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"content": "\u003cp>One of America’s most revered environmental groups is undergoing a radical self-examination, both earning applause and triggering pushback from its members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent open letter, Sierra Club Executive Director Michael Brune \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1967610/as-us-racial-reckoning-escalates-reformers-target-environmental-icons\">confronts head-on\u003c/a> the racism embedded in the organization’s 128-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter, explored \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1967610/as-us-racial-reckoning-escalates-reformers-target-environmental-icons\">in this post\u003c/a> from KQED’s Kevin Stark, marks a seismic shift for the organization. It lays bare derogatory comments that founder and \u003ca href=\"https://vault.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/\">naturalist John Muir \u003c/a>made toward people of color and how some of the club’s founding members held white supremacist views.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/articles/2020/05/ram-n-cruz-elected-first-latino-president-sierra-club\">Ramón Cruz\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, the club’s newly elected national president and the first Latino to hold that position, weighs in on the controversy in a conversation with KQED’s Brian Watt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your reaction to Michael Brune’s letter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ramón Cruz:\u003c/em> It’s long past time for the Sierra Club to own its history. We have been grappling with this for years, so it’s not something new to have open discussions among our staff, our volunteers and leaders about the true legacy of the people who founded this institution. We’re actively reevaluating figures from our past whose ideology caused immeasurable harm to oppressed groups, including John Muir, among several others. We see this as a long, transformative journey. And this is just the first step to look inside, to look at where we have exercised privilege, where we have caused harm, in order to also look into the future, as an organization, that is consistent with our values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has there been pushback on this first step?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, certainly. It’s part of this moment of reckoning the whole nation is going through with the movement for Black Lives. There are people who are well advanced into that journey of reexamination and introspection and recognizing where all our privileges play in. And certainly there are others for whom this is a difficult reality to accept. I mean, some of these figures, [like John Muir,] are sacred to many of us. So there is pushback. There are people who would prefer the Sierra Club to only deal with, say, saving nature, regardless of what it implies. But saving nature for whom to enjoy and to benefit? So, I think we have been on this journey for a number of years now, to center everything we do on equity and justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sierra Club founder John Muir’s name is on so many things, especially in California. Should that name be removed from parks and high schools?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, we’re not advocating for getting rid of one name or another. We are in this process of reexamining our history and exposing things. We don’t want to throw away or cancel John Muir. His writings about the sacredness of nature are still very important documents to learn from. But that’s no reason to pretend that he was a perfect hero without any flaws or refuse to acknowledge the harm to native and Indigenous peoples that the early conservationists were so directly connected with. So we’re not advocating to erase him from history. We don’t want to erase history. We want to learn from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have been on this journey for many years. For example, in 2016, the Sierra Club asked the National Park Service to change the name of the \u003ca href=\"https://boomcalifornia.com/2018/11/05/the-golden-states-scientific-white-supremacist/\">Joseph LeConte\u003c/a> lodge in Yosemite. This was a friend of John Muir who was one of the early founders of the club. He was also one of the founders of the University of California, Berkeley. And basically, he was a proponent of eugenics. We asked the park service to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/yosemite-heritage-center/history\">rename the lodge\u003c/a>. We cannot necessarily trace his own ideology to John Muir. But we do recognize that some of Muir’s writings, especially in the earlier part of his life, create conflict right now. They diminish African Americans and Indigenous people. That doesn’t mean he didn’t have a process of evolution through his life. But still, we have to recognize all that in order to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should there be some effort made to make a note of this at the monuments, parks, and schools that bear his name?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s always a good exercise. I know that the people we may hold sacred right now, in the end they’re humans, and we just have to present them as they were — and of course, learn from that and correct wherever there has been harm. With these series of blogs and articles that the Sierra Club is going to have in the upcoming months, it’s a way to meditate on that. I like it when you go to a museum and it’s curated in a way that doesn’t editorialize, but presents that person as a whole. And I think certainly we should do that with a figure as important and relevant as John Muir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By the time you encountered the environmental movement, could you still feel vestiges of racism?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, certainly. Most of my career has been with big environmental organizations that tend to be whiter. And of course liberal and progressive, but that doesn’t mean that the world isn’t full of micro-aggressions and also racism and prejudice. I’m originally from Puerto Rico. Even though I speak several languages, English might not have been the one I express myself in best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, it’s important to have these moments of reckoning, because then people can really think, what’s the importance of all this. You know, especially these past couple of months, we have been wrestling with that idea. And within our own membership, even, we have some people saying, ‘Let’s not go that far, let’s focus, stay in our lane.’ We are convinced that this is a problem that we have to tackle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the fact that I have been able to develop a career in the last 20-25 years in this organization, I’m standing on the shoulders of so many people of color that struggled to get into these spaces. And the fact that I can be the first Latino president of an organization that is 128 eight years old is a reflection of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is environmental justice tied to environmentalism?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of my colleagues, Hop Hopkins, wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/racism-killing-planet\">great article\u003c/a> on how racism is killing the planet. I’m convinced we cannot deal with the climate crisis, with environmental degradation, unless we tear down racism and the concept of white supremacy or the concept of supremacy in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because climate change and all the environmental degradation — the extraction of oil and fossil fuels — all come with the idea that you can have certain zones, certain areas, locations that can be sacrificed. But you cannot sacrifice those zones without having people in them that you conceive as ‘disposable,’ right? And you cannot have ‘disposable people’ without the concept of supremacy or without the concept of racism. So I’m convinced that we have to deal with racism in order to be effective environmental advocates and also to preserve nature for everybody, not just for a few selected ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modern environmental movement since 1970 and the first Earth Day 50 years ago has been quite wealthy, quite privileged and more white. And sometimes it didn’t take into consideration the struggles of local communities, which are often environmental justice struggles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, 20 years ago when many of the big environmental organizations were advocating for a national system of emissions trading to deal with climate change, many of the environmental justice organizations opposed it. This was because, ultimately, big environmental organizations were advocating to reduce the overall emissions of the country, but doing that by sacrificing some areas. What the environmental justice movement has done is basically say, ‘No, we have had enough. We are not disposable.’ We cannot have certain areas that enjoy privilege and enjoy clean water and clean air at the expense of others. So we need to ensure that everybody can get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club has been working on becoming better partners with environmental justice organizations. A few years ago, we adopted the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/planet/2017/10/sierra-club-and-jemez-principles\">Jemez Principles for Democratic Organizing \u003c/a>as an approach for how to engage with other organizations. And these are basically a series of principles, or guidelines, on how to engage. So it’s about being inclusive, it’s about having an emphasis on bottom-up organizing. Also letting people speak for themselves, and not having an organization like the Sierra Club with its size and its relative power in the environmental movement speak for others. You know, we have to be invited. We have to work together in solidarity and mutuality. We have to build just relationships and also to commit to self-transformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club is by no means a perfect organization. There is a lot of work to be done. It’s an ongoing journey. I’m glad the Sierra Club is starting that journey; I’m part of that. We’re definitely committed to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of America’s most revered environmental groups is undergoing a radical self-examination, both earning applause and triggering pushback from its members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent open letter, Sierra Club Executive Director Michael Brune \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1967610/as-us-racial-reckoning-escalates-reformers-target-environmental-icons\">confronts head-on\u003c/a> the racism embedded in the organization’s 128-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter, explored \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1967610/as-us-racial-reckoning-escalates-reformers-target-environmental-icons\">in this post\u003c/a> from KQED’s Kevin Stark, marks a seismic shift for the organization. It lays bare derogatory comments that founder and \u003ca href=\"https://vault.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/\">naturalist John Muir \u003c/a>made toward people of color and how some of the club’s founding members held white supremacist views.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/articles/2020/05/ram-n-cruz-elected-first-latino-president-sierra-club\">Ramón Cruz\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, the club’s newly elected national president and the first Latino to hold that position, weighs in on the controversy in a conversation with KQED’s Brian Watt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your reaction to Michael Brune’s letter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ramón Cruz:\u003c/em> It’s long past time for the Sierra Club to own its history. We have been grappling with this for years, so it’s not something new to have open discussions among our staff, our volunteers and leaders about the true legacy of the people who founded this institution. We’re actively reevaluating figures from our past whose ideology caused immeasurable harm to oppressed groups, including John Muir, among several others. We see this as a long, transformative journey. And this is just the first step to look inside, to look at where we have exercised privilege, where we have caused harm, in order to also look into the future, as an organization, that is consistent with our values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has there been pushback on this first step?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, certainly. It’s part of this moment of reckoning the whole nation is going through with the movement for Black Lives. There are people who are well advanced into that journey of reexamination and introspection and recognizing where all our privileges play in. And certainly there are others for whom this is a difficult reality to accept. I mean, some of these figures, [like John Muir,] are sacred to many of us. So there is pushback. There are people who would prefer the Sierra Club to only deal with, say, saving nature, regardless of what it implies. But saving nature for whom to enjoy and to benefit? So, I think we have been on this journey for a number of years now, to center everything we do on equity and justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sierra Club founder John Muir’s name is on so many things, especially in California. Should that name be removed from parks and high schools?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, we’re not advocating for getting rid of one name or another. We are in this process of reexamining our history and exposing things. We don’t want to throw away or cancel John Muir. His writings about the sacredness of nature are still very important documents to learn from. But that’s no reason to pretend that he was a perfect hero without any flaws or refuse to acknowledge the harm to native and Indigenous peoples that the early conservationists were so directly connected with. So we’re not advocating to erase him from history. We don’t want to erase history. We want to learn from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have been on this journey for many years. For example, in 2016, the Sierra Club asked the National Park Service to change the name of the \u003ca href=\"https://boomcalifornia.com/2018/11/05/the-golden-states-scientific-white-supremacist/\">Joseph LeConte\u003c/a> lodge in Yosemite. This was a friend of John Muir who was one of the early founders of the club. He was also one of the founders of the University of California, Berkeley. And basically, he was a proponent of eugenics. We asked the park service to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/yosemite-heritage-center/history\">rename the lodge\u003c/a>. We cannot necessarily trace his own ideology to John Muir. But we do recognize that some of Muir’s writings, especially in the earlier part of his life, create conflict right now. They diminish African Americans and Indigenous people. That doesn’t mean he didn’t have a process of evolution through his life. But still, we have to recognize all that in order to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should there be some effort made to make a note of this at the monuments, parks, and schools that bear his name?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s always a good exercise. I know that the people we may hold sacred right now, in the end they’re humans, and we just have to present them as they were — and of course, learn from that and correct wherever there has been harm. With these series of blogs and articles that the Sierra Club is going to have in the upcoming months, it’s a way to meditate on that. I like it when you go to a museum and it’s curated in a way that doesn’t editorialize, but presents that person as a whole. And I think certainly we should do that with a figure as important and relevant as John Muir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By the time you encountered the environmental movement, could you still feel vestiges of racism?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, certainly. Most of my career has been with big environmental organizations that tend to be whiter. And of course liberal and progressive, but that doesn’t mean that the world isn’t full of micro-aggressions and also racism and prejudice. I’m originally from Puerto Rico. Even though I speak several languages, English might not have been the one I express myself in best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, it’s important to have these moments of reckoning, because then people can really think, what’s the importance of all this. You know, especially these past couple of months, we have been wrestling with that idea. And within our own membership, even, we have some people saying, ‘Let’s not go that far, let’s focus, stay in our lane.’ We are convinced that this is a problem that we have to tackle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the fact that I have been able to develop a career in the last 20-25 years in this organization, I’m standing on the shoulders of so many people of color that struggled to get into these spaces. And the fact that I can be the first Latino president of an organization that is 128 eight years old is a reflection of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is environmental justice tied to environmentalism?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of my colleagues, Hop Hopkins, wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/racism-killing-planet\">great article\u003c/a> on how racism is killing the planet. I’m convinced we cannot deal with the climate crisis, with environmental degradation, unless we tear down racism and the concept of white supremacy or the concept of supremacy in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because climate change and all the environmental degradation — the extraction of oil and fossil fuels — all come with the idea that you can have certain zones, certain areas, locations that can be sacrificed. But you cannot sacrifice those zones without having people in them that you conceive as ‘disposable,’ right? And you cannot have ‘disposable people’ without the concept of supremacy or without the concept of racism. So I’m convinced that we have to deal with racism in order to be effective environmental advocates and also to preserve nature for everybody, not just for a few selected ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modern environmental movement since 1970 and the first Earth Day 50 years ago has been quite wealthy, quite privileged and more white. And sometimes it didn’t take into consideration the struggles of local communities, which are often environmental justice struggles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, 20 years ago when many of the big environmental organizations were advocating for a national system of emissions trading to deal with climate change, many of the environmental justice organizations opposed it. This was because, ultimately, big environmental organizations were advocating to reduce the overall emissions of the country, but doing that by sacrificing some areas. What the environmental justice movement has done is basically say, ‘No, we have had enough. We are not disposable.’ We cannot have certain areas that enjoy privilege and enjoy clean water and clean air at the expense of others. So we need to ensure that everybody can get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club has been working on becoming better partners with environmental justice organizations. A few years ago, we adopted the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/planet/2017/10/sierra-club-and-jemez-principles\">Jemez Principles for Democratic Organizing \u003c/a>as an approach for how to engage with other organizations. And these are basically a series of principles, or guidelines, on how to engage. So it’s about being inclusive, it’s about having an emphasis on bottom-up organizing. Also letting people speak for themselves, and not having an organization like the Sierra Club with its size and its relative power in the environmental movement speak for others. You know, we have to be invited. We have to work together in solidarity and mutuality. We have to build just relationships and also to commit to self-transformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club is by no means a perfect organization. There is a lot of work to be done. It’s an ongoing journey. I’m glad the Sierra Club is starting that journey; I’m part of that. We’re definitely committed to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Inside the ‘Huge Experiment’ to Rapidly Develop a COVID-19 Vaccine",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">N\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ever before have prospective vaccines for a pathogen entered final-stage clinical trials as rapidly as candidates for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just six months ago, when the death toll from the coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/11/first-death-from-wuhan-pneumonia-outbreak-reported-as-scientists-release-dna-sequence-of-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stood at one,\u003c/a> and neither it nor the disease it caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/11/disease-caused-by-the-novel-coronavirus-has-name-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">had a name\u003c/a>, a team of Chinese scientists uploaded its genetic sequence to a \u003ca href=\"https://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public site\u003c/a>. That kicked off the record-breaking rush to develop vaccines — the salve that experts say could ultimately quell the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Barney Graham, NIH']‘We were more prepared for a coronavirus than for any other family. To me, this is a wake-up call that we need to have a more systematic universal approach to developing vaccines and other countermeasures for virus families ahead of time.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The colossal impact of the coronavirus is motivating the speed, opening a spigot of funding and inspiring research teams around the world to join the hunt. But the astonishing pace of the progress is also a consequence of the virus itself: It is, scientifically speaking, an easier target for potential vaccines than other pathogens, and a prime candidate for cutting-edge vaccine platforms new to scientists’ toolkits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we got the sequence, we pulled the trigger to ask how fast we could go,” said Barney Graham, the deputy director of the National Institutes of Health’s Vaccine Research Center. “And because it was a coronavirus, we could get into a Phase 3 trial in six months instead of two years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, progress so far remains just that. The vaccines are now facing their real tests: the monthslong, Phase 3 trials that will demonstrate whether or not they protect people from the virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a huge experiment and no one knows how it’s going to turn out,” said James Le Duc, the director of the University of Texas Medical Branch’s Galveston National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines typically take years, if not decades, to reach people; the record now is four years for the mumps vaccine. Here’s what has propelled the COVID-19 endeavor to eclipse prior efforts so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Familiar Family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>t’s difficult to associate anything with this pandemic with good fortune, but the fact that the culprit was a coronavirus — one that was strikingly similar to others that had previously leapt from animals to people — meant scientists could quickly rejigger vaccine projects in the works for those. It was almost like swapping a blue Lego for a red one in their assemblies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the teams pursuing vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 (the scientific name of the new coronavirus) have previously worked on vaccines for the original SARS virus, which caused a 2003 outbreak that killed some 800 people, and MERS, which has caused 2,500 cases since it started spreading in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earlier projects had pointed to a component of the coronaviruses called the spike protein as a ripe target for a vaccine, which gave scientists a head start for crafting their candidates. Work on SARS also illuminated stumbling blocks in designing coronavirus vaccines that COVID-19 immunizations have so far avoided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What really helped was the knowledge gained from the SARS-1 infection,” said Rama Rao Amara, an immunologist and vaccine researcher at Emory University. “SARS-2 is quite similar to SARS-1, especially in that spike protein. People could take a very educated guess that this is the protein that we need to be going after.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Acute, Not Chronic Infection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ARS-CoV-2 causes an acute disease, COVID-19. It’s an infection that most people will clear on their own, which means there’s a vanquishing immune response that a vaccine can aim to induce in order to protect people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not true for something like HIV, a virus for which there is no vaccine despite decades of research. HIV causes a chronic infection and integrates itself into people’s genomes; there’s no natural immune response that eliminates the virus that a vaccine can mimic. HIV also mutates much faster than coronaviruses do, meaning it’s more difficult to rally a lasting defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible, then, that a pathogen that’s harder to design a vaccine for than the coronavirus could ignite the next pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were more prepared for a coronavirus than for any other family,” NIH’s Graham said. “To me, this is a wake-up call that we need to have a more systematic universal approach to developing vaccines and other countermeasures for virus families ahead of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cutting-Edge Approaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">V\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>accines train the immune system to recognize a pathogen it hasn’t yet encountered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, our immune system builds that memory by battling an infection, so that it can halt a virus in its tracks should it try to invade a second time. A vaccine acts like that first exposure, but without making people sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With SARS-CoV-2, researchers are working with new ways of providing that first look, building vaccines on adaptable platforms engineered to easily pivot from pathogen to pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Older strategies for developing vaccines, such as obtaining the virus and weakening or inactivating it, are lengthy processes. But the cutting-edge approaches require scientists only to know the virus’ genetic sequence. With that, they can string together the right pieces of code to synthesize vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s allowed scientists to move with record speed. Less than 10 weeks after the Chinese scientists published the SARS-CoV-2 sequence, a team from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the biotech company Moderna had a candidate ready for a Phase 1 trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna/NIAID vaccine was built with mRNA, a piece of genetic code containing the instructions for the coronavirus’ spike protein. The vaccine shuttles the mRNA into cells, which “read” those instructions and churn out the protein — providing the immune system with that first peek to the spike, like giving a hound a scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from Pfizer and the German company BioNTech is \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/01/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-shows-positive-results/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">also working\u003c/a> on an mRNA vaccine, while a company called Inovio is \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/30/inovio-claims-positive-results-on-covid-19-vaccine-but-critical-data-are-missing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pursuing a vaccine\u003c/a> based on a different genetic material, DNA. Neither an mRNA nor a DNA vaccine has been approved before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the sequence of the coronavirus has also spurred other approaches. Some groups — including Johnson & Johnson, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/early-study-of-covid-19-vaccine-developed-in-china-sees-mixed-results/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinese firm CanSino\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/20/study-provides-first-glimpse-of-efficacy-of-oxford-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a collaboration between Oxford University and AstraZeneca\u003c/a> — are attaching the gene for the spike protein to another, harmless virus that ferries it into cells. There, it gets expressed into the spike, allowing the immune system to mount its forces. Another company, Novavax, is producing versions of the spike from the gene and using them directly in its vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spike protein is a strategic choice. The proteins, which give SARS-CoV-2 the crown-like appearance that’s characteristic of coronaviruses, attach to receptors on people’s cells, allowing the virus to enter and replicate. By blocking spike proteins, then, vaccines could prevent infection. The spikes are also the “immunodominant” piece of the virus, meaning they elicit the strongest immune response. (Some vaccines are based on the whole spike, while some include select portions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are not only relying on advances in vaccine platforms. Innovations in basic genetics, immunology, and structural biology have also fueled the pace at which COVID-19 vaccines are moving. One way scientists have discovered so much about the spike protein, for example, is by applying methods honed over years to research the proteins on HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money, Money, Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">G\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>etting a vaccine approved is not just a scientific expedition. It’s also about money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason vaccine development is so slow normally is because companies want to see candidates successfully pass through each sequence in the development process before sinking funding into the next phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that playbook doesn’t fly in a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest emergency we’ve had in our lifetime,” said Kawsar Talaat, a Johns Hopkins infectious disease physician and vaccine researcher. “Money is kind of no object. We don’t have time to wait.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To rally companies, funding agencies, including governments and foundations like the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, or CEPI, are throwing millions — and in some cases, billions — into the hunt for vaccines. On Sunday, for example, Moderna said it had received $472 million from the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, on top of the $483 million it got in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money isn’t just to cover the research and trials; it’s also to get companies to start manufacturing their products — even though their vaccines might not prove to be effective. It’s a strategy called manufacturing “at risk,” and public health experts say it’s necessary to ensure that any authorized vaccine can be rolled out to as many people as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government is also striking deals with companies to purchase their vaccines even before clinical trials are completed, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/07/novavax-maker-of-a-covid-19-vaccine-is-backed-by-operation-warp-speed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a $1.6 billion agreement\u003c/a> with Novavax that includes 100 million doses and a $1.95 billion compact with Pfizer and BioNTech, also for 100 million doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that industry is able to hedge their bets like this and to make these investments is because the government has put up the money,” said UTMB’s Le Duc, who formerly led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s viral diseases division. “The government has recognized that this is an incredibly important issue and we need to be going full blast knowing full well that not all these vaccines will work. Some are going to be duds, and will lose money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulatory Nimbleness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>n-the-weeds regulatory decisions don’t get much public attention, but they are helping expedite clinical trials and the ultimate evaluation of how effective a vaccine is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these lessons were first learned during the West African Ebola crisis, when regulators embraced a new dexterity in green-lighting vaccine trials and took a more proactive approach to communicating with companies about the efficacy thresholds products needed to meet. That’s continuing with COVID-19: the Food and Drug Administration, for example, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-takes-action-help-facilitate-timely-development-safe-effective-covid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outlined\u003c/a> that vaccines need to prevent infections or reduce the severity of COVID-19 in 50% of recipients to be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ebola crisis “really did give the regulators greater experience and more comfort with the idea that they could have greater flexibility than they normally would have,” said Mark Feinberg, the president of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative and a former executive at Merck Vaccines. “They could make decisions more quickly and really be true partners in the development process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Textbook clinical trials include three increasingly large phases that establish how safe and effective a drug or vaccine is. But with the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the trials have been collapsed into Phase 1/2 or Phase 2/3 trials. It’s a wonky distinction, but it can shave weeks or months off the process by saving research teams from having to write new protocols or get additional clearances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speed of vaccine development can also have an adverse effect. Some people have questioned how such a fast-moving process can ensure safety and might abstain from a vaccine. An \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dacdc8bc428dd4df6511bfa259cfec44\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Associated Press poll\u003c/a> in May found that Black and Latinx Americans, who have been disproportionately harmed by the pandemic and have a history of mistreatment by the medical field, are more skeptical about COVID-19 vaccines than white Americans — showing the importance of outreach campaigns that public health experts say are required to increase the uptake of immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others have raised suspicions that President Donald Trump — whose vaccine initiative is dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/06/16/fact-sheet-explaining-operation-warp-speed.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Operation Warp Speed\u003c/a> — might force an emergency authorization of a vaccine before the election, even if it hasn’t cleared efficacy and safety standards. Presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden on Monday \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@JoeBiden/my-statement-on-vaccines-2133deed94ee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">raised the specter\u003c/a> of politics interfering in the quest for a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and regulators are already stressing that safeguards aren’t being jettisoned. Public health experts say vaccine makers need to be transparent that while manufacturing and regulatory steps are being streamlined, safety checks aren’t being sacrificed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a call with reporters Monday, NIH Director Francis Collins, whom former President Barack Obama first tapped for the position, defended the integrity of the decisions regulators will make. “Nothing is being done here to compromise the safety” of COVID-19 vaccine trials, he said, “nor will we compromise on an ultimate conclusion about whether the vaccine is effective. Those issues are going to be tested in the most rigorous way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenges Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly what all this speed will translate into remains to be seen. The monthslong, final-stage clinical trials starting now will settle that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech candidates \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/27/pfizer-biontech-pick-covid19-vaccine-begin-pivotal-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">respectively launched\u003c/a> Phase 3 and Phase 2/3 trials this week, and the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is in a Phase 2/3 trial. Others are entering pivotal studies soon. These involve enrolling thousands of people, injecting half with the candidate and half with a placebo or control, and then comparing whether people who received the vaccine are less likely to be infected than their counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some vaccine candidates could very well fail — a normal part of the scientific pursuit, experts say. “I hope that doesn’t happen, but people need to accept when things don’t pan out the way they hope,” said Maria Elena Bottazzi, the co-director of Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development at Baylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear yet what a vaccine “working” will look like. A COVID-19 vaccine might \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/the-world-needs-covid-19-vaccines-it-may-also-be-overestimating-their-power/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be like the flu vaccine\u003c/a> — only preventing infections in some people, or staving off serious disease but still leaving people contagious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vaccine that prevents even 50% of infections would be a massive lifeline. But experts worry there’s a disconnect between a public expecting vaccines to instantly reset their lives and what the first vaccines may actually allow. Successful vaccines \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/22/confusion-spreads-over-system-to-determine-priority-access-to-covid-19-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">will likely be restricted\u003c/a> to front-line workers and vulnerable populations at first. It could take some time for enough vaccine to be made for everyone who wants a shot. Some vaccines might require two doses to confer protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might not be some magic bullet that’s going to stop the pandemic in its tracks, and people need to be prepared for that possibility,” said Columbia University virologist Angela Rasmussen about the first vaccines that reach people. “I really hate the term vaccine race. Because that implies there’s going to be a medal ceremony, and the pandemic is over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">N\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ever before have prospective vaccines for a pathogen entered final-stage clinical trials as rapidly as candidates for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just six months ago, when the death toll from the coronavirus \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/11/first-death-from-wuhan-pneumonia-outbreak-reported-as-scientists-release-dna-sequence-of-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stood at one,\u003c/a> and neither it nor the disease it caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/11/disease-caused-by-the-novel-coronavirus-has-name-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">had a name\u003c/a>, a team of Chinese scientists uploaded its genetic sequence to a \u003ca href=\"https://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public site\u003c/a>. That kicked off the record-breaking rush to develop vaccines — the salve that experts say could ultimately quell the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The colossal impact of the coronavirus is motivating the speed, opening a spigot of funding and inspiring research teams around the world to join the hunt. But the astonishing pace of the progress is also a consequence of the virus itself: It is, scientifically speaking, an easier target for potential vaccines than other pathogens, and a prime candidate for cutting-edge vaccine platforms new to scientists’ toolkits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we got the sequence, we pulled the trigger to ask how fast we could go,” said Barney Graham, the deputy director of the National Institutes of Health’s Vaccine Research Center. “And because it was a coronavirus, we could get into a Phase 3 trial in six months instead of two years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, progress so far remains just that. The vaccines are now facing their real tests: the monthslong, Phase 3 trials that will demonstrate whether or not they protect people from the virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a huge experiment and no one knows how it’s going to turn out,” said James Le Duc, the director of the University of Texas Medical Branch’s Galveston National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines typically take years, if not decades, to reach people; the record now is four years for the mumps vaccine. Here’s what has propelled the COVID-19 endeavor to eclipse prior efforts so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Familiar Family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>t’s difficult to associate anything with this pandemic with good fortune, but the fact that the culprit was a coronavirus — one that was strikingly similar to others that had previously leapt from animals to people — meant scientists could quickly rejigger vaccine projects in the works for those. It was almost like swapping a blue Lego for a red one in their assemblies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the teams pursuing vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 (the scientific name of the new coronavirus) have previously worked on vaccines for the original SARS virus, which caused a 2003 outbreak that killed some 800 people, and MERS, which has caused 2,500 cases since it started spreading in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earlier projects had pointed to a component of the coronaviruses called the spike protein as a ripe target for a vaccine, which gave scientists a head start for crafting their candidates. Work on SARS also illuminated stumbling blocks in designing coronavirus vaccines that COVID-19 immunizations have so far avoided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What really helped was the knowledge gained from the SARS-1 infection,” said Rama Rao Amara, an immunologist and vaccine researcher at Emory University. “SARS-2 is quite similar to SARS-1, especially in that spike protein. People could take a very educated guess that this is the protein that we need to be going after.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Acute, Not Chronic Infection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>ARS-CoV-2 causes an acute disease, COVID-19. It’s an infection that most people will clear on their own, which means there’s a vanquishing immune response that a vaccine can aim to induce in order to protect people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not true for something like HIV, a virus for which there is no vaccine despite decades of research. HIV causes a chronic infection and integrates itself into people’s genomes; there’s no natural immune response that eliminates the virus that a vaccine can mimic. HIV also mutates much faster than coronaviruses do, meaning it’s more difficult to rally a lasting defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible, then, that a pathogen that’s harder to design a vaccine for than the coronavirus could ignite the next pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were more prepared for a coronavirus than for any other family,” NIH’s Graham said. “To me, this is a wake-up call that we need to have a more systematic universal approach to developing vaccines and other countermeasures for virus families ahead of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cutting-Edge Approaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">V\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>accines train the immune system to recognize a pathogen it hasn’t yet encountered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, our immune system builds that memory by battling an infection, so that it can halt a virus in its tracks should it try to invade a second time. A vaccine acts like that first exposure, but without making people sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With SARS-CoV-2, researchers are working with new ways of providing that first look, building vaccines on adaptable platforms engineered to easily pivot from pathogen to pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Older strategies for developing vaccines, such as obtaining the virus and weakening or inactivating it, are lengthy processes. But the cutting-edge approaches require scientists only to know the virus’ genetic sequence. With that, they can string together the right pieces of code to synthesize vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s allowed scientists to move with record speed. Less than 10 weeks after the Chinese scientists published the SARS-CoV-2 sequence, a team from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the biotech company Moderna had a candidate ready for a Phase 1 trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna/NIAID vaccine was built with mRNA, a piece of genetic code containing the instructions for the coronavirus’ spike protein. The vaccine shuttles the mRNA into cells, which “read” those instructions and churn out the protein — providing the immune system with that first peek to the spike, like giving a hound a scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from Pfizer and the German company BioNTech is \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/01/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-shows-positive-results/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">also working\u003c/a> on an mRNA vaccine, while a company called Inovio is \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/30/inovio-claims-positive-results-on-covid-19-vaccine-but-critical-data-are-missing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pursuing a vaccine\u003c/a> based on a different genetic material, DNA. Neither an mRNA nor a DNA vaccine has been approved before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the sequence of the coronavirus has also spurred other approaches. Some groups — including Johnson & Johnson, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/early-study-of-covid-19-vaccine-developed-in-china-sees-mixed-results/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinese firm CanSino\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/20/study-provides-first-glimpse-of-efficacy-of-oxford-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a collaboration between Oxford University and AstraZeneca\u003c/a> — are attaching the gene for the spike protein to another, harmless virus that ferries it into cells. There, it gets expressed into the spike, allowing the immune system to mount its forces. Another company, Novavax, is producing versions of the spike from the gene and using them directly in its vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spike protein is a strategic choice. The proteins, which give SARS-CoV-2 the crown-like appearance that’s characteristic of coronaviruses, attach to receptors on people’s cells, allowing the virus to enter and replicate. By blocking spike proteins, then, vaccines could prevent infection. The spikes are also the “immunodominant” piece of the virus, meaning they elicit the strongest immune response. (Some vaccines are based on the whole spike, while some include select portions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are not only relying on advances in vaccine platforms. Innovations in basic genetics, immunology, and structural biology have also fueled the pace at which COVID-19 vaccines are moving. One way scientists have discovered so much about the spike protein, for example, is by applying methods honed over years to research the proteins on HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money, Money, Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">G\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>etting a vaccine approved is not just a scientific expedition. It’s also about money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason vaccine development is so slow normally is because companies want to see candidates successfully pass through each sequence in the development process before sinking funding into the next phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that playbook doesn’t fly in a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest emergency we’ve had in our lifetime,” said Kawsar Talaat, a Johns Hopkins infectious disease physician and vaccine researcher. “Money is kind of no object. We don’t have time to wait.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To rally companies, funding agencies, including governments and foundations like the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, or CEPI, are throwing millions — and in some cases, billions — into the hunt for vaccines. On Sunday, for example, Moderna said it had received $472 million from the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, on top of the $483 million it got in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money isn’t just to cover the research and trials; it’s also to get companies to start manufacturing their products — even though their vaccines might not prove to be effective. It’s a strategy called manufacturing “at risk,” and public health experts say it’s necessary to ensure that any authorized vaccine can be rolled out to as many people as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government is also striking deals with companies to purchase their vaccines even before clinical trials are completed, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/07/novavax-maker-of-a-covid-19-vaccine-is-backed-by-operation-warp-speed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a $1.6 billion agreement\u003c/a> with Novavax that includes 100 million doses and a $1.95 billion compact with Pfizer and BioNTech, also for 100 million doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that industry is able to hedge their bets like this and to make these investments is because the government has put up the money,” said UTMB’s Le Duc, who formerly led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s viral diseases division. “The government has recognized that this is an incredibly important issue and we need to be going full blast knowing full well that not all these vaccines will work. Some are going to be duds, and will lose money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulatory Nimbleness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>n-the-weeds regulatory decisions don’t get much public attention, but they are helping expedite clinical trials and the ultimate evaluation of how effective a vaccine is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these lessons were first learned during the West African Ebola crisis, when regulators embraced a new dexterity in green-lighting vaccine trials and took a more proactive approach to communicating with companies about the efficacy thresholds products needed to meet. That’s continuing with COVID-19: the Food and Drug Administration, for example, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-takes-action-help-facilitate-timely-development-safe-effective-covid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outlined\u003c/a> that vaccines need to prevent infections or reduce the severity of COVID-19 in 50% of recipients to be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ebola crisis “really did give the regulators greater experience and more comfort with the idea that they could have greater flexibility than they normally would have,” said Mark Feinberg, the president of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative and a former executive at Merck Vaccines. “They could make decisions more quickly and really be true partners in the development process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Textbook clinical trials include three increasingly large phases that establish how safe and effective a drug or vaccine is. But with the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the trials have been collapsed into Phase 1/2 or Phase 2/3 trials. It’s a wonky distinction, but it can shave weeks or months off the process by saving research teams from having to write new protocols or get additional clearances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speed of vaccine development can also have an adverse effect. Some people have questioned how such a fast-moving process can ensure safety and might abstain from a vaccine. An \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dacdc8bc428dd4df6511bfa259cfec44\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Associated Press poll\u003c/a> in May found that Black and Latinx Americans, who have been disproportionately harmed by the pandemic and have a history of mistreatment by the medical field, are more skeptical about COVID-19 vaccines than white Americans — showing the importance of outreach campaigns that public health experts say are required to increase the uptake of immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others have raised suspicions that President Donald Trump — whose vaccine initiative is dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/06/16/fact-sheet-explaining-operation-warp-speed.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Operation Warp Speed\u003c/a> — might force an emergency authorization of a vaccine before the election, even if it hasn’t cleared efficacy and safety standards. Presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden on Monday \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@JoeBiden/my-statement-on-vaccines-2133deed94ee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">raised the specter\u003c/a> of politics interfering in the quest for a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and regulators are already stressing that safeguards aren’t being jettisoned. Public health experts say vaccine makers need to be transparent that while manufacturing and regulatory steps are being streamlined, safety checks aren’t being sacrificed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a call with reporters Monday, NIH Director Francis Collins, whom former President Barack Obama first tapped for the position, defended the integrity of the decisions regulators will make. “Nothing is being done here to compromise the safety” of COVID-19 vaccine trials, he said, “nor will we compromise on an ultimate conclusion about whether the vaccine is effective. Those issues are going to be tested in the most rigorous way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenges Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly what all this speed will translate into remains to be seen. The monthslong, final-stage clinical trials starting now will settle that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech candidates \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/27/pfizer-biontech-pick-covid19-vaccine-begin-pivotal-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">respectively launched\u003c/a> Phase 3 and Phase 2/3 trials this week, and the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is in a Phase 2/3 trial. Others are entering pivotal studies soon. These involve enrolling thousands of people, injecting half with the candidate and half with a placebo or control, and then comparing whether people who received the vaccine are less likely to be infected than their counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some vaccine candidates could very well fail — a normal part of the scientific pursuit, experts say. “I hope that doesn’t happen, but people need to accept when things don’t pan out the way they hope,” said Maria Elena Bottazzi, the co-director of Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development at Baylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not clear yet what a vaccine “working” will look like. A COVID-19 vaccine might \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/the-world-needs-covid-19-vaccines-it-may-also-be-overestimating-their-power/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be like the flu vaccine\u003c/a> — only preventing infections in some people, or staving off serious disease but still leaving people contagious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vaccine that prevents even 50% of infections would be a massive lifeline. But experts worry there’s a disconnect between a public expecting vaccines to instantly reset their lives and what the first vaccines may actually allow. Successful vaccines \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/22/confusion-spreads-over-system-to-determine-priority-access-to-covid-19-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">will likely be restricted\u003c/a> to front-line workers and vulnerable populations at first. It could take some time for enough vaccine to be made for everyone who wants a shot. Some vaccines might require two doses to confer protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might not be some magic bullet that’s going to stop the pandemic in its tracks, and people need to be prepared for that possibility,” said Columbia University virologist Angela Rasmussen about the first vaccines that reach people. “I really hate the term vaccine race. Because that implies there’s going to be a medal ceremony, and the pandemic is over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Electric Cars Will Cost Same as Gas Models as Soon as 2023, Researchers Say",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">At some point, probably sooner than you expect, the price of an all-electric vehicle will fall far enough to equal the cost of an equivalent gasoline vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">We know that day is coming and a whole lot of people — many of whom work in the auto industry — would like to know when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">So here’s an answer: Maybe by 2023, probably by 2024 and almost definitely by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s according to Venkat Viswanathan and his team of researchers at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. They developed a model to calculate the costs of EV batteries that breaks down the costs of each component and then predicts changes over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There will definitely be cars, passenger vehicles, in multiple segments where the EV option is the cheaper option,” Viswanathan said about the 2025 time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When we talk about the cost of EVs, we’re mainly talking about the cost of batteries, which are the most expensive components in the vehicle, and also the ones for which the costs are changing most quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Analysts and researchers have said for years that a battery price of $100 per kilowatt-hour is the point at which EVs become cost-competitive with gasoline vehicles. Last year, the global average price was down to \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-fall-as-market-ramps-up-with-market-average-at-156-kwh-in-2019/\">$156\u003c/a>\u003c/b> per kilowatt-hour, according to BloombergNEF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1967915\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/LithiumIonBatteryPricesICE529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/LithiumIonBatteryPricesICE529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/LithiumIonBatteryPricesICE529px-160x149.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the model developed by Viswanathan and his colleagues shows that battery packs are on track to cost less than $80 per kilowatt-hour by 2025, a projection in line with leading forecasts, like that from BloombergNEF (You can read more about their model in a 2017 \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0671711jes\">journal article\u003c/a>\u003c/b> and in a \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/the-road-to-electric-vehicles-with-lower-sticker-prices-than-gas-cars-battery-costs-explained-137196\">recent post\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on The Conversation).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that the below-$100 benchmark is within sight, it’s important to specify what it means. It doesn’t mean that I can go out and buy an EV of any size and it will cost the same or less than it would for a gasoline model with similar features. But it probably does mean that I will be able to get a compact sedan EV for about the same cost and with similar features as one that runs on gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viswanathan said cost parity will arrive first for small sedans that now sell for $30,000 or less. It will take longer for automakers to develop electric trucks and SUVs that cost about the same as similar gasoline models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the big reasons we will need to wait longer for larger vehicles is that trucks and SUVs need a lot of power for towing capacity, which means larger battery packs and higher costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The fact that EVs will be cost-competitive should help to transform a market in which less than 2% of new vehicles sold are all-electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">This change is coming, and it’s coming fast, and that’s good news for the climate because transportation is responsible for \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#:~:text=The%20primary%20sources%20of%20greenhouse,share%20of%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions.\">more than a quarter\u003c/a>\u003c/b> of U.S. emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Electric Trucks Are Coming, with Chevy Entering the Fray\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most of the EVs on the market today are sedans, even though U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nada.org/nadamarketbeat/\">consumers prefer\u003c/a>, by a wide margin, crossovers, trucks and SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Automakers know that for EVs to truly reach the mainstream, there will need to be attractive options in all of those classes, which is why several of the biggest players are racing to develop all-electric pickups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">General Motors \u003ca href=\"https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a33367111/gm-promises-a-400-mile-range-electric-pickup/\">said last week\u003c/a> that it will begin selling an all-electric Chevrolet pickup by 2025. This will follow the company’s release of the GMC Hummer EV, a pickup that could go on sale as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Those models will be part of a competitive landscape that also includes the Ford F-150 EV, the Tesla Cybertruck and the Rivian R1T, all of which are heading for rollouts over the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stephanie Brinley, an auto analyst for IHS Markit, told me that automakers are developing electric trucks not because they expect to sell a lot of them in the near future, but because they need to have strong electric options across their lineups in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You can’t wait until 2040 and go, ‘Oh, now we’ll just drop the battery in here,'” she said. “The vehicle needs are too complicated, so you have to start developing it much earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Her company is projecting that all-electric trucks will be 0.87% of U.S. sales of cars and light trucks in 2025, and that EVs in general will be about 8% of sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the big questions about electric trucks is which regions will emerge as centers of customer demand. Brinley said she is looking to Texas as a possibility because the state is the leading market for pickup trucks. California is also likely to have a big role to play, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But even in those places that have demand for electric trucks, that demand is likely to be low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really in baby stages,” Brinley said of building the foundation of the market to come. “It’s not about how many you sell in 2024. It’s about how many you sell in 2035.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Reporter Nicole Pollack contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Electric Cars Will Cost Same as Gas Models as Soon as 2023, Researchers Say",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">At some point, probably sooner than you expect, the price of an all-electric vehicle will fall far enough to equal the cost of an equivalent gasoline vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">We know that day is coming and a whole lot of people — many of whom work in the auto industry — would like to know when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">So here’s an answer: Maybe by 2023, probably by 2024 and almost definitely by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s according to Venkat Viswanathan and his team of researchers at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. They developed a model to calculate the costs of EV batteries that breaks down the costs of each component and then predicts changes over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There will definitely be cars, passenger vehicles, in multiple segments where the EV option is the cheaper option,” Viswanathan said about the 2025 time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When we talk about the cost of EVs, we’re mainly talking about the cost of batteries, which are the most expensive components in the vehicle, and also the ones for which the costs are changing most quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Analysts and researchers have said for years that a battery price of $100 per kilowatt-hour is the point at which EVs become cost-competitive with gasoline vehicles. Last year, the global average price was down to \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-fall-as-market-ramps-up-with-market-average-at-156-kwh-in-2019/\">$156\u003c/a>\u003c/b> per kilowatt-hour, according to BloombergNEF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1967915\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/LithiumIonBatteryPricesICE529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/LithiumIonBatteryPricesICE529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/LithiumIonBatteryPricesICE529px-160x149.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the model developed by Viswanathan and his colleagues shows that battery packs are on track to cost less than $80 per kilowatt-hour by 2025, a projection in line with leading forecasts, like that from BloombergNEF (You can read more about their model in a 2017 \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0671711jes\">journal article\u003c/a>\u003c/b> and in a \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/the-road-to-electric-vehicles-with-lower-sticker-prices-than-gas-cars-battery-costs-explained-137196\">recent post\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on The Conversation).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that the below-$100 benchmark is within sight, it’s important to specify what it means. It doesn’t mean that I can go out and buy an EV of any size and it will cost the same or less than it would for a gasoline model with similar features. But it probably does mean that I will be able to get a compact sedan EV for about the same cost and with similar features as one that runs on gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viswanathan said cost parity will arrive first for small sedans that now sell for $30,000 or less. It will take longer for automakers to develop electric trucks and SUVs that cost about the same as similar gasoline models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the big reasons we will need to wait longer for larger vehicles is that trucks and SUVs need a lot of power for towing capacity, which means larger battery packs and higher costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The fact that EVs will be cost-competitive should help to transform a market in which less than 2% of new vehicles sold are all-electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">This change is coming, and it’s coming fast, and that’s good news for the climate because transportation is responsible for \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#:~:text=The%20primary%20sources%20of%20greenhouse,share%20of%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions.\">more than a quarter\u003c/a>\u003c/b> of U.S. emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Electric Trucks Are Coming, with Chevy Entering the Fray\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most of the EVs on the market today are sedans, even though U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nada.org/nadamarketbeat/\">consumers prefer\u003c/a>, by a wide margin, crossovers, trucks and SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Automakers know that for EVs to truly reach the mainstream, there will need to be attractive options in all of those classes, which is why several of the biggest players are racing to develop all-electric pickups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">General Motors \u003ca href=\"https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a33367111/gm-promises-a-400-mile-range-electric-pickup/\">said last week\u003c/a> that it will begin selling an all-electric Chevrolet pickup by 2025. This will follow the company’s release of the GMC Hummer EV, a pickup that could go on sale as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Those models will be part of a competitive landscape that also includes the Ford F-150 EV, the Tesla Cybertruck and the Rivian R1T, all of which are heading for rollouts over the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stephanie Brinley, an auto analyst for IHS Markit, told me that automakers are developing electric trucks not because they expect to sell a lot of them in the near future, but because they need to have strong electric options across their lineups in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You can’t wait until 2040 and go, ‘Oh, now we’ll just drop the battery in here,'” she said. “The vehicle needs are too complicated, so you have to start developing it much earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Her company is projecting that all-electric trucks will be 0.87% of U.S. sales of cars and light trucks in 2025, and that EVs in general will be about 8% of sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the big questions about electric trucks is which regions will emerge as centers of customer demand. Brinley said she is looking to Texas as a possibility because the state is the leading market for pickup trucks. California is also likely to have a big role to play, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But even in those places that have demand for electric trucks, that demand is likely to be low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really in baby stages,” Brinley said of building the foundation of the market to come. “It’s not about how many you sell in 2024. It’s about how many you sell in 2035.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Reporter Nicole Pollack contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monterey Bay Community Power is entering the world of agricultural electrification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The community-owned electricity provider launched its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbcommunitypower.org/ag-electrification-grant-program/\">agriculture-specific grant program\u003c/a> this week, an initiative that will fund the replacement of fossil fuel-powered farm equipment, like tractors and forklifts, with electric alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Funding will be allocated based on the number of customers that the electricity provider serves in each county. Of the $160,000 available — enough to fund at least eight grants of up to $20,000 each — half the money is earmarked for agricultural customers in Monterey County and a quarter for Santa Cruz County, with the remainder split between San Benito County and the cities of San Luis Obispo and Morro Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The hope is to learn, establish ourselves as a trusted resource for the Ag sector, and then just build upon the success of this program,” said J.R. Killigrew, director of communications and outreach for Monterey Bay Community Power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The electricity provider’s leaders have said their goal is to electrify the Central Coast, and they want to ensure that agricultural customers are included in that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The grant program would mean new customers for the small but growing array of companies that make electric farm equipment. One of those companies is \u003ca href=\"https://www.solectrac.com/\">Solectrac\u003c/a>, a startup based in Mendocino County, California, that makes compact electric tractors. Its eUtility model provides the equivalent of 40 horsepower for a base price of $45,000, which is roughly 50% more than an equivalent diesel tractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I became converted that this is going to work, and this is coming,” said Roger Hoy, director of the University of Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory, who has tested the Solectac model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He said he expects that the electric tractor market will start with small models and build from that niche, adding that there is not yet a viable electric alternative to the large tractors used for row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The grants from Monterey Bay Community Power would reduce or eliminate the cost difference between an electric model and a diesel one, which should make the EVs an attractive option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“At the end of the day, they’re trying to make a buck,” Killigrew said about the farmers that may apply. “They’re trying to make sure that they stay in business. So any way they could find means that could help support their operations, and if we can do it in a clean and sustainable way, then we’re meeting their goals and we’re also meeting our goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applications for the grant close at the end of August. The electricity provider plans to announce recipients by late September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Reporter Nicole Pollack contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monterey Bay Community Power is entering the world of agricultural electrification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The community-owned electricity provider launched its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbcommunitypower.org/ag-electrification-grant-program/\">agriculture-specific grant program\u003c/a> this week, an initiative that will fund the replacement of fossil fuel-powered farm equipment, like tractors and forklifts, with electric alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Funding will be allocated based on the number of customers that the electricity provider serves in each county. Of the $160,000 available — enough to fund at least eight grants of up to $20,000 each — half the money is earmarked for agricultural customers in Monterey County and a quarter for Santa Cruz County, with the remainder split between San Benito County and the cities of San Luis Obispo and Morro Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The hope is to learn, establish ourselves as a trusted resource for the Ag sector, and then just build upon the success of this program,” said J.R. Killigrew, director of communications and outreach for Monterey Bay Community Power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The electricity provider’s leaders have said their goal is to electrify the Central Coast, and they want to ensure that agricultural customers are included in that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The grant program would mean new customers for the small but growing array of companies that make electric farm equipment. One of those companies is \u003ca href=\"https://www.solectrac.com/\">Solectrac\u003c/a>, a startup based in Mendocino County, California, that makes compact electric tractors. Its eUtility model provides the equivalent of 40 horsepower for a base price of $45,000, which is roughly 50% more than an equivalent diesel tractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I became converted that this is going to work, and this is coming,” said Roger Hoy, director of the University of Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory, who has tested the Solectac model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He said he expects that the electric tractor market will start with small models and build from that niche, adding that there is not yet a viable electric alternative to the large tractors used for row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The grants from Monterey Bay Community Power would reduce or eliminate the cost difference between an electric model and a diesel one, which should make the EVs an attractive option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“At the end of the day, they’re trying to make a buck,” Killigrew said about the farmers that may apply. “They’re trying to make sure that they stay in business. So any way they could find means that could help support their operations, and if we can do it in a clean and sustainable way, then we’re meeting their goals and we’re also meeting our goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applications for the grant close at the end of August. The electricity provider plans to announce recipients by late September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Reporter Nicole Pollack contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "During Pandemic, Earthquake Scientists Detect Longest Period of Seismic Stillness on Record",
"headTitle": "During Pandemic, Earthquake Scientists Detect Longest Period of Seismic Stillness on Record | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As coronavirus cases spread across the globe, governments shut down businesses and humans retreated into their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International shipping slowed, cruise ships docked and ocean noise was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/20/891854646/whales-get-a-break-as-pandemic-creates-quieter-oceans\">measurably less\u003c/a>, giving relief to whales, which are highly sensitive to noise. California’s shelter-in-place order forced a huge number of cars off the streets, and bears lazily strolled across typically busy roads in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/138795446168746/videos/254721205716091/\">Yosemite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic and shelter-in-place orders offered a unique opportunity to study the natural world without the usual human cacophony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team of 76 scientists from around the world has now quantified this moment of quiet, what some have called the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/23/1005574/lockdown-was-the-longest-period-of-quiet-in-human-history/\">seismic silence\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1237-z\">anthropause\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientists analyzed readings from more than 300 stations scattered around the globe and discovered that the shutdowns caused a period of seismic stillness that was longer and more sustained than anything their instruments had recorded before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967904\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967904 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-1020x432.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-768x325.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of Rob Anthony/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group’s \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/07/22/science.abd2438\">findings\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>, show that lockdown rules meant to slow the spread of this coronavirus led to a global median reduction in observed seismic noise of up to 50% between March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Lecocq, lead author and seismologist with the Royal Observatory of Belgium, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00965-x\">\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> \u003c/a>that the months of quiet created a unique moment for scientific observation. Suddenly, their sensitive equipment could detect activity from small earthquakes that normally would have been masked by human vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are a major — but not the only — source of seismic noise, the hum of activity vibrating the Earth’s crust. Seismometers can register the sound of cars on highways, barrelling trains, swiveling cranes and even feet stomping in a packed sports arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this “cultural noise,” has for years muddied the sound of small earthquakes quietly rumbling below Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other major cities that exist above active fault lines, according to Rob Anthony, a USGS scientist and a co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults underneath cities are the most problematic,” he told KQED. “If they go off, they’re going to do the most damage to buildings because everyone’s living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data the group collected could potentially improve the ability to map many smaller earthquake faults that lie underneath these cities, improving building codes and emergency response in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taka’aki Taira, a research seismologist at UC Berkeley, also participated in the study. He says the Bay Area saw a “clear drop of human-generated seismic noise following the shelter-in-place order,” adding that his lab is “exploring our seismic data to see if we can detect signals from small earthquakes that are usually buried in noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many seismologists expected the lockdowns would cause a decrease in seismic noise, based on their observations of other moments when humans are less active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you just look at seismic records, you see very strong day cycles and a large part of that is just that there’s less people and machinery moving around at night,” Anthony said. “On Christmas, the seismic noise drops substantially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new seismic record is so interesting, he says, because it shows a stillness that begins in China and spreads to other countries, following the path of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China implemented lockdown measures the soonest, at some point in January,” recalls Anthony. “And then later, as other countries implemented lockdowns in March and April, when you could start to see it in other cities across the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credits the Royal Observatory’s Lecocq, who mobilized dozens of seismologists to work on the study and shared a uniform software code to coordinate everyone’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we were all stuck at home during this crisis,” says Anthony, “he provided open source code to seismologists across the world so that they could do this type of analysis on their own.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As coronavirus cases spread across the globe, governments shut down businesses and humans retreated into their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International shipping slowed, cruise ships docked and ocean noise was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/20/891854646/whales-get-a-break-as-pandemic-creates-quieter-oceans\">measurably less\u003c/a>, giving relief to whales, which are highly sensitive to noise. California’s shelter-in-place order forced a huge number of cars off the streets, and bears lazily strolled across typically busy roads in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/138795446168746/videos/254721205716091/\">Yosemite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic and shelter-in-place orders offered a unique opportunity to study the natural world without the usual human cacophony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team of 76 scientists from around the world has now quantified this moment of quiet, what some have called the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/23/1005574/lockdown-was-the-longest-period-of-quiet-in-human-history/\">seismic silence\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1237-z\">anthropause\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geoscientists analyzed readings from more than 300 stations scattered around the globe and discovered that the shutdowns caused a period of seismic stillness that was longer and more sustained than anything their instruments had recorded before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967904\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1967904 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-800x339.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-1020x432.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download-768x325.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/download.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of Rob Anthony/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group’s \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/07/22/science.abd2438\">findings\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>, show that lockdown rules meant to slow the spread of this coronavirus led to a global median reduction in observed seismic noise of up to 50% between March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Lecocq, lead author and seismologist with the Royal Observatory of Belgium, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00965-x\">\u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> \u003c/a>that the months of quiet created a unique moment for scientific observation. Suddenly, their sensitive equipment could detect activity from small earthquakes that normally would have been masked by human vibrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are a major — but not the only — source of seismic noise, the hum of activity vibrating the Earth’s crust. Seismometers can register the sound of cars on highways, barrelling trains, swiveling cranes and even feet stomping in a packed sports arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this “cultural noise,” has for years muddied the sound of small earthquakes quietly rumbling below Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other major cities that exist above active fault lines, according to Rob Anthony, a USGS scientist and a co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults underneath cities are the most problematic,” he told KQED. “If they go off, they’re going to do the most damage to buildings because everyone’s living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data the group collected could potentially improve the ability to map many smaller earthquake faults that lie underneath these cities, improving building codes and emergency response in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taka’aki Taira, a research seismologist at UC Berkeley, also participated in the study. He says the Bay Area saw a “clear drop of human-generated seismic noise following the shelter-in-place order,” adding that his lab is “exploring our seismic data to see if we can detect signals from small earthquakes that are usually buried in noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many seismologists expected the lockdowns would cause a decrease in seismic noise, based on their observations of other moments when humans are less active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you just look at seismic records, you see very strong day cycles and a large part of that is just that there’s less people and machinery moving around at night,” Anthony said. “On Christmas, the seismic noise drops substantially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new seismic record is so interesting, he says, because it shows a stillness that begins in China and spreads to other countries, following the path of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China implemented lockdown measures the soonest, at some point in January,” recalls Anthony. “And then later, as other countries implemented lockdowns in March and April, when you could start to see it in other cities across the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credits the Royal Observatory’s Lecocq, who mobilized dozens of seismologists to work on the study and shared a uniform software code to coordinate everyone’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we were all stuck at home during this crisis,” says Anthony, “he provided open source code to seismologists across the world so that they could do this type of analysis on their own.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Mateo County Says More Closures Likely After Addition to COVID Monitoring List",
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"content": "\u003cp>After weeks of indecision, California health officials Wednesday added San Mateo to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/CountyMonitoringDataStep2.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">watchlist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of counties experiencing troubling coronavirus transmission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a county is on the watchlist for three days or longer, the state can order the shuttering of businesses while the county works with health officials to lower the numbers below watchlist thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county “will be in involved in active engagement with the state while the case rate is closely monitored” over the next three days, the county said in an \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/press-release/san-mateo-county-added-state%E2%80%99s-covid-19-monitoring-list-preparing-potential-additional\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">update\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it acknowledged that health officials believe the case rate will not decrease in time to prevent more business closures and disruptions. The county advised gyms, salons, malls, places of worship and other businesses to prepare to operate outside or through customer pickup by Saturday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Businesses like tattoo parlors that are not allowed to operate outside must temporarily close. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools in counties on the state’s monitoring list are not allowed to hold in-class instruction, though elementary schools can request a waiver from the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Coronavirus Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state will add a county to the watchlist if it detects a surge in coronavirus cases or hospitalizations; if ICU bed and ventilator capacity are stretched too thin; or if not enough tests are given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, county data shows an average case rate of 110.4 per 100,000 people — higher than the state benchmark of 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Mateo County is experiencing an elevated case rate that exceeds the State threshold,” the California Department of Public Health explains on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/CountyMonitoringDataStep2.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">County Data Monitoring\u003c/a> webpage. “The County sees roots of community transmission related to social gatherings without sufficient physical distancing and wearing of facial coverings, as well as higher exposure for residents performing work that involves person-to-person contact and crowded housing conditions that make home isolation difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is asking the county to expand testing and contact tracing, find more places for those infected with the coronavirus to quarantine away from their families, and prepare its hospital systems for a potential surge in COVID-19 patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County, the last of nine Bay Area counties to escape monitoring status, has teetered on the edge of getting listed since mid-July, when monitoring of its coronavirus data registered a spike in cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/davidcanepa/status/1288575595425628161?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Open … For Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying off the list has meant businesses like Physique Magnifique Fitness Training Academy can keep their doors open while those in watchlist counties have been forced to mostly shut down after a brief period of activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physique Magnifique is operating with modifications. Staffers take the temperatures of members at the door, sanitize shoe bottoms, and wipe down the equipment once an hour, said Futaba Takashima, co-owner of the bodybuilding gym with her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past weeks, as the county’s numbers crossed over into the red zone, her anticipation mounted that the state would drop the hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect it,” Takashima said last week. “The first time we got shut down, we didn’t think it would go on for so long. But we were shut down for three-and-a-half-months, which was not good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mike Callagy, county manager, said in a statement it’s clear that COVID-19 is spreading in the Bay Area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s vital that we all do everything we can — wearing face coverings, washing our hands, and avoiding gatherings — to slow and eventually stop the spread,” he said. “These individual actions can make a huge difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The county was pessimistic about its chances of decreasing its case count in time to prevent the forced closure of indoor operations at gyms, salons, malls, places of worship and other businesses starting Saturday morning.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After weeks of indecision, California health officials Wednesday added San Mateo to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/CountyMonitoringDataStep2.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">watchlist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of counties experiencing troubling coronavirus transmission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a county is on the watchlist for three days or longer, the state can order the shuttering of businesses while the county works with health officials to lower the numbers below watchlist thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county “will be in involved in active engagement with the state while the case rate is closely monitored” over the next three days, the county said in an \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/press-release/san-mateo-county-added-state%E2%80%99s-covid-19-monitoring-list-preparing-potential-additional\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">update\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it acknowledged that health officials believe the case rate will not decrease in time to prevent more business closures and disruptions. The county advised gyms, salons, malls, places of worship and other businesses to prepare to operate outside or through customer pickup by Saturday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Businesses like tattoo parlors that are not allowed to operate outside must temporarily close. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools in counties on the state’s monitoring list are not allowed to hold in-class instruction, though elementary schools can request a waiver from the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Coronavirus Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state will add a county to the watchlist if it detects a surge in coronavirus cases or hospitalizations; if ICU bed and ventilator capacity are stretched too thin; or if not enough tests are given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, county data shows an average case rate of 110.4 per 100,000 people — higher than the state benchmark of 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Mateo County is experiencing an elevated case rate that exceeds the State threshold,” the California Department of Public Health explains on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/CountyMonitoringDataStep2.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">County Data Monitoring\u003c/a> webpage. “The County sees roots of community transmission related to social gatherings without sufficient physical distancing and wearing of facial coverings, as well as higher exposure for residents performing work that involves person-to-person contact and crowded housing conditions that make home isolation difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is asking the county to expand testing and contact tracing, find more places for those infected with the coronavirus to quarantine away from their families, and prepare its hospital systems for a potential surge in COVID-19 patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo County, the last of nine Bay Area counties to escape monitoring status, has teetered on the edge of getting listed since mid-July, when monitoring of its coronavirus data registered a spike in cases.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Open … For Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying off the list has meant businesses like Physique Magnifique Fitness Training Academy can keep their doors open while those in watchlist counties have been forced to mostly shut down after a brief period of activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physique Magnifique is operating with modifications. Staffers take the temperatures of members at the door, sanitize shoe bottoms, and wipe down the equipment once an hour, said Futaba Takashima, co-owner of the bodybuilding gym with her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past weeks, as the county’s numbers crossed over into the red zone, her anticipation mounted that the state would drop the hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect it,” Takashima said last week. “The first time we got shut down, we didn’t think it would go on for so long. But we were shut down for three-and-a-half-months, which was not good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mike Callagy, county manager, said in a statement it’s clear that COVID-19 is spreading in the Bay Area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s vital that we all do everything we can — wearing face coverings, washing our hands, and avoiding gatherings — to slow and eventually stop the spread,” he said. “These individual actions can make a huge difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Researchers Testing if Harvested Antibodies Can Prevent COVID-19 Infection",
"headTitle": "Researchers Testing if Harvested Antibodies Can Prevent COVID-19 Infection | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you’re bitten or scratched by an animal with rabies, your doctor can \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/rabies.pdf\">give you a shot\u003c/a> to prevent the virus from taking hold in you and causing an infection. The same concept is now being put to the test for the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people who get sick with COVID-19 produce antibodies in their blood that seem to protect them from reinfection. A \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04323800?term=NCT04323800&draw=2&rank=1\">study is now underway\u003c/a> to see whether an infusion of those antibodies can protect someone who has been exposed to the virus and is at high risk of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first volunteers for this study is a physician who treats transplant patients at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0013314/jonathan-orens\">Jonathan Orens \u003c/a>had a close brush with the coronavirus involving not his work, but his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His daughter from Los Angeles wanted to come home to be near her sister, who was about to give birth to her first baby. Orens says the traveling daughter was careful about protecting her health in Los Angeles and did everything she could think of to stay safe on her flight to Baltimore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She wore a mask, she wore gloves, she had sanitizer, she had wipes,” he said. “The load on the plane was relatively small.” They chose the Fourth of July as a travel day, knowing that even fewer people were likely to be traveling that day. “We actually bought the two seats in the row to keep her away from everybody else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wore masks through the airports and in the car ride back to her parents’ house. Once there, she kept her distance from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to be sure, about a week after she arrived, she and her parents went for coronavirus testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though she had no symptoms, “she was positive,” Orens said. “And fortunately my wife and I were negative.” But they were still at high risk of contracting the disease, given the close contact with their daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As luck would have it, one of Orens’ colleagues at Johns Hopkins was just starting a study to see if purified blood serum from people who have recovered from COVID-19 — called convalescent plasma — could prevent the disease in someone else. Orens and his wife, who are in their early 60s, are entering an age group at higher risk of serious disease if infected with the coronavirus. They signed up for the experimental treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half the people in this clinical trial get an intravenous infusion of convalescent plasma, while the other half get an infusion of blood serum that had been donated before the pandemic emerged (so it lacked protective antibodies). Neither the participants nor the doctors treating them know who’s getting what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The infusion took about an hour, Orens says. “I didn’t feel anything except for the pinprick from the IV, and we went on our merry way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He now returns to the clinic for regular blood tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll follow him along to see if he develops symptoms and if he turns positive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/4090026/shmuel-shoham\">Dr. Shmuel Shoham\u003c/a>, who is directing the study. Shoham says he plans to enroll up to 500 patients — though, in the best-case scenario, if the treatment is highly effective he won’t need to study that many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to recruiting patients in Baltimore, “right now we have sites in Houston, sites in Alabama,” Shoham said. “We’re opening up additional sites in Dallas and Arizona. We have sites all over Southern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s also involved in a second study that looks at whether plasma will prevent serious illness in people who are infected but not sick. He says if both of these strategies work, they could help a lot of people, even in the absence of a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would give people a lot of confidence, I think, to go back to school, go back to work,” he says, “because if somebody gets sick it’s not a tragedy — because we can protect them and protect those around them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies are among \u003ca href=\"https://ccpp19.org/healthcare_providers/component_3/index.html\">a growing number of experiments\u003c/a> involving convalescent plasma, both as preventive measures and as treatments for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/jj2158\">Dr. Jessica Justman\u003c/a> at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health in New York tried to launch a similar study this spring. Good news for New York — but a complication for her study — was that the disease had largely abated in the city, and she didn’t have luck recruiting people to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to March and April, people have become less worried, less scared of COVID and perhaps a little bit less inclined to go for a preventive treatment,” Justman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That situation could turn around if the disease roars back in her area. And Justman says the idea is well worth pursuing. A similar strategy works against other diseases — not just rabies, but hepatitis B, botulism and a potentially serious viral infection in babies called \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6702a4.htm\">respiratory syncytial virus\u003c/a>. In fact, this general strategy dates back more than a century. Shoham was involved in a study that attempted to use convalescent serum to treat the flu, and it was not successful — so it isn’t a cure-all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Piggybacking on this strategy, drug companies are gearing up to manufacture antibodies, instead of collecting blood from recovered patients. But those products — monoclonal antibodies — wouldn’t be cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I like about the convalescent plasma idea is that if it worked, I see it as something that could really be scalable in resource-limited settings,” Justman says, referring to developing countries where expensive pharmaceuticals are frequently out of reach. “And I think that’s where convalescent plasma has this really great potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Orens family, nobody fell ill — whether that was due to in part to treatment or luck, nobody knows. Their quarantine period ended just in time for a quick trip to New York after the baby’s birth to see the new mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan is to drive up after she is out of the hospital. Hopefully, everything will go well, and we will all be outside,” Orens said. “We will see the baby from a distance. I’ve already been informed by my daughter that I am not allowed to get anywhere near the baby. And then we will turn around and come back to Baltimore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hardly the way he was hoping to greet his first grandchild, he says, “however it’s the price we have to pay to bring this pandemic under control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers in Baltimore hope to know by mid-September whether the convalescent plasma will in fact inoculate people from COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR science correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Harvested+Antibodies+Now+Being+Tested+As+A+Prevention+Tool+Against+COVID-19&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re bitten or scratched by an animal with rabies, your doctor can \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/rabies.pdf\">give you a shot\u003c/a> to prevent the virus from taking hold in you and causing an infection. The same concept is now being put to the test for the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people who get sick with COVID-19 produce antibodies in their blood that seem to protect them from reinfection. A \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04323800?term=NCT04323800&draw=2&rank=1\">study is now underway\u003c/a> to see whether an infusion of those antibodies can protect someone who has been exposed to the virus and is at high risk of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first volunteers for this study is a physician who treats transplant patients at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0013314/jonathan-orens\">Jonathan Orens \u003c/a>had a close brush with the coronavirus involving not his work, but his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His daughter from Los Angeles wanted to come home to be near her sister, who was about to give birth to her first baby. Orens says the traveling daughter was careful about protecting her health in Los Angeles and did everything she could think of to stay safe on her flight to Baltimore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She wore a mask, she wore gloves, she had sanitizer, she had wipes,” he said. “The load on the plane was relatively small.” They chose the Fourth of July as a travel day, knowing that even fewer people were likely to be traveling that day. “We actually bought the two seats in the row to keep her away from everybody else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wore masks through the airports and in the car ride back to her parents’ house. Once there, she kept her distance from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to be sure, about a week after she arrived, she and her parents went for coronavirus testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though she had no symptoms, “she was positive,” Orens said. “And fortunately my wife and I were negative.” But they were still at high risk of contracting the disease, given the close contact with their daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As luck would have it, one of Orens’ colleagues at Johns Hopkins was just starting a study to see if purified blood serum from people who have recovered from COVID-19 — called convalescent plasma — could prevent the disease in someone else. Orens and his wife, who are in their early 60s, are entering an age group at higher risk of serious disease if infected with the coronavirus. They signed up for the experimental treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half the people in this clinical trial get an intravenous infusion of convalescent plasma, while the other half get an infusion of blood serum that had been donated before the pandemic emerged (so it lacked protective antibodies). Neither the participants nor the doctors treating them know who’s getting what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The infusion took about an hour, Orens says. “I didn’t feel anything except for the pinprick from the IV, and we went on our merry way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He now returns to the clinic for regular blood tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll follow him along to see if he develops symptoms and if he turns positive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/4090026/shmuel-shoham\">Dr. Shmuel Shoham\u003c/a>, who is directing the study. Shoham says he plans to enroll up to 500 patients — though, in the best-case scenario, if the treatment is highly effective he won’t need to study that many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to recruiting patients in Baltimore, “right now we have sites in Houston, sites in Alabama,” Shoham said. “We’re opening up additional sites in Dallas and Arizona. We have sites all over Southern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s also involved in a second study that looks at whether plasma will prevent serious illness in people who are infected but not sick. He says if both of these strategies work, they could help a lot of people, even in the absence of a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would give people a lot of confidence, I think, to go back to school, go back to work,” he says, “because if somebody gets sick it’s not a tragedy — because we can protect them and protect those around them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies are among \u003ca href=\"https://ccpp19.org/healthcare_providers/component_3/index.html\">a growing number of experiments\u003c/a> involving convalescent plasma, both as preventive measures and as treatments for COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/jj2158\">Dr. Jessica Justman\u003c/a> at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health in New York tried to launch a similar study this spring. Good news for New York — but a complication for her study — was that the disease had largely abated in the city, and she didn’t have luck recruiting people to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to March and April, people have become less worried, less scared of COVID and perhaps a little bit less inclined to go for a preventive treatment,” Justman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That situation could turn around if the disease roars back in her area. And Justman says the idea is well worth pursuing. A similar strategy works against other diseases — not just rabies, but hepatitis B, botulism and a potentially serious viral infection in babies called \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6702a4.htm\">respiratory syncytial virus\u003c/a>. In fact, this general strategy dates back more than a century. Shoham was involved in a study that attempted to use convalescent serum to treat the flu, and it was not successful — so it isn’t a cure-all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Piggybacking on this strategy, drug companies are gearing up to manufacture antibodies, instead of collecting blood from recovered patients. But those products — monoclonal antibodies — wouldn’t be cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I like about the convalescent plasma idea is that if it worked, I see it as something that could really be scalable in resource-limited settings,” Justman says, referring to developing countries where expensive pharmaceuticals are frequently out of reach. “And I think that’s where convalescent plasma has this really great potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Orens family, nobody fell ill — whether that was due to in part to treatment or luck, nobody knows. Their quarantine period ended just in time for a quick trip to New York after the baby’s birth to see the new mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan is to drive up after she is out of the hospital. Hopefully, everything will go well, and we will all be outside,” Orens said. “We will see the baby from a distance. I’ve already been informed by my daughter that I am not allowed to get anywhere near the baby. And then we will turn around and come back to Baltimore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hardly the way he was hoping to greet his first grandchild, he says, “however it’s the price we have to pay to bring this pandemic under control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers in Baltimore hope to know by mid-September whether the convalescent plasma will in fact inoculate people from COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR science correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Harvested+Antibodies+Now+Being+Tested+As+A+Prevention+Tool+Against+COVID-19&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Child Care Providers Are Hurting During Coronavirus Pandemic",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated July 30\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Child care looks very different at Baby Steps Nature School in San Francisco since the start of the coronavirus pandemic. And it’s not just because staff are taking temperatures, greeting families at the curb, and everyone over three is wearing a face mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The games the children and staff play are different too, said owner Patricia Sullivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of their big games right now is ‘The Floor Is Lava,'” Sullivan said. “We do obstacle courses, things that they still get to have fun together, but they don’t have to necessarily touch each other all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the songs that staff sing with kids are more calming, as are the books that the group reads. Sullivan said that’s because her young pupils know something is off these days, even if they can’t articulate it. Instead of focusing on activity after activity, she said, the whole group is slowing down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing to do this is to really spend more time talking to each other, listening to what the kids are saying,” said Sullivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the daily routine at Baby Steps, the entire child care industry has absorbed a seismic jolt. Parents are grappling with the decision of whether to send their kids back to day care, and persistent low enrollment endangers the long-term health of the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='right' citation='Gina Fromer']‘If you’re a family day care home and you were supporting 24 kids pre-COVID and now you can have six, what does that do for your business?’[/pullquote]Sullivan represents hundreds of other home-based providers through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fccasf.com/en-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Family Child Care Association of San Francisco.\u003c/a> She said the group is made up largely of women of color, and they’re facing a challenging loss of income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the parents chose not to return, we were no longer getting paid,” she said, reflecting on the time since June 1, when day care centers serving the general public were allowed to reopen. Those serving the children of essential workers have been allowed to stay open throughout the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan said there were already shortages in available child care spots for infants and toddlers in San Francisco, and if providers close permanently, people with very young children “are going to have a hard time finding care.” She also said providers who offer “off-hours care,” anything outside of the hours of 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., are less likely to stay open, since many are primarily essential workers in other sectors, like grocery stores, and caring for children would be too risky in terms of coronavirus transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gina Fromer, CEO of the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.childrenscouncil.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Children’s Council of San Francisco\u003c/a>, an advocacy group for child care, said providers “are hurting right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco and the state have extended some financial relief, Fromer said strict COVID guidelines mean “the majority of the sites in San Francisco are operating at half capacity,” as they must adhere to social distancing, smaller group sizes, and fewer children returning out of family choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a family day care home and you were supporting 24 kids pre-COVID and now you can have six, what does that do for your business?” she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, just over 40% of San Francisco’s roughly 1,100 child care providers are currently closed, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://sfoece.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Office of Early Care & Education\u003c/a>. This includes larger centers, often run by companies out of a specific site, and family day cares, which are smaller and typically based in a provider’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fromer said some of these providers won’t open back up again, which is not just a problem for children, families, and the child care industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no road to recovery in San Francisco without child care,” she said, noting that businesses will suffer if their employees can’t find proper care for their kids. She estimates that 40% of child care providers shut down after the 2007-8 economic recession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need local, state and federal investment in child care infrastructure in order for the economy to bounce back,” said Fromer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some families are choosing not to send their children back to day care due to the expense and fear of their children getting or passing the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Naomi Bardach, associate professor of pediatrics and health policy at UCSF, said there are risks of children getting COVID-19 and transmitting the virus to adults, but those dangers are low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most younger kids get very mild illness if they get ill at all, and they are much less likely to get it compared to adults,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout all of California, the number of child care staff, children and their parents \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdss.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">who’ve tested positive\u003c/a> for the virus is roughly 1,518 as of July 29. Of that number, 313 were children, 562 were staff, 489 were parents, and 154 were in none of those categories, such as people who live in the home of a family day care worker but are not on staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to the total number of preschool children in California, which she estimated “in the hundreds of thousands at least,” the number of children at day care who’ve tested positive is relatively low, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bardach said of the positive coronavirus cases associated with child care, “We’re not totally sure if it came from the community or the preschools. And then the other thing is we have to just put it in the context of [how] we take some risks normally in our lives when we drive in a car or cross the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that when parents make their decisions, it’s important to consider how prevalent the virus is in their community, and what the safety practices are at their specific child care setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Baby Steps Nature School, Sullivan understands that parents are fearful. Even if they do send their kids to day care, she sees that fear pop up in other ways — through the kids. She said her young charges are afraid to separate from their parents because they worry their mom or dad may get the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan is calming these fears with another change to her day care: pasting pictures of parents in the children’s cubbies.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated July 30\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Child care looks very different at Baby Steps Nature School in San Francisco since the start of the coronavirus pandemic. And it’s not just because staff are taking temperatures, greeting families at the curb, and everyone over three is wearing a face mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The games the children and staff play are different too, said owner Patricia Sullivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of their big games right now is ‘The Floor Is Lava,'” Sullivan said. “We do obstacle courses, things that they still get to have fun together, but they don’t have to necessarily touch each other all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the songs that staff sing with kids are more calming, as are the books that the group reads. Sullivan said that’s because her young pupils know something is off these days, even if they can’t articulate it. Instead of focusing on activity after activity, she said, the whole group is slowing down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing to do this is to really spend more time talking to each other, listening to what the kids are saying,” said Sullivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the daily routine at Baby Steps, the entire child care industry has absorbed a seismic jolt. Parents are grappling with the decision of whether to send their kids back to day care, and persistent low enrollment endangers the long-term health of the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘If you’re a family day care home and you were supporting 24 kids pre-COVID and now you can have six, what does that do for your business?’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Sullivan represents hundreds of other home-based providers through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fccasf.com/en-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Family Child Care Association of San Francisco.\u003c/a> She said the group is made up largely of women of color, and they’re facing a challenging loss of income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the parents chose not to return, we were no longer getting paid,” she said, reflecting on the time since June 1, when day care centers serving the general public were allowed to reopen. Those serving the children of essential workers have been allowed to stay open throughout the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan said there were already shortages in available child care spots for infants and toddlers in San Francisco, and if providers close permanently, people with very young children “are going to have a hard time finding care.” She also said providers who offer “off-hours care,” anything outside of the hours of 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., are less likely to stay open, since many are primarily essential workers in other sectors, like grocery stores, and caring for children would be too risky in terms of coronavirus transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gina Fromer, CEO of the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.childrenscouncil.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Children’s Council of San Francisco\u003c/a>, an advocacy group for child care, said providers “are hurting right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco and the state have extended some financial relief, Fromer said strict COVID guidelines mean “the majority of the sites in San Francisco are operating at half capacity,” as they must adhere to social distancing, smaller group sizes, and fewer children returning out of family choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a family day care home and you were supporting 24 kids pre-COVID and now you can have six, what does that do for your business?” she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, just over 40% of San Francisco’s roughly 1,100 child care providers are currently closed, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://sfoece.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Office of Early Care & Education\u003c/a>. This includes larger centers, often run by companies out of a specific site, and family day cares, which are smaller and typically based in a provider’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fromer said some of these providers won’t open back up again, which is not just a problem for children, families, and the child care industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no road to recovery in San Francisco without child care,” she said, noting that businesses will suffer if their employees can’t find proper care for their kids. She estimates that 40% of child care providers shut down after the 2007-8 economic recession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need local, state and federal investment in child care infrastructure in order for the economy to bounce back,” said Fromer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some families are choosing not to send their children back to day care due to the expense and fear of their children getting or passing the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Naomi Bardach, associate professor of pediatrics and health policy at UCSF, said there are risks of children getting COVID-19 and transmitting the virus to adults, but those dangers are low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most younger kids get very mild illness if they get ill at all, and they are much less likely to get it compared to adults,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout all of California, the number of child care staff, children and their parents \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdss.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">who’ve tested positive\u003c/a> for the virus is roughly 1,518 as of July 29. Of that number, 313 were children, 562 were staff, 489 were parents, and 154 were in none of those categories, such as people who live in the home of a family day care worker but are not on staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to the total number of preschool children in California, which she estimated “in the hundreds of thousands at least,” the number of children at day care who’ve tested positive is relatively low, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bardach said of the positive coronavirus cases associated with child care, “We’re not totally sure if it came from the community or the preschools. And then the other thing is we have to just put it in the context of [how] we take some risks normally in our lives when we drive in a car or cross the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that when parents make their decisions, it’s important to consider how prevalent the virus is in their community, and what the safety practices are at their specific child care setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Baby Steps Nature School, Sullivan understands that parents are fearful. Even if they do send their kids to day care, she sees that fear pop up in other ways — through the kids. She said her young charges are afraid to separate from their parents because they worry their mom or dad may get the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan is calming these fears with another change to her day care: pasting pictures of parents in the children’s cubbies.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Anti-Vaccine Misinformation on Facebook Has Gained a Lot of Traction During Pandemic",
"headTitle": "Anti-Vaccine Misinformation on Facebook Has Gained a Lot of Traction During Pandemic | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As scientists begin to clear a path to a potential coronavirus vaccine, researchers and advocates are increasingly sounding the alarm over what they see as a looming threat: Facebook’s apparent inability to police dangerous falsehoods about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the outset of the pandemic, vaccine-related falsehoods have ballooned on the platform — and recent research suggests some of those inaccurate posts are gaining traction among people who weren’t previously opposed to vaccinations. Part of the problem appears to be the way Facebook’s algorithms \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-it-encourages-division-top-executives-nixed-solutions-11590507499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">capitalize on divisive or extremist content\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compounding the issue is Facebook’s history of hesitating to address misinformation until a particular subject has snowballed into an urgent problem. In the middle of a global measles outbreak last year spurred by low vaccination rates, Facebook rolled out a series of policies to curb vaccine misinformation. But the changes did little to prevent the problem from resurfacing again amid the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerned that Facebook’s failure to crack down on vaccine falsehoods will backfire at the worst possible time, advocates and scientists have called on Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 misinformation is the equivalent of an ideological dirty bomb: It has the capacity to hurt tens of thousands of people when it detonates in the moment that vaccines are available,” said Imran Ahmed, founder and chief executive officer of the U.K.-based nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate, which recently assessed the growing influence of anti-vaccination content on social media platforms including Facebook since the outset of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook did not respond to a request for comment about its efforts to combat COVID-19 vaccine information. But in a July \u003ca href=\"https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/f4d9b9_7aa1bf9819904295a0493a013b285a6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a>, Ahmed’s organization assessed the influence of 409 English-language social media accounts sharing anti-vaccination content between May and June of 2020, just after the pandemic began. The report found that falsehoods about a COVID-19 vaccine have been prevalent on Facebook and other social media sites for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a dire situation — and one that has only worsened with time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing that came back from our researchers was, ‘Oh no. They’ve grown a lot,’” Ahmed said. In their sample, Facebook groups and pages spreading vaccination falsehoods had over 31 million followers, representing more than half of the combined following of all the social media accounts they studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the pages spreading falsehoods, the researchers identified one prominent category: people who sell or profit off of vaccine misinformation. These “anti-vaccination entrepreneurs” — who collectively garnered a total following of 28 million people — saw their followers grow by 854,000 between May and June. Zeroing in on groups, the researchers identified 64 that regularly shared vaccine misinformation, with a collective following of 1 million that has also kept growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the research findings, Ahmed is deeply concerned that the growth in vaccine-related falsehoods will sow distrust in an eventual vaccine before one even arrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’m scared,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since people have been asked to stay at home, more conversations have moved online — giving misinformation a chance to gain even more of a foothold on social media sites. Anti-vaccination content, in particular, has thrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically like if you injected adrenaline into them,” said Neil Johnson, a professor of physics and researcher at the Institute for Data, Democracy, & Politics at George Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Johnson and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2281-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published a study in Nature\u003c/a> that showed a sizable uptick in the followers of pages promoting anti-vaccine rhetoric on Facebook between February and October of 2019. While pages spreading falsehoods about vaccines had fewer followers than pages that shared factual vaccine content, the researchers found that there were more pages spreading falsehoods, and those pages were faster-growing and increasingly more connected to neutral pages where people did not yet have a clear leaning one way or the other. If the trend continues, Johnson predicted that anti-vaccination rhetoric will dominate online discussion by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team have been studying the change on a rolling basis in the months since their study ended — and from their view, the problem is growing more pressing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on what we’re seeing now, “it would only take something to go wrong with one of the vaccines and then that [change] would happen in a year,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say another possible factor in the social media giant’s failure to get rid of vaccine misinformation is Zuckerberg’s own approach to moderation. Zuckerberg has, in the past, presented the social network \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebooks-mark-zuckerberg-defends-free-speech-amid-calls-for-tighter-controls-11571335528?mod=article_inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">as a stalwart of free speech\u003c/a>, even if that speech is potentially harmful — one of the reasons the company has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/technology/facebook-political-ads-lies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">repeatedly opted to permit lies in political ads\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, some of Zuckerberg’s dissenters have appealed to his more philanthropic intentions. In a June letter, hundreds of scientists affiliated with the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative — the research organization he and his wife, pediatrician Priscilla Chan, founded in 2015 — \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/06/in-unusual-revolt-scientists-funded-by-mark-zuckerberg-criticize-facebooks-inaction-on-president-trumps-posts/\">called the social network’s practices “antithetical”\u003c/a> to their benefactor’s mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spread of news that is not vetted for factual accuracy leads to confusion and a mistrust of experts,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook’s failure to eradicate scientific falsehoods is difficult to reconcile with the research efforts spearheaded by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. While Facebook has avoided public calls to uniformly crack down on misinformation, Zuckerberg and Chan have continued to funnel millions into CZI, including funding for several research efforts aimed at better understanding the spread of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, Zuckerberg and Chan invested \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/29/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-funds-bay-area-coronavirus-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$13.6 million into a pair of coronavirus studies\u003c/a>, led by CZI, to flag new infections and better understand how immunity to the virus develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From my vantage point, we’re all just trying to figure out how to do our part to answer these questions and rebuild,” Chan said in an interview with STAT in April. At the same time, though, rampant falsehoods about the virus — including the dangerous notion that an eventual vaccine will be deadly — were spreading quickly across Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that Facebook is doing nothing about the issue; rather, its piecemeal approaches are simply too little too late, according to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last March, amid worldwide measles outbreaks, for example, the company instituted its first policy to combat vaccine misinformation, which involved using its algorithms to demote groups and pages that spread vaccine-related falsehoods and to exclude them from recommendations and predictions when users search within the platform. But as researchers pointed out at the time, demoting certain pages doesn’t stop anti-vaccination conversations from cropping up in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the pages where Johnson found anti-vaccine falsehoods, most were dedicated to things like hobbies and mutual interests. There were pages tailored to parents of kids who played soccer, people who like cats, and aficionados of organic produce, for example. But every so often, a strand of a conversation about something like the best way to treat a leg sprain would devolve into an inaccurate — and dangerous — diatribe against vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often in these communities, the number of what I’d call ‘bad’ posts is small — they’re mostly talking about cats or their favorite sports team or whatever, and then all of a sudden there’s a post stuck in there about vaccines,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently in response to the coronavirus, Facebook began targeting people who had interacted with certain COVID-19 falsehoods with generic messages that read, “Help friends and family avoid false information about COVID-19.” Those messages point users to the World Health Organization’s myth-busting page about the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/01/facebooks-covid-19-misinformation-campaign-is-based-on-research-the-authors-worry-facebook-missed-the-message/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said the strategy was based on psychological research\u003c/a>, the authors of the studies the platform cited as justification for their policies told STAT in May that Facebook seemed to have misinterpreted their findings. Rather than placing a generic message in people’s news feeds, Facebook should be correcting falsehoods by providing the facts, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts said that if Facebook is to combat misinformation in time for the arrival of an eventual coronavirus vaccine, there’s a significant amount of work that needs to happen quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a heavy lift,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As scientists begin to clear a path to a potential coronavirus vaccine, researchers and advocates are increasingly sounding the alarm over what they see as a looming threat: Facebook’s apparent inability to police dangerous falsehoods about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the outset of the pandemic, vaccine-related falsehoods have ballooned on the platform — and recent research suggests some of those inaccurate posts are gaining traction among people who weren’t previously opposed to vaccinations. Part of the problem appears to be the way Facebook’s algorithms \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-it-encourages-division-top-executives-nixed-solutions-11590507499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">capitalize on divisive or extremist content\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compounding the issue is Facebook’s history of hesitating to address misinformation until a particular subject has snowballed into an urgent problem. In the middle of a global measles outbreak last year spurred by low vaccination rates, Facebook rolled out a series of policies to curb vaccine misinformation. But the changes did little to prevent the problem from resurfacing again amid the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerned that Facebook’s failure to crack down on vaccine falsehoods will backfire at the worst possible time, advocates and scientists have called on Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 misinformation is the equivalent of an ideological dirty bomb: It has the capacity to hurt tens of thousands of people when it detonates in the moment that vaccines are available,” said Imran Ahmed, founder and chief executive officer of the U.K.-based nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate, which recently assessed the growing influence of anti-vaccination content on social media platforms including Facebook since the outset of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook did not respond to a request for comment about its efforts to combat COVID-19 vaccine information. But in a July \u003ca href=\"https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/f4d9b9_7aa1bf9819904295a0493a013b285a6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a>, Ahmed’s organization assessed the influence of 409 English-language social media accounts sharing anti-vaccination content between May and June of 2020, just after the pandemic began. The report found that falsehoods about a COVID-19 vaccine have been prevalent on Facebook and other social media sites for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a dire situation — and one that has only worsened with time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing that came back from our researchers was, ‘Oh no. They’ve grown a lot,’” Ahmed said. In their sample, Facebook groups and pages spreading vaccination falsehoods had over 31 million followers, representing more than half of the combined following of all the social media accounts they studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the pages spreading falsehoods, the researchers identified one prominent category: people who sell or profit off of vaccine misinformation. These “anti-vaccination entrepreneurs” — who collectively garnered a total following of 28 million people — saw their followers grow by 854,000 between May and June. Zeroing in on groups, the researchers identified 64 that regularly shared vaccine misinformation, with a collective following of 1 million that has also kept growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the research findings, Ahmed is deeply concerned that the growth in vaccine-related falsehoods will sow distrust in an eventual vaccine before one even arrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’m scared,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since people have been asked to stay at home, more conversations have moved online — giving misinformation a chance to gain even more of a foothold on social media sites. Anti-vaccination content, in particular, has thrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically like if you injected adrenaline into them,” said Neil Johnson, a professor of physics and researcher at the Institute for Data, Democracy, & Politics at George Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Johnson and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2281-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published a study in Nature\u003c/a> that showed a sizable uptick in the followers of pages promoting anti-vaccine rhetoric on Facebook between February and October of 2019. While pages spreading falsehoods about vaccines had fewer followers than pages that shared factual vaccine content, the researchers found that there were more pages spreading falsehoods, and those pages were faster-growing and increasingly more connected to neutral pages where people did not yet have a clear leaning one way or the other. If the trend continues, Johnson predicted that anti-vaccination rhetoric will dominate online discussion by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team have been studying the change on a rolling basis in the months since their study ended — and from their view, the problem is growing more pressing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on what we’re seeing now, “it would only take something to go wrong with one of the vaccines and then that [change] would happen in a year,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say another possible factor in the social media giant’s failure to get rid of vaccine misinformation is Zuckerberg’s own approach to moderation. Zuckerberg has, in the past, presented the social network \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebooks-mark-zuckerberg-defends-free-speech-amid-calls-for-tighter-controls-11571335528?mod=article_inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">as a stalwart of free speech\u003c/a>, even if that speech is potentially harmful — one of the reasons the company has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/technology/facebook-political-ads-lies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">repeatedly opted to permit lies in political ads\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, some of Zuckerberg’s dissenters have appealed to his more philanthropic intentions. In a June letter, hundreds of scientists affiliated with the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative — the research organization he and his wife, pediatrician Priscilla Chan, founded in 2015 — \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/06/in-unusual-revolt-scientists-funded-by-mark-zuckerberg-criticize-facebooks-inaction-on-president-trumps-posts/\">called the social network’s practices “antithetical”\u003c/a> to their benefactor’s mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spread of news that is not vetted for factual accuracy leads to confusion and a mistrust of experts,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook’s failure to eradicate scientific falsehoods is difficult to reconcile with the research efforts spearheaded by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. While Facebook has avoided public calls to uniformly crack down on misinformation, Zuckerberg and Chan have continued to funnel millions into CZI, including funding for several research efforts aimed at better understanding the spread of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, Zuckerberg and Chan invested \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/29/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-funds-bay-area-coronavirus-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$13.6 million into a pair of coronavirus studies\u003c/a>, led by CZI, to flag new infections and better understand how immunity to the virus develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From my vantage point, we’re all just trying to figure out how to do our part to answer these questions and rebuild,” Chan said in an interview with STAT in April. At the same time, though, rampant falsehoods about the virus — including the dangerous notion that an eventual vaccine will be deadly — were spreading quickly across Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that Facebook is doing nothing about the issue; rather, its piecemeal approaches are simply too little too late, according to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last March, amid worldwide measles outbreaks, for example, the company instituted its first policy to combat vaccine misinformation, which involved using its algorithms to demote groups and pages that spread vaccine-related falsehoods and to exclude them from recommendations and predictions when users search within the platform. But as researchers pointed out at the time, demoting certain pages doesn’t stop anti-vaccination conversations from cropping up in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the pages where Johnson found anti-vaccine falsehoods, most were dedicated to things like hobbies and mutual interests. There were pages tailored to parents of kids who played soccer, people who like cats, and aficionados of organic produce, for example. But every so often, a strand of a conversation about something like the best way to treat a leg sprain would devolve into an inaccurate — and dangerous — diatribe against vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often in these communities, the number of what I’d call ‘bad’ posts is small — they’re mostly talking about cats or their favorite sports team or whatever, and then all of a sudden there’s a post stuck in there about vaccines,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently in response to the coronavirus, Facebook began targeting people who had interacted with certain COVID-19 falsehoods with generic messages that read, “Help friends and family avoid false information about COVID-19.” Those messages point users to the World Health Organization’s myth-busting page about the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/01/facebooks-covid-19-misinformation-campaign-is-based-on-research-the-authors-worry-facebook-missed-the-message/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said the strategy was based on psychological research\u003c/a>, the authors of the studies the platform cited as justification for their policies told STAT in May that Facebook seemed to have misinterpreted their findings. Rather than placing a generic message in people’s news feeds, Facebook should be correcting falsehoods by providing the facts, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts said that if Facebook is to combat misinformation in time for the arrival of an eventual coronavirus vaccine, there’s a significant amount of work that needs to happen quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a heavy lift,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Recent Headlines Suggest Coronavirus Immunity Doesn't Last. The Science is More Reassuring",
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"content": "\u003cp>So many people are counting on a vaccine to help end the coronavirus pandemic that any hint of bad news gets a lot of attention. That’s proving to be the case for a series of studies examining how long antibodies persist in people who have been infected with the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]Three recent studies — from China, Britain and the U.S. — have called into question how long people carry antibodies after infection. But the reality may be less dire than recent headlines suggest.[/pullquote]Antibodies help ward off infections. In some diseases, they can prevent reinfection, though scientists can’t say for sure if that’s true for the coronavirus. And it’s also not clear how long antibodies linger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three recent studies — from \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0965-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">China\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.20148429v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Britain\u003c/a> and now the United States — have called into question how long people carry antibodies after infection. But the reality may be less dire than \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2020/07/13/study-immunity-to-coronavirus-may-fade-away-within-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent headlines\u003c/a> suggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest of these papers is from a research group at UCLA. It tracked antibodies in 34 people with the coronavirus and found that the average antibody levels dropped to half of where they started over a period of about 2 1/2 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big caveat is of course that this is just one snapshot for a relatively short period of time,” said \u003ca href=\"https://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/otto-yang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Otto Yang at UCLA,\u003c/a> “so we don’t know that it will continue that same rate of drop over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have noticed that people with milder symptoms — or no symptoms at all — tend to have a weaker immune response to the coronavirus. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2025179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yang’s letter,\u003c/a> published online in \u003cem>The\u003c/em> \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine,\u003c/em> focused on people with mild illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority just recovered at home with no hospital care, so their antibody titers [levels] weren’t extremely high,” Yang said. “Indeed, we have seen other people that have very, very high antibody titers, on the order of 10 to 100 times higher than these.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A research group based at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York looked at nearly 20,000 people with mild to moderate illness. The group tells a more reassuring story in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.20151126v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">unpublished research report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It finds that 90% of those people had antibody responses that lasted at least three months. And these antibodies neutralized the virus, at least in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to assume that there will be protection for a time frame of one to three years,” said \u003ca href=\"https://icahn.mssm.edu/profiles/florian-krammer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Florian Krammer\u003c/a>, one of the scientists on that study. “But of course, we are scientists. We have to prove that, right? That’s why everyone’s cautious about it. But I think that’s a pretty fair assumption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists focus a lot on antibodies as markers of immunity in part because they are easy to measure. Antibodies do tend to wane over time in many instances, but when that happens, the immune system doesn’t necessarily have to start again from scratch. Memory of a past infection can be stored in a cell called a memory B cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those are cells that don’t actually make any antibodies unless the virus comes back, and then they see that virus again,” Krammer said. “But then they react very, very quickly and make antibodies quickly. So, there are many arms that the immune system has to tackle this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet another line of defense is a kind of immune cell called a T cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“T cells are very important in fighting viruses,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/kari-nadeau\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Kari Nadeau\u003c/a> at Stanford. They can kill viruses. “And so, one thing we’re looking at [is] as the antibodies wane, do the T-cell responses also wane?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists developing some of the coronavirus vaccines have noticed that their experimental products spark a strong T-cell response. That includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31604-4/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the vaccine from the University of Oxford\u003c/a>, which is in an advanced stage of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know from many other infections, the vaccine response can be much more durable than the natural infection response,” said Adrian Hill, who is the principal investigator for this vaccine study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because people get a strong dose with a vaccine, which stimulates strong immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m pretty confident that in COVID we’re going to see the vaccines are more durable than a natural COVID infection,” Hill said. “But again, we don’t know yet. We need to wait and see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for now, people who have already been infected with the coronavirus will also have to wait and see whether they remain immune, and if so for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunity to four milder coronaviruses, which circulate widely and cause common colds, doesn’t persist for years on end. So, the duration of an antibody response may depend at least in part on whether an infection led to a significant illness — and a significant immune reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR science correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Long+Will+Immunity+To+The+Coronavirus+Last%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Antibodies help ward off infections. In some diseases, they can prevent reinfection, though scientists can’t say for sure if that’s true for the coronavirus. And it’s also not clear how long antibodies linger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three recent studies — from \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0965-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">China\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.20148429v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Britain\u003c/a> and now the United States — have called into question how long people carry antibodies after infection. But the reality may be less dire than \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2020/07/13/study-immunity-to-coronavirus-may-fade-away-within-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent headlines\u003c/a> suggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest of these papers is from a research group at UCLA. It tracked antibodies in 34 people with the coronavirus and found that the average antibody levels dropped to half of where they started over a period of about 2 1/2 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big caveat is of course that this is just one snapshot for a relatively short period of time,” said \u003ca href=\"https://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/otto-yang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Otto Yang at UCLA,\u003c/a> “so we don’t know that it will continue that same rate of drop over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have noticed that people with milder symptoms — or no symptoms at all — tend to have a weaker immune response to the coronavirus. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2025179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yang’s letter,\u003c/a> published online in \u003cem>The\u003c/em> \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine,\u003c/em> focused on people with mild illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority just recovered at home with no hospital care, so their antibody titers [levels] weren’t extremely high,” Yang said. “Indeed, we have seen other people that have very, very high antibody titers, on the order of 10 to 100 times higher than these.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A research group based at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York looked at nearly 20,000 people with mild to moderate illness. The group tells a more reassuring story in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.20151126v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">unpublished research report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It finds that 90% of those people had antibody responses that lasted at least three months. And these antibodies neutralized the virus, at least in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to assume that there will be protection for a time frame of one to three years,” said \u003ca href=\"https://icahn.mssm.edu/profiles/florian-krammer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Florian Krammer\u003c/a>, one of the scientists on that study. “But of course, we are scientists. We have to prove that, right? That’s why everyone’s cautious about it. But I think that’s a pretty fair assumption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists focus a lot on antibodies as markers of immunity in part because they are easy to measure. Antibodies do tend to wane over time in many instances, but when that happens, the immune system doesn’t necessarily have to start again from scratch. Memory of a past infection can be stored in a cell called a memory B cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those are cells that don’t actually make any antibodies unless the virus comes back, and then they see that virus again,” Krammer said. “But then they react very, very quickly and make antibodies quickly. So, there are many arms that the immune system has to tackle this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet another line of defense is a kind of immune cell called a T cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“T cells are very important in fighting viruses,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/kari-nadeau\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. Kari Nadeau\u003c/a> at Stanford. They can kill viruses. “And so, one thing we’re looking at [is] as the antibodies wane, do the T-cell responses also wane?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists developing some of the coronavirus vaccines have noticed that their experimental products spark a strong T-cell response. That includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31604-4/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the vaccine from the University of Oxford\u003c/a>, which is in an advanced stage of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know from many other infections, the vaccine response can be much more durable than the natural infection response,” said Adrian Hill, who is the principal investigator for this vaccine study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because people get a strong dose with a vaccine, which stimulates strong immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m pretty confident that in COVID we’re going to see the vaccines are more durable than a natural COVID infection,” Hill said. “But again, we don’t know yet. We need to wait and see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for now, people who have already been infected with the coronavirus will also have to wait and see whether they remain immune, and if so for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunity to four milder coronaviruses, which circulate widely and cause common colds, doesn’t persist for years on end. So, the duration of an antibody response may depend at least in part on whether an infection led to a significant illness — and a significant immune reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR science correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Long+Will+Immunity+To+The+Coronavirus+Last%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]If you have houseplants, most of the time there’s not a lot of visible activity. They just quietly add some outdoor beauty to your indoor surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966546\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg\" alt=\"fly sundew\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1536x856.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-2048x1142.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1920x1070.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trapped insect is slowly digested by a Cape sundew plant. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But then there are carnivorous plants, like \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/sundews/\">sundews\u003c/a>. They aren’t content to just sit still. Typically found in habitats where other plants usually can’t thrive — like bogs with nutrient-poor soil — they often need to supplement their diet with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Carnivorous plants have developed a way to obtain these key nutrients from another source: insects. Specifically, by consuming them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing carnivorous plants at home has become more popular over the years, and some species of sundews are easy to maintain for beginners, like the \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/drosera-capensis-narrow-leaf/?portfolioCats=86%2C180%2C91%2C162%2C179%2C173%2C83%2C10%2C324%2C729%2C34\">Cape sundew\u003c/a>. Several years ago, 33-year-old David Fefferman realized there wasn’t a comprehensive clearinghouse of information for other passionate hobbyists like himself, so he launched \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/\">Carnivorous Plants Resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966548\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"David Fefferman\" width=\"476\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped-160x145.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Fefferman of Carnivorous Plants Resource holds one of the “Dichotoma Giant” forked sundews from his enormous personal collection. \u003ccite>(David Fefferman / CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The site is a thrill ride for lovers of carnivorous plants, with everything from growing tips for \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/venus-flytrap/\">Venus flytraps\u003c/a> to group events to a marketplace where people can sell the plants and other items, like carnivorous plant-related art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without doubt, it’s the most feature-rich carnivorous plant website around,” Fefferman said. “We’re definitely the most thorough and up-to-date site for the hobby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fefferman, an Orange County resident, has been enamored with these unique plants from a very young age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I picked up my first carnivorous plant in elementary school after a friend brought in a Venus flytrap as part of his science fair project,” he said. “I was already primed for plant-learning since my own project was focused on photosynthesis, and I just fell in love with his weird little insect-eating plant. I asked my mom to take me to a ‘plant store’ to find one for myself, and the passion grew from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents helped nurture his growing interest when they took him to the The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens in Los Angeles County to see the Amorphophallus titanum — one of the world’s largest flowers, commonly known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycUNj_Hv4_Y\">corpse flower\u003c/a> — in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966549\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg\" alt=\"weevil\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-800x445.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-768x427.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1536x855.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-2048x1139.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1920x1068.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairy starthistle weevil is stuck on the sticky tentacles of a Cape sundew. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The flower was incredible,” he said. “While at the gardens, I made a friend who had a huge collection of carnivores and really pushed me further into the hobby. Plants started showing up in the mail regularly, and my parents helped me pot them up and keep them happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His appreciation for carnivorous plants hasn’t waned over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even today, I’m just completely fascinated with their forms and trapping mechanisms,” he said. “They’re just so cool. I’ve also grown to love them as beautiful objects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he’s not developing apps or building other websites for a living, Fefferman also maintains a huge personal collection of more than 10,000 plants, which he keeps indoors and outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, even with all of these mouths to feed, all of his outdoor plants and greenhouse plants catch their own food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966551 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-768x423.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1536x845.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-2048x1127.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1920x1057.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Venus flytrap waits for prey. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The novelty of flytraps snagging prey never wore off, so I love to watch them do their thing,” Fefferman said. “At this point, it’s more thrilling to watch them catch prey naturally rather than hand-feeding them. Indoor seedlings get “fed” carefully-applied fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it used to be difficult for people to buy carnivorous plants, they’re now readily available online and at local nurseries. And the plants pretty much take care of themselves once you understand a few basic tips for caretaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, there still seems to be this perception that the plants are difficult to care for, and that turns people away from getting started with the hobby,” he said. “Fear of killing a plant becomes the biggest challenge or hurdle for beginners, and it shouldn’t be. There are plenty of growing instructions and resources out there to help.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cape sundews are carnivorous plants that grow in bogs, where they don't have access to many nutrients. So they exude sweet, shimmering droplets from their tentacles to lure in unsuspecting insects. Once their prey is hopelessly stuck, they wrap it up and dissolve it for a tasty meal. ",
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"title": "Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation | KQED",
"description": "Cape sundews are carnivorous plants that grow in bogs, where they don't have access to many nutrients. So they exude sweet, shimmering droplets from their tentacles to lure in unsuspecting insects. Once their prey is hopelessly stuck, they wrap it up and dissolve it for a tasty meal.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If you have houseplants, most of the time there’s not a lot of visible activity. They just quietly add some outdoor beauty to your indoor surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966546\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg\" alt=\"fly sundew\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1536x856.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-2048x1142.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1920x1070.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trapped insect is slowly digested by a Cape sundew plant. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But then there are carnivorous plants, like \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/sundews/\">sundews\u003c/a>. They aren’t content to just sit still. Typically found in habitats where other plants usually can’t thrive — like bogs with nutrient-poor soil — they often need to supplement their diet with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Carnivorous plants have developed a way to obtain these key nutrients from another source: insects. Specifically, by consuming them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing carnivorous plants at home has become more popular over the years, and some species of sundews are easy to maintain for beginners, like the \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/drosera-capensis-narrow-leaf/?portfolioCats=86%2C180%2C91%2C162%2C179%2C173%2C83%2C10%2C324%2C729%2C34\">Cape sundew\u003c/a>. Several years ago, 33-year-old David Fefferman realized there wasn’t a comprehensive clearinghouse of information for other passionate hobbyists like himself, so he launched \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/\">Carnivorous Plants Resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966548\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"David Fefferman\" width=\"476\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped-160x145.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Fefferman of Carnivorous Plants Resource holds one of the “Dichotoma Giant” forked sundews from his enormous personal collection. \u003ccite>(David Fefferman / CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The site is a thrill ride for lovers of carnivorous plants, with everything from growing tips for \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/venus-flytrap/\">Venus flytraps\u003c/a> to group events to a marketplace where people can sell the plants and other items, like carnivorous plant-related art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without doubt, it’s the most feature-rich carnivorous plant website around,” Fefferman said. “We’re definitely the most thorough and up-to-date site for the hobby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fefferman, an Orange County resident, has been enamored with these unique plants from a very young age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I picked up my first carnivorous plant in elementary school after a friend brought in a Venus flytrap as part of his science fair project,” he said. “I was already primed for plant-learning since my own project was focused on photosynthesis, and I just fell in love with his weird little insect-eating plant. I asked my mom to take me to a ‘plant store’ to find one for myself, and the passion grew from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents helped nurture his growing interest when they took him to the The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens in Los Angeles County to see the Amorphophallus titanum — one of the world’s largest flowers, commonly known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycUNj_Hv4_Y\">corpse flower\u003c/a> — in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966549\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg\" alt=\"weevil\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-800x445.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-768x427.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1536x855.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-2048x1139.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1920x1068.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairy starthistle weevil is stuck on the sticky tentacles of a Cape sundew. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The flower was incredible,” he said. “While at the gardens, I made a friend who had a huge collection of carnivores and really pushed me further into the hobby. Plants started showing up in the mail regularly, and my parents helped me pot them up and keep them happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His appreciation for carnivorous plants hasn’t waned over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even today, I’m just completely fascinated with their forms and trapping mechanisms,” he said. “They’re just so cool. I’ve also grown to love them as beautiful objects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he’s not developing apps or building other websites for a living, Fefferman also maintains a huge personal collection of more than 10,000 plants, which he keeps indoors and outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, even with all of these mouths to feed, all of his outdoor plants and greenhouse plants catch their own food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966551 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-768x423.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1536x845.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-2048x1127.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1920x1057.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Venus flytrap waits for prey. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The novelty of flytraps snagging prey never wore off, so I love to watch them do their thing,” Fefferman said. “At this point, it’s more thrilling to watch them catch prey naturally rather than hand-feeding them. Indoor seedlings get “fed” carefully-applied fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it used to be difficult for people to buy carnivorous plants, they’re now readily available online and at local nurseries. And the plants pretty much take care of themselves once you understand a few basic tips for caretaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, there still seems to be this perception that the plants are difficult to care for, and that turns people away from getting started with the hobby,” he said. “Fear of killing a plant becomes the biggest challenge or hurdle for beginners, and it shouldn’t be. There are plenty of growing instructions and resources out there to help.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Inside SF's New Biosafety Lab, Where Scientists Wrangle Live Coronavirus",
"headTitle": "Inside SF’s New Biosafety Lab, Where Scientists Wrangle Live Coronavirus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There’s so much scientists still don’t know about the novel coronavirus: basic stuff, like how exactly it invades a host’s healthy cells, the molecular interactions that enable it to spread through the body and why it affects some people more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of labs in the Bay Area, including ones at UCSF and UC Berkeley, are trying to gain a better understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 behaves by doing basic research with live virus. The work could help scientists develop and test new treatments or vaccines to target the virus more effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To handle live coronavirus and other potential deadly airborne pathogens, these labs must meet strict Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/infographics/biosafety.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">containment requirements\u003c/a> set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent visit to San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, we got a look inside its newly launched BSL-3 lab (before any live virus arrived) with Dr. Melanie Ott, director of the Gladstone Institute of Virology, and lab director Mauricio Montano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I learned, getting into a BSL-3 lab requires a few extra steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Surgical Mask to ‘Space Suit’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To enter the BSL-3 lab, researchers must go from street clothes to scrubs to full body suits. Here, reporter Peter Arcuni steps into the “clean space” with booties over his sneakers. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, a basic cloth facial covering or surgical mask is required even to enter Gladstone’s Mission Bay headquarters. But gaining access to the BSL-3 lab requires two more wardrobe changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first takes place in a locker room, where researchers go from street clothes into scrubs, gloves and a bonnet that resembles a gauzy shower cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s part of the sacrifice of making sure everybody’s safe and clean,” Montano said. Then he walked me through the protocol for putting a pair of booties on over my sneakers, before stepping over a line of yellow tape on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ll put a booty on one foot, and then you’ll be able to plant your foot into this clean space. And then you’ll put the other booty on and you’ll be able to walk in here,” he coached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took me a few tries to get it right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even very experienced Ph.D.-level virologists who come in here for the first time will have the same experience,” Montano said. “The environment requires a really hyperactive vigilance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next we head down the hall to the BSL-3 lab’s secure anteroom. A digital monitor by the door showed the air pressure as negative, which ensures that no aerosolized particles (stuff floating in the air) can escape. Instead, a high-powered HVAC system draws in the lab’s air and cleans it with a series of filters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A BSL-3 is like a giant vacuum cleaner,” Montano said. “No pathogens or anything could come out of that room.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967660\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967660\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-2048x1367.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-1920x1282.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Melanie Ott, director of the Gladstone Institute of Virology, inside the BSL-3 lab, where researchers will try to learn how the coronavirus infects a host’s cells and spreads through the body. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Gladstone Institutes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lab’s safety is closely monitored by officials at UCSF, as well as state and federal health regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once inside with the anteroom’s outer door shut, scientists will don Tyvek hazmat suits — or “space suits,” as Montano calls them — and respiratory purifiers to filter out potential pathogens. Only then can they enter the lab’s inner workspace. (Because there was no live virus present during our visit, we skipped this last step.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here researchers will work with the virus with gloved hands reaching inside glass-shielded biosafety cabinets that resemble laboratory hoods from chemistry class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any physical waste, like used reagents, that needs to leave the room must first be sterilized by the lab’s autoclave, which is essentially a high-temperature medical-grade pressure cooker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>Anything to come out of here basically has to be dead and has to be clean,” Montano said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As I always say, I feel much safer here than I feel at the local grocery store,” Ott added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘We Know Very Little About This Virus’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ott says the ability to work with active SARS-CoV-2 opens up avenues of inquiry that aren’t possible using inactive viral fragments or looking at genomic sequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>A Biosafety Level 3 lab is allowing you to work with dangerous viruses that are actually fully functional and replicating,” Ott said. “So you can study the virus, the full viral life cycle, in an animal or in a cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967674\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before leaving the room, waste and unused research materials need to be sterilized by the lab’s autoclave, which is essentially a medical-grade pressure cooker. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lab is equipped to run animal studies using mice, which will be housed in cages inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach, she says, can uncover ways to interfere with that life cycle either by attacking the virus itself or by targeting parts of the host cells that the virus interacts with to block it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re coming really from the mechanistic side,” Ott said. “You’re diving deep into the interaction of the virus with the host.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ott says scientists still don’t fully understand precisely how the coronavirus spreads throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to learn how it engages the upper airway, how it gets into the lower airway and how it disseminates into other organs from there,” she said. “There’s a lot that we don’t know\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To tackle this, Ott says the lab plans to culture the types of cells that are the primary or secondary targets of the virus. These include lung, gut, liver and heart cells\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we are trying to reconstruct the more complex cell systems in a dish and then see how the virus behaves,” Ott said. “Is it infecting everybody? Is it infecting dependent on a certain factor, like an important entry factor and receptor? Is that all mediated by this molecule?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gladstone’s BSL-3 lab, Ott says, can also serve as a place to test potential treatments and vaccines before they are tested in human subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before you go into a clinical trial, you want to make sure that what you’re doing is efficient, that it’s actually doing what it’s supposed to do,” Ott said. “These preclinical studies can give you a much better idea about what exactly is happening when you give that drug to a patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘Too Many Questions to Answer At Once’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gladstone’s new facility will allow virologists to gain a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2, but the virus is a puzzle with many pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s too many questions to answer at once,” Ott said. “Collaboration, I think, is absolutely essential. … This has been unprecedented, at least in my experience, how people have come together around this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lab director Mauricio Montano with his hands inside a biosafety cabinet. To work with active SARS-CoV-2, labs need to meet biosafety level 3 containment requirements set by the CDC. . \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In preparation for the new lab’s launch, Ott partnered with UCSF’s BSL-3 to culture cells and prepare the virus for transfer to Gladstone. She’s collaborating with other researchers at the university who have identified \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2286-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 300 interactions\u003c/a> between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in very good relationship with all the BSL-3s here in the Bay Area,” Ott said. “Stanford, Berkeley, UCSF, I think everybody recognizes that these laboratories are in short supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are roughly 200 BSL-3 labs throughout the U.S., according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.selectagents.gov/resources/FSAP_Annual_Report_2018_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2018 report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, Ott says, the coronavirus pandemic has affected everyone. Her brother-in-law, a physician in a small Austrian village, contracted the virus and became seriously ill. But the science, she says, gives her hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>You see all the politics, you see all the rush. But at the end,” she says, “you settle down, you look at your data and you see that you’re making progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic coronavirus research done by Gladstone and its collaborators, Ott says, could help fight not only this virus, but the next wave as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>It’s a constant evolutionary battle,” says Ott. “There will be other clever viruses, whether they’re coronaviruses or influenza viruses or even something like HIV. So it’s important to have facilities like this where we can prepare for the future pandemics that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Working with live coronovirus allows scientists to learn how it behaves and develop treatments to fight it. But only some labs are set up to handle it.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s so much scientists still don’t know about the novel coronavirus: basic stuff, like how exactly it invades a host’s healthy cells, the molecular interactions that enable it to spread through the body and why it affects some people more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a handful of labs in the Bay Area, including ones at UCSF and UC Berkeley, are trying to gain a better understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 behaves by doing basic research with live virus. The work could help scientists develop and test new treatments or vaccines to target the virus more effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To handle live coronavirus and other potential deadly airborne pathogens, these labs must meet strict Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/infographics/biosafety.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">containment requirements\u003c/a> set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent visit to San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, we got a look inside its newly launched BSL-3 lab (before any live virus arrived) with Dr. Melanie Ott, director of the Gladstone Institute of Virology, and lab director Mauricio Montano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I learned, getting into a BSL-3 lab requires a few extra steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Surgical Mask to ‘Space Suit’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To enter the BSL-3 lab, researchers must go from street clothes to scrubs to full body suits. Here, reporter Peter Arcuni steps into the “clean space” with booties over his sneakers. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, a basic cloth facial covering or surgical mask is required even to enter Gladstone’s Mission Bay headquarters. But gaining access to the BSL-3 lab requires two more wardrobe changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first takes place in a locker room, where researchers go from street clothes into scrubs, gloves and a bonnet that resembles a gauzy shower cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s part of the sacrifice of making sure everybody’s safe and clean,” Montano said. Then he walked me through the protocol for putting a pair of booties on over my sneakers, before stepping over a line of yellow tape on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ll put a booty on one foot, and then you’ll be able to plant your foot into this clean space. And then you’ll put the other booty on and you’ll be able to walk in here,” he coached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took me a few tries to get it right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even very experienced Ph.D.-level virologists who come in here for the first time will have the same experience,” Montano said. “The environment requires a really hyperactive vigilance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next we head down the hall to the BSL-3 lab’s secure anteroom. A digital monitor by the door showed the air pressure as negative, which ensures that no aerosolized particles (stuff floating in the air) can escape. Instead, a high-powered HVAC system draws in the lab’s air and cleans it with a series of filters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A BSL-3 is like a giant vacuum cleaner,” Montano said. “No pathogens or anything could come out of that room.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967660\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967660\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-2048x1367.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-BSL3-facility8-1920x1282.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Melanie Ott, director of the Gladstone Institute of Virology, inside the BSL-3 lab, where researchers will try to learn how the coronavirus infects a host’s cells and spreads through the body. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Gladstone Institutes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lab’s safety is closely monitored by officials at UCSF, as well as state and federal health regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once inside with the anteroom’s outer door shut, scientists will don Tyvek hazmat suits — or “space suits,” as Montano calls them — and respiratory purifiers to filter out potential pathogens. Only then can they enter the lab’s inner workspace. (Because there was no live virus present during our visit, we skipped this last step.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here researchers will work with the virus with gloved hands reaching inside glass-shielded biosafety cabinets that resemble laboratory hoods from chemistry class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any physical waste, like used reagents, that needs to leave the room must first be sterilized by the lab’s autoclave, which is essentially a high-temperature medical-grade pressure cooker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>Anything to come out of here basically has to be dead and has to be clean,” Montano said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As I always say, I feel much safer here than I feel at the local grocery store,” Ott added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘We Know Very Little About This Virus’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ott says the ability to work with active SARS-CoV-2 opens up avenues of inquiry that aren’t possible using inactive viral fragments or looking at genomic sequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>A Biosafety Level 3 lab is allowing you to work with dangerous viruses that are actually fully functional and replicating,” Ott said. “So you can study the virus, the full viral life cycle, in an animal or in a cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967674\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-Autoclave-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before leaving the room, waste and unused research materials need to be sterilized by the lab’s autoclave, which is essentially a medical-grade pressure cooker. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lab is equipped to run animal studies using mice, which will be housed in cages inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach, she says, can uncover ways to interfere with that life cycle either by attacking the virus itself or by targeting parts of the host cells that the virus interacts with to block it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re coming really from the mechanistic side,” Ott said. “You’re diving deep into the interaction of the virus with the host.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ott says scientists still don’t fully understand precisely how the coronavirus spreads throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to learn how it engages the upper airway, how it gets into the lower airway and how it disseminates into other organs from there,” she said. “There’s a lot that we don’t know\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To tackle this, Ott says the lab plans to culture the types of cells that are the primary or secondary targets of the virus. These include lung, gut, liver and heart cells\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we are trying to reconstruct the more complex cell systems in a dish and then see how the virus behaves,” Ott said. “Is it infecting everybody? Is it infecting dependent on a certain factor, like an important entry factor and receptor? Is that all mediated by this molecule?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gladstone’s BSL-3 lab, Ott says, can also serve as a place to test potential treatments and vaccines before they are tested in human subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before you go into a clinical trial, you want to make sure that what you’re doing is efficient, that it’s actually doing what it’s supposed to do,” Ott said. “These preclinical studies can give you a much better idea about what exactly is happening when you give that drug to a patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘Too Many Questions to Answer At Once’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gladstone’s new facility will allow virologists to gain a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2, but the virus is a puzzle with many pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s too many questions to answer at once,” Ott said. “Collaboration, I think, is absolutely essential. … This has been unprecedented, at least in my experience, how people have come together around this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Gladstone-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lab director Mauricio Montano with his hands inside a biosafety cabinet. To work with active SARS-CoV-2, labs need to meet biosafety level 3 containment requirements set by the CDC. . \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In preparation for the new lab’s launch, Ott partnered with UCSF’s BSL-3 to culture cells and prepare the virus for transfer to Gladstone. She’s collaborating with other researchers at the university who have identified \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2286-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 300 interactions\u003c/a> between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are in very good relationship with all the BSL-3s here in the Bay Area,” Ott said. “Stanford, Berkeley, UCSF, I think everybody recognizes that these laboratories are in short supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are roughly 200 BSL-3 labs throughout the U.S., according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.selectagents.gov/resources/FSAP_Annual_Report_2018_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2018 report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, Ott says, the coronavirus pandemic has affected everyone. Her brother-in-law, a physician in a small Austrian village, contracted the virus and became seriously ill. But the science, she says, gives her hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>You see all the politics, you see all the rush. But at the end,” she says, “you settle down, you look at your data and you see that you’re making progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic coronavirus research done by Gladstone and its collaborators, Ott says, could help fight not only this virus, but the next wave as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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