. They evolved on eastern honeybees, in Asia. That’s why the western honeybees in the Americas and Europe aren’t yet good at defending against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When beekeepers find mites in a sugar shake, they treat a hive with pesticide strips that kill the mites. But mites are becoming resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers are selectively breeding honeybees to fight back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Agriculture and private companies are breeding bees that can sniff out varroa mites. When the bees find some, they uncap the cells and interrupt reproduction. The bees then, um, “recycle” the unlucky pupa. Yep, they’re eating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Purdue and Central State universities, scientists breed honeybees known as “mite-biters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After collecting sperm from a male bee, they inseminate a queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the queen and the male come from colonies that are particularly good at killing mites by chewing off their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a grisly end for these tormentors and – just maybe – a fair shake for the honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey sugar, what’s shakin’? We’ve got more bee stories for you. Bindweed turret bees fill their underground nests with pollen. See those “pollen pants”? But freeloading flies drop their own eggs into the nests … from the air!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, PBS Digital Studios wants to know what you enjoy on YouTube and what you want more of. Follow the link in the description to take their annual survey. You even get to vote on new show ideas. Thanks for representing, and please tell them Deep Look sent you.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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