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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22991\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22991\" title=\"BlogPost\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/BlogPost-e1313703705765-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes are skilled swimmers, so take caution when reaching for that \"stick\" in the water. Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have always inspired our imaginations, from Native American cultures who have depicted them in their art and religions, to portrayals in Westerns as villainous, bad-tempered animals. But despite some popularly held beliefs about rattlesnakes’ supposed bad behavior, this is not usually the case. People aren't on the rattlesnakes' prey list. If they strike anyone, it’s usually a defensive maneuver – such as when they’re accidentally stepped on. And the majority of rattlesnake bites that occur in the United States are received by young men who tease a rattlesnake (and yes, alcohol is often involved in these instances). So for the majority of us who would never consider playing with a rattlesnake, there's relatively very little danger. It is important, however, to watch where you walk or put your hands when spending time in rattlesnake country. They’re not always vocal with their telltale rattle sound and blend in easily with their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katie Colbert, a naturalist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol-Ohlone Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, has often heard people warn that a baby rattlesnake is a greater threat due to the fact that they're unable to control the amount of poison they inject into their victim when they bite. According to Colbert, this is just not true: all rattlesnakes, babies and adults, can control their venom. In addition, Colbert says, \"Baby rattlesnakes can only produce and stash a very small fraction of [venom] an adult can.\" This does not change the fact, however, that a bite from any rattlesnake, regardless of age, is a dangerous bite and requires medical attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another myth is that a rattlesnake's tail can be used to determine the age of the animal. The origin of this misconception that each segment of the rattle corresponds to a year of the snake’s life can be traced back to English writer Thomas Morton, author of the book, \u003cem>New English Canaan\u003c/em>,\u003cem> \u003c/em>that was published in 1637. According to the website, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyreptilenews.com/?p=3644\" target=\"_blank\">Daily Reptile News\u003c/a>, we now understand that every time rattlesnakes shed their skin, they add a segment to their rattle. They can shed anywhere from one to three times a year, and the rattles often break off in the normal daily lives of the snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what should you do if you've been bitten by a rattlesnake? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpoison.com/public/snakebite.html\" target=\"_blank\">California Poison Control Systems website\u003c/a> offers some helpful guidance:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A tourniquet should never be applied to the limb with the bite wound. This can cause gangrene to form and amputation may become necessary.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Bite wounds should never be cut open with a knife or razor. The extra blood flow is not only bad for the injured victim, but it can also spread the venom throughout the body more quickly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Sucking out the poison is also a bad idea, as it will not extract all of the venom. Bacteria from the person's mouth could also transmit bacteria to the wound that could exacerbate the risk of infection.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>While keeping the victim calm and still, wash the wound with soap and water, keep the wound below the heart, and get them emergency medical attention as soon as possible.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Although they are potentially dangerous animals, rattlesnakes tend to keep to themselves and only really become aggressive when provoked or cornered. As they are an important part of the ecosystem, it's best to just allow them plenty of room and safe passage when encountered in the wild so they can continue to do their part for the animal kingdom: control the population of rodents and provide food to the predators that feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rattlesnake Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crab\" title=\"crab1_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22678\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE - The empty shells of an unfortunate horseshoe crab or two are a common sight on the popular Jersey shore (that’s what locals call the beach in these parts) during the early summer beach season. Occasionally a child may tentatively investigate one, but most steer clear of what’s left of the dangerous-looking arthropod. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What many people never see, and probably aren’t even aware of, is the frenzy going on in the nearby (and less frequented) Delaware Bay. Hundreds of thousands of the crabs come ashore there every year in May and June to mate and lay eggs, and then mostly disappear as the summer gets into full swing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The horseshoe crab is a bit intimidating at first, looking like a cross between an amphibious assault vehicle and a creature out of the movie Alien. In reality, you’d need to go out of your way to get harmed by one – though Jim Hewes, the science teacher and volunteer crab surveyor whom we interviewed for this video, confided in us that he did once get stabbed through the boot by a crab’s spike-shaped tail, or telson, when he stepped on it by accident. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabs use their tails to try to turn themselves over if they get flipped upside down, though they aren’t always successful, as documented by the beautiful clock-face pattern in the sand that surrounds the crab that Jim rescues in the story. The telson is attached to the crab by tendons, which tend to get injured if the crab is picked up by it. So if you ever attempt to rescue a flipped horseshoe crab, the best way is to hold it by its shell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">Horseshoe crabs\u003c/a>, as it turns out, aren’t really crabs at all but a separate subphylum, which makes them more closely related to things like scorpions and spiders. The males and females can be told apart by their size (females grow much larger) and their appendages. The male possesses specialized ones designed to latch onto the back of the female while \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/Ventral.html\">mating\u003c/a>. The Atlantic horseshoe crab (\u003cem>Limulus polyphemus\u003c/em>) has its main migration in the Delaware Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel fishermen now face restrictions on the amount of horseshoe crabs they can harvest to use as bait, but the animals have also become attractive to the biomedical industry. Researchers have found that the crab’s blue blood contains a clotting agent with anti-bacterial properties. One quart of horseshoe crab blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/video-blue-blood-at-15000-a-quart/614/\">can sell for about $15,000\u003c/a>. While the bleeding process itself doesn’t usually kill the crabs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/the-benefits-of-blue-blood/595/\">there is some debate \u003c/a>over how harmful the process is to their health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take a decade or more to begin to see the results of the regulations that went into place in the early 2000s to protect the crab population. So scientists and volunteers like Jim Hewes will continue to monitor the health of the crab population - and of shorebirds like the red knot, which depend on their eggs - for signs of recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to their efforts, curious children at the Jersey shore should continue to have strange, alien-looking life forms to investigate for many years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/whyy_crab_ed_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crab\" title=\"crab1_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22678\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE - The empty shells of an unfortunate horseshoe crab or two are a common sight on the popular Jersey shore (that’s what locals call the beach in these parts) during the early summer beach season. Occasionally a child may tentatively investigate one, but most steer clear of what’s left of the dangerous-looking arthropod. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What many people never see, and probably aren’t even aware of, is the frenzy going on in the nearby (and less frequented) Delaware Bay. Hundreds of thousands of the crabs come ashore there every year in May and June to mate and lay eggs, and then mostly disappear as the summer gets into full swing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The horseshoe crab is a bit intimidating at first, looking like a cross between an amphibious assault vehicle and a creature out of the movie Alien. In reality, you’d need to go out of your way to get harmed by one – though Jim Hewes, the science teacher and volunteer crab surveyor whom we interviewed for this video, confided in us that he did once get stabbed through the boot by a crab’s spike-shaped tail, or telson, when he stepped on it by accident. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabs use their tails to try to turn themselves over if they get flipped upside down, though they aren’t always successful, as documented by the beautiful clock-face pattern in the sand that surrounds the crab that Jim rescues in the story. The telson is attached to the crab by tendons, which tend to get injured if the crab is picked up by it. So if you ever attempt to rescue a flipped horseshoe crab, the best way is to hold it by its shell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">Horseshoe crabs\u003c/a>, as it turns out, aren’t really crabs at all but a separate subphylum, which makes them more closely related to things like scorpions and spiders. The males and females can be told apart by their size (females grow much larger) and their appendages. The male possesses specialized ones designed to latch onto the back of the female while \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/Ventral.html\">mating\u003c/a>. The Atlantic horseshoe crab (\u003cem>Limulus polyphemus\u003c/em>) has its main migration in the Delaware Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel fishermen now face restrictions on the amount of horseshoe crabs they can harvest to use as bait, but the animals have also become attractive to the biomedical industry. Researchers have found that the crab’s blue blood contains a clotting agent with anti-bacterial properties. One quart of horseshoe crab blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/video-blue-blood-at-15000-a-quart/614/\">can sell for about $15,000\u003c/a>. While the bleeding process itself doesn’t usually kill the crabs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/the-benefits-of-blue-blood/595/\">there is some debate \u003c/a>over how harmful the process is to their health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take a decade or more to begin to see the results of the regulations that went into place in the early 2000s to protect the crab population. So scientists and volunteers like Jim Hewes will continue to monitor the health of the crab population - and of shorebirds like the red knot, which depend on their eggs - for signs of recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to their efforts, curious children at the Jersey shore should continue to have strange, alien-looking life forms to investigate for many years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/whyy_crab_ed_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every summer, 250,000 female bats take up residence under a freeway bridge in California’s Central Valley, to wait for the birth of their pups. And each night, the hungry mammals exit the bridge in a stunning ribbon-like formation to hunt for insects. (I strongly recommend you watch the HD version of this video - you'll really appreciate the beauty of the bat flyouts much better, especially the final one!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican free-tailed bats living beneath the Yolo Causeway, a three-mile bridge near Davis, make up the largest colony of bats in the Central Valley and most likely one of the biggest in California, said Corky Quirk, education associate with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/\">Yolo Basin Foundation\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Corky Quirk and QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros\" title=\"Bats of Yolo Causeway (31)_resizedtighter\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22045\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corky Quirk helps QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros prepare to film the bat flyout at the Yolo Causeway.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Amanda Stupi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Yolo Causeway carries highway 80 traffic over the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/05/19/californias-ingenious-flood-relief-valve/\">Yolo Bypass\u003c/a>, a flood-control structure that protects Sacramento, West Sacramento and nearby communities from the Sacramento River’s rising waters during the winter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats fly out from under the bridge each evening from two locations. Between June and August, Quirk takes groups of visitors to watch a large group of the bats fly out in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, which is managed by the state’s Department of Fish and Game. This year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/events.cfm\">bat tours\u003c/a> sold out after the Sacramento Bee published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/07/08/3755355/yolo-bat-advocate-shines-light.html#storylink=misearch\">story\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican free-tailed bats fly out at sunset\" title=\"DSC_5171_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22096\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats fly out over the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, in Davis.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Corky Quirk\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But you can watch a slightly smaller group of bats fly out shortly before sunset from the causeway’s bike trail, on the bridge’s west end. Quirk recommends parking on the northwest side of the causeway and walking up onto the levee to reach the bike trail. The bats fly from under the causeway near the levee on the north side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know where these bats spend the rest of the year, although they suspect that some of them remain at the causeway and that others live under nearby Central Valley bridges and in the Bay Area. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bats-in-our-midst/\">another QUEST video \u003c/a>I produced, bat scientists counted 16,000 Mexican free-tailed bats spending the winter under a small bridge in the town of Galt, 20 miles south of Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats start to arrive at the causeway in May and make themselves at home in the bridge’s exposition joints, crevices that are one inch wide and 12 inches deep and allow the cement structure to contract and expand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In our area we don’t have caves, which would be the normal habitat for this particular species,” said Quirk. “But they’ve adapted to live in the structures that the humans have ended up providing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Under the Yolo Causeway\" title=\"DSC_0001_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22034\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mexican free-tailed bats have adapted to living under bridges instead of in caves. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mexican free-tailed bats are one of around 16 species of bats in the Bay Area, said Dave Johnston, a wildlife ecologist and an officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbwg.org/index.html\">Western Bat Working Group\u003c/a>. While this species is doing well, other Bay Area bats such as the long-eared myotis, the Townsend’s big-eared bat and the pallid bat, aren’t as numerous as they once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re learning is that more and more of these species are more sensitive to urbanization than we previously thought,” said Johnston. “Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are probably the big suspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a disease called white-nose syndrome has killed more than one million bats in the eastern United States since it was introduced to New York state in 2006, likely from Europe. The fungal disease attacks bats hibernating in caves and causes them to develop what looks like frost on their snouts and chins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is expected to reach California, but Johnston said it’s not clear how it might impact the state’s bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our bats typically do not go into the deep torpor or deep hibernation when this fungus does its worst effect,” said Johnston. “So that’s a wild card out there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Mexican free-tailed bats weigh about half an ounce and are three inches long. Their 10-inch wingspan makes them look bigger when they’re flying, which they do at speeds of about 50 miles per hour. Under the causeway, they chatter away in high-pitched, bird-like chirps. But when they exit the bridge at sunset, Quirk holds up a phone-sized machine called a bat detector to hear the high-frequency sounds that help the bats locate their prey. Without the bat detector, these sounds aren’t audible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, Mexican free-tailed bats feed on the moths and moth larvae that attack corn and tomatoes. In Texas, where they’re also known as Brazilian free-tailed bats, they protect the cotton crops and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/cleveland-et-al06.pdf\">reduce the cost of pesticides for cotton farmers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re pregnant or nursing, they’re going to eat about the equivalent of their weight in insects each night,” said Quirk. “They’re very, very important for our pest control.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Four-day-old Mexican-free tailed bat pup\" title=\"DSC_0027_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-day-old bat pup. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each female gives birth to a single pup once a year. The pups, which are born translucent and furless, are large, compared to their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think of it as a human mother giving birth to a kindergartner,” said Quirk. Around July 1, Quirk starts to look for tiny bat placentas and umbilical cords that have fallen to the ground under the bridge - a sign that the bats have given birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because nursing bats need to eat so many insects, once they give birth they fly in thicker groups than during their pregnancy. They fly out from under the bridge in a long, twirling line that Quirk describes as a “ribbon.” Each night, three or four ribbons are visible from the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like that they’re so different than their reputation,” said Quirk as she watched a flyout in July. “I like that they’re actually very calm animals for the most part, that they’re hunting insects and not interested in us.” \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every summer, 250,000 female bats take up residence under a freeway bridge in California’s Central Valley, to wait for the birth of their pups. And each night, the hungry mammals exit the bridge in a stunning ribbon-like formation to hunt for insects. (I strongly recommend you watch the HD version of this video - you'll really appreciate the beauty of the bat flyouts much better, especially the final one!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican free-tailed bats living beneath the Yolo Causeway, a three-mile bridge near Davis, make up the largest colony of bats in the Central Valley and most likely one of the biggest in California, said Corky Quirk, education associate with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/\">Yolo Basin Foundation\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Corky Quirk and QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros\" title=\"Bats of Yolo Causeway (31)_resizedtighter\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22045\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corky Quirk helps QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros prepare to film the bat flyout at the Yolo Causeway.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Amanda Stupi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Yolo Causeway carries highway 80 traffic over the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/05/19/californias-ingenious-flood-relief-valve/\">Yolo Bypass\u003c/a>, a flood-control structure that protects Sacramento, West Sacramento and nearby communities from the Sacramento River’s rising waters during the winter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats fly out from under the bridge each evening from two locations. Between June and August, Quirk takes groups of visitors to watch a large group of the bats fly out in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, which is managed by the state’s Department of Fish and Game. This year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/events.cfm\">bat tours\u003c/a> sold out after the Sacramento Bee published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/07/08/3755355/yolo-bat-advocate-shines-light.html#storylink=misearch\">story\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican free-tailed bats fly out at sunset\" title=\"DSC_5171_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22096\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats fly out over the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, in Davis.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Corky Quirk\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But you can watch a slightly smaller group of bats fly out shortly before sunset from the causeway’s bike trail, on the bridge’s west end. Quirk recommends parking on the northwest side of the causeway and walking up onto the levee to reach the bike trail. The bats fly from under the causeway near the levee on the north side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know where these bats spend the rest of the year, although they suspect that some of them remain at the causeway and that others live under nearby Central Valley bridges and in the Bay Area. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bats-in-our-midst/\">another QUEST video \u003c/a>I produced, bat scientists counted 16,000 Mexican free-tailed bats spending the winter under a small bridge in the town of Galt, 20 miles south of Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats start to arrive at the causeway in May and make themselves at home in the bridge’s exposition joints, crevices that are one inch wide and 12 inches deep and allow the cement structure to contract and expand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In our area we don’t have caves, which would be the normal habitat for this particular species,” said Quirk. “But they’ve adapted to live in the structures that the humans have ended up providing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Under the Yolo Causeway\" title=\"DSC_0001_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22034\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mexican free-tailed bats have adapted to living under bridges instead of in caves. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mexican free-tailed bats are one of around 16 species of bats in the Bay Area, said Dave Johnston, a wildlife ecologist and an officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbwg.org/index.html\">Western Bat Working Group\u003c/a>. While this species is doing well, other Bay Area bats such as the long-eared myotis, the Townsend’s big-eared bat and the pallid bat, aren’t as numerous as they once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re learning is that more and more of these species are more sensitive to urbanization than we previously thought,” said Johnston. “Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are probably the big suspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a disease called white-nose syndrome has killed more than one million bats in the eastern United States since it was introduced to New York state in 2006, likely from Europe. The fungal disease attacks bats hibernating in caves and causes them to develop what looks like frost on their snouts and chins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is expected to reach California, but Johnston said it’s not clear how it might impact the state’s bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our bats typically do not go into the deep torpor or deep hibernation when this fungus does its worst effect,” said Johnston. “So that’s a wild card out there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Mexican free-tailed bats weigh about half an ounce and are three inches long. Their 10-inch wingspan makes them look bigger when they’re flying, which they do at speeds of about 50 miles per hour. Under the causeway, they chatter away in high-pitched, bird-like chirps. But when they exit the bridge at sunset, Quirk holds up a phone-sized machine called a bat detector to hear the high-frequency sounds that help the bats locate their prey. Without the bat detector, these sounds aren’t audible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, Mexican free-tailed bats feed on the moths and moth larvae that attack corn and tomatoes. In Texas, where they’re also known as Brazilian free-tailed bats, they protect the cotton crops and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/cleveland-et-al06.pdf\">reduce the cost of pesticides for cotton farmers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re pregnant or nursing, they’re going to eat about the equivalent of their weight in insects each night,” said Quirk. “They’re very, very important for our pest control.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Four-day-old Mexican-free tailed bat pup\" title=\"DSC_0027_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-day-old bat pup. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each female gives birth to a single pup once a year. The pups, which are born translucent and furless, are large, compared to their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think of it as a human mother giving birth to a kindergartner,” said Quirk. Around July 1, Quirk starts to look for tiny bat placentas and umbilical cords that have fallen to the ground under the bridge - a sign that the bats have given birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because nursing bats need to eat so many insects, once they give birth they fly in thicker groups than during their pregnancy. They fly out from under the bridge in a long, twirling line that Quirk describes as a “ribbon.” Each night, three or four ribbons are visible from the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like that they’re so different than their reputation,” said Quirk as she watched a flyout in July. “I like that they’re actually very calm animals for the most part, that they’re hunting insects and not interested in us.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Green Eggs By The Gram - Sustainable Caviar",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21331\" title=\"caviar (81)_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/caviar-81_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"White sturgeon farmed by Sterling Caviar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-year-old white sturgeons farmed by Sterling Caviar in Sacramento County. Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sturgeons, the fish whose eggs are known as caviar, have been around for about 250 million years. These giants are the largest of the freshwater fish and have been known to grow to over 4,000 pounds and live more than 100 years. But it took us only a couple hundred years to deplete their stocks around the world, to the point where most caviar is now harvested from farmed sturgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caviar is generally associated with the \u003ca href=\"http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-caspian-sea.htm\">Caspian Sea\u003c/a>, the large land-locked body of water surrounded by Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Sturgeon are such big animals and the females produce so many eggs (in the wild, eggs can make up as much as 25 percent of their bodyweight) that historically they were a great source of protein. The caviar was for royalty, with the lightest-colored, blond caviar being reserved for the tsar, in Russia, and the shah, in Iran. But this year, virtually \u003ca href=\"http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/sturgeon_intro.shtml\">no wild-harvested caviar\u003c/a> came out of that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less known is the fact that in the late 1800s, the United States was a purveyor of wild-harvested caviar to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in California, they were harvesting millions of pounds in the late 1800s. And actually there was a town in New Jersey called Caviar, which was the world-leading exporter of caviar,” said Peter Struffeneger, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/\">Sterling Caviar\u003c/a>, one of the two companies in California that farm sturgeon for caviar. “But within a span of 30 years they wiped it out. They closed down all fishing from about 1905 to the 1950s, 1960s, depending on which river, for the stocks to recover. And most of them have only gotten back to a point where there’s a limited sport fish for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two species of sturgeon are native to California: the \u003ca href=\"http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=113&ds=241\">white sturgeon \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Sturgeon/index.asp\">green sturgeon\u003c/a>. The green sturgeon is a threatened species and can’t even be fished by sport fishermen. Anglers in California can only catch \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/sportfishing_regs2011.asp#tips\">three white sturgeon per year \u003c/a>and need a special card from the state’s Department of Fish and Game to do so. White sturgeons have been plentiful in the Bay Area in 2011, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_18192560\">this report\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news04/04040.html\">sturgeon poaching \u003c/a>remains a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We filmed the caviar harvest at Sterling Caviar’s processing plant in Sacramento County. Sterling Caviar is one of only two companies in California, and a handful around the country, that are raising sturgeon for caviar and meat. (Sterling Caviar ships most of the meat overseas, though some ends up in Brooklyn, where it’s prized by the Russian community).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wondered why caviar is so expensive (an ounce of Sterling’s highest-grade caviar goes for close to $90 \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/details.asp?ItemID=57&loc=3\">on its Web site\u003c/a>), one reason is that even in the best of circumstances, you can only harvest a small amount of it, said Struffeneger. It takes eight to 10 years for Sterling’s female sturgeons to produce eggs. The other reason for the high price, said Struffeneger, is caviar’s unique flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe a hint of the ocean to it, but not an overbearing saltiness,” he said. “It should hit your taste buds and it actually explodes and you get this ‘wow’ sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with \u003ca href=\"http://caba.ucdavis.edu/faculty/dir/sidorosh\">Serge Doroshov\u003c/a>, a University of California, Davis, scientist who pioneered sturgeon farming in California, Sterling Caviar has figured out ways to \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AquacultureCriteraMethodology.pdf\">farm sustainably\u003c/a>. When the company started out, in the early 1980s, it got permits from the Department of Fish and Game to take white sturgeon from the Sacramento River. But in 1994 the company figured out how to spawn its own females, and since then it hasn’t taken any fish from the wild. And Sterling’s sturgeons are fed fish meal made from sustainably fished sardines and menhaden from Peru and Chile, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Struffeneger, who has degrees in marine and fisheries biology, the United States isn't doing enough to encourage aquaculture. As a result, he said, the country imports 82 percent of the fish we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish farming is the only way forward, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t increase the supply out of the oceans without doing what happened to sturgeon, destroying the resource,” he said. “One hundred years from now we’ll look back at this as a very transitional period in which we’ve really changed from a hunting-and-gathering society for our seafood to a farming-and-ranching society for our seafood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Caviar_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21331\" title=\"caviar (81)_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/caviar-81_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"White sturgeon farmed by Sterling Caviar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-year-old white sturgeons farmed by Sterling Caviar in Sacramento County. Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sturgeons, the fish whose eggs are known as caviar, have been around for about 250 million years. These giants are the largest of the freshwater fish and have been known to grow to over 4,000 pounds and live more than 100 years. But it took us only a couple hundred years to deplete their stocks around the world, to the point where most caviar is now harvested from farmed sturgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caviar is generally associated with the \u003ca href=\"http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-caspian-sea.htm\">Caspian Sea\u003c/a>, the large land-locked body of water surrounded by Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Sturgeon are such big animals and the females produce so many eggs (in the wild, eggs can make up as much as 25 percent of their bodyweight) that historically they were a great source of protein. The caviar was for royalty, with the lightest-colored, blond caviar being reserved for the tsar, in Russia, and the shah, in Iran. But this year, virtually \u003ca href=\"http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/sturgeon_intro.shtml\">no wild-harvested caviar\u003c/a> came out of that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less known is the fact that in the late 1800s, the United States was a purveyor of wild-harvested caviar to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in California, they were harvesting millions of pounds in the late 1800s. And actually there was a town in New Jersey called Caviar, which was the world-leading exporter of caviar,” said Peter Struffeneger, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/\">Sterling Caviar\u003c/a>, one of the two companies in California that farm sturgeon for caviar. “But within a span of 30 years they wiped it out. They closed down all fishing from about 1905 to the 1950s, 1960s, depending on which river, for the stocks to recover. And most of them have only gotten back to a point where there’s a limited sport fish for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two species of sturgeon are native to California: the \u003ca href=\"http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=113&ds=241\">white sturgeon \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Sturgeon/index.asp\">green sturgeon\u003c/a>. The green sturgeon is a threatened species and can’t even be fished by sport fishermen. Anglers in California can only catch \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/sportfishing_regs2011.asp#tips\">three white sturgeon per year \u003c/a>and need a special card from the state’s Department of Fish and Game to do so. White sturgeons have been plentiful in the Bay Area in 2011, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_18192560\">this report\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news04/04040.html\">sturgeon poaching \u003c/a>remains a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We filmed the caviar harvest at Sterling Caviar’s processing plant in Sacramento County. Sterling Caviar is one of only two companies in California, and a handful around the country, that are raising sturgeon for caviar and meat. (Sterling Caviar ships most of the meat overseas, though some ends up in Brooklyn, where it’s prized by the Russian community).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wondered why caviar is so expensive (an ounce of Sterling’s highest-grade caviar goes for close to $90 \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/details.asp?ItemID=57&loc=3\">on its Web site\u003c/a>), one reason is that even in the best of circumstances, you can only harvest a small amount of it, said Struffeneger. It takes eight to 10 years for Sterling’s female sturgeons to produce eggs. The other reason for the high price, said Struffeneger, is caviar’s unique flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe a hint of the ocean to it, but not an overbearing saltiness,” he said. “It should hit your taste buds and it actually explodes and you get this ‘wow’ sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with \u003ca href=\"http://caba.ucdavis.edu/faculty/dir/sidorosh\">Serge Doroshov\u003c/a>, a University of California, Davis, scientist who pioneered sturgeon farming in California, Sterling Caviar has figured out ways to \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AquacultureCriteraMethodology.pdf\">farm sustainably\u003c/a>. When the company started out, in the early 1980s, it got permits from the Department of Fish and Game to take white sturgeon from the Sacramento River. But in 1994 the company figured out how to spawn its own females, and since then it hasn’t taken any fish from the wild. And Sterling’s sturgeons are fed fish meal made from sustainably fished sardines and menhaden from Peru and Chile, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Struffeneger, who has degrees in marine and fisheries biology, the United States isn't doing enough to encourage aquaculture. As a result, he said, the country imports 82 percent of the fish we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish farming is the only way forward, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t increase the supply out of the oceans without doing what happened to sturgeon, destroying the resource,” he said. “One hundred years from now we’ll look back at this as a very transitional period in which we’ve really changed from a hunting-and-gathering society for our seafood to a farming-and-ranching society for our seafood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Caviar_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves - Listening to Orcas",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves - Listening to Orcas",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Val_Veirs_House640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"val veirs\" title=\"Val_Veirs_House640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20671\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired professor Val Veirs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>LIME KILN STATE PARK, SAN JUAN ISLAND – It is hard to describe what it’s like when you see a killer whale up close. “Awe” and “inspiring” are the two words that come to most people’s minds. If you ever want to have that awe-inspiring experience, then \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.wa.gov/parks/?selectedpark=Lime%20Kiln%20Point\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on San Juan Island, Washington is the place to go.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“This is the foremost whale watching park in the world,” says retired professor Val Veirs. “There’s no place else in the world you can go with a higher probability of seeing a whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs, who taught physics at Colorado College for more than 30 years, visited the San Juan Islands on vacation with his wife Leslie and never left. Unable to spend his retirement idly, Veirs turned his attention from particle waves to sound waves, and took up the hobby of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/lk/\">recording underwater marine life\u003c/a>. That’s when he heard his first killer whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody who was making recordings sent me a tape, it was back in the days of cassette tapes, and he played this tape and I said ‘Wow, that’s not what I’ve been hearing on my hydrophone, I’ve been hearing ferry boats and crabs, but I haven’t heard these marvelous sounds that these animals make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Veirs puts almost all of his efforts into tracking orcas. “Listening to the underwater sounds of the sea is an effort to try to understand the acoustic environment of the killer whales that very commonly visit this island,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs recordings confirm what many scientists have theorized about orcas. Different groups of killer whales – known as pods – have different sounds. “There are about 85 animals in three pods, labeled J, K, and L,” says Veirs, “and each of those pods seems to have a signature or contact call. By listening to these a lot, you kind of develop a sense of the vocabulary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that vocabulary is telling Veirs is that the Southern Resident Killer Whales of Puget Sound are in trouble – threatened by a lack of food, pollution, and underwater noise harassment. It is this third factor that interests Veirs, mostly because he hears it firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were listening to the underwater sounds we might hear the waves lapping on the shore, but that would soon be interrupted by the high speed whine of a speed boat. And then echoing and rumbling we would hear a container ship coming in from Asia coming around the corner of Vancouver Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound travels through the air at about 700 miles-per-hour. Underwater, it travels even faster – closer to 3,500 miles-per-hour. Veirs says, if you want to know what it’s like to be an orca, imagine living under the flight path of an airport and next to a train station at the same time. Veirs says his research shows that the whales are compensating for all that noise. “We’ve had three or four experiments which have documented the fact that the whales speak more loudly when the background noises are higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater noise isn’t just a nuisance for orcas. It’s critical for their survival, since killer whales rely on echolocation to find their food. Orcas emit a high-pitched click, which, like sonar, bounces off their prey and tells them exactly where a tasty salmon might be swimming nearby. “If it’s harder for them to hear their echoes then they won’t be able to detect,” say Veirs. “The fish that used to be 100 meters away now maybe it can only be 20 meters away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that scientists would love to know is whether the orcas’ chirps and whistles are just general communication, or whether they are a more formal language. In other words, are the orcas actually speaking to each other? Val Veirs thinks he has the answer. In a recording made a few years ago, Veirs documented a mother orca “talking” to her calf, which was approaching Veirs’ research boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the recording afterwards, Veirs was able to triangulate the calls and recreate the communication. “The reconstruction on the computer looks like, [the calf saying] ‘I’m going over there… I’m going over there.’ [Then the mother says] ‘Don’t go over there, don’t go over there,’ a little louder. And in that intense back and forth, the young whale turns away from the boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Veirs has documented the first evidence of an orca “conversation” or not, he is committed to continuing to study these iconic animals. “Our goals for this are multiple. One is kind of public education. Another is trying to move toward a deeper understanding of how the underwater noise may affect the behavior of the orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that, and we understand that those noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to navigate, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a little better chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to various sounds the Orcas encounter around San Juan Island in this map below.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Produced by Kevin Bang, KCTS. View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218377787807598434655.0004a6cdaa21a5a498385&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=h&vpsrc=0&ll=48.54866,-123.150215&spn=0.109092,0.219727&z=12&source=embed\">Listening to Orcas - KCTS 9 Quest\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.orcasound.net/\">Salish Sea Hydrophone Network\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whalemuseum.org/seasound/ref.html\">SeaSound Project of the Whale Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/Research/Faculty/OVALItems/FordOsborneVocabulary/_SouthernVocabularyTable.html\">Val Veirs Orca Call Catalogue\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "They are an icon of the Pacific Northwest, stirring a mix of fascination, awe and affection. Thousands of people come to the San Juan Islands in Puget Sound just to catch a glimpse of the Southern Resident orcas that call these waters home. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Val_Veirs_House640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"val veirs\" title=\"Val_Veirs_House640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20671\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired professor Val Veirs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>LIME KILN STATE PARK, SAN JUAN ISLAND – It is hard to describe what it’s like when you see a killer whale up close. “Awe” and “inspiring” are the two words that come to most people’s minds. If you ever want to have that awe-inspiring experience, then \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.wa.gov/parks/?selectedpark=Lime%20Kiln%20Point\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on San Juan Island, Washington is the place to go.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“This is the foremost whale watching park in the world,” says retired professor Val Veirs. “There’s no place else in the world you can go with a higher probability of seeing a whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs, who taught physics at Colorado College for more than 30 years, visited the San Juan Islands on vacation with his wife Leslie and never left. Unable to spend his retirement idly, Veirs turned his attention from particle waves to sound waves, and took up the hobby of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/lk/\">recording underwater marine life\u003c/a>. That’s when he heard his first killer whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody who was making recordings sent me a tape, it was back in the days of cassette tapes, and he played this tape and I said ‘Wow, that’s not what I’ve been hearing on my hydrophone, I’ve been hearing ferry boats and crabs, but I haven’t heard these marvelous sounds that these animals make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Veirs puts almost all of his efforts into tracking orcas. “Listening to the underwater sounds of the sea is an effort to try to understand the acoustic environment of the killer whales that very commonly visit this island,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs recordings confirm what many scientists have theorized about orcas. Different groups of killer whales – known as pods – have different sounds. “There are about 85 animals in three pods, labeled J, K, and L,” says Veirs, “and each of those pods seems to have a signature or contact call. By listening to these a lot, you kind of develop a sense of the vocabulary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that vocabulary is telling Veirs is that the Southern Resident Killer Whales of Puget Sound are in trouble – threatened by a lack of food, pollution, and underwater noise harassment. It is this third factor that interests Veirs, mostly because he hears it firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were listening to the underwater sounds we might hear the waves lapping on the shore, but that would soon be interrupted by the high speed whine of a speed boat. And then echoing and rumbling we would hear a container ship coming in from Asia coming around the corner of Vancouver Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound travels through the air at about 700 miles-per-hour. Underwater, it travels even faster – closer to 3,500 miles-per-hour. Veirs says, if you want to know what it’s like to be an orca, imagine living under the flight path of an airport and next to a train station at the same time. Veirs says his research shows that the whales are compensating for all that noise. “We’ve had three or four experiments which have documented the fact that the whales speak more loudly when the background noises are higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater noise isn’t just a nuisance for orcas. It’s critical for their survival, since killer whales rely on echolocation to find their food. Orcas emit a high-pitched click, which, like sonar, bounces off their prey and tells them exactly where a tasty salmon might be swimming nearby. “If it’s harder for them to hear their echoes then they won’t be able to detect,” say Veirs. “The fish that used to be 100 meters away now maybe it can only be 20 meters away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that scientists would love to know is whether the orcas’ chirps and whistles are just general communication, or whether they are a more formal language. In other words, are the orcas actually speaking to each other? Val Veirs thinks he has the answer. In a recording made a few years ago, Veirs documented a mother orca “talking” to her calf, which was approaching Veirs’ research boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the recording afterwards, Veirs was able to triangulate the calls and recreate the communication. “The reconstruction on the computer looks like, [the calf saying] ‘I’m going over there… I’m going over there.’ [Then the mother says] ‘Don’t go over there, don’t go over there,’ a little louder. And in that intense back and forth, the young whale turns away from the boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Veirs has documented the first evidence of an orca “conversation” or not, he is committed to continuing to study these iconic animals. “Our goals for this are multiple. One is kind of public education. Another is trying to move toward a deeper understanding of how the underwater noise may affect the behavior of the orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that, and we understand that those noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to navigate, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a little better chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to various sounds the Orcas encounter around San Juan Island in this map below.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Produced by Kevin Bang, KCTS. View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218377787807598434655.0004a6cdaa21a5a498385&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=h&vpsrc=0&ll=48.54866,-123.150215&spn=0.109092,0.219727&z=12&source=embed\">Listening to Orcas - KCTS 9 Quest\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.orcasound.net/\">Salish Sea Hydrophone Network\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whalemuseum.org/seasound/ref.html\">SeaSound Project of the Whale Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/Research/Faculty/OVALItems/FordOsborneVocabulary/_SouthernVocabularyTable.html\">Val Veirs Orca Call Catalogue\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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