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"bio": "Andy Soth is a senior producer at Wisconsin Public Television based in Madison. His work has included environmental, technology and feature reporting for the magazine program, In Wisconsin, as well as numerous Web projects. He is content editor for WisconsinVote.org, which was recently named best election Web site by the Wisconsin Broadcasters Association. The WBA, along with the Milwaukee Press Club and the Northwest Broadcast News Association have frequently honored Soth’s television stories. In 1999, Soth shared in a national Emmy as segment producer for The :30 Second Candidate.\r\n\r\nSoth has an MS in Life Sciences Communication from the University of Wisconsin and graduated from Oberlin College with a degree in Art History. He has also attended the WETA Producers Academy and was recently selected a Fellow for the Institutes for Journalism & Natural Resources Asian Carp Institute.",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover is still chugging along on the surface of Mars (contrary to early reports, it is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/10/14/234256158/thousands-of-miles-from-shutdown-mars-rovers-keep-working\">still in operation\u003c/a> despite the government shutdown). In the 14 months since it landed, the nuclear-powered robot has \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1477\">documented an ancient stream bed\u003c/a>, found some of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1438\">chemicals necessary for supporting life\u003c/a> and shot lasers at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/N165Mars\">hapless rocks with Twitter accounts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10051\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/marsrover-e1381871071424.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10051\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/marsrover-e1381871071424.jpg\" alt=\"A self-portrait of NASA's Mars Curiosity rover. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” of NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now it’s on a six-month trek to Mount Sharp, where it will examine ancient Martian geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The foothills, that’s the place we really want to go to,” NASA systems engineer Bobak Ferdowsi explained to me. Ferdowsi, also known as “The Mohawk Guy,” dropped by KQED for a visit (he grew up watching KQED), so we swapped a tour for an interview. He said he’s excited about what the rover might find at Mt. Sharp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even from this distance, with our cameras, we can see layering in the rock, kind of like Grand Canyon-sort of sediments,” he marveled. “And that’s amazing. You can imagine just kind of working your way up that layering and getting an entire history of Mars in that area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch more of our interview:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAg9u8WlyAs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some pieces of the interview that didn’t make the final video cut:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli> Ferdowsi was a science fiction fan as a kid (surprise), especially of \u003cem>Star Trek\u003c/em> and Arthur C. Clarke, which helped jump-start the work he does now. “(Clarke) had a real depth of understanding of the science of it all,” Ferdowsi told me, noting a special fondness for science fiction rooted in real science. “Even though it’s fantastic in some ways, he always has a basis in, ‘How would that spaceship really work, and how would they actually have done this?’ And I think that’s the kind of stuff that I love the most.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And would he like to join the rover on Mars? “If it wasn’t a one-way trip, I think I would consider going to Mars. I think it’s such an interesting time for us. I hope we get to send people there. As much as I love working with robots, I think there’s something special about seeing humans get to these other places.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's \"Engineer with a Mohawk\" has become a pop culture phenom (62,000 Twitter followers isn't too shabby). But under that comb beats the heart of a true explorer, as we found when he dropped by for a visit.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s Curiosity rover is still chugging along on the surface of Mars (contrary to early reports, it is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/10/14/234256158/thousands-of-miles-from-shutdown-mars-rovers-keep-working\">still in operation\u003c/a> despite the government shutdown). In the 14 months since it landed, the nuclear-powered robot has \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1477\">documented an ancient stream bed\u003c/a>, found some of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1438\">chemicals necessary for supporting life\u003c/a> and shot lasers at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/N165Mars\">hapless rocks with Twitter accounts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10051\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/marsrover-e1381871071424.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10051\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/marsrover-e1381871071424.jpg\" alt=\"A self-portrait of NASA's Mars Curiosity rover. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” of NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now it’s on a six-month trek to Mount Sharp, where it will examine ancient Martian geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The foothills, that’s the place we really want to go to,” NASA systems engineer Bobak Ferdowsi explained to me. Ferdowsi, also known as “The Mohawk Guy,” dropped by KQED for a visit (he grew up watching KQED), so we swapped a tour for an interview. He said he’s excited about what the rover might find at Mt. Sharp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even from this distance, with our cameras, we can see layering in the rock, kind of like Grand Canyon-sort of sediments,” he marveled. “And that’s amazing. You can imagine just kind of working your way up that layering and getting an entire history of Mars in that area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch more of our interview:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/CAg9u8WlyAs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/CAg9u8WlyAs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>And some pieces of the interview that didn’t make the final video cut:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli> Ferdowsi was a science fiction fan as a kid (surprise), especially of \u003cem>Star Trek\u003c/em> and Arthur C. Clarke, which helped jump-start the work he does now. “(Clarke) had a real depth of understanding of the science of it all,” Ferdowsi told me, noting a special fondness for science fiction rooted in real science. “Even though it’s fantastic in some ways, he always has a basis in, ‘How would that spaceship really work, and how would they actually have done this?’ And I think that’s the kind of stuff that I love the most.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And would he like to join the rover on Mars? “If it wasn’t a one-way trip, I think I would consider going to Mars. I think it’s such an interesting time for us. I hope we get to send people there. As much as I love working with robots, I think there’s something special about seeing humans get to these other places.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas",
"headTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Call them pumas, mountain lions, cougars, panthers, or any other of their various monikers; the sight of one of these full-grown cats staring down at you from a nearby tree is undeniably exhilarating. As ambush predators, pumas are professional hiders, and even regular visitors to puma habitat will likely go their entire lives without ever catching sight of North America’s largest cat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8590\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 180px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Houghtaling_7f-180x320.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Houghtaling_7f-180x320.jpg\" alt=\"GPS tracking collars shed light into the mysterious lifestyles of this apex predator. Photo by Paul Houghtailing, Santa Cruz Puma Project.\" width=\"180\" height=\"320\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8590\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GPS tracking collars shed light into the mysterious lifestyles of this apex predator. Photo by Paul Houghtailing, Santa Cruz Puma Project. \u003cem>Click on image to see a larger size.\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a beautiful summer day, we had the opportunity to follow Field Biologist Paul Houghtaling of the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a> (SCPP) as he searched the rough back roads of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/news/CEMEX-Redwoods.php\">CEMEX Redwoods Property\u003c/a> in Davenport, CA. Lead by Chris Wilmers, an Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at University of California Santa Cruz, the team has gained renown for their work tracking the big cats in the Santa Cruz Mountains, as well as some \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/16/the-downtown-puma-39m/\">high profile captures\u003c/a> of pumas that ventured too close to human habitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an apex predator in our Northern California region, mountain lions have huge home ranges. While mother pumas will remain in one area to raise their kittens, pumas generally patrol their territories without making use of any den or other home base. Paul informed us that female mountain lions tend to set their ranges depending on prey availability, which in the Santa Cruz Mountains tends to be deer. Adult males create their home ranges to include female mountain lions and exclude other males. The remaining young male pumas are forced to disperse and seek new territories, and it is often these individuals that get into trouble with humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mark-and-paul-antennae-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mark-and-paul-antennae-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Houghtaling and Pilot Mark Dedon secure radio antennas used to upload GPS and accelerometer data from the collared pumas. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Houghtaling and Pilot Mark Dedon secure radio antennas used to upload GPS and accelerometer data from the collared pumas. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED. \u003cem>Click on image to see a larger size.\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we made our way through the redwoods, Paul occasionally slowed and peered out through the side window of the truck, surveying the dust that accumulates in the inside of the curves of the dirt roads. Traveling pumas rarely obey traffic rules, and tend to cut corners when walking along roads. Paul searched there for footprints and other telltale mountain lion signs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team employs several other techniques to determine if lions are in the area. This includes laying out road-killed deer with GPS tags in areas thought to be big cat territory. If a hungry lion moves the deer, the GPS tag sends an email to the team, who then head out to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After a few hours of searching, Dan’s voice finally crackled over the radio. His dogs had tracked and treed an adult puma.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Once pumas reach adulthood, they live solitary lives, but still need to communicate with each other. One of the main ways they do so is by making ‘scrapes.’ Pumas, particularly adult males, will dig small holes and then urinate on the pile of loose soil created by the digging. Other pumas that frequent the area can interpret the chemical signal to gather information about the cat’s identity and reproductive status based on the signature proteins left behind. Pumas tend to make scrapes in the same areas over time, making it easier for other pumas (and intrepid field biologists) to find learn about which lions are in the area. The research team sets up camera traps in these areas in order to document which cats are have taken up residence in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7icpaPB_Xbw&w=640&h=360\u003cbr>\nDan Tichenor, from California Houndsmen for Conservation and his best dog, Osage, a Plott Hound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul had memorized the location of several scrapes in the area, and part of his normal search routine is to stop by these areas and look for fresh activity. As he searched, he would regularly make attempts to hail Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahoundsmen.com/\">California Houndsmen for Conservation\u003c/a>, by radio. Dan had been on the property since before dawn with his pack of specially-bred and -trained hunting dogs. In this mountainous terrain, the radios were unreliable at best, and cell phones were of no use. After a few hours of searching, Dan’s voice finally crackled over the radio. His dogs had tracked and treed an adult puma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Kitten-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Kitten-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"In June of 2013, puma 38F gave birth to a litter of three kittens. Photo by Paul Houghtaling/Santa Cruz Puma Project \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8797\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In June of 2013, puma 38F gave birth to a litter of three kittens. Photo by Paul Houghtaling/Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We hightailed it to Dan’s location, where Paul was able to capture the puma using a tranquilizer dart fired from a rifle. From the ground, the puma resembled a male lion that had been seen in the area, but when the team got the cat on the ground, it was obvious that this cat, dubbed 38F, was a female. Months later, Paul found 38F again, but this time she was not alone. She had given birth to three healthy kittens. The Santa Cruz Puma Project aims to track these kittens’ location and behavior for their entire lives to learn more about how they use their habitat and how their behavior changes when they come close to human dwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lion populations had declined substantially in the California before they were protected from in the 1970’s. Before that time, hunters were offered a bounty for each puma killed. Since hunting pumas was outlawed, their population has rebounded. Today, they face a new problem. Humans have developed large areas of the Santa Cruz Mountains, building homes, farms and roads in the historical puma habitat. This has lead to an increase in conflicts between humans and the big cats, with pumas often finding themselves on the losing end. Today, the biggest threats to pumas include car strikes, and are targeted by citizens who seek depredation licenses to rid their property of pumas deemed problematic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new bill, signed into law last week by Governor Jerry Brown will have a substantial effect on California pumas. The bill, SB132 proposed by State Senator Jerry Hill (D.) requires that nonlethal procedures be used to remove any mountain lion that has not been “designated as an imminent threat to public health and safety.” It also authorizes the California Department of Fish and Game to partner with other groups, such as the Santa Cruz Puma Project, to carry out the non-lethal removal of pumas that find themselves too close to humans. With luck, this new bill will make it easier for humans and mountain lions to coexist as their territories continue to overlap.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Join a research team from University of California, Santa Cruz as they track, tranquilize and collar a wild puma. The special GPS collars collect data on the puma’s location and behavior, and they reveal how the big cats survive in their shrinking habitat in the Bay Area.",
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"description": "Join a research team from University of California, Santa Cruz as they track, tranquilize and collar a wild puma. The special GPS collars collect data on the puma’s location and behavior, and they reveal how the big cats survive in their shrinking habitat in the Bay Area.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Call them pumas, mountain lions, cougars, panthers, or any other of their various monikers; the sight of one of these full-grown cats staring down at you from a nearby tree is undeniably exhilarating. As ambush predators, pumas are professional hiders, and even regular visitors to puma habitat will likely go their entire lives without ever catching sight of North America’s largest cat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8590\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 180px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Houghtaling_7f-180x320.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Houghtaling_7f-180x320.jpg\" alt=\"GPS tracking collars shed light into the mysterious lifestyles of this apex predator. Photo by Paul Houghtailing, Santa Cruz Puma Project.\" width=\"180\" height=\"320\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8590\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GPS tracking collars shed light into the mysterious lifestyles of this apex predator. Photo by Paul Houghtailing, Santa Cruz Puma Project. \u003cem>Click on image to see a larger size.\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a beautiful summer day, we had the opportunity to follow Field Biologist Paul Houghtaling of the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a> (SCPP) as he searched the rough back roads of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/news/CEMEX-Redwoods.php\">CEMEX Redwoods Property\u003c/a> in Davenport, CA. Lead by Chris Wilmers, an Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at University of California Santa Cruz, the team has gained renown for their work tracking the big cats in the Santa Cruz Mountains, as well as some \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/16/the-downtown-puma-39m/\">high profile captures\u003c/a> of pumas that ventured too close to human habitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an apex predator in our Northern California region, mountain lions have huge home ranges. While mother pumas will remain in one area to raise their kittens, pumas generally patrol their territories without making use of any den or other home base. Paul informed us that female mountain lions tend to set their ranges depending on prey availability, which in the Santa Cruz Mountains tends to be deer. Adult males create their home ranges to include female mountain lions and exclude other males. The remaining young male pumas are forced to disperse and seek new territories, and it is often these individuals that get into trouble with humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mark-and-paul-antennae-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mark-and-paul-antennae-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Houghtaling and Pilot Mark Dedon secure radio antennas used to upload GPS and accelerometer data from the collared pumas. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Houghtaling and Pilot Mark Dedon secure radio antennas used to upload GPS and accelerometer data from the collared pumas. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED. \u003cem>Click on image to see a larger size.\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we made our way through the redwoods, Paul occasionally slowed and peered out through the side window of the truck, surveying the dust that accumulates in the inside of the curves of the dirt roads. Traveling pumas rarely obey traffic rules, and tend to cut corners when walking along roads. Paul searched there for footprints and other telltale mountain lion signs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team employs several other techniques to determine if lions are in the area. This includes laying out road-killed deer with GPS tags in areas thought to be big cat territory. If a hungry lion moves the deer, the GPS tag sends an email to the team, who then head out to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">After a few hours of searching, Dan’s voice finally crackled over the radio. His dogs had tracked and treed an adult puma.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Once pumas reach adulthood, they live solitary lives, but still need to communicate with each other. One of the main ways they do so is by making ‘scrapes.’ Pumas, particularly adult males, will dig small holes and then urinate on the pile of loose soil created by the digging. Other pumas that frequent the area can interpret the chemical signal to gather information about the cat’s identity and reproductive status based on the signature proteins left behind. Pumas tend to make scrapes in the same areas over time, making it easier for other pumas (and intrepid field biologists) to find learn about which lions are in the area. The research team sets up camera traps in these areas in order to document which cats are have taken up residence in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7icpaPB_Xbw&w=640&h=360\u003cbr>\nDan Tichenor, from California Houndsmen for Conservation and his best dog, Osage, a Plott Hound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul had memorized the location of several scrapes in the area, and part of his normal search routine is to stop by these areas and look for fresh activity. As he searched, he would regularly make attempts to hail Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahoundsmen.com/\">California Houndsmen for Conservation\u003c/a>, by radio. Dan had been on the property since before dawn with his pack of specially-bred and -trained hunting dogs. In this mountainous terrain, the radios were unreliable at best, and cell phones were of no use. After a few hours of searching, Dan’s voice finally crackled over the radio. His dogs had tracked and treed an adult puma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Kitten-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Kitten-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"In June of 2013, puma 38F gave birth to a litter of three kittens. Photo by Paul Houghtaling/Santa Cruz Puma Project \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-8797\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In June of 2013, puma 38F gave birth to a litter of three kittens. Photo by Paul Houghtaling/Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We hightailed it to Dan’s location, where Paul was able to capture the puma using a tranquilizer dart fired from a rifle. From the ground, the puma resembled a male lion that had been seen in the area, but when the team got the cat on the ground, it was obvious that this cat, dubbed 38F, was a female. Months later, Paul found 38F again, but this time she was not alone. She had given birth to three healthy kittens. The Santa Cruz Puma Project aims to track these kittens’ location and behavior for their entire lives to learn more about how they use their habitat and how their behavior changes when they come close to human dwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lion populations had declined substantially in the California before they were protected from in the 1970’s. Before that time, hunters were offered a bounty for each puma killed. Since hunting pumas was outlawed, their population has rebounded. Today, they face a new problem. Humans have developed large areas of the Santa Cruz Mountains, building homes, farms and roads in the historical puma habitat. This has lead to an increase in conflicts between humans and the big cats, with pumas often finding themselves on the losing end. Today, the biggest threats to pumas include car strikes, and are targeted by citizens who seek depredation licenses to rid their property of pumas deemed problematic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new bill, signed into law last week by Governor Jerry Brown will have a substantial effect on California pumas. The bill, SB132 proposed by State Senator Jerry Hill (D.) requires that nonlethal procedures be used to remove any mountain lion that has not been “designated as an imminent threat to public health and safety.” It also authorizes the California Department of Fish and Game to partner with other groups, such as the Santa Cruz Puma Project, to carry out the non-lethal removal of pumas that find themselves too close to humans. With luck, this new bill will make it easier for humans and mountain lions to coexist as their territories continue to overlap.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California",
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"content": "\u003cp>Human beings have always been fascinated with caves. These clandestine spaces carved by mysterious forces elicit our natural curiosity, while at the same time the foreboding depth of their darkness creates a very visceral apprehension. Coupled with the baseline fear of earthquakes that many of us in California share, caves are often regarded with suspicion. Ironically, it is the cave that typically has more to fear from encounters with humans, and for that reason White Moon Cave and the CEMEX Redwoods Property are protected, and off limits to the public. We at KQED were fortunate enough to get a rare invitation to explore this natural wonder, and capture it on video for the very first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47297\" title=\"BruceCloseFilmCrew-11\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/BruceCloseFilmCrew-11-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The KQED Science team was allowed special acceess to be the first to film in White Moon Cave.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/\" title=\"POST\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sempervirens.org/\">The Sempervirens Fund\u003c/a> joined forces in 2011 to purchase the CEMEX Property near Davenport, CA they had no idea that White Moon Cave even existed. Their intent was to purchase the large tract of land from the Mexican cement company, as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/\">Living Landscapes Initiative\u003c/a>, in order to conserve the coast redwood groves that blanket the mountainous terrain. It was only after the purchase that they received a call from members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westerncaves.org/\">Western Cave Conservancy\u003c/a> revealing the cave’s existence, and the need to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I twisted through the narrow entrance to the cave, I felt as if I were moving between two realms of existence. The cave air is cool, laden with moisture; the air inside exudes an earthy perfume, both familiar and strange but pleasant; the enveloping sense of stillness grows into something profound; time seems to move slower, insulated from the light and sound of daily life. One of the most powerful ways to experience this exquisite isolation is to find a corner, sit down, and turn off all of the lights. It takes a few minutes, but soon the darkness and quiet wash over you. Deprived, the senses become magnified. Even the sound of a single drop of water falling onto the sandy cave floor resolves in crisp detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47322\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\" title=\"6th Choice_Gordon Opening Cave\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving through the cave could be very challenging. The cave floor varied from slippery wet rock to fine dry silt that clung to every piece of clothing. The unforgiving marble walls seemed to reach out to bite at my shoulders and knees, and the ceiling seemed to creep just below where I expected I to be, making my helmet more than a mere precaution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Soution_Caves.htm\">Solution caves\u003c/a> like this one are created when rainwater is absorbed by the soil. Microbes in the soil produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and as the water percolates through the soil it becomes acidified, creating a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). This slightly acidic water makes its way down to the limestone where the carbonic acid slowly dissolves the calcium carbonate in the marble. The dissolved limestone is said to be “in solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take thousands to millions of years. But sadly, malicious or absent-minded humans can reverse it much more quickly. Some cave visitors don’t see the harm in taking ancient cave decorations as personal souvenirs. But when this minor theft is multiplied by hundreds of other visitors, the cave is quickly robbed of its ancient beauty. Others selfishly spray paint or etch their names into the cave walls. “After several thousand people come through, then you see a cave that is really a hulk of its former beauty,” said our guide Bruce Rogers of the Western Cave Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar caves in the Santa Cruz area have been victims of vandalism and overuse. But for those interested in responsible caving, I encourage you to look into The Western Cave Conservancy, a collective of citizens who have surrendered themselves to the draw of the caves, but do so with the appropriate level of scientific inquiry, safety and respect. Interested parties should attend a local ‘grotto’ meeting as they are an excellent resource for those who share their fascination with the subterranean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The rural foothills along the Santa Cruz County Coast hold an ancient secret. Deep below the redwoods, White Moon Cave extends for nearly a mile -- making it one of the longest caves in California. But few people have ever been in it. Join the KQED Science team as we squeeze through the narrow clandestine entrance, and meet the uncanny cave inhabitants to bring new light to this hidden realm.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Human beings have always been fascinated with caves. These clandestine spaces carved by mysterious forces elicit our natural curiosity, while at the same time the foreboding depth of their darkness creates a very visceral apprehension. Coupled with the baseline fear of earthquakes that many of us in California share, caves are often regarded with suspicion. Ironically, it is the cave that typically has more to fear from encounters with humans, and for that reason White Moon Cave and the CEMEX Redwoods Property are protected, and off limits to the public. We at KQED were fortunate enough to get a rare invitation to explore this natural wonder, and capture it on video for the very first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47297\" title=\"BruceCloseFilmCrew-11\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/BruceCloseFilmCrew-11-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The KQED Science team was allowed special acceess to be the first to film in White Moon Cave.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/\" title=\"POST\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sempervirens.org/\">The Sempervirens Fund\u003c/a> joined forces in 2011 to purchase the CEMEX Property near Davenport, CA they had no idea that White Moon Cave even existed. Their intent was to purchase the large tract of land from the Mexican cement company, as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/\">Living Landscapes Initiative\u003c/a>, in order to conserve the coast redwood groves that blanket the mountainous terrain. It was only after the purchase that they received a call from members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westerncaves.org/\">Western Cave Conservancy\u003c/a> revealing the cave’s existence, and the need to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I twisted through the narrow entrance to the cave, I felt as if I were moving between two realms of existence. The cave air is cool, laden with moisture; the air inside exudes an earthy perfume, both familiar and strange but pleasant; the enveloping sense of stillness grows into something profound; time seems to move slower, insulated from the light and sound of daily life. One of the most powerful ways to experience this exquisite isolation is to find a corner, sit down, and turn off all of the lights. It takes a few minutes, but soon the darkness and quiet wash over you. Deprived, the senses become magnified. Even the sound of a single drop of water falling onto the sandy cave floor resolves in crisp detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47322\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\" title=\"6th Choice_Gordon Opening Cave\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving through the cave could be very challenging. The cave floor varied from slippery wet rock to fine dry silt that clung to every piece of clothing. The unforgiving marble walls seemed to reach out to bite at my shoulders and knees, and the ceiling seemed to creep just below where I expected I to be, making my helmet more than a mere precaution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Soution_Caves.htm\">Solution caves\u003c/a> like this one are created when rainwater is absorbed by the soil. Microbes in the soil produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and as the water percolates through the soil it becomes acidified, creating a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). This slightly acidic water makes its way down to the limestone where the carbonic acid slowly dissolves the calcium carbonate in the marble. The dissolved limestone is said to be “in solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take thousands to millions of years. But sadly, malicious or absent-minded humans can reverse it much more quickly. Some cave visitors don’t see the harm in taking ancient cave decorations as personal souvenirs. But when this minor theft is multiplied by hundreds of other visitors, the cave is quickly robbed of its ancient beauty. Others selfishly spray paint or etch their names into the cave walls. “After several thousand people come through, then you see a cave that is really a hulk of its former beauty,” said our guide Bruce Rogers of the Western Cave Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar caves in the Santa Cruz area have been victims of vandalism and overuse. But for those interested in responsible caving, I encourage you to look into The Western Cave Conservancy, a collective of citizens who have surrendered themselves to the draw of the caves, but do so with the appropriate level of scientific inquiry, safety and respect. Interested parties should attend a local ‘grotto’ meeting as they are an excellent resource for those who share their fascination with the subterranean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory",
"headTitle": "Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Seen from the exterior with its rear canopy closed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/SOFIA/\">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)\u003c/a> aircraft looks much like a typical jumbo jet you might see at any airport-- perhaps even reminiscent of another well-known, heavily modified Boeing 747, Air Force One. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SOFIA has a lot of characteristics that are very similar to a normal passenger airplane,\" explains Erick Young, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/index.html\">SOFIA Science Center\u003c/a> at NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. \"Except for the fact that we’ve completely gutted the insides, and there’s a hole in the side of the airplane the size of a garage door, and there’s a 17-ton telescope mounted in the back. But other than that it’s pretty much like a regular airplane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may appear modest from the outside, but SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. Obscured from view is a complete flying astronomical observation platform centered around a 2.7 meter-wide \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope3.htm\">reflecting telescope\u003c/a>, which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew \u003ca href=\"http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/maps/satellite_feed/atmosphere_layers/\">above the clouds\u003c/a> to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WS301_SOFIA_young\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40032\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erick Young is the Director of the SOFIA Science Center, and is responsible for the airplane crew and science operations of the observatory. Credit: NASA / Tom Tschida.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The appearance of things that we can see in visible light is primarily because things are hot enough to give off light at visible light wavelengths,\" says Young. \" If you get things too cold, then things look redder and redder and eventually they’re so red that the human eye can’t see them anymore. And then what we are actually sensing is a different kind of light and it’s called infrared. And that’s basically the heat radiation that’s coming from objects. And so what we can look at are not things that are thousands of degrees hot, but things that are hundreds or tens of degrees above absolute zero. And it turns out that there’s a lot of material in the universe- the dust, planets like the Earth, clouds in space. They’re all too cold to normally emit in visible light, but by looking in the infrared, we’re able to sense them, detect them, and measure their properties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our most familiar instrument for observing and measuring the electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects, the human eye, senses a narrow range of energy wavelengths. These are waves with wavelengths of 380 nanometers (violet) to about 740 nanometers (red). Although astronomy has its origin in observing the universe in this part of the spectrum, there are also telescopes and instruments that measure incredibly short, energetic wavelengths such as Gamma rays and X-rays, as well as extremely long wavelengths such as radio waves. Infrared or \"IR\" astronomers study that expansive swath of wavelengths just below the visible range, but still above the radio end of the spectrum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems_length_final.gif\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">NASA\u003c/a>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why go through the trouble of \u003ca href=\"http://ericfdiaz.wordpress.com/why-does-infrared-astronomy-matters/\">observing objects in the IR spectrum\u003c/a> from the stratosphere, 12+ kilometers above the surface of the earth? There are several major infrared telescopes operating both on the ground and in space: at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/\">Mauna Kea Observatories\u003c/a> in Hawaii, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/kpno/\">Kitt Peak National Observatory\u003c/a> in Arizona, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put a telescope on the airplane because there are parts of the spectrum which are completely blocked and completely opaque in the Earth’s atmosphere. This was primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum,\" explains Young. \"The main thing that blocks the infrared light from reaching the ground is water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. And if we want to observe many of these wavelengths, we have to get to some place where there’s no water vapor and SOFIA will fly above more than 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flying telescopes may not be commonplace, but are hardly a new idea. SOFIA is merely the latest and largest in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/docs/97-Whiting_AeroHistory.pdf\">line of airborne observatories\u003c/a> going back to the 1920's, when eclipse chasers first carried a modest instrument aboard a 2-seater biplane. SOFIA's most recent ancestor is the the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/kao/\">Kuiper Airborne observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, a converted C-141 aircraft with a 36-inch mirror that flew missions from 1974 to 1995, and can be seen peacefully enjoying its retirement on a nearby patch of Moffett Field tarmac. The idea within NASA to use a 747-SP as a telescope platform goes back at least to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/history/sofia_history.html\">the late 1970's\u003c/a>. Technical challenges, years of delays and cost overruns nearly ended the project more than once. But SOFIA' construction eventually prevailed, test flights began in 2010, and it made its first scientific observations this past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although all science operations are managed here in the Bay Area within Moffett Field's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, SOFIA's primary home is near Palmdale, California, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html\">Dryden Flight Research Center\u003c/a>. SOFIA is a collaboration between NASA and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/\">German Aerospace Center, DLR\u003c/a> (Deutches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt). The Germans provided the telescope; NASA provided the airplane and crew responsible for the science operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another operational advantage of flying the instruments on a plane is flexibility. Unlike IR telescopes that we have launched into space, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a>, SOFIA comes home every night. It can swap out, repair, or update existing instruments as needed. To take advantage of this flexibility, SOFIA has available a collection of 9 specially-designed primary instruments to attach to the telescope, that each cover a specific range of wavelengths across and around the IR spectrum. Lastly, these instruments need not hew to the stringent weight requirements of their space-based counterparts, which saves money and allows use of instrumentation normally too big to launch on a rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/sci_tele_spectral.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/images/spectral_sofia.gif\" width=\"450\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nine \"first-light\" SOFIA instruments plotted on the axes of spectral resolution and observing wavelength. Source: NASA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After a successful run of several science test flights in 2011, SOFIA is currently in the shop for a major upgrade to its avionics systems. Upon returning later in 2012, the observatory plans to ramp up to 3 missions week by 2014, a schedule it hopes to keep for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erick Young expects that the future of IR astronomy with SOFIA is very bright - or warm, as the case may be. In fact, as the 1st generation of instruments are just being put through their paces, the \u003ca href=\"http://soma.larc.nasa.gov/SOFIA/\">call for the second generation has already begun\u003c/a>. \"The instrumentation that’s available on the infrared is still rapidly evolving, particularly at the very long wavelengths that SOFIA operates at. The technology is still relatively in the infancy. And so one can expect that as the years go by, we’ll have huge increases in our capabilities as the technology improves. And SOFIA will definitely be able to take advantage of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. It's a complete flying astronomical observation platform which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew far above the clouds to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. ",
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"title": "Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory | KQED",
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"headline": "Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seen from the exterior with its rear canopy closed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/SOFIA/\">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)\u003c/a> aircraft looks much like a typical jumbo jet you might see at any airport-- perhaps even reminiscent of another well-known, heavily modified Boeing 747, Air Force One. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SOFIA has a lot of characteristics that are very similar to a normal passenger airplane,\" explains Erick Young, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/index.html\">SOFIA Science Center\u003c/a> at NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. \"Except for the fact that we’ve completely gutted the insides, and there’s a hole in the side of the airplane the size of a garage door, and there’s a 17-ton telescope mounted in the back. But other than that it’s pretty much like a regular airplane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may appear modest from the outside, but SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. Obscured from view is a complete flying astronomical observation platform centered around a 2.7 meter-wide \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope3.htm\">reflecting telescope\u003c/a>, which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew \u003ca href=\"http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/maps/satellite_feed/atmosphere_layers/\">above the clouds\u003c/a> to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WS301_SOFIA_young\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40032\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erick Young is the Director of the SOFIA Science Center, and is responsible for the airplane crew and science operations of the observatory. Credit: NASA / Tom Tschida.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The appearance of things that we can see in visible light is primarily because things are hot enough to give off light at visible light wavelengths,\" says Young. \" If you get things too cold, then things look redder and redder and eventually they’re so red that the human eye can’t see them anymore. And then what we are actually sensing is a different kind of light and it’s called infrared. And that’s basically the heat radiation that’s coming from objects. And so what we can look at are not things that are thousands of degrees hot, but things that are hundreds or tens of degrees above absolute zero. And it turns out that there’s a lot of material in the universe- the dust, planets like the Earth, clouds in space. They’re all too cold to normally emit in visible light, but by looking in the infrared, we’re able to sense them, detect them, and measure their properties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our most familiar instrument for observing and measuring the electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects, the human eye, senses a narrow range of energy wavelengths. These are waves with wavelengths of 380 nanometers (violet) to about 740 nanometers (red). Although astronomy has its origin in observing the universe in this part of the spectrum, there are also telescopes and instruments that measure incredibly short, energetic wavelengths such as Gamma rays and X-rays, as well as extremely long wavelengths such as radio waves. Infrared or \"IR\" astronomers study that expansive swath of wavelengths just below the visible range, but still above the radio end of the spectrum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems_length_final.gif\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">NASA\u003c/a>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why go through the trouble of \u003ca href=\"http://ericfdiaz.wordpress.com/why-does-infrared-astronomy-matters/\">observing objects in the IR spectrum\u003c/a> from the stratosphere, 12+ kilometers above the surface of the earth? There are several major infrared telescopes operating both on the ground and in space: at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/\">Mauna Kea Observatories\u003c/a> in Hawaii, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/kpno/\">Kitt Peak National Observatory\u003c/a> in Arizona, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put a telescope on the airplane because there are parts of the spectrum which are completely blocked and completely opaque in the Earth’s atmosphere. This was primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum,\" explains Young. \"The main thing that blocks the infrared light from reaching the ground is water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. And if we want to observe many of these wavelengths, we have to get to some place where there’s no water vapor and SOFIA will fly above more than 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flying telescopes may not be commonplace, but are hardly a new idea. SOFIA is merely the latest and largest in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/docs/97-Whiting_AeroHistory.pdf\">line of airborne observatories\u003c/a> going back to the 1920's, when eclipse chasers first carried a modest instrument aboard a 2-seater biplane. SOFIA's most recent ancestor is the the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/kao/\">Kuiper Airborne observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, a converted C-141 aircraft with a 36-inch mirror that flew missions from 1974 to 1995, and can be seen peacefully enjoying its retirement on a nearby patch of Moffett Field tarmac. The idea within NASA to use a 747-SP as a telescope platform goes back at least to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/history/sofia_history.html\">the late 1970's\u003c/a>. Technical challenges, years of delays and cost overruns nearly ended the project more than once. But SOFIA' construction eventually prevailed, test flights began in 2010, and it made its first scientific observations this past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although all science operations are managed here in the Bay Area within Moffett Field's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, SOFIA's primary home is near Palmdale, California, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html\">Dryden Flight Research Center\u003c/a>. SOFIA is a collaboration between NASA and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/\">German Aerospace Center, DLR\u003c/a> (Deutches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt). The Germans provided the telescope; NASA provided the airplane and crew responsible for the science operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another operational advantage of flying the instruments on a plane is flexibility. Unlike IR telescopes that we have launched into space, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a>, SOFIA comes home every night. It can swap out, repair, or update existing instruments as needed. To take advantage of this flexibility, SOFIA has available a collection of 9 specially-designed primary instruments to attach to the telescope, that each cover a specific range of wavelengths across and around the IR spectrum. Lastly, these instruments need not hew to the stringent weight requirements of their space-based counterparts, which saves money and allows use of instrumentation normally too big to launch on a rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/sci_tele_spectral.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/images/spectral_sofia.gif\" width=\"450\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nine \"first-light\" SOFIA instruments plotted on the axes of spectral resolution and observing wavelength. Source: NASA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After a successful run of several science test flights in 2011, SOFIA is currently in the shop for a major upgrade to its avionics systems. Upon returning later in 2012, the observatory plans to ramp up to 3 missions week by 2014, a schedule it hopes to keep for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erick Young expects that the future of IR astronomy with SOFIA is very bright - or warm, as the case may be. In fact, as the 1st generation of instruments are just being put through their paces, the \u003ca href=\"http://soma.larc.nasa.gov/SOFIA/\">call for the second generation has already begun\u003c/a>. \"The instrumentation that’s available on the infrared is still rapidly evolving, particularly at the very long wavelengths that SOFIA operates at. The technology is still relatively in the infancy. And so one can expect that as the years go by, we’ll have huge increases in our capabilities as the technology improves. And SOFIA will definitely be able to take advantage of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: New Hope for Heart Repair",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: New Hope for Heart Repair",
"headTitle": "Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>More than 5 million people in the United States live with damaged hearts that make it difficult to walk and carry out other simple daily tasks. Pacemakers and drugs can help, but they don’t repair the heart muscle that has died as a result of a heart attack or clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists in San Francisco say a more effective treatment might be on the way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Research mouse\" title=\"602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35476\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three months after being injected with three genes, the hearts of mice that had suffered a heart attack pumped as much blood as a normal heart. Credit: Gabriela Quirós, QUEST \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\" title=\"The Gladstone Institutes\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, affiliated with the University of California-San Francisco, reported today that using a new genetic technique, they have succeeded for the first time in repairing, from within, the hearts of mice weakened by heart attacks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a variety of approaches we use right now to help people who are left with damaged hearts,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/srivastava/\" title=\"Dr. Deepak Srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a>, senior author of the paper and director of cardiovascular research at the Gladstone Institutes, “but none of them actually get to the root of the problem, which is replacing that damaged heart muscle. And that’s where our focus has been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists injected three genes into the hearts of research mice that had been given mild heart attacks. Within three months, the genes transformed non-beating cells in the heart into cells that looked and acted just like beating heart muscle cells. These new beating cells restored the heart’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human hearts have billions of non-beating cells, which support the beating cells by forming the heart’s structure, Srivastava said. Mice have millions of these support cells too. When a heart attack happens, the support cells rush to the site of the damage and form scar tissue, which preserves the heart’s structure, but doesn’t help it pump blood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve found a way to take these support cells that should normally never become muscle, and convert them into new muscle cells that actually integrate with the rest of the heart, contribute to the force that it generates, and allow us to regenerate the heart from within the organ itself,” said Srivastava.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35482\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mouse heart muscle cells created by Gladstone Institutes researchers.\" title=\"yellow induced muscle cells with sarcomere structure_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Non-beating heart cells became beating heart cells like these. Credit: Li Qian, Gladstone Institutes \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new research appears in the April 18 online edition of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html\" title=\"Journal Nature\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u003c/a> and was led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/publicaffairs/content/1/736\" title=\"Li Qian wins prestigious award\" target=\"_blank\">Li Qian\u003c/a>, also from the Gladstone Institutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart attacks and other heart disease kill 600,000 people each year. Many more survive, yet lead diminished lives. Some 5.7 million people live with damaged hearts that pump less blood, making it difficult for them to climb a flight of stairs or walk across a parking lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heart attack, clots block one or several coronary arteries and cut off blood flow. By rushing patients to the operating table and unclogging their arteries with catheters and stents, doctors are able to save all but 5 percent of victims who make it to the hospital. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’ve been doing better at saving lives, each time we save a life the patient still loses some of their muscle,” Srivastava said. “So the number of people who are left with damaged hearts is actually growing, even though the number of people who die from heart attacks is getting smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments for humans could be six to seven years away, he added. The next step will be to test the treatment on pigs. Scientists still need to figure out if cell reprogramming is safe for humans; how to deliver the genes into the heart, and how to produce enough new beating heart cells to repair a human – rather than a mouse – heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/childhood-obesity-kids-fight-back/\">Childhood Obesity: Kids Fight Back\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report/\">Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/rushing-to-save-heart-attack-patients/\">Rushing to Save Heart Attack Patients\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the research is drawing the attention of other heart researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major discovery and certainly suggests a new approach to treat injury that previously had been thought to be irreversible,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Bios---Physician/H-O/Eduardo-Marban-MD.aspx\" title=\"Dr. Eduardo Marban\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Eduardo Marbán\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Heart-Institute/\" title=\"Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\" target=\"_blank\">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\u003c/a> in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbán said it’s been “a long-held dogma” that once scar tissue has formed in the heart, it can’t change into heart muscle. This finding in mice, and recent research by Marbán’s team on a small group of human patients, challenge that belief, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the cell reprogramming research doesn’t involve stem cells, the Gladstone scientists used techniques that were discovered through stem cell research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists said their work was inspired by the discovery in 2007 that a few genes can transform an adult skin cell into a cell with the properties of a human embryonic stem cell. Researchers have been intensely interested in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" title=\"QUEST TV segment about stem cell research in California\" target=\"_blank\">embryonic stem cells\u003c/a> as a possible source of treatments for diseases like Parkinson’s because they can be coaxed to turn into virtually any type of cell in the body. But because embryonic stem cells are plucked from embryos left over from fertility treatments, and require the destruction of these embryos, their study has been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alternative to embryonic stem cells came with the skin cell breakthrough five years ago. Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/yamanaka/\" title=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\u003c/a>, of the Gladstone Institutes and Kyoto University in Japan, inserted four genes that are present in embryonic stem cells into adult skin cells. The four genes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/06/11/turning-skin-cells-into-embryonic-stem-cells/\" title=\"QUEST blog post about induced pluripotent stem cells\" target=\"_blank\">reprogrammed the skin cells to become embryonic-like stem cells\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led scientists to look for a way to transform one type of adult cell into another type of adult cell without the need to create stem cells at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yamanaka opened up the idea that adult cells weren’t permanently fixed,” said Srivastava. “That led us to ask whether or not we could convert one of these heart support cells into a heart muscle cell.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bypassing the creation of stem cells has several advantages. Though stem cells are versatile, when they’re introduced into the body they can behave as cancer cells and form tumors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a dramatic and heady possibility that vindicates for the first time the idea that we might be able to harness truly regenerative medicine,” Marbán said. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists in San Francisco have coaxed mouse hearts to repair themselves from within.The breakthrough could lead to treatments for 5 million people in the United States whose hearts were damaged after they survived heart attacks. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 5 million people in the United States live with damaged hearts that make it difficult to walk and carry out other simple daily tasks. Pacemakers and drugs can help, but they don’t repair the heart muscle that has died as a result of a heart attack or clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists in San Francisco say a more effective treatment might be on the way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Research mouse\" title=\"602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35476\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three months after being injected with three genes, the hearts of mice that had suffered a heart attack pumped as much blood as a normal heart. Credit: Gabriela Quirós, QUEST \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\" title=\"The Gladstone Institutes\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, affiliated with the University of California-San Francisco, reported today that using a new genetic technique, they have succeeded for the first time in repairing, from within, the hearts of mice weakened by heart attacks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a variety of approaches we use right now to help people who are left with damaged hearts,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/srivastava/\" title=\"Dr. Deepak Srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a>, senior author of the paper and director of cardiovascular research at the Gladstone Institutes, “but none of them actually get to the root of the problem, which is replacing that damaged heart muscle. And that’s where our focus has been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists injected three genes into the hearts of research mice that had been given mild heart attacks. Within three months, the genes transformed non-beating cells in the heart into cells that looked and acted just like beating heart muscle cells. These new beating cells restored the heart’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human hearts have billions of non-beating cells, which support the beating cells by forming the heart’s structure, Srivastava said. Mice have millions of these support cells too. When a heart attack happens, the support cells rush to the site of the damage and form scar tissue, which preserves the heart’s structure, but doesn’t help it pump blood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve found a way to take these support cells that should normally never become muscle, and convert them into new muscle cells that actually integrate with the rest of the heart, contribute to the force that it generates, and allow us to regenerate the heart from within the organ itself,” said Srivastava.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35482\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mouse heart muscle cells created by Gladstone Institutes researchers.\" title=\"yellow induced muscle cells with sarcomere structure_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Non-beating heart cells became beating heart cells like these. Credit: Li Qian, Gladstone Institutes \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new research appears in the April 18 online edition of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html\" title=\"Journal Nature\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u003c/a> and was led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/publicaffairs/content/1/736\" title=\"Li Qian wins prestigious award\" target=\"_blank\">Li Qian\u003c/a>, also from the Gladstone Institutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart attacks and other heart disease kill 600,000 people each year. Many more survive, yet lead diminished lives. Some 5.7 million people live with damaged hearts that pump less blood, making it difficult for them to climb a flight of stairs or walk across a parking lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heart attack, clots block one or several coronary arteries and cut off blood flow. By rushing patients to the operating table and unclogging their arteries with catheters and stents, doctors are able to save all but 5 percent of victims who make it to the hospital. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’ve been doing better at saving lives, each time we save a life the patient still loses some of their muscle,” Srivastava said. “So the number of people who are left with damaged hearts is actually growing, even though the number of people who die from heart attacks is getting smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments for humans could be six to seven years away, he added. The next step will be to test the treatment on pigs. Scientists still need to figure out if cell reprogramming is safe for humans; how to deliver the genes into the heart, and how to produce enough new beating heart cells to repair a human – rather than a mouse – heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/childhood-obesity-kids-fight-back/\">Childhood Obesity: Kids Fight Back\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report/\">Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/rushing-to-save-heart-attack-patients/\">Rushing to Save Heart Attack Patients\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the research is drawing the attention of other heart researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major discovery and certainly suggests a new approach to treat injury that previously had been thought to be irreversible,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Bios---Physician/H-O/Eduardo-Marban-MD.aspx\" title=\"Dr. Eduardo Marban\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Eduardo Marbán\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Heart-Institute/\" title=\"Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\" target=\"_blank\">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\u003c/a> in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbán said it’s been “a long-held dogma” that once scar tissue has formed in the heart, it can’t change into heart muscle. This finding in mice, and recent research by Marbán’s team on a small group of human patients, challenge that belief, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the cell reprogramming research doesn’t involve stem cells, the Gladstone scientists used techniques that were discovered through stem cell research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists said their work was inspired by the discovery in 2007 that a few genes can transform an adult skin cell into a cell with the properties of a human embryonic stem cell. Researchers have been intensely interested in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" title=\"QUEST TV segment about stem cell research in California\" target=\"_blank\">embryonic stem cells\u003c/a> as a possible source of treatments for diseases like Parkinson’s because they can be coaxed to turn into virtually any type of cell in the body. But because embryonic stem cells are plucked from embryos left over from fertility treatments, and require the destruction of these embryos, their study has been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alternative to embryonic stem cells came with the skin cell breakthrough five years ago. Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/yamanaka/\" title=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\u003c/a>, of the Gladstone Institutes and Kyoto University in Japan, inserted four genes that are present in embryonic stem cells into adult skin cells. The four genes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/06/11/turning-skin-cells-into-embryonic-stem-cells/\" title=\"QUEST blog post about induced pluripotent stem cells\" target=\"_blank\">reprogrammed the skin cells to become embryonic-like stem cells\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led scientists to look for a way to transform one type of adult cell into another type of adult cell without the need to create stem cells at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yamanaka opened up the idea that adult cells weren’t permanently fixed,” said Srivastava. “That led us to ask whether or not we could convert one of these heart support cells into a heart muscle cell.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bypassing the creation of stem cells has several advantages. Though stem cells are versatile, when they’re introduced into the body they can behave as cancer cells and form tumors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup",
"headTitle": "Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Bugs normally don’t garner much adoration from people, but monarch butterflies (\u003cstrong>Danaus plexippus\u003c/strong>) are an exception. Monarch butterflies are arguably the most beloved and instantly identifiable insect in the United Sates. Perhaps nowhere else does an insect receive higher regard than in Pacific Grove, CA, which has gone so far as to adopt the moniker Butterfly Town, USA. Stu Weiss, Chief Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.creeksidescience.com/\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, has been studying monarch butterflies for over two decades. “They represent the insect world, which is the most diverse order of life on Planet Earth.” said Weiss “And they’re good ambassadors because they’re beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34638\" title=\"Monarchs pic12\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic123-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stu Weiss uses hemispherical photography to analyse the forest canopy in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, Paicific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss uses a technique called hemispherical photography to analyze monarch butterfly overwintering habitat. While facing north, he aims his digital camera directly up towards the forest canopy. The camera is affixed with a 180° fish-eye lens that produces an image of the sky partially blocked by the trees. Weiss takes a series of these images at specific locations corresponding to a grid. With the help of some special software, he is able to map out how much sunlight and wind is able to penetrate the forest at specific locations. This information is important because overwintering monarchs prefer microhabitats that provide both plenty of sunlight, but are protected from the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the information gleaned from his hemispherical photography, Weiss is able to characterize the monarch habitat and provide guidance on the long-term management of the major monarch overwintering sites. The City of Pacific Grove placed Weiss in charge of developing the habitat restoration and management plan for the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and he has overseen the planting of additional Eucalyptus trees to improve wind protection for the monarchs. While small in size, the Sanctuary is a vital destination for monarchs and a major tourist attraction boasting visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their pleasing appearance, monarch butterflies are famous for their extended migrations. The type of lengthy annual north-south migration undergone by monarchs is more commonly associated with birds. Monarchs spent most of the year in close proximity to their host plant, milkweed. Each fall, as the days grow shorter and the milkweed recedes, monarchs journey to their overwintering grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34400\" title=\"Monarch Watch_migration-map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarch-Watch_migration-map1-336x253.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rocky Mountains split monarch Butterflies into Eastern and Western populations. Image: {link url=\"http://www.monarchwatch.org/\"}Monarch Watch{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rocky Mountains split the monarchs into two populations. Those butterflies that spend their summers east of the Rocky Mountains descent upon forests located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forests not far from Mexico City. The monarchs that spend their summers west of the Rockies wait out the winter months in forests along the California Coast. Overwintering monarch populations return to the same forests year after year, even though none of the individual butterflies have ever been to these locations before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the climatic conditions, monarch butterflies have three or four generations per year. How the butterfly’s great-grandchildren are able to find the same specific forests year after year remains a mystery. New \u003ca href=\"http://scientopia.org/blogs/thisscientificlife/2010/01/26/migratory-monarch-butterflies-see-earths-geomagnetic-field/\">research \u003c/a> indicates that monarch butterflies possess photosensitive proteins called Cryptochromes that allow them to set an internal circadian clock. When exposed to UV light, Cryptochromes are also sensitive to magnetism. This allows the monarchs to follow patterns in the Earth’s magnetic field which guide them in their far-reaching travels. Monarch butterflies may also return to specific groves because the overwintering conditions at those particular spots are similarly attractive year after year. As Weiss explained, “The presence of other monarchs is a really good indicator it’s a good place to be a monarch, kind of crowd sourcing. So if a butterfly’s flying around looking for a place to land, if there are other monarchs there, it’s a good indicator that hey, that’s a good place to land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34501\" title=\"Monarchs pic6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies form a cluster on a Monterey Pine branch. Image: Joshua Cssidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, the monarchs go into a mating frenzy, and then they depart from there overwintering spots to find the emerging milkweed throughout their range. Female monarchs lay hundreds of eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars gorge on the host plant. As the caterpillars grow, they sequester compounds called cardiac glycosides which make them distasteful – even toxic - to predators. During the pupae life stage the caterpillars transform into butterflies within the solitude of their chrysalises. As flying adults they feed on sugary nectar from milkweeds and other plants with their long tube-like proboscises. This cycle of reproduction repeats throughout the spring and summer as the monarchs disperse, filling out their geographic range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because monarch butterflies are intimately tied to milkweed, they are especially vulnerable to habitat loss from development and agriculture. Monarchs also need to find dependable overwintering sites, and both the eastern and western overwintering populations experience threats to these locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34514\" title=\"CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Krygsman counts monarch butterflies at the Monarch Sanctuary Grove in Pacific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarchs do have one advantage, which is that humans find them beautiful. Enticed by the monarch butterfly’s beauty, people have gone to great lengths to study them and provide for their needs. Erica Krygsman, \u003ca href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/\">Monarch Alert\u003c/a> Monterey Co. Field Coordinator is one of those people. She has the colossal task of counting the overwintering monarchs. So how does someone count thousands of fidgeting butterflies as they hang from a tree?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well you don’t count them individually”, Krygsman said. “Basically you count the butterflies when they are in clusters in the trees, and you go by each group and you count…you count a small group and extrapolate to the rest of the cluster.” For the Monarch Grove Sanctuary location, Krygsman’s counts for the winter 2011-2012 hover around 10,000 butterflies. The detailed counts made by Monarch Alert help the scientific community trace the fluctuations in the western monarch butterfly population size and demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34704\" title=\"IMG_7731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_77313-e1333660119663-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Monarch Grove Sanctuary. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Weiss, “monarch butterflies are listed as an endangered phenomenon, because of the mass of the migration, the length of the migration, and the concentration of butterflies in relatively few overwintering sites. They’re actually vulnerable. You could cut down 20 groves of trees in coastal California and pretty much kill off the overwintering monarchs in California, they’re that concentrated. In Mexico, they occupy maybe a few dozen hectares of high elevation fir forests that are under extreme pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit the overwintering monarchs during the winter months at the Pacific Grove Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and take a tour of the Monarch Sanctuary offered by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/category/topics-interest/butterflies\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Other good places to find overwintering monarchs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Pt. Lobos Nature Preserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Monarch butterflies migrate from all over the western United States to overwinter along the California coast. Conservation Biologist Stu Weiss uses specialized photographic equipment to study what makes good monarch overwintering habitat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bugs normally don’t garner much adoration from people, but monarch butterflies (\u003cstrong>Danaus plexippus\u003c/strong>) are an exception. Monarch butterflies are arguably the most beloved and instantly identifiable insect in the United Sates. Perhaps nowhere else does an insect receive higher regard than in Pacific Grove, CA, which has gone so far as to adopt the moniker Butterfly Town, USA. Stu Weiss, Chief Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.creeksidescience.com/\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, has been studying monarch butterflies for over two decades. “They represent the insect world, which is the most diverse order of life on Planet Earth.” said Weiss “And they’re good ambassadors because they’re beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34638\" title=\"Monarchs pic12\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic123-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stu Weiss uses hemispherical photography to analyse the forest canopy in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, Paicific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss uses a technique called hemispherical photography to analyze monarch butterfly overwintering habitat. While facing north, he aims his digital camera directly up towards the forest canopy. The camera is affixed with a 180° fish-eye lens that produces an image of the sky partially blocked by the trees. Weiss takes a series of these images at specific locations corresponding to a grid. With the help of some special software, he is able to map out how much sunlight and wind is able to penetrate the forest at specific locations. This information is important because overwintering monarchs prefer microhabitats that provide both plenty of sunlight, but are protected from the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the information gleaned from his hemispherical photography, Weiss is able to characterize the monarch habitat and provide guidance on the long-term management of the major monarch overwintering sites. The City of Pacific Grove placed Weiss in charge of developing the habitat restoration and management plan for the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and he has overseen the planting of additional Eucalyptus trees to improve wind protection for the monarchs. While small in size, the Sanctuary is a vital destination for monarchs and a major tourist attraction boasting visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their pleasing appearance, monarch butterflies are famous for their extended migrations. The type of lengthy annual north-south migration undergone by monarchs is more commonly associated with birds. Monarchs spent most of the year in close proximity to their host plant, milkweed. Each fall, as the days grow shorter and the milkweed recedes, monarchs journey to their overwintering grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34400\" title=\"Monarch Watch_migration-map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarch-Watch_migration-map1-336x253.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rocky Mountains split monarch Butterflies into Eastern and Western populations. Image: {link url=\"http://www.monarchwatch.org/\"}Monarch Watch{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rocky Mountains split the monarchs into two populations. Those butterflies that spend their summers east of the Rocky Mountains descent upon forests located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forests not far from Mexico City. The monarchs that spend their summers west of the Rockies wait out the winter months in forests along the California Coast. Overwintering monarch populations return to the same forests year after year, even though none of the individual butterflies have ever been to these locations before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the climatic conditions, monarch butterflies have three or four generations per year. How the butterfly’s great-grandchildren are able to find the same specific forests year after year remains a mystery. New \u003ca href=\"http://scientopia.org/blogs/thisscientificlife/2010/01/26/migratory-monarch-butterflies-see-earths-geomagnetic-field/\">research \u003c/a> indicates that monarch butterflies possess photosensitive proteins called Cryptochromes that allow them to set an internal circadian clock. When exposed to UV light, Cryptochromes are also sensitive to magnetism. This allows the monarchs to follow patterns in the Earth’s magnetic field which guide them in their far-reaching travels. Monarch butterflies may also return to specific groves because the overwintering conditions at those particular spots are similarly attractive year after year. As Weiss explained, “The presence of other monarchs is a really good indicator it’s a good place to be a monarch, kind of crowd sourcing. So if a butterfly’s flying around looking for a place to land, if there are other monarchs there, it’s a good indicator that hey, that’s a good place to land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34501\" title=\"Monarchs pic6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies form a cluster on a Monterey Pine branch. Image: Joshua Cssidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, the monarchs go into a mating frenzy, and then they depart from there overwintering spots to find the emerging milkweed throughout their range. Female monarchs lay hundreds of eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars gorge on the host plant. As the caterpillars grow, they sequester compounds called cardiac glycosides which make them distasteful – even toxic - to predators. During the pupae life stage the caterpillars transform into butterflies within the solitude of their chrysalises. As flying adults they feed on sugary nectar from milkweeds and other plants with their long tube-like proboscises. This cycle of reproduction repeats throughout the spring and summer as the monarchs disperse, filling out their geographic range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because monarch butterflies are intimately tied to milkweed, they are especially vulnerable to habitat loss from development and agriculture. Monarchs also need to find dependable overwintering sites, and both the eastern and western overwintering populations experience threats to these locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34514\" title=\"CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Krygsman counts monarch butterflies at the Monarch Sanctuary Grove in Pacific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarchs do have one advantage, which is that humans find them beautiful. Enticed by the monarch butterfly’s beauty, people have gone to great lengths to study them and provide for their needs. Erica Krygsman, \u003ca href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/\">Monarch Alert\u003c/a> Monterey Co. Field Coordinator is one of those people. She has the colossal task of counting the overwintering monarchs. So how does someone count thousands of fidgeting butterflies as they hang from a tree?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well you don’t count them individually”, Krygsman said. “Basically you count the butterflies when they are in clusters in the trees, and you go by each group and you count…you count a small group and extrapolate to the rest of the cluster.” For the Monarch Grove Sanctuary location, Krygsman’s counts for the winter 2011-2012 hover around 10,000 butterflies. The detailed counts made by Monarch Alert help the scientific community trace the fluctuations in the western monarch butterfly population size and demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34704\" title=\"IMG_7731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_77313-e1333660119663-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Monarch Grove Sanctuary. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Weiss, “monarch butterflies are listed as an endangered phenomenon, because of the mass of the migration, the length of the migration, and the concentration of butterflies in relatively few overwintering sites. They’re actually vulnerable. You could cut down 20 groves of trees in coastal California and pretty much kill off the overwintering monarchs in California, they’re that concentrated. In Mexico, they occupy maybe a few dozen hectares of high elevation fir forests that are under extreme pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit the overwintering monarchs during the winter months at the Pacific Grove Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and take a tour of the Monarch Sanctuary offered by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/category/topics-interest/butterflies\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Other good places to find overwintering monarchs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Pt. Lobos Nature Preserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The setting could almost pass for a peaceful wildlife refuge, but for the daily rumbling of the Fed-Ex truck on the winding gravel road. It’s the sylvan campus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The National Wildlife Health Center is sort of what it says. We're a national center and we receive carcasses from refuges and state management areas all around the country, usually from state biologists, federal biologists, tribal biologists,” says disease investigation chief \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/scott_wright.jsp\">Dr. Scott Wright\u003c/a>. Those carcasses shipped overnight to the center are most often samples taken from large animal die-offs. It’s the job of the center to determine the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like the CDC would do for human health, or the USDA would do for agricultural animals, for livestock and so forth, that's the role we play for wildlife,” says Wright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the center is a level 3 bio-safety lab where the animal samples are processed and examined through necropsy, the animal version of an autopsy. “Every case that comes in is a potential real challenge,” says veterinary pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/david_green.jsp\">Dr. David Green\u003c/a>. “I sit down and look at all of these different lab results; the toxicology, the poison tests, the virus cultures, the bacterial cultures. And I have to put all of these pieces of information together to determine why was that animal sick, why did that animal die or why did 500 birds die at this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/us/04beebe.html\">5000 red winged blackbirds dying in a small Arkansas town\u003c/a> on New Year’s Eve 2010 that briefly thrust the work of the Center into the national spotlight. “Oh there were just all sorts of clever names applied to the event,” remembers Green. “'\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0107/Aflockalypse-now-Turns-out-mass-bird-deaths-are-quite-common\">Aflockolypse\u003c/a>' was, I think, the cleverest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbinger of the end times, covert military testing, magnetic disruption, all manner of strange theories were applied to the event. The intense interest surprised the NWHC staff, says Wright. “There were people calling me at my home at night, on weekends wanting to know what was going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of death, determined after numerous bird necropsies, was much more banal than the theories. “All of the tests and cultures that we did for infectious diseases and parasites and chemicals came back negative,” says Green. “Basically it came down to, we couldn't find anything other than physical injuries, what we call blunt force trauma in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those necropsy findings, combined with field reports of New Year’s fireworks, and the fact that blackbirds are terrible night flyers came together to paint a picture of startled birds flying into each other and stationary objects and succumbing to traumatic injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This most plausible explanation didn’t satisfy the most dedicated conspiracy-theorists according to Wright. “It really sort of floored us. We didn't expect that. We didn't expect to be not believed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that Dr. Wright, who is soon to retire from the Center, finds a troubling omen for the future of science and public understanding. “Science is not being believed,” he says. “That's not a good sign, because there's too much important stuff coming that we need to be stepping up and telling everybody, ‘This is what's going on.’ And they hopefully will believe us.” \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The setting could almost pass for a peaceful wildlife refuge, but for the daily rumbling of the Fed-Ex truck on the winding gravel road. It’s the sylvan campus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The National Wildlife Health Center is sort of what it says. We're a national center and we receive carcasses from refuges and state management areas all around the country, usually from state biologists, federal biologists, tribal biologists,” says disease investigation chief \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/scott_wright.jsp\">Dr. Scott Wright\u003c/a>. Those carcasses shipped overnight to the center are most often samples taken from large animal die-offs. It’s the job of the center to determine the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like the CDC would do for human health, or the USDA would do for agricultural animals, for livestock and so forth, that's the role we play for wildlife,” says Wright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the center is a level 3 bio-safety lab where the animal samples are processed and examined through necropsy, the animal version of an autopsy. “Every case that comes in is a potential real challenge,” says veterinary pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/david_green.jsp\">Dr. David Green\u003c/a>. “I sit down and look at all of these different lab results; the toxicology, the poison tests, the virus cultures, the bacterial cultures. And I have to put all of these pieces of information together to determine why was that animal sick, why did that animal die or why did 500 birds die at this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/us/04beebe.html\">5000 red winged blackbirds dying in a small Arkansas town\u003c/a> on New Year’s Eve 2010 that briefly thrust the work of the Center into the national spotlight. “Oh there were just all sorts of clever names applied to the event,” remembers Green. “'\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0107/Aflockalypse-now-Turns-out-mass-bird-deaths-are-quite-common\">Aflockolypse\u003c/a>' was, I think, the cleverest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbinger of the end times, covert military testing, magnetic disruption, all manner of strange theories were applied to the event. The intense interest surprised the NWHC staff, says Wright. “There were people calling me at my home at night, on weekends wanting to know what was going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of death, determined after numerous bird necropsies, was much more banal than the theories. “All of the tests and cultures that we did for infectious diseases and parasites and chemicals came back negative,” says Green. “Basically it came down to, we couldn't find anything other than physical injuries, what we call blunt force trauma in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those necropsy findings, combined with field reports of New Year’s fireworks, and the fact that blackbirds are terrible night flyers came together to paint a picture of startled birds flying into each other and stationary objects and succumbing to traumatic injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This most plausible explanation didn’t satisfy the most dedicated conspiracy-theorists according to Wright. “It really sort of floored us. We didn't expect that. We didn't expect to be not believed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that Dr. Wright, who is soon to retire from the Center, finds a troubling omen for the future of science and public understanding. “Science is not being believed,” he says. “That's not a good sign, because there's too much important stuff coming that we need to be stepping up and telling everybody, ‘This is what's going on.’ And they hopefully will believe us.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As Director of Human Health at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, Dr. Linda Spurlock’s job is to educate the public through exhibits, programming, and health education classes. But, from time to time, she is asked to utilize her unique scientific training as a biological anthropologist and forensic artist to help law enforcement identify the remains of a murder victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/hamman-todd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27037\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27037\" title=\"hamman-todd\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/hamman-todd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We met Linda in the Main Osteology Lab of the Physical Anthropology Department of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. This facility is home to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a>; the largest well-documented human skeletal collection in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to “resurrect the dead” Linda uses the skull of an individual to either sculpt or sketch an image of what the person may have looked like in life. While she sculpts 3-dimensional models on occasion, this method is not often the best approach in forensic reconstruction cases. It is more time-consuming and is sometimes impractical, especially if the skull is fragile. Most of the time, she creates a 2-dimensional sketch for the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at certain features of a skull, a biological anthropologist can determine the approximate age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual but it is up to forensic artists like Linda to “narrow down the possibilities” in order to trigger recognition by relatives and loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first forensic sketch she did for law enforcement was based on the bones of a girl that were found in Portage County, Ohio in 1994. The sketch was seen and recognized by a police officer working on a case of a missing girl from Rochester, Pennsylvania. This led to the DNA testing of the missing girl’s family in western Pennsylvania and the bones found in Ohio. It turned out that they were a perfect match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After obtaining the bones from the police department, Linda prepares the skull by gluing the lower jaw into position. Next, she takes careful measurements to determine specific characteristics of the skull. She then cuts and glues on markers fashioned from mechanical erasers. These “tissue depth markers” indicate how far the soft tissue and skin would have extended out in life. Next, a colleague takes two photographs of the skull: one from the front and another from the side. These are then printed at exactly life-size and taped to a board over which tracing vellum is then attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27040\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27040\" title=\"spurlock3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/spurlock3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Spurlock\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Spurlock putting the finishing touches on a forensic sketch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To start a sketch, Dr. Spurlock draws the outline of the face based on the tissue depth markers. She then draws in eyeballs, the widest part of the nose, and marks the dimensions of the mouth. On the profile, she determines the projection of the nose and sketches in the forehead, nose and lips. Next, she adds ears, hair, some shading, and fills in some of the features based-once again-on the unique qualities of the skull. She considers herself lucky if there are a few hair samples remaining on the skull from which she can determine length, texture and color. It also helps if there are articles of clothing or a belt found with the remains. These can help determine the size and weight of an individual, and informs her decision about which standard of tissue depth markers to cut (slender, normal or obese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Spurlock admits that even her best sketch will not be evidence enough to identify a person in a court of law. Additional information including DNA samples, dental records, and unique medical hardware (like an artificial hip) may lead to the “positive ID” of an individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older a case, the less likely it is that the individual will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, she works on cold cases in which the victim has been dead for several years or even several decades. In 2009, Linda was asked to sketch the likeness of a man whose bones were found in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. Even though it has been more than 30 years since this man was killed, Dr. Spurlock hopes that someday he will be recognized- the first step in solving the crime and catching the murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27058\" title=\"twinsburg ohio john doe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Web Extra - Linda Spurlock's First Forensic Reconstructions and Sketches\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda shares how she first learned to do forensic work, both for anthropology and law enforcement.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY5egMtaWEo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "QUEST travels to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History to meet Linda Spurlock, an anatomist and forensic reconstruction artist who uses clay to re-construct the faces of ancient humans in order to show what they looked like when alive. She also sketches more recently deceased people using only their remains in order to help police solve crimes. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Director of Human Health at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, Dr. Linda Spurlock’s job is to educate the public through exhibits, programming, and health education classes. But, from time to time, she is asked to utilize her unique scientific training as a biological anthropologist and forensic artist to help law enforcement identify the remains of a murder victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/hamman-todd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27037\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27037\" title=\"hamman-todd\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/hamman-todd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We met Linda in the Main Osteology Lab of the Physical Anthropology Department of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. This facility is home to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a>; the largest well-documented human skeletal collection in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to “resurrect the dead” Linda uses the skull of an individual to either sculpt or sketch an image of what the person may have looked like in life. While she sculpts 3-dimensional models on occasion, this method is not often the best approach in forensic reconstruction cases. It is more time-consuming and is sometimes impractical, especially if the skull is fragile. Most of the time, she creates a 2-dimensional sketch for the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at certain features of a skull, a biological anthropologist can determine the approximate age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual but it is up to forensic artists like Linda to “narrow down the possibilities” in order to trigger recognition by relatives and loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first forensic sketch she did for law enforcement was based on the bones of a girl that were found in Portage County, Ohio in 1994. The sketch was seen and recognized by a police officer working on a case of a missing girl from Rochester, Pennsylvania. This led to the DNA testing of the missing girl’s family in western Pennsylvania and the bones found in Ohio. It turned out that they were a perfect match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After obtaining the bones from the police department, Linda prepares the skull by gluing the lower jaw into position. Next, she takes careful measurements to determine specific characteristics of the skull. She then cuts and glues on markers fashioned from mechanical erasers. These “tissue depth markers” indicate how far the soft tissue and skin would have extended out in life. Next, a colleague takes two photographs of the skull: one from the front and another from the side. These are then printed at exactly life-size and taped to a board over which tracing vellum is then attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27040\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27040\" title=\"spurlock3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/spurlock3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Spurlock\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Spurlock putting the finishing touches on a forensic sketch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To start a sketch, Dr. Spurlock draws the outline of the face based on the tissue depth markers. She then draws in eyeballs, the widest part of the nose, and marks the dimensions of the mouth. On the profile, she determines the projection of the nose and sketches in the forehead, nose and lips. Next, she adds ears, hair, some shading, and fills in some of the features based-once again-on the unique qualities of the skull. She considers herself lucky if there are a few hair samples remaining on the skull from which she can determine length, texture and color. It also helps if there are articles of clothing or a belt found with the remains. These can help determine the size and weight of an individual, and informs her decision about which standard of tissue depth markers to cut (slender, normal or obese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Spurlock admits that even her best sketch will not be evidence enough to identify a person in a court of law. Additional information including DNA samples, dental records, and unique medical hardware (like an artificial hip) may lead to the “positive ID” of an individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older a case, the less likely it is that the individual will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, she works on cold cases in which the victim has been dead for several years or even several decades. In 2009, Linda was asked to sketch the likeness of a man whose bones were found in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. Even though it has been more than 30 years since this man was killed, Dr. Spurlock hopes that someday he will be recognized- the first step in solving the crime and catching the murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27058\" title=\"twinsburg ohio john doe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Web Extra - Linda Spurlock's First Forensic Reconstructions and Sketches\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda shares how she first learned to do forensic work, both for anthropology and law enforcement.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zY5egMtaWEo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zY5egMtaWEo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: The Science of Salt Glaze Pottery",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Owen family can trace their pottery roots back six generations, so far back that their family’s artwork now rest in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mintmuseum.org/%20\" title=\"Mint Museum\" target=\"_blank\">The Mint Museum\u003c/a> in Charlotte, NC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Ben Owen Pottery\" href=\"http://www.benowenpottery.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ben Owen III\u003c/a> has been making pottery since he was big enough to sit at a potter’s wheel. Some of his earliest memories are of him with his grandfather learning to control clay, center it, open it and create a piece of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(4)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26165\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people ask me, how long did it take you to make this pot?” explained Owen. “30 years”. For nearly three decades, Owen has been creating pottery and has traveled around the world and has been commissioned to create artwork for Bob Hope, Elizabeth Taylor, and Ronald Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Owen’s most unique and popular styles of pottery, \u003ca title=\"salt glazing\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_glaze_pottery\">salt glazing\u003c/a>, requires extensive precision, accuracy, and chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salt glazing is a unique process different from \u003ca title=\"bisque pottery\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisque_(pottery)\" target=\"_blank\">bisque pottery\u003c/a> because it involves one single firing. These pots used to be essential for sanitary purposes in cooking, aiding in pickling and food storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The art and science of pottery requires skills and techniques acquired over generations of trial and error. The combination of the Owen family’s experiential knowledge of pottery and his university education - he graduated with a BFA in ceramics with honors in 1993 - make him a unique seasoned artist. Owen now employs additional scientific knowledge about how elements, chemical reactions, barometric pressure and temperature affect and improve his works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you grow up in a family tradition, you learn things from family experience. People have the answers for you, but understanding what combinations of formulas work, what works based on temperature – If you don’t know how to recreate it, if you don’t know the science, you can’t reproduce it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Back when I was a teenager, we did things just because they worked. I asked a lot of questions: Why are we losing all these pots? What did we do wrong? Did we heat the kiln too fast? Being exposed to other potters, artists in a formal university setting, a lot of those things come out that help you realize what you did back then and why it didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creating a piece of salt glazed pottery is a lengthy process. Before the glazing can begin, Owen must create the shape and pot itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We place the clay on the wheel, center it, open it, form it into a bowl or cylinder adding water throughout the process until our piece is formed. After creating the shape and piece of pottery, we allow them to sit and dry for a couple of weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the pots are properly dried, the loading and firing process begins. The firing and heating of the kiln takes several days because the pots need to be warmed slowly to drive off moisture and water inside the core of the clay walls. If the pots are warmed too quickly, the moisture becomes steam and the pots start exploding inside the kiln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV3-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(3)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26167\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kiln is heated in stages, 200 degrees per hour, until it reaches 2300 degrees. Once the pottery is nearly molten, rock salt is thrown into the kiln. When salt is introduced into the kiln, it starts melting and becomes a glass, and then a vapor. This vapor is attracted to the silica in the clay and begins coating the surface of the pots, creating a unique orange peel texture. Test rings are used and dropped in water to see if the salt is building up properly and is creating the signature glassy appearance on the exterior of the pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salt-glazing process takes seven days to complete, including two overnight shifts where Owen regulates the temperature of the kiln all night. Even though he's been firing his kiln for nearly 30 years, Owen still feels that there’s always room for improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No matter how many times you’ve done it, no matter how many times you’ve practiced doing it, I’m not doing surgery on a patient or somebody but I’m doing surgery on clay and I’m wanting that clay to be successful and be healthy when it comes out. So in a way, I’ve got to learn, I need to learn more about my materials to the extent that I can hopefully be able to make and determine the right decisions along the way that can solve some of these problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.discoverseagrove.com\" title=\"Seagrove Area Potters Association\" target=\"_blank\">Seagrove Area Potters Association\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.celebrationofseagrovepotters.com\" title=\"Celebration of Seagrove Potters\" target=\"_blank\">Celebration of Seagrove Potters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Owen family can trace their pottery roots back six generations, so far back that their family’s artwork now rest in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mintmuseum.org/%20\" title=\"Mint Museum\" target=\"_blank\">The Mint Museum\u003c/a> in Charlotte, NC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Ben Owen Pottery\" href=\"http://www.benowenpottery.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ben Owen III\u003c/a> has been making pottery since he was big enough to sit at a potter’s wheel. Some of his earliest memories are of him with his grandfather learning to control clay, center it, open it and create a piece of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(4)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26165\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people ask me, how long did it take you to make this pot?” explained Owen. “30 years”. For nearly three decades, Owen has been creating pottery and has traveled around the world and has been commissioned to create artwork for Bob Hope, Elizabeth Taylor, and Ronald Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Owen’s most unique and popular styles of pottery, \u003ca title=\"salt glazing\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_glaze_pottery\">salt glazing\u003c/a>, requires extensive precision, accuracy, and chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salt glazing is a unique process different from \u003ca title=\"bisque pottery\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisque_(pottery)\" target=\"_blank\">bisque pottery\u003c/a> because it involves one single firing. These pots used to be essential for sanitary purposes in cooking, aiding in pickling and food storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The art and science of pottery requires skills and techniques acquired over generations of trial and error. The combination of the Owen family’s experiential knowledge of pottery and his university education - he graduated with a BFA in ceramics with honors in 1993 - make him a unique seasoned artist. Owen now employs additional scientific knowledge about how elements, chemical reactions, barometric pressure and temperature affect and improve his works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you grow up in a family tradition, you learn things from family experience. People have the answers for you, but understanding what combinations of formulas work, what works based on temperature – If you don’t know how to recreate it, if you don’t know the science, you can’t reproduce it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Back when I was a teenager, we did things just because they worked. I asked a lot of questions: Why are we losing all these pots? What did we do wrong? Did we heat the kiln too fast? Being exposed to other potters, artists in a formal university setting, a lot of those things come out that help you realize what you did back then and why it didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creating a piece of salt glazed pottery is a lengthy process. Before the glazing can begin, Owen must create the shape and pot itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We place the clay on the wheel, center it, open it, form it into a bowl or cylinder adding water throughout the process until our piece is formed. After creating the shape and piece of pottery, we allow them to sit and dry for a couple of weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the pots are properly dried, the loading and firing process begins. The firing and heating of the kiln takes several days because the pots need to be warmed slowly to drive off moisture and water inside the core of the clay walls. If the pots are warmed too quickly, the moisture becomes steam and the pots start exploding inside the kiln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV3-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(3)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26167\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kiln is heated in stages, 200 degrees per hour, until it reaches 2300 degrees. Once the pottery is nearly molten, rock salt is thrown into the kiln. When salt is introduced into the kiln, it starts melting and becomes a glass, and then a vapor. This vapor is attracted to the silica in the clay and begins coating the surface of the pots, creating a unique orange peel texture. Test rings are used and dropped in water to see if the salt is building up properly and is creating the signature glassy appearance on the exterior of the pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salt-glazing process takes seven days to complete, including two overnight shifts where Owen regulates the temperature of the kiln all night. Even though he's been firing his kiln for nearly 30 years, Owen still feels that there’s always room for improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No matter how many times you’ve done it, no matter how many times you’ve practiced doing it, I’m not doing surgery on a patient or somebody but I’m doing surgery on clay and I’m wanting that clay to be successful and be healthy when it comes out. So in a way, I’ve got to learn, I need to learn more about my materials to the extent that I can hopefully be able to make and determine the right decisions along the way that can solve some of these problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.discoverseagrove.com\" title=\"Seagrove Area Potters Association\" target=\"_blank\">Seagrove Area Potters Association\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.celebrationofseagrovepotters.com\" title=\"Celebration of Seagrove Potters\" target=\"_blank\">Celebration of Seagrove Potters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every day, San Francisco’s compostables – all 600 tons of them – are hauled away from the city. I found myself asking, “Where does it all go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While looking for the answers, I found agronomist Bob Shaffer. Shaffer started out as a farmer, but soon realized that he was more interested in the soil than in what grew out of it. That led to a career in making and applying compost. He now works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.recology.com/index.htm\">Recology\u003c/a>, the company that composts San Francisco's green waste, at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.jepsonprairieorganics.com/\">composting facility in Vacaville\u003c/a> and with farmers who want to improve their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Shaffer’s clients is \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckzin.com/index.html\">Old Hill Ranch\u003c/a> in Glen Ellen. As the name suggests, the vineyard is one of the earliest in Sonoma County and has many 100-year-old vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Old Hill was first established, it was planted in the traditional way – a lot of different grape varietals were planted, producing a blended wine. The vineyard has a colorful map that identifies the patchwork of varietals on the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines are dry farmed, with no irrigation system running between the vine rows. This makes adding compost really important, as it helps with water retention in the soil. Old Hill’s owner, Will Bucklin, is also experimenting with compost tea, in which a small amount of compost is “brewed” into a dark tea to develop beneficial microbes. The tea can be added to a water supply or sprayed onto the leaves directly. It’s another way of making nutrients and protective microbes available to the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23733\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23733\" title=\"Compost_grapes_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny young grapes on a vine at Old Hill Ranch, in Glen Ellen. Photo: Kate Szrom.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When QUEST visited Old Hill Ranch, it was a hot, sunny June day. There had just been a full moon and the blooms on the vines had set into tiny green grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he does in the summer season, Shaffer checked to see if the vines were getting water and nutrients by observing the leaves and tendrils on the vines. He pointed out some of the cover crops he has planted to prevent soil erosion. Through their roots, cover crops like grasses and legumes can also carry carbon deeper into the soil than compost alone would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, compost will be applied at Old Hill and on other vineyards like it. Over the winter, rains will help spread the nutrients and beneficial microbes in the compost through the ground to be made available for next year’s growing season.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every day, San Francisco’s compostables – all 600 tons of them – are hauled away from the city. I found myself asking, “Where does it all go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While looking for the answers, I found agronomist Bob Shaffer. Shaffer started out as a farmer, but soon realized that he was more interested in the soil than in what grew out of it. That led to a career in making and applying compost. He now works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.recology.com/index.htm\">Recology\u003c/a>, the company that composts San Francisco's green waste, at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.jepsonprairieorganics.com/\">composting facility in Vacaville\u003c/a> and with farmers who want to improve their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Shaffer’s clients is \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckzin.com/index.html\">Old Hill Ranch\u003c/a> in Glen Ellen. As the name suggests, the vineyard is one of the earliest in Sonoma County and has many 100-year-old vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Old Hill was first established, it was planted in the traditional way – a lot of different grape varietals were planted, producing a blended wine. The vineyard has a colorful map that identifies the patchwork of varietals on the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines are dry farmed, with no irrigation system running between the vine rows. This makes adding compost really important, as it helps with water retention in the soil. Old Hill’s owner, Will Bucklin, is also experimenting with compost tea, in which a small amount of compost is “brewed” into a dark tea to develop beneficial microbes. The tea can be added to a water supply or sprayed onto the leaves directly. It’s another way of making nutrients and protective microbes available to the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23733\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23733\" title=\"Compost_grapes_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny young grapes on a vine at Old Hill Ranch, in Glen Ellen. Photo: Kate Szrom.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When QUEST visited Old Hill Ranch, it was a hot, sunny June day. There had just been a full moon and the blooms on the vines had set into tiny green grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you ever want to meet someone enthusiastic about their job, catch up with the staff that works in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.omahazoo.com/exhibits/butterfly-insect-pavilion/\">Omaha Henry Doorly Zoo Butterfly and Insect Pavilion\u003c/a>. The first time I visited to discuss videotaping with them for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/FinalRecoveryOutlineFeb2009.pdf\">Salt Creek tiger beetle recovery project\u003c/a>, they brought out bug after bug for me to see. These insects didn't have anything to do with Salt Creek tiger beetles, but Kay Klatt and her staff wanted me to see the amazing features that different bugs have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_beetle\">atlas beetle\u003c/a> that's black and shiny like a newly washed Harley Davidson motorcycle. There's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf-cutter_ants\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a> that slice leaves off of trees with a cut as clean as a butcher's knife would make. (Those leaves become fungi, which is actually what they eat.) I'd never seen anything like a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongylus_gongylodes\">violin mantis\u003c/a> before. This bark-colored creature flexes at the joints as it moves to make it seem more like a robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Eewww!!\" That's what a lot of people say when they see bugs. Kay Klatt, Supervisor of the Butterfly and Insect Pavilion at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, says, \"That's perfect. That's what gets people interested, especially young people. What is that? What does it do? How does that work? That's what might motivate someone to want to work with insects when they grow up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff couldn't stop telling me about the creatures as they showed them to me. They talked about how many times they've been bitten or what species have bitten them, but they even did that with enthusiasm. I learned a lot about many types of bugs in a short amount of time. But the other thing I learned is that rare and fragile creatures like \u003ca href=\"http://drshigley.com/lgh/sctb/\">Salt Creek tiger beetles\u003c/a> are in good hands when people like this are looking out for them. The odds are stacked against \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/\">the tiger beetles\u003c/a>, but if they make it, it will be because there are people with a passion to help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passion will be a test of patience for the next several months. All the staff can do with the Salt Creek tiger beetle larvae is feed it. To do that, its food is placed at the top of a tube of soil, then the larvae will come to the top to get it. I was surprised to learn that's about all the staff can do -- watch and wait until (hopefully) the larvae turn into beetles and then can be released into saline habitats near Lincoln next spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Tiger_Beetle_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salt Creek tiger beetle is one of the most endangered species in the United States, with only two to five hundred beetles left. They're found only in a small saline wetland area just north of Lincoln, Nebraska. We visited the wetland with Mitch Paine, a former research assistant at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln who worked with the beetles and comes back every summer to photograph the Salt Creek tiger beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Produced by Diego Moreno / QUEST Nebraska. Beetle photographs by Mitch Paine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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