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"content": "\u003cp>A new study argues that at least two large earthquake faults off the coast of Southern California can spawn damaging tsunamis that would wash over San Diego, Long Beach, Santa Barbara and other coastal cities. The study’s findings could force changes in the disaster plans for these places.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JF003322/full\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, published by the Journal of Geophysical Research, a team led by Mark Legg scrounged years of data from different undersea surveys to analyze the offshore lands of Southern California in unprecedented detail. Looking both on and underneath the deep sea floor, Legg’s team found some of the earthquake faults off California are longer and more threatening than previously thought – capable not only of generating large earthquakes, but of launching dangerous tsunamis toward the nearby coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland.png\" alt=\"The California Continental Borderland in its larger plate-tectonic setting. (Alden/USGS)\" width=\"499\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30786\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland.png 499w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-400x401.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-75x75.png 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Continental Borderland in its larger plate-tectonic setting. (Alden/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legg’s study makes two main contributions. First, it builds a more accurate picture of fault activity where the Pacific and North America plates intersect, in the enigmatic region known as the California Continental Borderland. Second, it considers an underappreciated aspect of California’s faults that geologists call transpression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fractured Borderland\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe California Continental Borderland extends from Santa Barbara down to Baja California, all submerged except for the Channel Islands. It’s a peculiar piece of Earth’s crust. It started out as part of the North America tectonic plate: a thick pile of rocks and mud on the continent’s edge. Things changed about 28 million years ago as the Pacific plate took over offshore and the San Andreas fault was born. The Borderland splintered off the continent, and it’s been moving northwestward on the Pacific plate ever since. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process is tearing the Borderland apart. \u003ca href=\"http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/2_infopgs/IP4WNACal/cCalifornia.html\">Plate tectonic animations\u003c/a> resemble the kind of mess you might see as tree trunks float down a river into an obstruction – a tectonic logjam. Today the Borderland is a badly cracked region. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30789\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 698px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CCB-tectonicmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CCB-tectonicmap.png\" alt=\"This figure from Legg's paper shows the tectonic action going on in the Borderland today. The "beachball" symbols represent historic shear earthquakes (black) and thrust earthquakes (red), the type that cause tsunamis. The red arrows mark locations of transpression, discussed below. (Legg/American Geophysical Union)\" width=\"698\" height=\"557\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30789\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CCB-tectonicmap.png 698w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CCB-tectonicmap-400x319.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This figure from Legg’s paper shows the tectonic action going on in the Borderland today. The “beachball” symbols represent historic shear earthquakes (black) and thrust earthquakes (red), the type that cause tsunamis. The red arrows mark locations of transpression, discussed below. (Legg/American Geophysical Union)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legg’s paper is a detailed description of two large faults in the seafloor of the Borderland: the 110-mile Santa Cruz-Catalina Ridge fault (“SCCR” on the map), and the 220-mile Ferrelo fault zone, extending from Santa Rosa Island to the deep Velero Basin, in Mexican waters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These faults are jagged lines built of many different segments. Seismologists know from recent research that disjointed-looking faults like these \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\">can rupture along several segments at once\u003c/a>, adding up to a very large wallop, approaching magnitude 8. And Legg’s study shows these faults are currently active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moving in Two Directions At Once\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen the two sides of the fault slip past each other like traffic on a two-way street, we call that motion shear. (Actually, physicists call it shear; geologists call it transcurrent motion.) When the quake moves the land up and down, we call it compression. Transpression refers to that combination of shear and compression. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Legg notes that the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake directed part of its energy into uplifting the ground—and because some of that ground was offshore, it produced a tiny tsunami an inch or so high. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30790\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/transverses.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/transverses.png\" alt=\"The Transverse Ranges are raised by transpression across the San Andreas fault (heavy red line). Offshore faults in the Borderland have the same tangled relationships as the faults seen onshore.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30790\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/transverses.png 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/transverses-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Transverse Ranges are raised by transpression across the San Andreas fault (heavy red line). Offshore faults in the Borderland have the same tangled relationships as the faults seen onshore. (Alden/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vertical changes in the land are always part of transpression, and its effects are especially strong in the Borderland. The Channel Islands, for instance, have been tilted and lifted above the sea as one consequence. Many more undersea mountains and basins show its effects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the thrust part of transpression in the Borderland that threatens to make tsunamis. Thrust-heavy fault segments, or separate thrust earthquakes, are what raise or lower the seafloor and push the overlying seawater into tsunami waves. And they do so over large areas at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legg thinks the magnitude-7 Lompoc earthquake of November 4, 1927, may have been such an event. “The actual location and causative fault is still controversial and may never be completely resolved. The important point is that seafloor deformation of the shallow continental shelf produced a 6-foot tsunami on the adjacent coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legg’s work suggests that, while the Borderland would not unleash a tsunami like the wave from the magnitude-9 monster quake in Japan, it still poses a significant risk of quakes that would cause large tsunamis several meters high. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry that the area between San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and Santa Barbara Islands is a seismic gap,” Legg says, “loaded, locked, and ready for a Big One offshore.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study argues that at least two large earthquake faults off the coast of Southern California can spawn damaging tsunamis that would wash over San Diego, Long Beach, Santa Barbara and other coastal cities. The study’s findings could force changes in the disaster plans for these places.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JF003322/full\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, published by the Journal of Geophysical Research, a team led by Mark Legg scrounged years of data from different undersea surveys to analyze the offshore lands of Southern California in unprecedented detail. Looking both on and underneath the deep sea floor, Legg’s team found some of the earthquake faults off California are longer and more threatening than previously thought – capable not only of generating large earthquakes, but of launching dangerous tsunamis toward the nearby coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland.png\" alt=\"The California Continental Borderland in its larger plate-tectonic setting. (Alden/USGS)\" width=\"499\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30786\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland.png 499w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-400x401.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/borderland-75x75.png 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Continental Borderland in its larger plate-tectonic setting. (Alden/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legg’s study makes two main contributions. First, it builds a more accurate picture of fault activity where the Pacific and North America plates intersect, in the enigmatic region known as the California Continental Borderland. Second, it considers an underappreciated aspect of California’s faults that geologists call transpression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fractured Borderland\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe California Continental Borderland extends from Santa Barbara down to Baja California, all submerged except for the Channel Islands. It’s a peculiar piece of Earth’s crust. It started out as part of the North America tectonic plate: a thick pile of rocks and mud on the continent’s edge. Things changed about 28 million years ago as the Pacific plate took over offshore and the San Andreas fault was born. The Borderland splintered off the continent, and it’s been moving northwestward on the Pacific plate ever since. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process is tearing the Borderland apart. \u003ca href=\"http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/2_infopgs/IP4WNACal/cCalifornia.html\">Plate tectonic animations\u003c/a> resemble the kind of mess you might see as tree trunks float down a river into an obstruction – a tectonic logjam. Today the Borderland is a badly cracked region. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30789\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 698px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CCB-tectonicmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CCB-tectonicmap.png\" alt=\"This figure from Legg's paper shows the tectonic action going on in the Borderland today. The "beachball" symbols represent historic shear earthquakes (black) and thrust earthquakes (red), the type that cause tsunamis. The red arrows mark locations of transpression, discussed below. (Legg/American Geophysical Union)\" width=\"698\" height=\"557\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30789\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CCB-tectonicmap.png 698w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CCB-tectonicmap-400x319.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This figure from Legg’s paper shows the tectonic action going on in the Borderland today. The “beachball” symbols represent historic shear earthquakes (black) and thrust earthquakes (red), the type that cause tsunamis. The red arrows mark locations of transpression, discussed below. (Legg/American Geophysical Union)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legg’s paper is a detailed description of two large faults in the seafloor of the Borderland: the 110-mile Santa Cruz-Catalina Ridge fault (“SCCR” on the map), and the 220-mile Ferrelo fault zone, extending from Santa Rosa Island to the deep Velero Basin, in Mexican waters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These faults are jagged lines built of many different segments. Seismologists know from recent research that disjointed-looking faults like these \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\">can rupture along several segments at once\u003c/a>, adding up to a very large wallop, approaching magnitude 8. And Legg’s study shows these faults are currently active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moving in Two Directions At Once\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen the two sides of the fault slip past each other like traffic on a two-way street, we call that motion shear. (Actually, physicists call it shear; geologists call it transcurrent motion.) When the quake moves the land up and down, we call it compression. Transpression refers to that combination of shear and compression. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Legg notes that the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake directed part of its energy into uplifting the ground—and because some of that ground was offshore, it produced a tiny tsunami an inch or so high. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30790\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/transverses.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/transverses.png\" alt=\"The Transverse Ranges are raised by transpression across the San Andreas fault (heavy red line). Offshore faults in the Borderland have the same tangled relationships as the faults seen onshore.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30790\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/transverses.png 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/transverses-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Transverse Ranges are raised by transpression across the San Andreas fault (heavy red line). Offshore faults in the Borderland have the same tangled relationships as the faults seen onshore. (Alden/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vertical changes in the land are always part of transpression, and its effects are especially strong in the Borderland. The Channel Islands, for instance, have been tilted and lifted above the sea as one consequence. Many more undersea mountains and basins show its effects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the thrust part of transpression in the Borderland that threatens to make tsunamis. Thrust-heavy fault segments, or separate thrust earthquakes, are what raise or lower the seafloor and push the overlying seawater into tsunami waves. And they do so over large areas at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legg thinks the magnitude-7 Lompoc earthquake of November 4, 1927, may have been such an event. “The actual location and causative fault is still controversial and may never be completely resolved. The important point is that seafloor deformation of the shallow continental shelf produced a 6-foot tsunami on the adjacent coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legg’s work suggests that, while the Borderland would not unleash a tsunami like the wave from the magnitude-9 monster quake in Japan, it still poses a significant risk of quakes that would cause large tsunamis several meters high. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry that the area between San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and Santa Barbara Islands is a seismic gap,” Legg says, “loaded, locked, and ready for a Big One offshore.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Car Washes and Pools: Winners and Losers of California’s Drought",
"headTitle": "Car Washes and Pools: Winners and Losers of California’s Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/pool3-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/pool3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A display pool at Royal Pools in San Jose. Several Bay Area water districts have banned the filling of new pools. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A display pool at Royal Pools in San Jose. Several Bay Area water districts have banned filling new pools with potable water. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/05/20150601Droughtwinnerslosers.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meter has officially started running on California’s efforts to meet \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">strict new water conservation targets\u003c/a> from Governor Jerry Brown. The first-ever statewide urban restrictions aim to cut water use by an average of 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The actual cuts \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/05/08/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\">vary from place to place\u003c/a> depending on the water use in each local district. Some water-thrifty areas only have to cut 8 percent, while larger cuts go up to 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How local cities and water agencies achieve those cuts is up to them. Most are passing rules that limit outdoor watering, but some are targeting other industries, creating some clear winners and losers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>At the Car Wash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sure in summer we’ll see an influx in business, which is great,” said Jeff Wheeler of AJ Auto Detailing in San Jose, where his crew is pressure-washing a row of cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a month ago, the San Jose City Council passed drought rules that most car washing businesses could only dream of: if you live in San Jose, you’re no longer allowed to wash your car at home with potable water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A customer came in the other day and he brought his truck,” said Jeff’s brother, Jordan Wheeler. “He has a big yard and he has tractors and stuff and he said he was washing off a couple of his tractors and a neighbor complained and called the police on him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washing cars at home is still allowed by most other water agencies, if residents have a shutoff nozzle on their hose. But San Jose has banned it with or without a nozzle because the city is aiming to cut water use by 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler’s car wash has an added selling point for drought-minded customers: water recycling. The sudsy water flowing off the cars is recaptured, filtered and put into large tanks. Each gallon is reused four to five times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually only using about 2-to-2.5 gallons per car and that’s less than a dishwasher uses,” Wheeler said. While most car washes recapture at least some water in California, Wheeler’s is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://carwash.org/watersavers\">WaterSavers program\u003c/a>, which accredits car washes that recycle higher levels of water and filter what they discharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30617\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/carwash2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/carwash2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"The water at AJ Auto Detailing in San Jose is recaptured and reused. San Jose has banned car washing at home with potable water. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water at AJ Auto Detailing in San Jose is recaptured and reused. San Jose has banned car washing at home with potable water. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The recycling system cost $90,000 to purchase and install, but the business is seeing a return in lower water bills. “When we bought it three years ago, I don’t think anyone thought we’d be in a drought in 2015,” Wheeler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But alongside industries getting flush from the drought, are others on the losing end–including one that’s a symbol of the California dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Backyard Pools Run Dry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much every customer asks about the drought,” said Marc Hannigan as he walked through the showroom of Royal Pools in San Jose where several pools are on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his customers are asking, “is there gonna be enough water to fill my pool?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s reason to ask: at least 30 California water agencies and cities, including San Jose, Dublin and Morgan Hill, have passed drought rules about pools. Most have banned filling new pools with potable water. Others are considering bans now, which doesn’t surprise Hanngian. He says pools are an easy target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very symbolic and it looks good: banning swimming pools,” he said. “Because people assume they are a huge water user. But swimming pools don’t waste water like people think they do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanngian is referring to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2015/05/13/california-pool-construction-soars-during-drought/\">commonly cited analysis\u003c/a> done by the Santa Margarita Water District, comparing the water use of backyard pools to landscaping. A new built-in pool can require 20-to-30,000 gallons to fill up. After that, it uses much less. According to the study, a pool, especially with a cover, can use less than a lawn does over time, but it takes three to five years to reach the break-even point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hannigan has been repeating this at as many city council meetings as he can get to, like in Morgan Hill a few weeks ago. “A couple of the members said, ‘You’ve made some very compelling arguments here and we’ll have to reconsider this,’” he said. “Whether that will happen or not is up in the air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”R4loZ5YdSPx934cTX7jJhrTJ1QYVkScr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fine with them cutting back and restricting the number of permits they offer,” said Hannigan. “That’s a fair way to go about this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filling new pools is a small slice of the overall water use in most water districts. In the city of Dublin, new pools account for just a tiny fraction of one percent of the use. But the Dublin San Ramon Services District prohibits filling new pools because they’re considered a non-essential use of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tens of thousands of gallons that it takes to fill a pool may not matter much in aggregate,” said San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo. “But to build new pools and create demand for something that is not critical in terms of need simply does not move us forward in our water conservation goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all in this thing together and that means we all need to tighten our belts and in some ways, that’s not always comfortable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pool industry says it’s already feeling uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t know is how many people aren’t calling,” Hannigan said. “How many people want a pool and are waiting, after four or five years of recession? Now they have the money and wherewithal to put a pool in and they’re not calling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making the Public Feel the Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As water agencies put together their own mix of water conservation rules, many are having to walk the line between water savings and behavioral psychology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As agencies are trying to meet some of the restrictions, in some cases up to 36 percent, they’re going to have to cut a lot of things,” said Heather Cooley of the Pacific Institute, a water think tank in Oakland. “And so every bit is going to help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in water districts that have low conservation targets, some rules are less about saving water and more about getting the public’s attention, like the one that \u003ca href=\"http://m.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-State-approves-sweeping-6139559.php\">prevents restaurants from serving water\u003c/a> unless customers ask for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\n\u003ch3>Required Water Cuts by Utility\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/03/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See California’s water cuts by region\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/03/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/winners_losers_map.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s showing people that we are in a drought,” said Cooley. “That we need to be thinking about all the different ways we use water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making everyday Californians feel the pain, Cooley said, they’re more likely to step up and make lasting changes, like putting in drought-friendly landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In every city, lawns are sort of standard when a new area is put in, when a street median is put in,” she said. “And so that has to change and this drought, I think, is really going to drive that change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more permanent changes, like taking out lawns and installing more efficient water appliances, will make conservation easier when the next drought rolls around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t something that’s going to go away when this drought ends,” she said. “This is really what our future is going to look like and so we need to be thinking and re-evaluating how we use and manage water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators expect to release data about how well – or poorly – water agencies are saving water in mid-July.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Starting today, the meter is running for cities trying to meet the governor’s strict new water conservation targets. And the new restrictions are already having “ripple” effects: some businesses are drying up, while others are cashing in on the drought.",
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"description": "Starting today, the meter is running for cities trying to meet the governor’s strict new water conservation targets. And the new restrictions are already having “ripple” effects: some businesses are drying up, while others are cashing in on the drought.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/pool3-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/pool3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A display pool at Royal Pools in San Jose. Several Bay Area water districts have banned the filling of new pools. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A display pool at Royal Pools in San Jose. Several Bay Area water districts have banned filling new pools with potable water. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The meter has officially started running on California’s efforts to meet \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">strict new water conservation targets\u003c/a> from Governor Jerry Brown. The first-ever statewide urban restrictions aim to cut water use by an average of 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The actual cuts \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/05/08/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\">vary from place to place\u003c/a> depending on the water use in each local district. Some water-thrifty areas only have to cut 8 percent, while larger cuts go up to 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How local cities and water agencies achieve those cuts is up to them. Most are passing rules that limit outdoor watering, but some are targeting other industries, creating some clear winners and losers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>At the Car Wash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sure in summer we’ll see an influx in business, which is great,” said Jeff Wheeler of AJ Auto Detailing in San Jose, where his crew is pressure-washing a row of cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a month ago, the San Jose City Council passed drought rules that most car washing businesses could only dream of: if you live in San Jose, you’re no longer allowed to wash your car at home with potable water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A customer came in the other day and he brought his truck,” said Jeff’s brother, Jordan Wheeler. “He has a big yard and he has tractors and stuff and he said he was washing off a couple of his tractors and a neighbor complained and called the police on him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washing cars at home is still allowed by most other water agencies, if residents have a shutoff nozzle on their hose. But San Jose has banned it with or without a nozzle because the city is aiming to cut water use by 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler’s car wash has an added selling point for drought-minded customers: water recycling. The sudsy water flowing off the cars is recaptured, filtered and put into large tanks. Each gallon is reused four to five times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually only using about 2-to-2.5 gallons per car and that’s less than a dishwasher uses,” Wheeler said. While most car washes recapture at least some water in California, Wheeler’s is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://carwash.org/watersavers\">WaterSavers program\u003c/a>, which accredits car washes that recycle higher levels of water and filter what they discharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30617\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/carwash2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/carwash2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"The water at AJ Auto Detailing in San Jose is recaptured and reused. San Jose has banned car washing at home with potable water. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water at AJ Auto Detailing in San Jose is recaptured and reused. San Jose has banned car washing at home with potable water. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The recycling system cost $90,000 to purchase and install, but the business is seeing a return in lower water bills. “When we bought it three years ago, I don’t think anyone thought we’d be in a drought in 2015,” Wheeler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But alongside industries getting flush from the drought, are others on the losing end–including one that’s a symbol of the California dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Backyard Pools Run Dry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much every customer asks about the drought,” said Marc Hannigan as he walked through the showroom of Royal Pools in San Jose where several pools are on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his customers are asking, “is there gonna be enough water to fill my pool?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s reason to ask: at least 30 California water agencies and cities, including San Jose, Dublin and Morgan Hill, have passed drought rules about pools. Most have banned filling new pools with potable water. Others are considering bans now, which doesn’t surprise Hanngian. He says pools are an easy target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is very symbolic and it looks good: banning swimming pools,” he said. “Because people assume they are a huge water user. But swimming pools don’t waste water like people think they do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanngian is referring to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2015/05/13/california-pool-construction-soars-during-drought/\">commonly cited analysis\u003c/a> done by the Santa Margarita Water District, comparing the water use of backyard pools to landscaping. A new built-in pool can require 20-to-30,000 gallons to fill up. After that, it uses much less. According to the study, a pool, especially with a cover, can use less than a lawn does over time, but it takes three to five years to reach the break-even point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hannigan has been repeating this at as many city council meetings as he can get to, like in Morgan Hill a few weeks ago. “A couple of the members said, ‘You’ve made some very compelling arguments here and we’ll have to reconsider this,’” he said. “Whether that will happen or not is up in the air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fine with them cutting back and restricting the number of permits they offer,” said Hannigan. “That’s a fair way to go about this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filling new pools is a small slice of the overall water use in most water districts. In the city of Dublin, new pools account for just a tiny fraction of one percent of the use. But the Dublin San Ramon Services District prohibits filling new pools because they’re considered a non-essential use of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tens of thousands of gallons that it takes to fill a pool may not matter much in aggregate,” said San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo. “But to build new pools and create demand for something that is not critical in terms of need simply does not move us forward in our water conservation goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all in this thing together and that means we all need to tighten our belts and in some ways, that’s not always comfortable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pool industry says it’s already feeling uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t know is how many people aren’t calling,” Hannigan said. “How many people want a pool and are waiting, after four or five years of recession? Now they have the money and wherewithal to put a pool in and they’re not calling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making the Public Feel the Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As water agencies put together their own mix of water conservation rules, many are having to walk the line between water savings and behavioral psychology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As agencies are trying to meet some of the restrictions, in some cases up to 36 percent, they’re going to have to cut a lot of things,” said Heather Cooley of the Pacific Institute, a water think tank in Oakland. “And so every bit is going to help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in water districts that have low conservation targets, some rules are less about saving water and more about getting the public’s attention, like the one that \u003ca href=\"http://m.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-State-approves-sweeping-6139559.php\">prevents restaurants from serving water\u003c/a> unless customers ask for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\n\u003ch3>Required Water Cuts by Utility\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/03/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See California’s water cuts by region\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/03/what-mandatory-water-cuts-in-cities-throughout-california-look-like-in-three-interactive-maps/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/winners_losers_map.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s showing people that we are in a drought,” said Cooley. “That we need to be thinking about all the different ways we use water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making everyday Californians feel the pain, Cooley said, they’re more likely to step up and make lasting changes, like putting in drought-friendly landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In every city, lawns are sort of standard when a new area is put in, when a street median is put in,” she said. “And so that has to change and this drought, I think, is really going to drive that change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more permanent changes, like taking out lawns and installing more efficient water appliances, will make conservation easier when the next drought rolls around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t something that’s going to go away when this drought ends,” she said. “This is really what our future is going to look like and so we need to be thinking and re-evaluating how we use and manage water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators expect to release data about how well – or poorly – water agencies are saving water in mid-July.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Millipede Has Brilliant Adaptation to Heat",
"headTitle": "California Millipede Has Brilliant Adaptation to Heat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have found that an elusive millipede species near San Luis Obispo can actually glow. These millipedes were first—and last—seen in 1967, but no one knew that they glowed until their rediscovery in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, in that same year students from UC Davis discovered \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-the-glowing-millipedes-of-alcatraz/\">glowing millipedes on Alcatraz Island\u003c/a>, crawling quietly around the famous penitentiary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30658\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_6644-20140118-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_6644-20140118-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"fluorescent millipede\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A millipede on Alcatraz Island fluoresces under a blacklight. (Alexander Nguyen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, the two glows are completely different. The Alcatraz millipedes are fluorescent, which means they shine only when illuminated with a blacklight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluorescence is often seen in millipedes. According to UC Davis undergraduate researcher Alexander Nguyen, the animals on Alcatraz belong to a well-known Northern California species. And the new species from San Luis Obispo (SLO) is likely to fluoresce too. But the SLO species can also produce its own light from scratch, a process called bioluminescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though bioluminescence is rare among millipedes, California is relatively rich in such \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motyxia\">luminous species\u003c/a>. The SLO species is the eleventh California luminous millipede—and has the faintest glow of all. That might seem disappointing, but the animal’s very dimness offers a key to the long-standing puzzle of how luminescence evolved in this group. Entomologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.ento.vt.edu/people/tenure/marek-paul/index.html\">Paul Marek\u003c/a> of Virginia Tech and \u003ca href=\"https://ag.arizona.edu/ento/faculty/moore.htm\">Wendy Moore\u003c/a> of the University of Arizona published a study on May 4th in the journal \u003ci>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/20/6419.abstract\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/i> showing that the millipedes’ glow actually began as a way to cope with California’s dry heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30671\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/150418-1545-162x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30671\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/150418-1545-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"bioluminescent millipede\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographer Elliot Lowndes says these millipedes smell of “almonds and iodine” due to cyanide secretion. (\u003ca href=\"http://mrlowndes.com/2015/04/21/marzipan-and-iodine-sniffing-out-bioluminescence/\">Elliot Lowndes\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California luminous millipedes are all just a few centimeters long, shorter than your finger. Blind and nocturnal, they live in mountain forests and meadows, where they keep to a steady diet of moldy leaves. But they’re not completely harmless—as a defensive measure, their pores ooze cyanide. Their characteristic blue-green glow is thought to warn potential predators about this deadly poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aposematism\">Warning colors and displays\u003c/a> are common throughout the animal kingdom, from monarch butterflies to skunks, but scientists have always struggled to understand how they could evolve. Any new trait begins as a mutation in one or a few individuals, and a warning display isn’t useful on that scale. A large group of animals must all use the same warning before predators can learn to associate it with a nasty taste or a painful poisoning. So if there’s no benefit to the first mutants, how does the trait survive and spread?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the SLO millipede comes in. In addition to shining with the faintest glow of any luminous millipede, it also lives at quite low elevation—just a couple hundred meters. It may not face many predators this close to sea level, because small millipede-munching mammals become more diverse the higher you go. It’s no coincidence that this low-elevation species also has lower toxicity, as indicated by smaller cyanide glands, than its alpine cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among all eleven species of glowing millipedes, Marek and Moore found a continuous relationship between elevation, toxicity, and brightness. The higher a species lives, the more cyanide it makes and the brighter it glows, giving predators an honest signal of the danger posed by each mouthful. So far so good—but there’s still the problem of that “early evolutionary jump.” How and why did the glow spread from the first mutant milipedes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/figure1-243x162.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/figure1-243x162.png\" alt=\"more toxic millipede glows brighter\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A millipede that lives at high elevation (A, B) glows more brightly than the new low-elevation species (C, D) to warn of its greater toxicity. (Marek and Moore)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the luminescence didn’t originally evolve as a warning. Perhaps it served another purpose, useful to individual mutants from the very beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low elevation doesn’t just mean a lower risk of being eaten—in California, it also means a hotter, drier climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And hot dry weather stresses out millipedes, just like the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the cellular level, this stress produces damaging molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS). They’ve been implicated in aging and various forms of cancer, and antioxidants are often touted as a beneficial countermeasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a number of animals, however, ROS are also a critical ingredient in a chemical reaction to produce . . . light! In the process of luminescing, the ROS are neutralized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marek and Moore propose that the millipedes’ glow began as a mere side effect of adapting to the stressful California climate. By neutralizing the ROS in their cells, the initial mutants gained a competitive advantage, and the trait spread throughout the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only later was this incidental luminescence co-opted into an active warning signal—by an eyeless animal that has never seen its own light.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have found that an elusive millipede species near San Luis Obispo can actually glow. These millipedes were first—and last—seen in 1967, but no one knew that they glowed until their rediscovery in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, in that same year students from UC Davis discovered \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-the-glowing-millipedes-of-alcatraz/\">glowing millipedes on Alcatraz Island\u003c/a>, crawling quietly around the famous penitentiary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30658\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_6644-20140118-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_6644-20140118-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"fluorescent millipede\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A millipede on Alcatraz Island fluoresces under a blacklight. (Alexander Nguyen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, the two glows are completely different. The Alcatraz millipedes are fluorescent, which means they shine only when illuminated with a blacklight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluorescence is often seen in millipedes. According to UC Davis undergraduate researcher Alexander Nguyen, the animals on Alcatraz belong to a well-known Northern California species. And the new species from San Luis Obispo (SLO) is likely to fluoresce too. But the SLO species can also produce its own light from scratch, a process called bioluminescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though bioluminescence is rare among millipedes, California is relatively rich in such \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motyxia\">luminous species\u003c/a>. The SLO species is the eleventh California luminous millipede—and has the faintest glow of all. That might seem disappointing, but the animal’s very dimness offers a key to the long-standing puzzle of how luminescence evolved in this group. Entomologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.ento.vt.edu/people/tenure/marek-paul/index.html\">Paul Marek\u003c/a> of Virginia Tech and \u003ca href=\"https://ag.arizona.edu/ento/faculty/moore.htm\">Wendy Moore\u003c/a> of the University of Arizona published a study on May 4th in the journal \u003ci>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/20/6419.abstract\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/i> showing that the millipedes’ glow actually began as a way to cope with California’s dry heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30671\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/150418-1545-162x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30671\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/150418-1545-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"bioluminescent millipede\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographer Elliot Lowndes says these millipedes smell of “almonds and iodine” due to cyanide secretion. (\u003ca href=\"http://mrlowndes.com/2015/04/21/marzipan-and-iodine-sniffing-out-bioluminescence/\">Elliot Lowndes\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California luminous millipedes are all just a few centimeters long, shorter than your finger. Blind and nocturnal, they live in mountain forests and meadows, where they keep to a steady diet of moldy leaves. But they’re not completely harmless—as a defensive measure, their pores ooze cyanide. Their characteristic blue-green glow is thought to warn potential predators about this deadly poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aposematism\">Warning colors and displays\u003c/a> are common throughout the animal kingdom, from monarch butterflies to skunks, but scientists have always struggled to understand how they could evolve. Any new trait begins as a mutation in one or a few individuals, and a warning display isn’t useful on that scale. A large group of animals must all use the same warning before predators can learn to associate it with a nasty taste or a painful poisoning. So if there’s no benefit to the first mutants, how does the trait survive and spread?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the SLO millipede comes in. In addition to shining with the faintest glow of any luminous millipede, it also lives at quite low elevation—just a couple hundred meters. It may not face many predators this close to sea level, because small millipede-munching mammals become more diverse the higher you go. It’s no coincidence that this low-elevation species also has lower toxicity, as indicated by smaller cyanide glands, than its alpine cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among all eleven species of glowing millipedes, Marek and Moore found a continuous relationship between elevation, toxicity, and brightness. The higher a species lives, the more cyanide it makes and the brighter it glows, giving predators an honest signal of the danger posed by each mouthful. So far so good—but there’s still the problem of that “early evolutionary jump.” How and why did the glow spread from the first mutant milipedes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/figure1-243x162.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/figure1-243x162.png\" alt=\"more toxic millipede glows brighter\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A millipede that lives at high elevation (A, B) glows more brightly than the new low-elevation species (C, D) to warn of its greater toxicity. (Marek and Moore)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the luminescence didn’t originally evolve as a warning. Perhaps it served another purpose, useful to individual mutants from the very beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low elevation doesn’t just mean a lower risk of being eaten—in California, it also means a hotter, drier climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And hot dry weather stresses out millipedes, just like the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the cellular level, this stress produces damaging molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS). They’ve been implicated in aging and various forms of cancer, and antioxidants are often touted as a beneficial countermeasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a number of animals, however, ROS are also a critical ingredient in a chemical reaction to produce . . . light! In the process of luminescing, the ROS are neutralized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marek and Moore propose that the millipedes’ glow began as a mere side effect of adapting to the stressful California climate. By neutralizing the ROS in their cells, the initial mutants gained a competitive advantage, and the trait spread throughout the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only later was this incidental luminescence co-opted into an active warning signal—by an eyeless animal that has never seen its own light.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA Spacecraft Closes in on a Summer Encounter With Pluto",
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"content": "\u003cp>Eighty-five years after its discovery in 1930, the distant and mysterious Pluto will finally become an “explored” planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has been en route to Pluto for nearly ten years, and is almost there, speeding toward a close encounter on July 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of late May, New Horizons was less than 35 million miles from its target–roughly the same distance from the sun to the planet Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the small, nuclear-powered interplanetary probe awoke from a state of robotic hibernation to make ready for the flyby. Since waking, mission operators have performed systems tests and captured approach images of the Pluto system from a distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming flyby encounter is a proverbial “don’t blink or you’ll miss it” scenario, so making sure that all systems are go is imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the “big reveal” will take place on July 14, New Horizons has been tantalizing us with advances on our investment of curiosity. Here are a few highlights from recent weeks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Pluto and Its Moons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30556\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/OpNav3_barycen_noano-1021x1024.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/OpNav3_barycen_noano-1021x1024.gif\" alt=\"Images captured by New Horizons' LORRI instrument showing mutual revolution of Pluto and Charon. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\" width=\"293\" height=\"295\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by New Horizons’ LORRI instrument showing mutual revolution of Pluto and Charon. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series of images\u003c/a> captured by New Horizons’ Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) instrument shows us clearly what we have known analytically for some time: that Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are more of a double-planet than a planet and its moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charon is half the diameter of Pluto, so large in comparison that the two actually orbit a point in space between them, like a pair of figure skaters swinging each other by the hands as they spin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/sk_movie-288x115.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/sk_movie-288x115.gif\" alt=\"New Horizons' captures images of all known moons of Pluto with its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager instrument. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\" width=\"298\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons captures images of all known moons of Pluto with its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager instrument. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Horizons has captured images of Pluto’s\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> five known moons\u003c/a>, one by one. First was the large moon Charon, which it spotted almost two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two smaller moons, Hydra and Nix, came into view in July 2014 and last January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, in late April/early May, the two smallest and faintest known satellites, Kerberos and Styx, were revealed, completing the family portrait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there are more moons orbiting Pluto, New Horizons is well-positioned to discover them as it draws closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Polar Ice Cap on Pluto?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late April, from a distance of 70 million miles, New Horizons began to capture images of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surface features on Pluto\u003c/a>, including a bright spot located at Pluto’s visible pole. It’s too soon to tell, but a bright area at a planet’s pole is suggestive of a polar ice cap, as on Earth and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These images prove that New Horizons has begun to show us things we’ve never seen before–things we cannot presently see from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When New Horizons launched in 2006, it set forth to explore the smallest, most distant, and least understood planet in the solar system. Despite the fact that the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet shortly after launch, our scientific and imaginative curiosity about this small world is unchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, one of the reasons that Pluto was reclassified is that it is different from the major planets, and more similar to other objects found orbiting the sun beyond Neptune’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representative of a little-understood group of celestial bodies, the “ice dwarf planets,” one of four discovered so far, the exploration of Pluto and its moons is a first look into a realm of our solar system that we know almost nothing about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since childhood, I—along with millions of others—have dreamed about what Pluto may be like, envisioning a dark, icy landscape glittering under the weak rays of a sun no brighter than an exceptional star. That long dream is almost over–and my excitement is hard to contain!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Eight-five years after its discovery in 1930, the distant and mysterious Pluto will finally become an \"explored\" planet. NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has been en route to Pluto for nearly ten years, and is almost there, speeding toward a close encounter in July. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Eighty-five years after its discovery in 1930, the distant and mysterious Pluto will finally become an “explored” planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has been en route to Pluto for nearly ten years, and is almost there, speeding toward a close encounter on July 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of late May, New Horizons was less than 35 million miles from its target–roughly the same distance from the sun to the planet Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the small, nuclear-powered interplanetary probe awoke from a state of robotic hibernation to make ready for the flyby. Since waking, mission operators have performed systems tests and captured approach images of the Pluto system from a distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming flyby encounter is a proverbial “don’t blink or you’ll miss it” scenario, so making sure that all systems are go is imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the “big reveal” will take place on July 14, New Horizons has been tantalizing us with advances on our investment of curiosity. Here are a few highlights from recent weeks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We Know About Pluto and Its Moons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30556\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/OpNav3_barycen_noano-1021x1024.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/OpNav3_barycen_noano-1021x1024.gif\" alt=\"Images captured by New Horizons' LORRI instrument showing mutual revolution of Pluto and Charon. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\" width=\"293\" height=\"295\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by New Horizons’ LORRI instrument showing mutual revolution of Pluto and Charon. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series of images\u003c/a> captured by New Horizons’ Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) instrument shows us clearly what we have known analytically for some time: that Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are more of a double-planet than a planet and its moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charon is half the diameter of Pluto, so large in comparison that the two actually orbit a point in space between them, like a pair of figure skaters swinging each other by the hands as they spin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/sk_movie-288x115.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/sk_movie-288x115.gif\" alt=\"New Horizons' captures images of all known moons of Pluto with its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager instrument. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\" width=\"298\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons captures images of all known moons of Pluto with its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager instrument. (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Horizons has captured images of Pluto’s\u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> five known moons\u003c/a>, one by one. First was the large moon Charon, which it spotted almost two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two smaller moons, Hydra and Nix, came into view in July 2014 and last January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, in late April/early May, the two smallest and faintest known satellites, Kerberos and Styx, were revealed, completing the family portrait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there are more moons orbiting Pluto, New Horizons is well-positioned to discover them as it draws closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Polar Ice Cap on Pluto?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late April, from a distance of 70 million miles, New Horizons began to capture images of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surface features on Pluto\u003c/a>, including a bright spot located at Pluto’s visible pole. It’s too soon to tell, but a bright area at a planet’s pole is suggestive of a polar ice cap, as on Earth and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These images prove that New Horizons has begun to show us things we’ve never seen before–things we cannot presently see from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When New Horizons launched in 2006, it set forth to explore the smallest, most distant, and least understood planet in the solar system. Despite the fact that the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet shortly after launch, our scientific and imaginative curiosity about this small world is unchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, one of the reasons that Pluto was reclassified is that it is different from the major planets, and more similar to other objects found orbiting the sun beyond Neptune’s orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representative of a little-understood group of celestial bodies, the “ice dwarf planets,” one of four discovered so far, the exploration of Pluto and its moons is a first look into a realm of our solar system that we know almost nothing about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since childhood, I—along with millions of others—have dreamed about what Pluto may be like, envisioning a dark, icy landscape glittering under the weak rays of a sun no brighter than an exceptional star. That long dream is almost over–and my excitement is hard to contain!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In California, Technology Makes Droughtshaming Easier Than Ever",
"headTitle": "In California, Technology Makes Droughtshaming Easier Than Ever | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30520\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Brown_is_new-green-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Brown_is_new-green-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A sign on San Francisco's Marina Green publicizing the state's effort to save water. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign on San Francisco’s Marina Green publicizing the state’s effort to save water. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/349243304/sam-sanders\">Sam Sanders\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s drought is turning neighbor against neighbor, as everyone seems to be on the lookout for water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Los Angeles resident Jane Demian, for example. She recently got a letter from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power’s Water Conservation Response Unit, about an unverified report of prohibited water use activity at her home in the Eagle Rock neighborhood of L.A. Demian says she was called out for water runoff onto the sidewalk, driveway and gutter, and the unauthorized “washdown of hardscapes” like the walkway to her house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Demian isn’t even sure that water waste was hers. “My neighbor next door runs his sprinkler,” Demian told NPR. “And then the sprinkler water cascades down the street, ends up on my sidewalk, and waters my sidewalk actually!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides not knowing whose water she’s getting in trouble for, Demian also doesn’t know who called her out. She thinks it may be another neighbor down the street, getting revenge after she previously complained about a noise violation from his house. But she’s reluctant to confirm. “I’m certainly not going to go over and ask him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ordeal has left Demian emotional. “I’m just shocked actually, paranoid, and a little squeamish now about even watering at all,” she said. “I can’t really trust people anymore. So I wonder now, who was it, who turned me in?!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the current state of affairs in the Golden State. Mandatory water restrictions there, as California endures its fourth year of drought, have turned entire neighborhoods into water-waster whodunit mysteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as bad as Demian’s story may sound, it could have been worse. She was called out privately. In this new age of social media and apps for everything, so called “droughtshaming,” can be much more public, and nastier than what Demian got a taste of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30522\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/vizsafe_image.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-30522\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/vizsafe_image.png\" alt=\"A screen grab from the app VizSafe, where users can report things like fallen branches, potholes, and even water wasters to a geotagged map. (NPR)\" width=\"329\" height=\"568\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screen grab from the app VizSafe, where users can report things like fallen branches, potholes, and even water wasters to a geotagged map. (NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just look at Twitter. If you search the social media site for the hashtags #DroughtShame or #DroughtShaming,” you’ll find hundreds, if not thousands of very public reprimands of water wasters, often with pictures, video, and a lot of addresses. Some tweets are directed right towards Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti. Others have photos that show the water wasters themselves. Even celebrities like Kim Kardashian and Barbara Streisand have been droughtshamed on Twitter, with aerial shots of their large estates with plush green lawns. A private phone call this is not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s more — droughtshaming apps. \u003ca href=\"https://www.vizsafe.com/\">VizSafe\u003c/a> might be the most popular, even though it wasn’t created specifically for that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We launched the app last year,” says VizSafe founder and CEO Peter Mottur. “It’s really a broad community safety and wellbeing platform for sharing photos and videos that are all geolocated and mapped.” Mottur says people can report anything from a fallen tree to a pothole, but increasingly he says, “users are posting information about their neighbors who are wasting water.” And that data ends up on a map that is visible to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another, newer app devoted only to droughtshaming, and it’s called, obviously,\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/droughtshameapp\">DroughtShameApp\u003c/a>. Creator Dan Estes, a Santa Monica real estate agent, says he made the app just a few weeks ago out of a feeling of responsibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think like a lot of Angelenos, I’m a little freaked out by the drought,” he told NPR. “It just seems like something has to be done to avoid a long-term catastrophe.” Estes’ app lets users upload geo-located photos, with captions and addresses to report water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, all this new app data from VizSafe and DroughtShameApp, is it useful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dean Kubani, sustainability manager for the City of Santa Monica, says no, at least not right now. “What he’s [Estes] doing sounds kind of redundant to what we already have in place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he spoke with NPR, Kubani said he’s never heard of the apps, and that in fact, Santa Monica already has its own droughtshaming app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well we call it the \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/go-smgov/id495988202?mt=8\">GO system\u003c/a>, and it basically allows residents and visitors to communicate with the appropriate people in the city,” says Kubani. You can use it to upload reports on all kinds of things: fallen branches, potholes, and even water wasters. Los Angeles has a similar app, too, called \u003ca href=\"http://lacity.org/311-directory-online-services/mobile-apps-and-sites/myla311\">MyLA311\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that means data from these independent apps might not be seen by the right eyes. “It’s not getting through to us,” says Kubani, “and we’re the folks doing enforcement and education about this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if data from those apps got to Kubani’s office, he’s not sure he’d use it. “It might be very outdated,” he said. “I don’t know where it came from, or how it was obtained. I wouldn’t be able to verify it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, If you use an unofficial app to droughtshame, it might not get to the right person. And if you call someone out on Twitter, but don’t direct message or tag the LA Department of Water and Power, they might not see that either [Santa Monica says it doesn’t monitor Twitter for water wasters at all], proving once again that not all data is good data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local government representatives from Los Angeles and Santa Monica said they’re open to talking with Dan Estes about his Drought Shame App, so one day, all of that data might be synced up, and more droughtshaming could be used for actual punishment and not just shaming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens with all that data, Demian, the Eagle Rock resident who got the warning letter a few weeks ago, has changed her behavior. “I’ve been taking my watering can, believe it or not, and watering with my watering can,” she says. “See everybody! I don’t have my hose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one California resident has changed her behavior. Sometimes, just the shame can be enough.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30520\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Brown_is_new-green-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Brown_is_new-green-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A sign on San Francisco's Marina Green publicizing the state's effort to save water. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign on San Francisco’s Marina Green publicizing the state’s effort to save water. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/349243304/sam-sanders\">Sam Sanders\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s drought is turning neighbor against neighbor, as everyone seems to be on the lookout for water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Los Angeles resident Jane Demian, for example. She recently got a letter from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power’s Water Conservation Response Unit, about an unverified report of prohibited water use activity at her home in the Eagle Rock neighborhood of L.A. Demian says she was called out for water runoff onto the sidewalk, driveway and gutter, and the unauthorized “washdown of hardscapes” like the walkway to her house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Demian isn’t even sure that water waste was hers. “My neighbor next door runs his sprinkler,” Demian told NPR. “And then the sprinkler water cascades down the street, ends up on my sidewalk, and waters my sidewalk actually!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides not knowing whose water she’s getting in trouble for, Demian also doesn’t know who called her out. She thinks it may be another neighbor down the street, getting revenge after she previously complained about a noise violation from his house. But she’s reluctant to confirm. “I’m certainly not going to go over and ask him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ordeal has left Demian emotional. “I’m just shocked actually, paranoid, and a little squeamish now about even watering at all,” she said. “I can’t really trust people anymore. So I wonder now, who was it, who turned me in?!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the current state of affairs in the Golden State. Mandatory water restrictions there, as California endures its fourth year of drought, have turned entire neighborhoods into water-waster whodunit mysteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as bad as Demian’s story may sound, it could have been worse. She was called out privately. In this new age of social media and apps for everything, so called “droughtshaming,” can be much more public, and nastier than what Demian got a taste of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30522\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/vizsafe_image.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-30522\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/vizsafe_image.png\" alt=\"A screen grab from the app VizSafe, where users can report things like fallen branches, potholes, and even water wasters to a geotagged map. (NPR)\" width=\"329\" height=\"568\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screen grab from the app VizSafe, where users can report things like fallen branches, potholes, and even water wasters to a geotagged map. (NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just look at Twitter. If you search the social media site for the hashtags #DroughtShame or #DroughtShaming,” you’ll find hundreds, if not thousands of very public reprimands of water wasters, often with pictures, video, and a lot of addresses. Some tweets are directed right towards Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti. Others have photos that show the water wasters themselves. Even celebrities like Kim Kardashian and Barbara Streisand have been droughtshamed on Twitter, with aerial shots of their large estates with plush green lawns. A private phone call this is not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s more — droughtshaming apps. \u003ca href=\"https://www.vizsafe.com/\">VizSafe\u003c/a> might be the most popular, even though it wasn’t created specifically for that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We launched the app last year,” says VizSafe founder and CEO Peter Mottur. “It’s really a broad community safety and wellbeing platform for sharing photos and videos that are all geolocated and mapped.” Mottur says people can report anything from a fallen tree to a pothole, but increasingly he says, “users are posting information about their neighbors who are wasting water.” And that data ends up on a map that is visible to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another, newer app devoted only to droughtshaming, and it’s called, obviously,\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/droughtshameapp\">DroughtShameApp\u003c/a>. Creator Dan Estes, a Santa Monica real estate agent, says he made the app just a few weeks ago out of a feeling of responsibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think like a lot of Angelenos, I’m a little freaked out by the drought,” he told NPR. “It just seems like something has to be done to avoid a long-term catastrophe.” Estes’ app lets users upload geo-located photos, with captions and addresses to report water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, all this new app data from VizSafe and DroughtShameApp, is it useful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dean Kubani, sustainability manager for the City of Santa Monica, says no, at least not right now. “What he’s [Estes] doing sounds kind of redundant to what we already have in place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he spoke with NPR, Kubani said he’s never heard of the apps, and that in fact, Santa Monica already has its own droughtshaming app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well we call it the \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/go-smgov/id495988202?mt=8\">GO system\u003c/a>, and it basically allows residents and visitors to communicate with the appropriate people in the city,” says Kubani. You can use it to upload reports on all kinds of things: fallen branches, potholes, and even water wasters. Los Angeles has a similar app, too, called \u003ca href=\"http://lacity.org/311-directory-online-services/mobile-apps-and-sites/myla311\">MyLA311\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that means data from these independent apps might not be seen by the right eyes. “It’s not getting through to us,” says Kubani, “and we’re the folks doing enforcement and education about this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if data from those apps got to Kubani’s office, he’s not sure he’d use it. “It might be very outdated,” he said. “I don’t know where it came from, or how it was obtained. I wouldn’t be able to verify it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, If you use an unofficial app to droughtshame, it might not get to the right person. And if you call someone out on Twitter, but don’t direct message or tag the LA Department of Water and Power, they might not see that either [Santa Monica says it doesn’t monitor Twitter for water wasters at all], proving once again that not all data is good data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local government representatives from Los Angeles and Santa Monica said they’re open to talking with Dan Estes about his Drought Shame App, so one day, all of that data might be synced up, and more droughtshaming could be used for actual punishment and not just shaming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens with all that data, Demian, the Eagle Rock resident who got the warning letter a few weeks ago, has changed her behavior. “I’ve been taking my watering can, believe it or not, and watering with my watering can,” she says. “See everybody! I don’t have my hose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/climate.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/climate.jpg\" alt=\"Moon Rise behind the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm, 2009. (Chuck Coker/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moon rise behind the San Gorgonio Pass wind farm, 2009. Promoting renewable energy sources like wind and solar is part of the climate pact signed by Governor Jerry Brown and about a dozen other subnational governments. (Chuck Coker/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is adding to its roster of allies in the climate change counteroffensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are hailing \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18964\">an agreement signed Tuesday\u003c/a> by Governor Jerry Brown and an assortment of states, provinces and other “subnational” governments to ratchet up their own climate strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billed as the “Under 2 MOU,” the memorandum of understanding is a pledge to advance policies aimed at arresting global warming at the U.N.’s critical \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/24/opinions/sutter-questions-two-degrees-climate/\">threshold of 2 degrees\u003c/a> Celsius. That’s the level beyond which some scientists say the most catastrophic effects of climate change would kick in and hence, has been widely adopted as a kind of holy grail of climate policy outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even assuming that all parties deliver on their pledges, actually holding the line at 2 degrees would, of course, require serious, sweeping transnational commitments from major emitters like the U.S., China and India, something that negotiators have yet to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Tara Siler spoke with Dan Kammen, who heads the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at UC Berkeley, about the deal and how much difference this kind of subnational agreement can really make in moving the climate needle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/206295637″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003cbr>\n \u003cbr>\nOne tenet of the agreement is the establishment of mid-term emissions targets “to support long-term reduction goals.” Brown set out a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/05/governor-unveils-ambitious-new-climate-goals/\">series of ambitious climate goals\u003c/a> in his January inaugural message, and more recently set a target to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The state had already adopted a 2050 goal to cut warming emissions by 80 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joining Brown in signing on to the MOU are representatives of provincial governments in Canada, Brazil, Germany, Mexico, Spain and the United Kingdom, as well as state officials from Oregon, Washington and Vermont. Previously Brown had cobbled together a West Coast climate action collaborative with Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Provincial officials in France were expected to sign on as well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/climate.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/climate.jpg\" alt=\"Moon Rise behind the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm, 2009. (Chuck Coker/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moon rise behind the San Gorgonio Pass wind farm, 2009. Promoting renewable energy sources like wind and solar is part of the climate pact signed by Governor Jerry Brown and about a dozen other subnational governments. (Chuck Coker/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is adding to its roster of allies in the climate change counteroffensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are hailing \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18964\">an agreement signed Tuesday\u003c/a> by Governor Jerry Brown and an assortment of states, provinces and other “subnational” governments to ratchet up their own climate strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billed as the “Under 2 MOU,” the memorandum of understanding is a pledge to advance policies aimed at arresting global warming at the U.N.’s critical \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/24/opinions/sutter-questions-two-degrees-climate/\">threshold of 2 degrees\u003c/a> Celsius. That’s the level beyond which some scientists say the most catastrophic effects of climate change would kick in and hence, has been widely adopted as a kind of holy grail of climate policy outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even assuming that all parties deliver on their pledges, actually holding the line at 2 degrees would, of course, require serious, sweeping transnational commitments from major emitters like the U.S., China and India, something that negotiators have yet to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Tara Siler spoke with Dan Kammen, who heads the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at UC Berkeley, about the deal and how much difference this kind of subnational agreement can really make in moving the climate needle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Californians Worried About Drought, But Uneasy About Conservation",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30369\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/lake_mcclure-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/lake_mcclure-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite, reached its lowest level ever in February. The reservoir, used mostly for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley, is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite, reached its lowest level ever in February. The reservoir, used mostly for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley, is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly nine in 10 Californians believe the drought is serious, according to a new California Field Poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only about half say they could easily use less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poll surveyed 1,664 Californians on their beliefs about California’s drought. We asked \u003ca href=\"http://www.field.com/fieldpoll/\">The Field Poll\u003c/a> Director Mark DiCamillo to walk us through the highlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED Science: What finding struck you as the most interesting?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DiCamillo:\u003c/strong> Californians are strongly supportive of the Governor’s call to require urban water districts to \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_28052142/california-drought-first-ever-mandatory-water-conservation-rules\">reduce their water use\u003c/a> by an average of 25 percent statewide. This is the first measurement of that and we’re seeing broad-based support: 65 percent in favor of the governor’s plan, just 23 percent opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public is recognizing the severity of the situation and is getting behind its political leaders to try to do something about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“If only half say ‘it’s easy for me to meet the goals,’ then you’re only going to get half the savings.”\u003ccite>–Mark DiCamilloDirector, The Field Poll\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But when you ask people whether they, personally, can cut back, you get a different story.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is found later in the poll. It’s when you ask homeowners — who are actually the ones paying water bills for their own properties — “how easy or difficult would it be for your household to cut back?” and a large proportion say it would be difficult, 44 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that actually increases to 48 percent among the upper-income segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But half say they \u003cem>can \u003c/em>cut their household’s water use easily. That’s good news right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only half say “it’s easy for me to meet the goals,” then you’re only going to get half the savings. You’d want a large majority saying [they] can do this, and there’s a large proportion saying it’s going to be difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meanwhile, people do believe farms can cut back. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re asking Californians: “can the state’s agricultural users reduce the amount of water that they’re using by changing crops or using water more efficiently, without creating real hardships”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-seven percent say yes; 26 percent say no. So the public is expecting that agricultural users will be able to cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This isn’t the first time Californians have found themselves in a drought. Have attitudes changed?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last serious drought the state faced was in ’77. And at that time, 51 percent of Californians said that they thought the situation was “extremely serious.” Now we’re at 66 percent. So same direct question, asked during a different drought, more people now believe this has greater severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/206204986″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30369\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/lake_mcclure-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/lake_mcclure-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite, reached its lowest level ever in February. The reservoir, used mostly for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley, is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite, reached its lowest level ever in February. The reservoir, used mostly for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley, is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly nine in 10 Californians believe the drought is serious, according to a new California Field Poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only about half say they could easily use less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poll surveyed 1,664 Californians on their beliefs about California’s drought. We asked \u003ca href=\"http://www.field.com/fieldpoll/\">The Field Poll\u003c/a> Director Mark DiCamillo to walk us through the highlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED Science: What finding struck you as the most interesting?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DiCamillo:\u003c/strong> Californians are strongly supportive of the Governor’s call to require urban water districts to \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_28052142/california-drought-first-ever-mandatory-water-conservation-rules\">reduce their water use\u003c/a> by an average of 25 percent statewide. This is the first measurement of that and we’re seeing broad-based support: 65 percent in favor of the governor’s plan, just 23 percent opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public is recognizing the severity of the situation and is getting behind its political leaders to try to do something about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“If only half say ‘it’s easy for me to meet the goals,’ then you’re only going to get half the savings.”\u003ccite>–Mark DiCamilloDirector, The Field Poll\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But when you ask people whether they, personally, can cut back, you get a different story.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is found later in the poll. It’s when you ask homeowners — who are actually the ones paying water bills for their own properties — “how easy or difficult would it be for your household to cut back?” and a large proportion say it would be difficult, 44 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that actually increases to 48 percent among the upper-income segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But half say they \u003cem>can \u003c/em>cut their household’s water use easily. That’s good news right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only half say “it’s easy for me to meet the goals,” then you’re only going to get half the savings. You’d want a large majority saying [they] can do this, and there’s a large proportion saying it’s going to be difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meanwhile, people do believe farms can cut back. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re asking Californians: “can the state’s agricultural users reduce the amount of water that they’re using by changing crops or using water more efficiently, without creating real hardships”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-seven percent say yes; 26 percent say no. So the public is expecting that agricultural users will be able to cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This isn’t the first time Californians have found themselves in a drought. Have attitudes changed?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last serious drought the state faced was in ’77. And at that time, 51 percent of Californians said that they thought the situation was “extremely serious.” Now we’re at 66 percent. So same direct question, asked during a different drought, more people now believe this has greater severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/206204986″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/206204986″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/05/20150518Sciencewomeninscience.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30322\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Mukhopadhyay-Biofuels-FULLQUALITY.mov.01_01_17_03.Still002-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30322 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Mukhopadhyay-Biofuels-FULLQUALITY.mov.01_01_17_03.Still002-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Aindrila Mukhopadhyay (right) is a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and leads a biofuels and systems biology team that is 70 percent female, an unusual occurrence in her field. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Staff scientist Aindrila Mukhopadhyay (right) leads a biofuels research and systems biology team, which includes many female postdoctoral researchers from diverse backgrounds. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of college students across California are graduating this month with science degrees. Some dream of careers as researchers and professors, like the people who taught them. But women working toward doctoral degrees in science face gender barriers that can derail their progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/sed/2013/digest/theme1.cfm\">Data from\u003c/a> the National Science Foundation show the number of women earning Ph.D.s in all branches of science has trended up over the last two decades. By 2013, women made up half the doctorates awarded in life sciences. That’s the good news. The bad news is having a doctorate in any branch of science doesn’t eliminate gender bias, and the percentages of women with Ph.D.s in the physical sciences and engineering remain stubbornly low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even early in college, those fields attract relatively few women. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab2-8.pdf\">an NSF table shows \u003c/a>in 2012, 3.9 percent of female freshmen declared an intention to major in engineering, compared to 18.3 percent of males. That pattern holds at the high end of the academic food-chain as well: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab9-5.pdf\">data show\u003c/a> 20,000 women with doctorates are employed in the physical sciences, compared to 85,000 men with doctorates.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘What’s going on here is that the ideal worker is being defined as someone with a stay-at-home wife.’\u003ccite>\u003cbr>\n— Joan Williams,\u003cbr>\nUC Hastings law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This complex, multifarious problem for women making their way into science professions has a beguilingly simple name: “the leaky pipeline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not An Issue Of Personal Choice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Michigan earth sciences professor Ingrid Hendy says there’s a common argument that women in their 30s, wanting to be both moms and professors, are making choices to drop out for a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m rolling my eyes at this point,” Hendy says. “It’s a lot more complex than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, says Joan Williams, law professor at UC Hastings and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://worklifelaw.org/\">Center for WorkLife Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I also think it’s misleading to talk about this in terms of women making hard choices about their families,” Williams says. “That’s not what’s going on here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says scientists want to hire someone who can be hunched over their laptop working at 2 a.m. – not, say, caring for a sick kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s going on here is that the ideal worker is being defined as someone with a stay-at-home wife,” says Williams. “I call that sex discrimination, not women’s choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while it’s true that in certain branches of science, relatively few women ever start the path to a Ph.D., Williams says the problem of gender bias is pervasive across the field. Lots of female scientists report gender bias, and studies have demonstrated it — like one from researchers at Yale University in 2012 called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474.full.pdf\">Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sent more than a hundred faculty members identical resumes – half with a male applicant’s name, half with a female name – and asked, “Would you hire this person to run your lab?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/All-PHDs-by-sex.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-30295\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/All-PHDs-by-sex-1024x480.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it was the exact same resume, both male and female faculty members viewed the male applicant as more competent. Not only that, they offered the female applicant fewer mentorship opportunities and lower starting pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams says there are ways to make a dent in this problem. For instance, just \u003ca href=\"https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem\">put the words “salary negotiable”\u003c/a> on a job posting. While women are less likely to negotiate their salaries than men, a study showed those two words can disrupt this pattern, and markedly narrow the pay gap between men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a good example of a bias interrupter,” Williams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s also just one small point along the pipeline from school to research and faculty positions. The pipeline is long, and its attendant leaks start long before graduate school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge drop-off after high school education,” says Lina Nilsson, at Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://blumcenter.berkeley.edu/\">Blum Center for Developing Economies\u003c/a>. Nilsson recently wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/opinion/how-to-attract-female-engineers.html\">op-ed in the New York Times\u003c/a> titled “How to Attract Female Engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineering tends to rank on the very low end for female participation, with barely one in four doctorates awarded to women in 2013. Nilsson’s program, though, is drawing women in droves. The class has roughly equal numbers of women and men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without even at any point explicitly planning to target women,” Nilsson says, “we’re seeing these massive increases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key, she says, seems to be connecting engineering to social impact – issues like poverty and inequality. Nilsson’s specialty is development engineering: helping countries get clean water, diagnose disease and so on. She says women are filling up similar classes across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30280\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/marie-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/marie-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Marie Champagne loads samples into a centrifuge at UC Berkeley. Champagne studies paleo-climate, but says until just a few years ago, being a scientist wasn't at all on her radar. (Daniel Potter / KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marie Champagne loads samples into a centrifuge at UC Berkeley. Champagne says she didn’t know she loved science until nearly the end of community college. (Daniel Potter / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Would’ve Had No Idea’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a lab one building over at Berkeley, Marie Champagne uses a powerful acid to prepare lake-bottom samples, which she spins in a centrifuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These samples are a window to what the climate was like thousands of years ago, Champagne says, based on clues like bits of pollen visible under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up, I would’ve had no idea what paleo-climate was, let alone that I wanted to go into it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Champagne grew up near a small town in Mendocino County. She says there weren’t a lot of scientists in her life. She gravitated toward English as she entered community college. There, she had a teacher who was pivotal in identifying and developing her interests in earth science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to be a little bit more frightened of taking like a physics class,” Champagne says. “I didn’t take physics until I was a senior — and I loved it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Champagne starts her Ph.D. this fall at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30322\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Mukhopadhyay-Biofuels-FULLQUALITY.mov.01_01_17_03.Still002-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30322 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/Mukhopadhyay-Biofuels-FULLQUALITY.mov.01_01_17_03.Still002-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Aindrila Mukhopadhyay (right) is a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and leads a biofuels and systems biology team that is 70 percent female, an unusual occurrence in her field. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Staff scientist Aindrila Mukhopadhyay (right) leads a biofuels research and systems biology team, which includes many female postdoctoral researchers from diverse backgrounds. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of college students across California are graduating this month with science degrees. Some dream of careers as researchers and professors, like the people who taught them. But women working toward doctoral degrees in science face gender barriers that can derail their progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/sed/2013/digest/theme1.cfm\">Data from\u003c/a> the National Science Foundation show the number of women earning Ph.D.s in all branches of science has trended up over the last two decades. By 2013, women made up half the doctorates awarded in life sciences. That’s the good news. The bad news is having a doctorate in any branch of science doesn’t eliminate gender bias, and the percentages of women with Ph.D.s in the physical sciences and engineering remain stubbornly low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even early in college, those fields attract relatively few women. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab2-8.pdf\">an NSF table shows \u003c/a>in 2012, 3.9 percent of female freshmen declared an intention to major in engineering, compared to 18.3 percent of males. That pattern holds at the high end of the academic food-chain as well: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15311/tables/pdf/tab9-5.pdf\">data show\u003c/a> 20,000 women with doctorates are employed in the physical sciences, compared to 85,000 men with doctorates.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘What’s going on here is that the ideal worker is being defined as someone with a stay-at-home wife.’\u003ccite>\u003cbr>\n— Joan Williams,\u003cbr>\nUC Hastings law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This complex, multifarious problem for women making their way into science professions has a beguilingly simple name: “the leaky pipeline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not An Issue Of Personal Choice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Michigan earth sciences professor Ingrid Hendy says there’s a common argument that women in their 30s, wanting to be both moms and professors, are making choices to drop out for a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m rolling my eyes at this point,” Hendy says. “It’s a lot more complex than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, says Joan Williams, law professor at UC Hastings and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://worklifelaw.org/\">Center for WorkLife Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I also think it’s misleading to talk about this in terms of women making hard choices about their families,” Williams says. “That’s not what’s going on here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says scientists want to hire someone who can be hunched over their laptop working at 2 a.m. – not, say, caring for a sick kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s going on here is that the ideal worker is being defined as someone with a stay-at-home wife,” says Williams. “I call that sex discrimination, not women’s choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while it’s true that in certain branches of science, relatively few women ever start the path to a Ph.D., Williams says the problem of gender bias is pervasive across the field. Lots of female scientists report gender bias, and studies have demonstrated it — like one from researchers at Yale University in 2012 called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/41/16474.full.pdf\">Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sent more than a hundred faculty members identical resumes – half with a male applicant’s name, half with a female name – and asked, “Would you hire this person to run your lab?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/All-PHDs-by-sex.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-30295\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/All-PHDs-by-sex-1024x480.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it was the exact same resume, both male and female faculty members viewed the male applicant as more competent. Not only that, they offered the female applicant fewer mentorship opportunities and lower starting pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams says there are ways to make a dent in this problem. For instance, just \u003ca href=\"https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem\">put the words “salary negotiable”\u003c/a> on a job posting. While women are less likely to negotiate their salaries than men, a study showed those two words can disrupt this pattern, and markedly narrow the pay gap between men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a good example of a bias interrupter,” Williams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s also just one small point along the pipeline from school to research and faculty positions. The pipeline is long, and its attendant leaks start long before graduate school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge drop-off after high school education,” says Lina Nilsson, at Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://blumcenter.berkeley.edu/\">Blum Center for Developing Economies\u003c/a>. Nilsson recently wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/opinion/how-to-attract-female-engineers.html\">op-ed in the New York Times\u003c/a> titled “How to Attract Female Engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineering tends to rank on the very low end for female participation, with barely one in four doctorates awarded to women in 2013. Nilsson’s program, though, is drawing women in droves. The class has roughly equal numbers of women and men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without even at any point explicitly planning to target women,” Nilsson says, “we’re seeing these massive increases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key, she says, seems to be connecting engineering to social impact – issues like poverty and inequality. Nilsson’s specialty is development engineering: helping countries get clean water, diagnose disease and so on. She says women are filling up similar classes across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30280\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/marie-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/marie-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Marie Champagne loads samples into a centrifuge at UC Berkeley. Champagne studies paleo-climate, but says until just a few years ago, being a scientist wasn't at all on her radar. (Daniel Potter / KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marie Champagne loads samples into a centrifuge at UC Berkeley. Champagne says she didn’t know she loved science until nearly the end of community college. (Daniel Potter / KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Would’ve Had No Idea’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a lab one building over at Berkeley, Marie Champagne uses a powerful acid to prepare lake-bottom samples, which she spins in a centrifuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These samples are a window to what the climate was like thousands of years ago, Champagne says, based on clues like bits of pollen visible under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up, I would’ve had no idea what paleo-climate was, let alone that I wanted to go into it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Champagne grew up near a small town in Mendocino County. She says there weren’t a lot of scientists in her life. She gravitated toward English as she entered community college. There, she had a teacher who was pivotal in identifying and developing her interests in earth science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to be a little bit more frightened of taking like a physics class,” Champagne says. “I didn’t take physics until I was a senior — and I loved it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Champagne starts her Ph.D. this fall at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet",
"headTitle": "NASA Co-Discovers the Most Distant Extrasolar Planet Yet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. Or rather, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/6053-sig15-006-Map-of-Exoplanets-Found-in-Our-Galaxy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> and Poland’s \u003ca href=\"http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment\u003c/a> (OGLE) have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extrasolar planets (exoplanets) are planets that orbit stars other than our sun, and in the past two decades we have detected over 1,800 of them. Most of these alien worlds belong to stars in our galaxy that are relatively close to our solar system, but scientists have used different techniques for detecting and studying exoplanets at greater distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered exoplanet, called OGLE-2014-BLG-0124L, has about half the mass of Jupiter and orbits a star 13,000 light years from Earth, close to the crowded, star-rich central core of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The observing campaign to find and study far-flung exoplanets like this one is aimed at giving us a clearer understanding of the distribution of exoplanets across the galaxy, and insight into the conditions under which planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing the Exoplanet’s Distance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OGLE and Spitzer made the detection through “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>” observations, which take advantage of the situation when a star passes between us and another star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\" width=\"400\" height=\"189\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just as a telescope’s glass lens bends and focuses light to produce a brighter image of a distant object, a star’s gravity can do the same trick, but on a much grander scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a star passes between us and a more distant star, its gravity can bend and focus the farther star’s light, causing a temporary increase in its brightness. If there happens to be a planet orbiting the intermediate star, its light also may be magnified and detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring the distance to this far-off exoplanet was accomplished by comparing observations made by an Earth-based OGLE telescope and NASA’s Spitzer, which orbits the sun far from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By noting the difference in the times of the lensing event as observed by OGLE and Spitzer, scientists were able to triangulate the distance of 13,000 light years—or 78 quadrillion miles! And by pinpointing the distance, the estimate of the exoplanet’s half-Jupiter mass was also possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polling the Galactic Core\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polling the population of exoplanets in the star-dense region of the galactic core adds to our knowledge of exoplanets both near and far, providing data to help answer questions like: are exoplanets more or less common in the galactic core, versus the spiral arms where our solar system resides? Scientists seek to explore how planetary formation may be influenced by a star system’s location in the galaxy, so the more we know about the nature of exoplanetary systems in different regions, the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30181 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\" alt=\"A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\" width=\"193\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microlensing detections made by a single observatory cannot always yield much more than an exoplanet’s presence. A very distant star detected with this technique isn’t normally visible, making the determination of its exact distance (and that of any planets it may possess) difficult to impossible. Of the 30 exoplanets detected through gravitational microlensing, the farthest being 25,000 light years away, we know the distance to only about half of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor in this type of observation is the chance nature of the star crossings, which we can only observe once for any given pair of stars. So, we may have only one chance to make a planet detection, with no possible follow-up observations. Still, the far greater concentration of stars in and near the galactic core provides many more star crossings and opportunities to make exoplanet detections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanets Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, the more common techniques for finding exoplanets—either by measuring the wobble of a star caused by an orbiting planet or the dimming of its light when a planet transits in front of it—has yielded \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 1800 confirmed worlds\u003c/a>, mostly orbiting stars much closer to our solar system’s neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler space telescope, which pursues exoplanets using the transit method, is responsible for the bulk of those finds, as well as most of the detections of \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth-sized planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 65 exoplanets have been confirmed within 50 light years of Earth—close enough for the television and radio transmissions that we began broadcasting in the middle of the 20th century to have reached. As of next year, in fact, the first broadcasts of Star Trek (the original series) will have reached all 65 of these closest exoplanets!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the prospects of visiting any of these exoplanets in person—well, that may take a while. The \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closest known exoplanet\u003c/a>, which orbits the nearest star to our solar system, Alpha Centauri, is 4.36 light years away, or 26.16 trillion miles, a distance that would take the fastest spacecraft we’ve ever flown almost 60,000 years to reach.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A collaboration between NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and Poland's Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) project has recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/aplanetfar.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of the Milky Way galaxy showing the distances to known extrasolar planets. (JPL-CalTech/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve recently discovered one of the most distant extrasolar planets known to date. Or rather, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/6053-sig15-006-Map-of-Exoplanets-Found-in-Our-Galaxy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> and Poland’s \u003ca href=\"http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment\u003c/a> (OGLE) have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extrasolar planets (exoplanets) are planets that orbit stars other than our sun, and in the past two decades we have detected over 1,800 of them. Most of these alien worlds belong to stars in our galaxy that are relatively close to our solar system, but scientists have used different techniques for detecting and studying exoplanets at greater distances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered exoplanet, called OGLE-2014-BLG-0124L, has about half the mass of Jupiter and orbits a star 13,000 light years from Earth, close to the crowded, star-rich central core of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The observing campaign to find and study far-flung exoplanets like this one is aimed at giving us a clearer understanding of the distribution of exoplanets across the galaxy, and insight into the conditions under which planetary systems form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing the Exoplanet’s Distance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OGLE and Spitzer made the detection through “\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/microlensing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational microlensing\u003c/a>” observations, which take advantage of the situation when a star passes between us and another star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlensdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\" width=\"400\" height=\"189\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of a star and planet focusing the light of a more distant star toward on observer on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just as a telescope’s glass lens bends and focuses light to produce a brighter image of a distant object, a star’s gravity can do the same trick, but on a much grander scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a star passes between us and a more distant star, its gravity can bend and focus the farther star’s light, causing a temporary increase in its brightness. If there happens to be a planet orbiting the intermediate star, its light also may be magnified and detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring the distance to this far-off exoplanet was accomplished by comparing observations made by an Earth-based OGLE telescope and NASA’s Spitzer, which orbits the sun far from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By noting the difference in the times of the lensing event as observed by OGLE and Spitzer, scientists were able to triangulate the distance of 13,000 light years—or 78 quadrillion miles! And by pinpointing the distance, the estimate of the exoplanet’s half-Jupiter mass was also possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polling the Galactic Core\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polling the population of exoplanets in the star-dense region of the galactic core adds to our knowledge of exoplanets both near and far, providing data to help answer questions like: are exoplanets more or less common in the galactic core, versus the spiral arms where our solar system resides? Scientists seek to explore how planetary formation may be influenced by a star system’s location in the galaxy, so the more we know about the nature of exoplanetary systems in different regions, the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30181 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/gravlens-193x162.jpg\" alt=\"A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\" width=\"193\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravitational lens of a much greater scale: a giant elliptical galaxy focusing the light of a more distant galaxy into a ring shape. (HST/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microlensing detections made by a single observatory cannot always yield much more than an exoplanet’s presence. A very distant star detected with this technique isn’t normally visible, making the determination of its exact distance (and that of any planets it may possess) difficult to impossible. Of the 30 exoplanets detected through gravitational microlensing, the farthest being 25,000 light years away, we know the distance to only about half of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor in this type of observation is the chance nature of the star crossings, which we can only observe once for any given pair of stars. So, we may have only one chance to make a planet detection, with no possible follow-up observations. Still, the far greater concentration of stars in and near the galactic core provides many more star crossings and opportunities to make exoplanet detections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exoplanets Closer to Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, the more common techniques for finding exoplanets—either by measuring the wobble of a star caused by an orbiting planet or the dimming of its light when a planet transits in front of it—has yielded \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 1800 confirmed worlds\u003c/a>, mostly orbiting stars much closer to our solar system’s neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler space telescope, which pursues exoplanets using the transit method, is responsible for the bulk of those finds, as well as most of the detections of \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth-sized planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 65 exoplanets have been confirmed within 50 light years of Earth—close enough for the television and radio transmissions that we began broadcasting in the middle of the 20th century to have reached. As of next year, in fact, the first broadcasts of Star Trek (the original series) will have reached all 65 of these closest exoplanets!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the prospects of visiting any of these exoplanets in person—well, that may take a while. The \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closest known exoplanet\u003c/a>, which orbits the nearest star to our solar system, Alpha Centauri, is 4.36 light years away, or 26.16 trillion miles, a distance that would take the fastest spacecraft we’ve ever flown almost 60,000 years to reach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Delta Smelt Nears Extinction, New Concerns Emerge Over Dredging",
"headTitle": "As Delta Smelt Nears Extinction, New Concerns Emerge Over Dredging | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/smelt-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/smelt-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A Delta smelt caught during a spring survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hated by many, loved by few, the tiny Delta smelt has long been the symbol for California’s water wars and the struggle between the state’s environmentalists and farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as the state struggles through its fourth year of historic drought, the fish is dangerously close to extinction after years of decline, biologists warn. And that’s igniting new scrutiny over the impacts that could drive the species over the brink, including one that isn’t well-known – the annual dredging of shipping channels in the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, regulators with the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board will vote on whether dredgers \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/board_decisions/tentative_orders/USACE/USACE%202015-2019%20OM%20Dredging%20TO_3-20-15.pdf\">must use different equipment\u003c/a> in some channels to avoid killing threatened fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Maritime Highways\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay’s cargo ship traffic goes far beyond the Port of Oakland, extending all the way to Sacramento and Stockton, where ports disperse California’s fresh produce and agricultural goods. The only way ships can safely make their way inland is through deep-water channels that are cut through the sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of San Francisco Bay is shallow enough for a person to stand in or touch the bottom,” said Jessica Burton Evans, Navigation Program Manager with the Army Corps of Engineers in San Francisco. “So we really need to maintain those deep channels so that the ships can move safely and not run aground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is responsible for dredging and maintaining the shipping lanes, which involves clearing millions of cubic yards of mud, sand and silt every year. It’s often done with a hydraulic dredge or “hopper dredge,” which works like a giant, underwater vacuum cleaner that sucks in sediment and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These fish are in dire and extreme danger of extinction.’\u003ccite>— Jon Rosenfield, Bay Institute biologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A hopper dredge is a relatively large piece of equipment compared to those fish,” said Burton Evans. “If they get too close, they just aren’t able to swim fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to an analysis done in 2013 by the Corps, the dredging could be killing thousands of Delta smelt a year. In 2011, the impact was estimated at between 3 and 29 percent of the population. That was based on looking for fish in a small amount of dredge material, and state biologists say a larger sample is needed to validate the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longfin smelt, another fish that’s listed as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act, is also harmed. Dredging can also create loud, underwater noise and sediment plumes that can stress smelt or hurt their ability to feed, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the higher estimates of harm are true, “that is just an exceptional amount of impact and something that is surprising,” said Jon Rosenfield, biologist with the Bay Institute, an environmental group based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Population Crash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta smelt populations have been in freefall for several years, due to a variety of reasons, according to biologists. Its fate has been at the center of the state’s water wars long before the drought began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta smelt lives in the same estuary that supplies water to 25 million Californians and irrigates millions of acres of farmland. Huge pumps at the southern edge of the Delta near Tracy pull water into canals that go from Silicon Valley to San Diego. In some years, more than 50 percent of the fresh water that would normally be flowing out to San Francisco Bay is diverted away from the Delta. In the process, the pumping kills Delta smelt and shrinks its habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, federal biologists have ordered water pumping be slowed down during times when smelt are vulnerable, which reduces water deliveries to farms and cities. Some farmers blame the smelt for the current water shortages, although the last time water pumping was slowed to protect the smelt was in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the extreme drought conditions this year, an annual survey for Delta smelt run by state biologists caught the lowest numbers of fish ever recorded — just one fish this spring. In other years, they’ve found hundreds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30224\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/17444167446_4b96dc6fbd_o-1024x649.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/17444167446_4b96dc6fbd_o-1024x649.jpg\" alt=\"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers supervises dredging in the Delta to allow passage of ocean-going ships like the Maria Theo, pictured on the San Joaquin River near Antioch. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"649\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers supervises dredging in the Delta to allow passage of ocean-going ships like the Maria Theo, pictured on the San Joaquin River near Antioch. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rosenfield believes the water pumping is still the largest impact on the Delta smelt by far, but because its numbers have dropped so low, no threats to the fish should be overlooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t taken care of these populations prior to this year well enough,” said Rosenfield. “We haven’t allowed them to thrive when conditions are good or even average because we take so much water out of this estuary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So once we get into a drought and populations begin to crash, well, then everybody has to go through exceptional measures to stop having an impact because there just aren’t that many fish to spare,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta smelt are also harmed by dredging done farther east into the Delta, past the Suisun Bay channel, in the deep water ship channels that extend to Sacramento and Stockton. That dredging is handled in a separate permitting process at the water board. The Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declined to release data or comment about the numbers of fish that are killed in those projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed Dredging Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to protect both the Delta smelt and longfin smelt, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board is considering changes to the way the Corps conducts its dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of the large, hydraulic dredges, the Corps would have to use smaller clamshell dredges, which remove material bucket-by-bucket and are thought to be less harmful to fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order would require a clamshell dredge be used in the Suisun Bay shipping channel near Pittsburg. The Corps would have the option to use a hopper dredge in either the Richmond Outer Harbor and Pinole Shoal channels, but if a hopper dredge is used, the Corps must monitor for killing fish and must make up for the impact through habitat restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our duty is to protect water quality, protect the fish and ensure the potential impacts to dredging are lessened,” said Naomi Feger, Planning Division Chief at the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The order before the board does balance,” she said. “It allows for navigational dredging to continue in the bay but we’ve lessened those significant impacts where it’s feasible. We think it’s feasible to use clamshell dredge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers says having the flexibility to use different equipment in each year is key for its operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The dredges are not always available for us, so it’s important to consider when we can get equipment here to do the work for us,” said Burton Evans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps estimates the change will cost an added $3-10 million a year and projects that take weeks today could take as much as three times as long. Burton Evans says the Corps is already using new measures to protect the smelt species, including keeping the dredge’s mouth close to the bottom so it pulls in fewer fish. Dredging is already limited to the second half of the year to prevent harm to threatened fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are watching it very closely and it’s important that we’re balancing the economy and the environment,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California’s drought drags on, state and federal wildlife agencies may have to reexamine any project that harms the Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These fish are in dire and extreme danger of extinction,” said Rosenfield. “In a year like this, impacts really need to be avoided.”\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/205298767″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The tiny Delta smelt is famous for being a target in California's water wars, but it's dangerously close to extinction. That's bringing attention to anything that could harm the fish, including something rarely discussed: dredging Delta waterways for big cargo ships.",
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"description": "The tiny Delta smelt is famous for being a target in California's water wars, but it's dangerously close to extinction. That's bringing attention to anything that could harm the fish, including something rarely discussed: dredging Delta waterways for big cargo ships.",
"title": "As Delta Smelt Nears Extinction, New Concerns Emerge Over Dredging | KQED",
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"headline": "As Delta Smelt Nears Extinction, New Concerns Emerge Over Dredging",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30199\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/smelt-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/smelt-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"A Delta smelt caught during a spring survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt caught during an annual fish survey. Biologists warn the fish is close to extinction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hated by many, loved by few, the tiny Delta smelt has long been the symbol for California’s water wars and the struggle between the state’s environmentalists and farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as the state struggles through its fourth year of historic drought, the fish is dangerously close to extinction after years of decline, biologists warn. And that’s igniting new scrutiny over the impacts that could drive the species over the brink, including one that isn’t well-known – the annual dredging of shipping channels in the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, regulators with the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board will vote on whether dredgers \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/board_decisions/tentative_orders/USACE/USACE%202015-2019%20OM%20Dredging%20TO_3-20-15.pdf\">must use different equipment\u003c/a> in some channels to avoid killing threatened fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Maritime Highways\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay’s cargo ship traffic goes far beyond the Port of Oakland, extending all the way to Sacramento and Stockton, where ports disperse California’s fresh produce and agricultural goods. The only way ships can safely make their way inland is through deep-water channels that are cut through the sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of San Francisco Bay is shallow enough for a person to stand in or touch the bottom,” said Jessica Burton Evans, Navigation Program Manager with the Army Corps of Engineers in San Francisco. “So we really need to maintain those deep channels so that the ships can move safely and not run aground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is responsible for dredging and maintaining the shipping lanes, which involves clearing millions of cubic yards of mud, sand and silt every year. It’s often done with a hydraulic dredge or “hopper dredge,” which works like a giant, underwater vacuum cleaner that sucks in sediment and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These fish are in dire and extreme danger of extinction.’\u003ccite>— Jon Rosenfield, Bay Institute biologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A hopper dredge is a relatively large piece of equipment compared to those fish,” said Burton Evans. “If they get too close, they just aren’t able to swim fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to an analysis done in 2013 by the Corps, the dredging could be killing thousands of Delta smelt a year. In 2011, the impact was estimated at between 3 and 29 percent of the population. That was based on looking for fish in a small amount of dredge material, and state biologists say a larger sample is needed to validate the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longfin smelt, another fish that’s listed as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act, is also harmed. Dredging can also create loud, underwater noise and sediment plumes that can stress smelt or hurt their ability to feed, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the higher estimates of harm are true, “that is just an exceptional amount of impact and something that is surprising,” said Jon Rosenfield, biologist with the Bay Institute, an environmental group based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Population Crash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta smelt populations have been in freefall for several years, due to a variety of reasons, according to biologists. Its fate has been at the center of the state’s water wars long before the drought began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta smelt lives in the same estuary that supplies water to 25 million Californians and irrigates millions of acres of farmland. Huge pumps at the southern edge of the Delta near Tracy pull water into canals that go from Silicon Valley to San Diego. In some years, more than 50 percent of the fresh water that would normally be flowing out to San Francisco Bay is diverted away from the Delta. In the process, the pumping kills Delta smelt and shrinks its habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, federal biologists have ordered water pumping be slowed down during times when smelt are vulnerable, which reduces water deliveries to farms and cities. Some farmers blame the smelt for the current water shortages, although the last time water pumping was slowed to protect the smelt was in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the extreme drought conditions this year, an annual survey for Delta smelt run by state biologists caught the lowest numbers of fish ever recorded — just one fish this spring. In other years, they’ve found hundreds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30224\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/17444167446_4b96dc6fbd_o-1024x649.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/17444167446_4b96dc6fbd_o-1024x649.jpg\" alt=\"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers supervises dredging in the Delta to allow passage of ocean-going ships like the Maria Theo, pictured on the San Joaquin River near Antioch. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"649\" class=\"size-large wp-image-30224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers supervises dredging in the Delta to allow passage of ocean-going ships like the Maria Theo, pictured on the San Joaquin River near Antioch. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rosenfield believes the water pumping is still the largest impact on the Delta smelt by far, but because its numbers have dropped so low, no threats to the fish should be overlooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t taken care of these populations prior to this year well enough,” said Rosenfield. “We haven’t allowed them to thrive when conditions are good or even average because we take so much water out of this estuary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So once we get into a drought and populations begin to crash, well, then everybody has to go through exceptional measures to stop having an impact because there just aren’t that many fish to spare,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta smelt are also harmed by dredging done farther east into the Delta, past the Suisun Bay channel, in the deep water ship channels that extend to Sacramento and Stockton. That dredging is handled in a separate permitting process at the water board. The Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declined to release data or comment about the numbers of fish that are killed in those projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed Dredging Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to protect both the Delta smelt and longfin smelt, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board is considering changes to the way the Corps conducts its dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of the large, hydraulic dredges, the Corps would have to use smaller clamshell dredges, which remove material bucket-by-bucket and are thought to be less harmful to fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order would require a clamshell dredge be used in the Suisun Bay shipping channel near Pittsburg. The Corps would have the option to use a hopper dredge in either the Richmond Outer Harbor and Pinole Shoal channels, but if a hopper dredge is used, the Corps must monitor for killing fish and must make up for the impact through habitat restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our duty is to protect water quality, protect the fish and ensure the potential impacts to dredging are lessened,” said Naomi Feger, Planning Division Chief at the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The order before the board does balance,” she said. “It allows for navigational dredging to continue in the bay but we’ve lessened those significant impacts where it’s feasible. We think it’s feasible to use clamshell dredge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers says having the flexibility to use different equipment in each year is key for its operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The dredges are not always available for us, so it’s important to consider when we can get equipment here to do the work for us,” said Burton Evans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps estimates the change will cost an added $3-10 million a year and projects that take weeks today could take as much as three times as long. Burton Evans says the Corps is already using new measures to protect the smelt species, including keeping the dredge’s mouth close to the bottom so it pulls in fewer fish. Dredging is already limited to the second half of the year to prevent harm to threatened fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are watching it very closely and it’s important that we’re balancing the economy and the environment,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California’s drought drags on, state and federal wildlife agencies may have to reexamine any project that harms the Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These fish are in dire and extreme danger of extinction,” said Rosenfield. “In a year like this, impacts really need to be avoided.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/205298767″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/205298767″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Will California Drought Force Changes In Historic Water Rights?",
"headTitle": "Will California Drought Force Changes In Historic Water Rights? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/05/20150511science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, May 11, 2015:\u003c/strong> Once again this year, state officials have ordered thousands of junior water-rights holders to stop pumping water due to the drought. They’ve also warned that senior water-rights holders could be limited sometime later this year, if the limits on junior rights holders aren’t enough. In April, Governor Brown said if the dry conditions continue, the state’s entire water rights system could be up for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (Dec. 8, 2014):\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After three years of historically dry and hot weather, the images of California’s drought have become familiar: empty fields, brown lawns, dry stream beds. But for every one of those scenes, there are other parts of the state where water has been flowing freely and the effects of drought are hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all tied to California’s system of water rights — the complex hierarchy that governs who gets water during a drought and who doesn’t. After unprecedented cutbacks this year that left many farmers scrambling for water, some critics say the hierarchy is a historical relic that makes it harder for the state to deal with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is largely invisible, buried in legal contracts, court decisions and stacks of century-old papers. To get a sense of what it all means, there is a place you can go to actually see water rights in action: east of Interstate 5, near Los Banos, in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Haves and the Have Nots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is probably the most catastrophic water year we’ve ever had,” says Lon Martin, assistant manager at the San Luis Water District. He gave me a tour of the district at the height of the summer growing season this year, but there wasn’t much to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very brown, desolate agriculture,” he says, eyeing the unplanted fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It doesn’t necessarily amount to a fair system or an efficient system.’\u003ccite>— Buzz Thompson,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the area rely on water from the federal Central Valley Project, but with the extreme drought, they didn’t get a single drop of their usual supply. Some laid off workers and ripped out almond orchards while others tried to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">buy more expensive water\u003c/a> on the open market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, as we sped down the road, the fields suddenly were green. There were rows of tomatoes and alfalfa, almost as if we’d crossed an invisible line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, we had – into a different water district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an obvious dividing line,” Martin says. “They have much more senior rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the Central California Irrigation District were getting the majority of the water they normally do. The difference is water rights — the pecking order of who gets water first in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Senior vs. Junior\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has one of the most complicated water rights systems in the United States, if not the world,” says Buzz Thompson, professor of law at Stanford University. Thompson is one of the few people in California who can actually explain the intricacies of this pecking order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first in line for water in California are people who own land next to a river or stream. They have “riparian” water rights, as they’re known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vast majority of Californians don’t live on a waterway. So for most everyone, including cities and the majority of agricultural areas, it all depends on when they claimed water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whoever gets to a river first gets the senior right to take water out of that river or stream,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/almond.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24581\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/almond.jpg\" alt=\"almond\" width=\"640\" height=\"373\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This ripped-up almond orchard is in the San Luis Water District, which is supplied by junior water rights. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in California’s history, water claims could be made by nailing a piece of paper to a tree, as the \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=SQ0OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=san+francisco+mayor+water+rights+notice+phelan+oak+tree&source=bl&ots=Cc6Fo6irel&sig=UU1JMay60Vogrzu7M2LyoE8F3ng&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NM98VMT_CMzooATJkoC4DQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=san%20francisco%20mayor%20water%20rights%20notice%20phelan%20oak%20tree&f=false\">mayor of San Francisco famously did\u003c/a> to claim Tuolumne River water in 1901.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who got in early have senior rights. Everyone who made claims later has secondary or “junior” rights – and they only get water once the senior rights holders get the water they’ve claimed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as if, to get a cup of coffee at work, you had to line up with all your coworkers in order of how long you’ve all worked there. Sometimes, the coffee pot runs dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a period of drought, it means some people, the junior people, don’t get any water at all,” Thompson says. “And the more senior appropriators may get all of the water they’re entitled to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco has very old water claims, latecomers like the Santa Clara Valley Water District, which serves Silicon Valley, legally have to wait for their turn to take water, after other cities and farming districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although that’s our legal system, it doesn’t necessarily amount to a fair system or an efficient system,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pecking order kicked in this year in a widespread way for only the second time in California’s history. State regulators ordered thousands of junior-rights holders not to use water from streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might make more sense in a drought, Thompson says, for everyone to pitch in and cut back equally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS13428_Water-allocation-copy-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-24529\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS13428_Water-allocation-copy-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"RS13428_Water allocation copy-hpf\" width=\"426\" height=\"530\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in California — where \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/01/28/107647/twains-whiskeywater-quote-appears.html\">whiskey’s for drinking and water’s for fighting\u003c/a> — it’s not a popular suggestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get a lot of people who rise up in arms,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Wenger, president of the California Farm Bureau Federation, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to fight,” he says. “It’s just not going to be with clubs and pitchforks. It’s going to be with attorneys and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wenger says water rights are the backbone of the state’s multibillion dollar agricultural industry. The value of land is based on water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is part of your property right,” he says. “When you go buy an acre of ground, it’s going to be reflective of how solid are your water rights, how senior are your water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all adds up to mean that any idea of changing the system is a political non-starter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I consider that to be thermonuclear in California,” says the state’s Secretary for Natural Resources John Laird. “We’ve had the water rights system for over 100 years. It’s determined. Everybody lives by it. It’s 38 million people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave California, with droughts inevitable and climate change only expected to make things worse? There may be two things the state could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sorting Out the Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s water claims are filed inside an old bank safe, in a back room of the Division of Water Rights in Sacramento. Records custodian Matthew Jay turns the combination lock and cranks open the door. The safe is filled with thousands of pieces of yellowing paper, each with a gold seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The further you go back in time, the more brittle they get,” Jay says. “It’s all the water rights of the entire state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, only to a point, he says. The oldest one, signed in 1915, isn’t technically the oldest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water claims were made early in the state’s history, even before the Gold Rush, but it wasn’t until 100 years ago that California started keeping track by requiring licenses and permits for water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would think you have it all massively nailed down,” says Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board, the agency that oversees water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what’s on paper often doesn’t reflect what’s happening in the real world. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=10999\">study\u003c/a> from UC Davis this year, the state has handed out rights for five times more water than there is in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior water-rights holders, with rights dating before 1914, \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/californias-flawed-water-system-cant-track-usage\">aren’t required to have permits\u003c/a> with the state and only started reporting their water use officially in 2009, after the state legislature passed a bill requiring it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24576\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/waterright.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/waterright.jpg\" alt=\"waterright\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first water right was licensed in California in 1915, but there are thousands of senior water-rights holders that have earlier claims. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few other Western states have actually gone through and verified all their water rights – a process known as “adjudication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They haven’t changed the rights,” Marcus says, “but they’ve spelled it out more so there’s less uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process took \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/justice-scalia-speaks-idaho-water-conference\">30 years in Idaho\u003c/a> and is taking 50 years in Montana. Sorting out the rights in California’s Central Valley alone could cost an estimated $100 million, according to Richard Roos-Collins, an attorney with the Water and Power Law Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it would make the water rights system more accurate when cutbacks kick in, it wouldn’t change anything about how the system operates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many years where there’s more than enough water to meet all of the water rights out there,” says Marcus. “Does that mean the water rights system couldn’t be tuned up and operated more efficiently? Of course, we could improve it and we would love the resources to be able to improve it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if California’s drought drags on, some say the state may need to address how water is used, not just who uses it. It turns out, the authority to do that already exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unreasonable Water Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we are looking for is Article 10,” says Buzz Thompson of Stanford Law, flipping through the California Constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has a constitutional provision specifically to avoid the problem of people wasting water when other people needed it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The provision says, “The waste or unreasonable use or unreasonable method of use of water is prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is powerful language, Thompson says. During a drought, regulators could say that certain water uses are unreasonable and can’t be done, like growing crops that use a lot of water or overwatering our yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politically, that would be a bombshell. State officials say they’d continue with water conservation measures, both voluntary and mandatory, first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of picking a particular crop or particular use and saying it’s not reasonable -– that’s something people should only do after a tremendous amount of thought,” says Felicia Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a future of more extreme drought, grappling with water rights may be unavoidable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we have a really very severe drought that, say, lasted another five years,” Thompson says, “I would be surprised if State Water Resources Control Board and the Governor did not seriously think about adopting a new way of allocating water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”12″]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Here’s the thing: Water rights in California are based on who got there first. It’s as if you had to line up with all your coworkers to get a cup of coffee at work, and maybe the pot’s empty when the new guy gets to the front. Some are asking, in a drought like the one we’ve been having, is that really fair?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, May 11, 2015:\u003c/strong> Once again this year, state officials have ordered thousands of junior water-rights holders to stop pumping water due to the drought. They’ve also warned that senior water-rights holders could be limited sometime later this year, if the limits on junior rights holders aren’t enough. In April, Governor Brown said if the dry conditions continue, the state’s entire water rights system could be up for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (Dec. 8, 2014):\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After three years of historically dry and hot weather, the images of California’s drought have become familiar: empty fields, brown lawns, dry stream beds. But for every one of those scenes, there are other parts of the state where water has been flowing freely and the effects of drought are hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all tied to California’s system of water rights — the complex hierarchy that governs who gets water during a drought and who doesn’t. After unprecedented cutbacks this year that left many farmers scrambling for water, some critics say the hierarchy is a historical relic that makes it harder for the state to deal with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is largely invisible, buried in legal contracts, court decisions and stacks of century-old papers. To get a sense of what it all means, there is a place you can go to actually see water rights in action: east of Interstate 5, near Los Banos, in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Haves and the Have Nots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is probably the most catastrophic water year we’ve ever had,” says Lon Martin, assistant manager at the San Luis Water District. He gave me a tour of the district at the height of the summer growing season this year, but there wasn’t much to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very brown, desolate agriculture,” he says, eyeing the unplanted fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It doesn’t necessarily amount to a fair system or an efficient system.’\u003ccite>— Buzz Thompson,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the area rely on water from the federal Central Valley Project, but with the extreme drought, they didn’t get a single drop of their usual supply. Some laid off workers and ripped out almond orchards while others tried to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">buy more expensive water\u003c/a> on the open market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, as we sped down the road, the fields suddenly were green. There were rows of tomatoes and alfalfa, almost as if we’d crossed an invisible line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, we had – into a different water district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an obvious dividing line,” Martin says. “They have much more senior rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the Central California Irrigation District were getting the majority of the water they normally do. The difference is water rights — the pecking order of who gets water first in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Senior vs. Junior\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has one of the most complicated water rights systems in the United States, if not the world,” says Buzz Thompson, professor of law at Stanford University. Thompson is one of the few people in California who can actually explain the intricacies of this pecking order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first in line for water in California are people who own land next to a river or stream. They have “riparian” water rights, as they’re known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vast majority of Californians don’t live on a waterway. So for most everyone, including cities and the majority of agricultural areas, it all depends on when they claimed water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whoever gets to a river first gets the senior right to take water out of that river or stream,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/almond.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24581\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/almond.jpg\" alt=\"almond\" width=\"640\" height=\"373\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This ripped-up almond orchard is in the San Luis Water District, which is supplied by junior water rights. (Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in California’s history, water claims could be made by nailing a piece of paper to a tree, as the \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=SQ0OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=san+francisco+mayor+water+rights+notice+phelan+oak+tree&source=bl&ots=Cc6Fo6irel&sig=UU1JMay60Vogrzu7M2LyoE8F3ng&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NM98VMT_CMzooATJkoC4DQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=san%20francisco%20mayor%20water%20rights%20notice%20phelan%20oak%20tree&f=false\">mayor of San Francisco famously did\u003c/a> to claim Tuolumne River water in 1901.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who got in early have senior rights. Everyone who made claims later has secondary or “junior” rights – and they only get water once the senior rights holders get the water they’ve claimed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as if, to get a cup of coffee at work, you had to line up with all your coworkers in order of how long you’ve all worked there. Sometimes, the coffee pot runs dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a period of drought, it means some people, the junior people, don’t get any water at all,” Thompson says. “And the more senior appropriators may get all of the water they’re entitled to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco has very old water claims, latecomers like the Santa Clara Valley Water District, which serves Silicon Valley, legally have to wait for their turn to take water, after other cities and farming districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although that’s our legal system, it doesn’t necessarily amount to a fair system or an efficient system,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pecking order kicked in this year in a widespread way for only the second time in California’s history. State regulators ordered thousands of junior-rights holders not to use water from streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might make more sense in a drought, Thompson says, for everyone to pitch in and cut back equally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS13428_Water-allocation-copy-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-24529\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS13428_Water-allocation-copy-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"RS13428_Water allocation copy-hpf\" width=\"426\" height=\"530\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in California — where \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/01/28/107647/twains-whiskeywater-quote-appears.html\">whiskey’s for drinking and water’s for fighting\u003c/a> — it’s not a popular suggestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get a lot of people who rise up in arms,” Thompson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Wenger, president of the California Farm Bureau Federation, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to fight,” he says. “It’s just not going to be with clubs and pitchforks. It’s going to be with attorneys and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wenger says water rights are the backbone of the state’s multibillion dollar agricultural industry. The value of land is based on water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is part of your property right,” he says. “When you go buy an acre of ground, it’s going to be reflective of how solid are your water rights, how senior are your water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all adds up to mean that any idea of changing the system is a political non-starter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I consider that to be thermonuclear in California,” says the state’s Secretary for Natural Resources John Laird. “We’ve had the water rights system for over 100 years. It’s determined. Everybody lives by it. It’s 38 million people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave California, with droughts inevitable and climate change only expected to make things worse? There may be two things the state could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sorting Out the Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s water claims are filed inside an old bank safe, in a back room of the Division of Water Rights in Sacramento. Records custodian Matthew Jay turns the combination lock and cranks open the door. The safe is filled with thousands of pieces of yellowing paper, each with a gold seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The further you go back in time, the more brittle they get,” Jay says. “It’s all the water rights of the entire state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, only to a point, he says. The oldest one, signed in 1915, isn’t technically the oldest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water claims were made early in the state’s history, even before the Gold Rush, but it wasn’t until 100 years ago that California started keeping track by requiring licenses and permits for water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would think you have it all massively nailed down,” says Felicia Marcus, chair of the State Water Resources Control Board, the agency that oversees water rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what’s on paper often doesn’t reflect what’s happening in the real world. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=10999\">study\u003c/a> from UC Davis this year, the state has handed out rights for five times more water than there is in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior water-rights holders, with rights dating before 1914, \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/californias-flawed-water-system-cant-track-usage\">aren’t required to have permits\u003c/a> with the state and only started reporting their water use officially in 2009, after the state legislature passed a bill requiring it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24576\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/waterright.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/waterright.jpg\" alt=\"waterright\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first water right was licensed in California in 1915, but there are thousands of senior water-rights holders that have earlier claims. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few other Western states have actually gone through and verified all their water rights – a process known as “adjudication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They haven’t changed the rights,” Marcus says, “but they’ve spelled it out more so there’s less uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process took \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/justice-scalia-speaks-idaho-water-conference\">30 years in Idaho\u003c/a> and is taking 50 years in Montana. Sorting out the rights in California’s Central Valley alone could cost an estimated $100 million, according to Richard Roos-Collins, an attorney with the Water and Power Law Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it would make the water rights system more accurate when cutbacks kick in, it wouldn’t change anything about how the system operates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many years where there’s more than enough water to meet all of the water rights out there,” says Marcus. “Does that mean the water rights system couldn’t be tuned up and operated more efficiently? Of course, we could improve it and we would love the resources to be able to improve it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if California’s drought drags on, some say the state may need to address how water is used, not just who uses it. It turns out, the authority to do that already exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unreasonable Water Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we are looking for is Article 10,” says Buzz Thompson of Stanford Law, flipping through the California Constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has a constitutional provision specifically to avoid the problem of people wasting water when other people needed it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The provision says, “The waste or unreasonable use or unreasonable method of use of water is prohibited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is powerful language, Thompson says. During a drought, regulators could say that certain water uses are unreasonable and can’t be done, like growing crops that use a lot of water or overwatering our yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politically, that would be a bombshell. State officials say they’d continue with water conservation measures, both voluntary and mandatory, first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of picking a particular crop or particular use and saying it’s not reasonable -– that’s something people should only do after a tremendous amount of thought,” says Felicia Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a future of more extreme drought, grappling with water rights may be unavoidable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we have a really very severe drought that, say, lasted another five years,” Thompson says, “I would be surprised if State Water Resources Control Board and the Governor did not seriously think about adopting a new way of allocating water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "'Aggressive' New Drought Rules for California: Now Comes the Hard Part",
"headTitle": "‘Aggressive’ New Drought Rules for California: Now Comes the Hard Part | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_2956.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_2956.jpg\" alt='\"Brown is the new green\" is the rallying cry for fighting the current drought. But will Californians take up the cause? (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Brown is the new green” is the rallying cry for fighting the current drought. But will Californians take up the cause? (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clock is ticking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After state regulators approved California’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">first-ever statewide water restrictions\u003c/a> on Tuesday, it’s now up to nearly 3,000 local water agencies, big and small, to make it work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies throughout California bear the burden of \u003ca title=\"Lowdown - water\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/04/03/how-much-water-do-californians-use-and-what-would-a-25-percent-reduction-look-like/\">achieving the 25 percent reduction\u003c/a> in water use ordered by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. The state will start keeping score officially on June 1, when cities and water districts need to start carving between eight and 36 percent off their 2013 water use, and keep it up on a month-to-month basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re on the front lines, you know that,” Brown told a gathering of water managers at the Association of California Water Agencies in Sacramento. “And we’re here to back you up.” Brown, however, as much as admitted that it was easy for him to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of launch the missile, and then you particularize and talk to your neighbors, and get ’em to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or not. When it comes to the hard choices such as tearing out lawns, replacing water-gulping toilets and appliances, it remains to be seen how Californians will respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What worries me most is that I think a lot of Californians are not yet quite ready to do that,” says Dave Bolland, who manages special projects for ACWA, “to embrace that \u003ca title=\"ACWA - Save Our Water\" href=\"http://saveourwater.com/\">new water use ethic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 855px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/WaterConservation_1503.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/WaterConservation_1503.jpeg\" alt=\"State figures indicate that another 25 percent water savings could be a tall order for California consumers. (State Water Resources Control Board)\" width=\"855\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State figures indicate that another 25 percent water savings could be a tall order for California consumers. (State Water Resources Control Board)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent conservation trends would seem to bear him out. According to figures gathered by the state water board, water savings averaged only 3.6 percent in March, compared to 2013 levels of water consumption. That’s far below the 20 percent voluntary cutbacks that Brown asked for a year ago, and even more dismal compared to \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">new targets\u003c/a> that individual communities will now be required to attain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some very aggressive targets in this mandate,” notes Bolland. More than 80 local agencies have been assigned the highest, 36 percent, savings quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities have gotten a head start and some, like San Francisco and Santa Barbara, are already ahead of the quotas assigned to them by the state. But others are still worried about the impact on their local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going down to one day a week watering, we’ll be seeing brown lawns, we’ll be seeing a lot of vegetation dying,” Jennifer Hanson told the state water board in a last-ditch appeal on Tuesday. Hanson heads public services for the city of Lincoln, northeast of Sacramento, which has been assigned to the highest “tier” of required conservation. She says even cutting outdoor watering to one day per week might not be enough to meet her local mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to go down to zero days a week watering to try to meet our 36 percent on average throughout the year, may even require more stringent measures for outdoor water use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting 36 percent of deliveries will also strike a major blow to revenues, even as water agencies are expected to promote and enforce conservation, which will mean selling less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of agencies that, you know, that’s a third of their resources in terms of their water revenues, so there are substantial fiscal impacts,” says Bolland. “So there are some significant challenges that these water agencies face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But business-as-usual isn’t an option, says Brown. “We’ve got to change,” he told the ACWA gathering. “And how we use water is not exempt from that.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State officials officially hand the ball to local water agencies to squeeze 25 percent more water savings out of their customers. And ultimately, it is up to those customers to respond -- or not.",
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"description": "State officials officially hand the ball to local water agencies to squeeze 25 percent more water savings out of their customers. And ultimately, it is up to those customers to respond -- or not.",
"title": "'Aggressive' New Drought Rules for California: Now Comes the Hard Part | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_2956.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/IMG_2956.jpg\" alt='\"Brown is the new green\" is the rallying cry for fighting the current drought. But will Californians take up the cause? (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Brown is the new green” is the rallying cry for fighting the current drought. But will Californians take up the cause? (Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clock is ticking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After state regulators approved California’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/state-passes-historic-water-conservation-rules/\">first-ever statewide water restrictions\u003c/a> on Tuesday, it’s now up to nearly 3,000 local water agencies, big and small, to make it work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies throughout California bear the burden of \u003ca title=\"Lowdown - water\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/04/03/how-much-water-do-californians-use-and-what-would-a-25-percent-reduction-look-like/\">achieving the 25 percent reduction\u003c/a> in water use ordered by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. The state will start keeping score officially on June 1, when cities and water districts need to start carving between eight and 36 percent off their 2013 water use, and keep it up on a month-to-month basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re on the front lines, you know that,” Brown told a gathering of water managers at the Association of California Water Agencies in Sacramento. “And we’re here to back you up.” Brown, however, as much as admitted that it was easy for him to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of launch the missile, and then you particularize and talk to your neighbors, and get ’em to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or not. When it comes to the hard choices such as tearing out lawns, replacing water-gulping toilets and appliances, it remains to be seen how Californians will respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What worries me most is that I think a lot of Californians are not yet quite ready to do that,” says Dave Bolland, who manages special projects for ACWA, “to embrace that \u003ca title=\"ACWA - Save Our Water\" href=\"http://saveourwater.com/\">new water use ethic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 855px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/WaterConservation_1503.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/05/WaterConservation_1503.jpeg\" alt=\"State figures indicate that another 25 percent water savings could be a tall order for California consumers. (State Water Resources Control Board)\" width=\"855\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State figures indicate that another 25 percent water savings could be a tall order for California consumers. (State Water Resources Control Board)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent conservation trends would seem to bear him out. According to figures gathered by the state water board, water savings averaged only 3.6 percent in March, compared to 2013 levels of water consumption. That’s far below the 20 percent voluntary cutbacks that Brown asked for a year ago, and even more dismal compared to \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - tiers\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/supplier_tiers_20150428.pdf\">new targets\u003c/a> that individual communities will now be required to attain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some very aggressive targets in this mandate,” notes Bolland. More than 80 local agencies have been assigned the highest, 36 percent, savings quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities have gotten a head start and some, like San Francisco and Santa Barbara, are already ahead of the quotas assigned to them by the state. But others are still worried about the impact on their local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going down to one day a week watering, we’ll be seeing brown lawns, we’ll be seeing a lot of vegetation dying,” Jennifer Hanson told the state water board in a last-ditch appeal on Tuesday. Hanson heads public services for the city of Lincoln, northeast of Sacramento, which has been assigned to the highest “tier” of required conservation. She says even cutting outdoor watering to one day per week might not be enough to meet her local mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to go down to zero days a week watering to try to meet our 36 percent on average throughout the year, may even require more stringent measures for outdoor water use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting 36 percent of deliveries will also strike a major blow to revenues, even as water agencies are expected to promote and enforce conservation, which will mean selling less water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of agencies that, you know, that’s a third of their resources in terms of their water revenues, so there are substantial fiscal impacts,” says Bolland. “So there are some significant challenges that these water agencies face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But business-as-usual isn’t an option, says Brown. “We’ve got to change,” he told the ACWA gathering. “And how we use water is not exempt from that.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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