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"content": "\u003cp>Global warming is screwing up nature’s intricately timed dinner hour, often making hungry critters and those on the menu show up at much different times, a new study shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timing is everything in nature. Bees have to be around and flowers have to bloom at the same time for pollination to work, and hawks need to migrate at the same time as their prey. In many cases, global warming is interfering with that timing, scientists said.[contextly_sidebar id=”DW1hzBXeclQ1VU4UvjMvJqg203mcsZzZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first-of-its-kind global mega analysis on the biological timing of 88 species that rely on another life form shows that on average species are moving out of sync by about six days a decade, although some pairs are actually moving closer together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other studies have looked at individual pairs of species and how warming temperatures have changed their migration, breeding and other timing, the study in Monday’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings\u003c/a> of the National Academy of Sciences gives the first global look at a worsening timing problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in species timing are considerably greater than they were before the 1980s, the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There isn’t really any clear indication that it is going to slow down or stop in the near future,” said study lead author Heather Kharouba, an ecologist at the University of Ottawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example in the Netherlands, the Eurasian sparrow hawk has been late for dinner because its prey, the blue tit, has — over 16 years — arrived almost six days earlier than the hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s most noticeable and crucial in Washington state’s Lake Washington, where over the past 25 years, plant plankton are now blooming 34 days earlier than the zooplankton that eat them. That’s crucial because that’s messing with the bottom of the food chain, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NNrs8rOJPw3YfFBgqJPxjpMJRqAKiFjW”]In Greenland, the plants are showing up almost three days earlier than the caribou, so more of the baby caribou are dying “because there wasn’t enough food,” Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With warmer temperatures, most species moved their habits earlier, but interdependent species didn’t always move at the same rate. It’s the relative speed of changes in timing that’s key, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the small number of species involved in small areas over different studies, Kharouba’s team could not find a statistically significant link between temperature and changes in how species sync together. But what she saw, she said, “is consistent with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists not involved in the study praised the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It demonstrates that many species interactions from around the world are in a state of rapid flux,” Boston University biology professor Richard Primack said in an email. “Prior to this study, studies of changing species interactions focused on one place or one group of species.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There isn’t really any clear indication that it is going to slow down or stop in the near future,” said study lead author Heather Kharouba, an ecologist at the University of Ottawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example in the Netherlands, the Eurasian sparrow hawk has been late for dinner because its prey, the blue tit, has — over 16 years — arrived almost six days earlier than the hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s most noticeable and crucial in Washington state’s Lake Washington, where over the past 25 years, plant plankton are now blooming 34 days earlier than the zooplankton that eat them. That’s crucial because that’s messing with the bottom of the food chain, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In Greenland, the plants are showing up almost three days earlier than the caribou, so more of the baby caribou are dying “because there wasn’t enough food,” Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With warmer temperatures, most species moved their habits earlier, but interdependent species didn’t always move at the same rate. It’s the relative speed of changes in timing that’s key, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the small number of species involved in small areas over different studies, Kharouba’s team could not find a statistically significant link between temperature and changes in how species sync together. But what she saw, she said, “is consistent with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists not involved in the study praised the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It demonstrates that many species interactions from around the world are in a state of rapid flux,” Boston University biology professor Richard Primack said in an email. “Prior to this study, studies of changing species interactions focused on one place or one group of species.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.[contextly_sidebar id=”c0Fwd9tNC4edwCdXjMW1CXoaTfgcJ7bq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[contextly_sidebar id=”xakQMZeDQ9efXEJKjsJmRZrLJsJYY3kK”]Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time, a treatment that boosts the immune system greatly improved survival in people newly diagnosed with the most common form of lung cancer. It’s the biggest win so far for immunotherapy, which has had much of its success until now in less common cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, Merck’s Keytruda, given with standard chemotherapy, cut in half the risk of dying or having the cancer worsen, compared to chemo alone after nearly one year. The results are expected to quickly set a new standard of care for about 70,000 patients each year in the United States whose lung cancer has already spread by the time it’s found.[contextly_sidebar id=”F91JtPkny8aMmVDgSzhDCLKl8i9h66i6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study found that an immunotherapy combo — the Bristol-Myers Squibb drugs Opdivo and Yervoy — worked better than chemo for delaying the time until cancer worsened in advanced lung cancer patients whose tumors have many gene flaws, as nearly half do. But the benefit lasted less than two months on average and it’s too soon to know if the combo improves overall survival, as Keytruda did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these immune therapy treatments worked for only about half of patients, but that’s far better than chemo has done in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not nearly where we need to be yet,” said Dr. Roy Herbst, a Yale Cancer Center lung expert who had no role in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results were discussed Monday at an American Association for Cancer Research conference in Chicago and published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The studies were sponsored by the drugmakers, and many study leaders and Herbst consult for the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda, Yervoy and Opdivo are called checkpoint inhibitors. They remove a cloak that some cancer cells have that hides them from the immune system. The drugs are given through IVs and cost about $12,500 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda was approved last year as an initial treatment with chemo for the most common form of advanced lung cancer, but doctors have been leery to use it because that was based on a small study that did not show whether it prolongs life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”H5opvucYu977iQMrSp93NaQuUngGsm4g”]The new study, led by Dr. Leena Gandhi of NYU’s Perlmutter Cancer Center, gives that proof. In it, 616 patients were given chemo and some also received Keytruda. Those not given Keytruda were allowed to switch to it if their cancer worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After one year, 69 percent of people originally assigned to Keytruda were alive versus 49 percent of the others — a result that experts called remarkable considering that the second group’s survival was improved because half of them wound up switching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much it ultimately will extend life isn’t known — more than half in the Keytruda group are still alive; median survival was just over 11 months for the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keytruda combo also delayed the time until cancer worsened — an average of nine months versus five months for the chemo-only group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a big difference for such an advanced cancer, said Dr. Alice Shaw, a Massachusetts General Hospital lung cancer expert and one of the conference leaders. “This is really a pivotal study … a new standard of care,” said Shaw, who has no ties to the drugmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of serious side effects were similar, but twice as many in the Keytruda group dropped out because of them. More than 4 percent of that group developed lung inflammation and three patients died of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Hellmann of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York led a study testing the Opdivo-Yervoy combo versus chemo in a slightly different group of newly diagnosed advanced lung cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study design was changed after it was underway to look at results according to patients’ tumor mutation burden — a measure of how flawed their cancer genes are, according to a profiling test by Foundation Medicine. Medicare recently agreed to cover the $3,000 test for advanced cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of 679 patients, 299 had a high number of gene flaws in their tumors. In that group, survival without worsening of disease was 43 percent after one year for those on the immunotherapy drugs versus 13 percent of those on chemo. The immunotherapy drugs did not help people with fewer tumor gene flaws.[contextly_sidebar id=”k103627drh9G9sgLgZTkEEvh7CJBZPBb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a tool that helps us determine who are the patients that are most likely to benefit from this combination,” Hellmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median time until cancer worsened was about 7 months on the immunotherapy drugs versus 5.5 months for chemo. Serious side effects were a little more common in the chemo group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another rival, Genentech, recently announced that its checkpoint inhibitor, Tecentriq, improved survival in a study similar to the one testing Keytruda. Details are expected in a couple months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"se0:a5bebef0-20f0-11e8-bcf7-7ddee2fbdb58\" class=\"social-embed\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"display-block\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time, a treatment that boosts the immune system greatly improved survival in people newly diagnosed with the most common form of lung cancer. It’s the biggest win so far for immunotherapy, which has had much of its success until now in less common cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, Merck’s Keytruda, given with standard chemotherapy, cut in half the risk of dying or having the cancer worsen, compared to chemo alone after nearly one year. The results are expected to quickly set a new standard of care for about 70,000 patients each year in the United States whose lung cancer has already spread by the time it’s found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study found that an immunotherapy combo — the Bristol-Myers Squibb drugs Opdivo and Yervoy — worked better than chemo for delaying the time until cancer worsened in advanced lung cancer patients whose tumors have many gene flaws, as nearly half do. But the benefit lasted less than two months on average and it’s too soon to know if the combo improves overall survival, as Keytruda did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these immune therapy treatments worked for only about half of patients, but that’s far better than chemo has done in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not nearly where we need to be yet,” said Dr. Roy Herbst, a Yale Cancer Center lung expert who had no role in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results were discussed Monday at an American Association for Cancer Research conference in Chicago and published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The studies were sponsored by the drugmakers, and many study leaders and Herbst consult for the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda, Yervoy and Opdivo are called checkpoint inhibitors. They remove a cloak that some cancer cells have that hides them from the immune system. The drugs are given through IVs and cost about $12,500 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keytruda was approved last year as an initial treatment with chemo for the most common form of advanced lung cancer, but doctors have been leery to use it because that was based on a small study that did not show whether it prolongs life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The new study, led by Dr. Leena Gandhi of NYU’s Perlmutter Cancer Center, gives that proof. In it, 616 patients were given chemo and some also received Keytruda. Those not given Keytruda were allowed to switch to it if their cancer worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After one year, 69 percent of people originally assigned to Keytruda were alive versus 49 percent of the others — a result that experts called remarkable considering that the second group’s survival was improved because half of them wound up switching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much it ultimately will extend life isn’t known — more than half in the Keytruda group are still alive; median survival was just over 11 months for the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keytruda combo also delayed the time until cancer worsened — an average of nine months versus five months for the chemo-only group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a big difference for such an advanced cancer, said Dr. Alice Shaw, a Massachusetts General Hospital lung cancer expert and one of the conference leaders. “This is really a pivotal study … a new standard of care,” said Shaw, who has no ties to the drugmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of serious side effects were similar, but twice as many in the Keytruda group dropped out because of them. More than 4 percent of that group developed lung inflammation and three patients died of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Hellmann of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York led a study testing the Opdivo-Yervoy combo versus chemo in a slightly different group of newly diagnosed advanced lung cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study design was changed after it was underway to look at results according to patients’ tumor mutation burden — a measure of how flawed their cancer genes are, according to a profiling test by Foundation Medicine. Medicare recently agreed to cover the $3,000 test for advanced cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of 679 patients, 299 had a high number of gene flaws in their tumors. In that group, survival without worsening of disease was 43 percent after one year for those on the immunotherapy drugs versus 13 percent of those on chemo. The immunotherapy drugs did not help people with fewer tumor gene flaws.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a tool that helps us determine who are the patients that are most likely to benefit from this combination,” Hellmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median time until cancer worsened was about 7 months on the immunotherapy drugs versus 5.5 months for chemo. Serious side effects were a little more common in the chemo group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another rival, Genentech, recently announced that its checkpoint inhibitor, Tecentriq, improved survival in a study similar to the one testing Keytruda. Details are expected in a couple months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"se0:a5bebef0-20f0-11e8-bcf7-7ddee2fbdb58\" class=\"social-embed\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"display-block\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73000196#executive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3.9 magnitude quake \u003c/a>jolted residents in the South Bay Monday morning. The U.S. Geological Survey says the quake, centered northeast of Alum Rock, struck around 9:40 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake was close to, and mostly likely on, the Calaveras fault. A San Jose Fire Department spokesman says there are no reports of injuries or damage. The shaking lasted about 10 seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of 11 a.m. \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73000196#dyfi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 4,600 people reported\u003c/a> feeling the quake on the U.S.G.S. page “Did You Feel It?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday morning had a slightly apocalyptic feel to it in the South Bay, as pointed out by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/16/earthquake-rattles-south-bay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a> and area Tweeters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/muinamir/status/985920830298243072\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, no locusts reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73000196#executive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3.9 magnitude quake \u003c/a>jolted residents in the South Bay Monday morning. The U.S. Geological Survey says the quake, centered northeast of Alum Rock, struck around 9:40 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake was close to, and mostly likely on, the Calaveras fault. A San Jose Fire Department spokesman says there are no reports of injuries or damage. The shaking lasted about 10 seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of 11 a.m. \u003ca href=\"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc73000196#dyfi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 4,600 people reported\u003c/a> feeling the quake on the U.S.G.S. page “Did You Feel It?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday morning had a slightly apocalyptic feel to it in the South Bay, as pointed out by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/16/earthquake-rattles-south-bay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a> and area Tweeters.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here’s some sobering news: A large international study says adults should average no more than one alcoholic drink per day, and that means drinking guidelines in many countries may be far too loose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that people who down more than seven drinks a week can expect to die sooner than those who drink less.[contextly_sidebar id=”3kWm4DI3iVJYPMRs18be6GS4w2yZC31b”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this is saying is, if you’re really concerned about your longevity, don’t have more than a drink a day,” said David Jernigan, a Johns Hopkins University alcohol researcher who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. government currently recommends no more than seven drinks a week for women, the recommendation for men is 14 drinks. That’s because earlier studies found women are hit by the effects of alcohol at lower amounts than men for several reasons, including women weigh less than men on average and blood alcohol concentrations rise faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study estimates that 40-year-old men who drink as much as the current U.S. guidelines allow can expect to live one to two years less than men who have no more than seven drinks per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HyboG9XiQBIkWZh1aRuQHOgnuXyNe7P8″]Canada and Sweden have guidelines similar to those in the U.S. set by the Department of Agriculture. Some countries have much higher ceilings. Spain and Romania set the upper limit for men at the equivalent of 20 drinks each week, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British guidelines were like the U.S. standards until two years ago, when U.K. health officials brought the recommendation for men down to the level for women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study “is a serious wake-up call for many countries,” Jeremy Pearson of the British Heart Foundation said in a statement. The group partly funded the study, which was published Thursday by the Lancet journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research combined results from 83 studies conducted in 19 countries, tracking nearly 600,000 people who drank alcohol. The researchers focused on who developed — and died from — stroke and different forms of heart disease. They made a point of excluding people who had a known history of heart problems at the time they had entered a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the participants said they had more than 100 grams of alcohol a week. There’s variation from country to country as to how many grams of alcohol are generally found in a standard drink. In Britain, that’s about six pints of beer a week. But in the U.S., 100 grams is equivalent to what’s in seven 12-ounces cans of beer, 5-ounce glasses of wine, or 1.5-ounce shots of rum, gin or other distilled spirits.[contextly_sidebar id=”60IZVuLOHERq8r5KjLnvVsIEeretG7j6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found a higher risk of stroke, heart failure and other problems in that group of heavier drinkers. That may partly reflect that alcohol can elevate blood pressure and alter cholesterol levels, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the heavier drinkers were less likely to have a heart attack. But balanced against the increased risk of a stroke and other heart problems, the impact of drinking more than seven drinks a week is more bad than good, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Angela Wood of the University of Cambridge in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most studies, this one has flaws. It’s not built to make firm conclusions about cause and effect. Research that rolls together previous studies can be problematic if they aren’t similar enough, though this one appears to have done a good job at overcoming that obstacle and combining comparable data, Jernigan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers relied on what participants reported drinking at the start, recognizing that many people may be lowballing how much they actually down. And the study didn’t account for any changes in their drinking habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At O’Hara’s Restaurant and Pub, a watering hole in lower Manhattan, one patron shrugged off the study and its recommendation. Shawn Freeman, visiting from St. Louis, said other things influence how much he drinks, like his mood and whether he’ll be driving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another patron, Jaussi Ruotsalainen, a tourist from Finland, said he rarely drinks because he has two young kids at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That takes care of it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Canada and Sweden have guidelines similar to those in the U.S. set by the Department of Agriculture. Some countries have much higher ceilings. Spain and Romania set the upper limit for men at the equivalent of 20 drinks each week, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British guidelines were like the U.S. standards until two years ago, when U.K. health officials brought the recommendation for men down to the level for women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study “is a serious wake-up call for many countries,” Jeremy Pearson of the British Heart Foundation said in a statement. The group partly funded the study, which was published Thursday by the Lancet journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research combined results from 83 studies conducted in 19 countries, tracking nearly 600,000 people who drank alcohol. The researchers focused on who developed — and died from — stroke and different forms of heart disease. They made a point of excluding people who had a known history of heart problems at the time they had entered a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the participants said they had more than 100 grams of alcohol a week. There’s variation from country to country as to how many grams of alcohol are generally found in a standard drink. In Britain, that’s about six pints of beer a week. But in the U.S., 100 grams is equivalent to what’s in seven 12-ounces cans of beer, 5-ounce glasses of wine, or 1.5-ounce shots of rum, gin or other distilled spirits.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found a higher risk of stroke, heart failure and other problems in that group of heavier drinkers. That may partly reflect that alcohol can elevate blood pressure and alter cholesterol levels, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the heavier drinkers were less likely to have a heart attack. But balanced against the increased risk of a stroke and other heart problems, the impact of drinking more than seven drinks a week is more bad than good, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Angela Wood of the University of Cambridge in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most studies, this one has flaws. It’s not built to make firm conclusions about cause and effect. Research that rolls together previous studies can be problematic if they aren’t similar enough, though this one appears to have done a good job at overcoming that obstacle and combining comparable data, Jernigan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers relied on what participants reported drinking at the start, recognizing that many people may be lowballing how much they actually down. And the study didn’t account for any changes in their drinking habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At O’Hara’s Restaurant and Pub, a watering hole in lower Manhattan, one patron shrugged off the study and its recommendation. Shawn Freeman, visiting from St. Louis, said other things influence how much he drinks, like his mood and whether he’ll be driving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another patron, Jaussi Ruotsalainen, a tourist from Finland, said he rarely drinks because he has two young kids at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That takes care of it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Monster Animals: Does ‘Rampage’ Get the Science of CRISPR Right?",
"headTitle": "Monster Animals: Does ‘Rampage’ Get the Science of CRISPR Right? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"big-cap-wrap danger-zone\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>e here at STAT cover \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a> a lot. But it’s not every day we get to cover Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The Rock and the genome-editing technology meet in a new movie, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coOKvrsmQiI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rampage\u003c/a>,” coming out Friday. Through a freak accident, a gorilla, a wolf, and a crocodile ingest some CRISPR complexes. The animals — whose genomes become edited to make them stronger, bigger, faster, and more aggressive — soon wreak havoc on the city of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It’s packed with action, gratuitous destruction, and an anti-poaching message, along with at least a dozen references to CRISPR, some of which are even accurate, say STAT reporters (and amateur movie critics) Megan Thielking and Andrew Joseph, who saw an advanced screening this week. Here are their thoughts — both scientific and cinematic — on the film. This conversation contains spoilers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> So that was incredible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: This movie has everything: rich biotech baddies with clothes as fancy as their skyscraper headquarters; meditations on how mankind is just as primitive as the animal kingdom (and how we’re actually a horrible and much worse species); and a gigantic wolf with a taste for helicopters. But before we dive into the movie, let’s give a bit of background. Megan, in addition to being \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/category/boddities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a serious science journalist\u003c/a>, you’re a big Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson fan. How did we end up at this advanced screening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: I have been working up a STAT pitch on this movie for months. This movie features both science (my beat) and The Rock looking contemplatively out over a cornfield (my aesthetic). My original idea was to review the movie with an expert in genome-editing. I actually invited four CRISPR experts, all of whom were “busy.” Dejected, I then invited Drew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: Fifth choice, I’ll take it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: So the movie opens with a title screen that reads: “In 1993, a breakthrough new technology, known as CRISPR, gave scientists a path to treat incurable diseases through genetic editing. In 2016, due to its potential for misuse, the U.S. Intelligence Community designated genetic editing a ‘Weapon of Mass Destruction and Proliferation.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a huge relief to see CRISPR mentioned right from the get-go, because I really sold this story to our editors. It also made me feel better about expensing Sour Patch Kids and Raisinets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: To get technical for a second, the title screen is sort of accurate. Yes, James Clapper, then the director of national intelligence, did \u003ca href=\"https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/SASC_Unclassified_2016_ATA_SFR_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list genome-editing as a threat\u003c/a> in 2016. But when I saw the 1993 line, I kind of chuckled to myself. At first, I thought, sorry, Jennifer Doudna and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\" rel=\"noopener\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, apparently The Rock beat you by like 20 years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/16/crispr-patent-decision-six-takeaways/\" rel=\"noopener\">your patent claims\u003c/a> are worthless. But then I thought more about it and realized what they were referring to. This history of modern CRISPR discovery does, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(15)01705-5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by some accounts\u003c/a>, date back to 1993, even though the term CRISPR wasn’t used for another decade or so. And the title page suggests that scientists were using the system to edit genomes 25 years ago, which we know was not the case — that’s a much more recent feat. Anyway, I’ll get off my soapbox now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan, to my surprise, the movie started in space. What’s up with that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: I was not surprised whatsoever that this movie started in space. But, essentially, an evil company is testing CRISPR in space on a lab rat. Only the rat becomes a gigantic rat, the space shuttle explodes, and three CRISPR vials fall to earth. Enter Dwayne Johnson and his best friend, George, the albino gorilla he rescued from poachers and who he communicates with using sign language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George and two other animals — a wolf and a crocodile — are “infected” with CRISPR. It makes them grow to gigantic proportions and become very aggressive. And in the wolf’s case, it also grew bat wings. But that’s not exactly how CRISPR works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"RAMPAGE - OFFICIAL TRAILER 1 [HD]\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/coOKvrsmQiI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I knew this movie was going to be good when one of the astronauts who is trying to escape the shuttle is frantically radioing back to earth. Someone over the radio chimes in that “the test subject is a rat,” and the astronaut replies, “Not anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, that’s not exactly how CRISPR works, but it’s not completely off base either! The idea is that the biotech company “weaponized” CRISPR research and introduced the genes of a bunch of other animals into our three monster-animals to give them traits such as those bat wings, or the spikes of some other animal, or the strength or regenerative abilities of certain kinds of bugs. This is all explained very quickly in some exposition by our disgraced yet heroic geneticist played by Naomie Harris (whom I last saw in “Moonlight,” and here’s hoping that, like that movie, “Rampage” scores a surprise best picture win at the Oscars). “I’m talking about extremely specific results,” says Naomie, who, in my mind, I am on a first-name basis with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question I have is whether these animal features are polygenic as opposed to tied to one gene. That would make it a lot harder to introduce them into another species. But scientists have CRISPR’d beagles to make them super jacked, so it’s not insane that CRISPR could be used to change the features of an animal. Whether it could be used to double the size of a gorilla overnight, well, that might be a different story. And for the beagles, the CRISPR’ing happened when the dogs were embryos, not fully grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CRISPR’d animals of “Rampage” also become super aggressive, and behavior might be harder to change through editing. Maybe they just ramped up testosterone production somehow? I don’t know, Naomie didn’t explain that part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You raised a good point as we left the movie, Megan. Where are the regulators?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> All of the CRISPR work in this movie seemed to be WILDLY unregulated. There’s no FDA cameo here. There’s no Scott Gottlieb in skinny jeans. There is Jeffrey Dean Morgan, whom I will refer to as Denny Duquette, his character in “Grey’s Anatomy,” from this point forward. He plays a government agent with a faint Foghorn Leghorn accent who helps The Rock and Naomie Harris take on the CRISPR company, called Energyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> Best line from Jeffrey Dean Morgan (said in his weird Foghorn Leghorn accent, which is not faint at all): “When science s***s the bed, I’m the guy they call to clean the sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MEGAN: It’s Denny Duquette, but, yes, that was amazing. In real life, there’s a whole system that keeps research in the U.S. involving CRISPR in check. The Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health regulate CRISPR as it relates to medical research, of course. But the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Agriculture also play a role in overseeing uses of CRISPR. And the Department of Defense — which is interested in genome-editing as a potential bioterrorism threat — has poured a lot of money into CRISPR research. So there are a lot of people overseeing this kind of work. Not just Denny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> Exactly, although the dastardly siblings running Energyne (who complain about their stock price tanking after their space shuttle explodes!) maybe found a way around all of them, you know, by like doing their work in space. Anyone home at NASA?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a different note, this did make me think of a common movie plot point. As our colleague Damian Garde wrote last year, Hollywood loves a biopharma villain. There’s clearly some fear among the public about what scientists can do, particularly when it comes to rewriting the code of life. I do wonder if this movie will be people’s introduction to CRISPR. Are they going to go home and Google it and see headlines invoking “designer babies”? Is this just going to make people scared of CRISPR, even if they know that it probably won’t lead to a mutant crocodile that can King-Kong-style crawl up the Sears Tower? This is totally made up, but I imagine the marketing people at CRISPR Therapeutics are discussing this right now!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Side note, the director of this movie 100 percent took a Chicago architecture boat tour, because they hit all the major landmarks. But, yes, I do think this will be the first introduction a lot of people have to CRISPR. And as much as I absolutely loved this movie — I will be seeing it at least four more times in theaters, thanks MoviePass — I do think it played fast and loose with some of the science around CRISPR, which is a real thing that actually exists. I know it’s science fiction, but the closest thing I could find on the crew list to a science adviser was a “genetics lab tech advisor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I’m definitely giving this movie too much credit, and you’re absolutely right, but there were things in the movie that made me think of real CRISPR issues. Naomie Harris’ character was trying to use CRISPR to cure her brother of some unidentified disease. And her big discovery was how to ensure that CRISPR complexes could be delivered to every cell in the body, not just a few. Granted, efficient CRISPR delivery had some not-great consequences when it happened to a crocodile, but it’s a huge goal for researchers using CRISPR or other types of gene therapy for clinical purposes: ensuring that edits happen in enough cells to, for example, generate enough of a normal protein to overcome the faulty protein produced by a certain disease mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> At least The Rock and the rest of the “Rampage” team own up to the fact that they take “great liberties with the science” in the film’s production notes. Here’s what The Rock said: “The science is fascinating. But we had to maintain that balance between delivering on a scientific perspective that makes sense and making sure we’re right around the next corner winking at the audience and letting them know we’re all in on this: Hey, we’re making a big, fun movie about a crocodile with 1118 giant teeth, and a gorilla the size of a house, who likes to flip me off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an audience member, I will gladly let The Rock wink at me, even if it means sparing a little scientific accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I did hear you giggling a lot whenever The Rock was on screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Who wasn’t?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s talk about how they want to stop the destruction of the entire city of Chicago and potentially the world by delivering an antidote. The antidote, we’re told, will curb the unchecked aggression of the animals but not reverse the other changes, like bringing George back to his original 7-foot-tall size. But that’s more in line with Pokemon than actual CRISPR science. In theory, you could re-edit the genes of an animal again after editing them initially with CRISPR, but there’s no magic solution to immediately reverse CRISPR and bring peace to the Windy City like the movie suggests. And if there were, I’m not confident you could deliver it by putting it in the purse of a woman who then gets consumed by a CRISPR’d animal. Which happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> The antidote at one point is described as a giant “chill pill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here I am again making a reach, but, whatever, this movie’s got layers. When they were talking about an antidote or reversing those changes, I immediately thought about gene drive! Granted, that’s a different use of CRISPR — editing animals to force traits throughout a whole species — and reversing gene drive isn’t just re-editing the animals that have already been edited. But researchers who are working on gene drive are cognizant of the fact that playing with nature can have unintended consequences, so it’s probably a good idea to have a real-life CTRL-Z at the ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Agree wholeheartedly. I and the entire city of Chicago and the suburbs (Go Cats!) would like to thank science for the antidote. Final thoughts on the science, Drew?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I’m sorry I’m still harping on this, but back to the fear of genome-editing. Obviously, there are a whole lot of ethical and safety issues involved with playing with DNA, and I think most scientists take those seriously. But it’s interesting to see this movie given that we now have treatments on the market involving editing DNA. Sure, they’re not CRISPR-based therapies, but clinical trials using CRISPR are recruiting patients. And the CAR-T therapies and the gene therapy Luxturna (see this piece by our colleague Eric Boodman to get a sense of how it works) are big deals for patients, and there are a lot more coming down the pike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> That was as subtle a product placement as the Dave & Buster’s sign that gets torn off a building in “Rampage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I did see you scramble to write that part down in your notebook when it happened. Anyway, your final thoughts, Megan, the Statler to my Waldorf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> There was one health-related subplot here we didn’t get to, which was how The Rock was able to take on three giant animals, scale burning buildings, and save the world after being SHOT THROUGH THE ABDOMEN with roughly half an hour left in the movie. He said the bullet missed all of his vital organs, but still. Swoon. In my notes, I scribbled, “The Rock. Man of many talents. Also gorilla whisperer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One final question: If you were in a real-life “Rampage” situation, what would you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> The first lesson is, listen to Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson. If he says don’t put George the gorilla on a plane, don’t put him on a plane! How about you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> I would hop on The Rock’s back and let him carry me while I used my inhaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> So what do you think, can we convince our editors to send us to an advanced screening of The Rock’s next movie? See you at “Skyscraper”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Catch me at the midnight premiere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Megan’s grades\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientific\u003c/em>: A for effort, B- for execution\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cinematic\u003c/em>: Two out of two Rock biceps\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrew’s grades\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientific\u003c/em>: B-, though honestly I haven’t stopped thinking about it\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cinematic\u003c/em>: Let’s just say I can’t wait for “Rampage 2: Editin’ Boogaloo”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to STAT’s very own CRISPR expert, Sharon Begley, for reviewing this review to make sure we didn’t screw anything up.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"big-cap-wrap danger-zone\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>e here at STAT cover \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a> a lot. But it’s not every day we get to cover Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The Rock and the genome-editing technology meet in a new movie, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coOKvrsmQiI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rampage\u003c/a>,” coming out Friday. Through a freak accident, a gorilla, a wolf, and a crocodile ingest some CRISPR complexes. The animals — whose genomes become edited to make them stronger, bigger, faster, and more aggressive — soon wreak havoc on the city of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It’s packed with action, gratuitous destruction, and an anti-poaching message, along with at least a dozen references to CRISPR, some of which are even accurate, say STAT reporters (and amateur movie critics) Megan Thielking and Andrew Joseph, who saw an advanced screening this week. Here are their thoughts — both scientific and cinematic — on the film. This conversation contains spoilers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> So that was incredible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: This movie has everything: rich biotech baddies with clothes as fancy as their skyscraper headquarters; meditations on how mankind is just as primitive as the animal kingdom (and how we’re actually a horrible and much worse species); and a gigantic wolf with a taste for helicopters. But before we dive into the movie, let’s give a bit of background. Megan, in addition to being \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/category/boddities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a serious science journalist\u003c/a>, you’re a big Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson fan. How did we end up at this advanced screening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: I have been working up a STAT pitch on this movie for months. This movie features both science (my beat) and The Rock looking contemplatively out over a cornfield (my aesthetic). My original idea was to review the movie with an expert in genome-editing. I actually invited four CRISPR experts, all of whom were “busy.” Dejected, I then invited Drew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: Fifth choice, I’ll take it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: So the movie opens with a title screen that reads: “In 1993, a breakthrough new technology, known as CRISPR, gave scientists a path to treat incurable diseases through genetic editing. In 2016, due to its potential for misuse, the U.S. Intelligence Community designated genetic editing a ‘Weapon of Mass Destruction and Proliferation.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a huge relief to see CRISPR mentioned right from the get-go, because I really sold this story to our editors. It also made me feel better about expensing Sour Patch Kids and Raisinets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: To get technical for a second, the title screen is sort of accurate. Yes, James Clapper, then the director of national intelligence, did \u003ca href=\"https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/SASC_Unclassified_2016_ATA_SFR_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list genome-editing as a threat\u003c/a> in 2016. But when I saw the 1993 line, I kind of chuckled to myself. At first, I thought, sorry, Jennifer Doudna and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\" rel=\"noopener\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, apparently The Rock beat you by like 20 years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/16/crispr-patent-decision-six-takeaways/\" rel=\"noopener\">your patent claims\u003c/a> are worthless. But then I thought more about it and realized what they were referring to. This history of modern CRISPR discovery does, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(15)01705-5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by some accounts\u003c/a>, date back to 1993, even though the term CRISPR wasn’t used for another decade or so. And the title page suggests that scientists were using the system to edit genomes 25 years ago, which we know was not the case — that’s a much more recent feat. Anyway, I’ll get off my soapbox now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan, to my surprise, the movie started in space. What’s up with that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: I was not surprised whatsoever that this movie started in space. But, essentially, an evil company is testing CRISPR in space on a lab rat. Only the rat becomes a gigantic rat, the space shuttle explodes, and three CRISPR vials fall to earth. Enter Dwayne Johnson and his best friend, George, the albino gorilla he rescued from poachers and who he communicates with using sign language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George and two other animals — a wolf and a crocodile — are “infected” with CRISPR. It makes them grow to gigantic proportions and become very aggressive. And in the wolf’s case, it also grew bat wings. But that’s not exactly how CRISPR works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"RAMPAGE - OFFICIAL TRAILER 1 [HD]\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/coOKvrsmQiI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I knew this movie was going to be good when one of the astronauts who is trying to escape the shuttle is frantically radioing back to earth. Someone over the radio chimes in that “the test subject is a rat,” and the astronaut replies, “Not anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, that’s not exactly how CRISPR works, but it’s not completely off base either! The idea is that the biotech company “weaponized” CRISPR research and introduced the genes of a bunch of other animals into our three monster-animals to give them traits such as those bat wings, or the spikes of some other animal, or the strength or regenerative abilities of certain kinds of bugs. This is all explained very quickly in some exposition by our disgraced yet heroic geneticist played by Naomie Harris (whom I last saw in “Moonlight,” and here’s hoping that, like that movie, “Rampage” scores a surprise best picture win at the Oscars). “I’m talking about extremely specific results,” says Naomie, who, in my mind, I am on a first-name basis with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question I have is whether these animal features are polygenic as opposed to tied to one gene. That would make it a lot harder to introduce them into another species. But scientists have CRISPR’d beagles to make them super jacked, so it’s not insane that CRISPR could be used to change the features of an animal. Whether it could be used to double the size of a gorilla overnight, well, that might be a different story. And for the beagles, the CRISPR’ing happened when the dogs were embryos, not fully grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CRISPR’d animals of “Rampage” also become super aggressive, and behavior might be harder to change through editing. Maybe they just ramped up testosterone production somehow? I don’t know, Naomie didn’t explain that part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You raised a good point as we left the movie, Megan. Where are the regulators?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> All of the CRISPR work in this movie seemed to be WILDLY unregulated. There’s no FDA cameo here. There’s no Scott Gottlieb in skinny jeans. There is Jeffrey Dean Morgan, whom I will refer to as Denny Duquette, his character in “Grey’s Anatomy,” from this point forward. He plays a government agent with a faint Foghorn Leghorn accent who helps The Rock and Naomie Harris take on the CRISPR company, called Energyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> Best line from Jeffrey Dean Morgan (said in his weird Foghorn Leghorn accent, which is not faint at all): “When science s***s the bed, I’m the guy they call to clean the sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MEGAN: It’s Denny Duquette, but, yes, that was amazing. In real life, there’s a whole system that keeps research in the U.S. involving CRISPR in check. The Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health regulate CRISPR as it relates to medical research, of course. But the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Agriculture also play a role in overseeing uses of CRISPR. And the Department of Defense — which is interested in genome-editing as a potential bioterrorism threat — has poured a lot of money into CRISPR research. So there are a lot of people overseeing this kind of work. Not just Denny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> Exactly, although the dastardly siblings running Energyne (who complain about their stock price tanking after their space shuttle explodes!) maybe found a way around all of them, you know, by like doing their work in space. Anyone home at NASA?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a different note, this did make me think of a common movie plot point. As our colleague Damian Garde wrote last year, Hollywood loves a biopharma villain. There’s clearly some fear among the public about what scientists can do, particularly when it comes to rewriting the code of life. I do wonder if this movie will be people’s introduction to CRISPR. Are they going to go home and Google it and see headlines invoking “designer babies”? Is this just going to make people scared of CRISPR, even if they know that it probably won’t lead to a mutant crocodile that can King-Kong-style crawl up the Sears Tower? This is totally made up, but I imagine the marketing people at CRISPR Therapeutics are discussing this right now!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Side note, the director of this movie 100 percent took a Chicago architecture boat tour, because they hit all the major landmarks. But, yes, I do think this will be the first introduction a lot of people have to CRISPR. And as much as I absolutely loved this movie — I will be seeing it at least four more times in theaters, thanks MoviePass — I do think it played fast and loose with some of the science around CRISPR, which is a real thing that actually exists. I know it’s science fiction, but the closest thing I could find on the crew list to a science adviser was a “genetics lab tech advisor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I’m definitely giving this movie too much credit, and you’re absolutely right, but there were things in the movie that made me think of real CRISPR issues. Naomie Harris’ character was trying to use CRISPR to cure her brother of some unidentified disease. And her big discovery was how to ensure that CRISPR complexes could be delivered to every cell in the body, not just a few. Granted, efficient CRISPR delivery had some not-great consequences when it happened to a crocodile, but it’s a huge goal for researchers using CRISPR or other types of gene therapy for clinical purposes: ensuring that edits happen in enough cells to, for example, generate enough of a normal protein to overcome the faulty protein produced by a certain disease mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> At least The Rock and the rest of the “Rampage” team own up to the fact that they take “great liberties with the science” in the film’s production notes. Here’s what The Rock said: “The science is fascinating. But we had to maintain that balance between delivering on a scientific perspective that makes sense and making sure we’re right around the next corner winking at the audience and letting them know we’re all in on this: Hey, we’re making a big, fun movie about a crocodile with 1118 giant teeth, and a gorilla the size of a house, who likes to flip me off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an audience member, I will gladly let The Rock wink at me, even if it means sparing a little scientific accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I did hear you giggling a lot whenever The Rock was on screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Who wasn’t?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s talk about how they want to stop the destruction of the entire city of Chicago and potentially the world by delivering an antidote. The antidote, we’re told, will curb the unchecked aggression of the animals but not reverse the other changes, like bringing George back to his original 7-foot-tall size. But that’s more in line with Pokemon than actual CRISPR science. In theory, you could re-edit the genes of an animal again after editing them initially with CRISPR, but there’s no magic solution to immediately reverse CRISPR and bring peace to the Windy City like the movie suggests. And if there were, I’m not confident you could deliver it by putting it in the purse of a woman who then gets consumed by a CRISPR’d animal. Which happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> The antidote at one point is described as a giant “chill pill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here I am again making a reach, but, whatever, this movie’s got layers. When they were talking about an antidote or reversing those changes, I immediately thought about gene drive! Granted, that’s a different use of CRISPR — editing animals to force traits throughout a whole species — and reversing gene drive isn’t just re-editing the animals that have already been edited. But researchers who are working on gene drive are cognizant of the fact that playing with nature can have unintended consequences, so it’s probably a good idea to have a real-life CTRL-Z at the ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Agree wholeheartedly. I and the entire city of Chicago and the suburbs (Go Cats!) would like to thank science for the antidote. Final thoughts on the science, Drew?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I’m sorry I’m still harping on this, but back to the fear of genome-editing. Obviously, there are a whole lot of ethical and safety issues involved with playing with DNA, and I think most scientists take those seriously. But it’s interesting to see this movie given that we now have treatments on the market involving editing DNA. Sure, they’re not CRISPR-based therapies, but clinical trials using CRISPR are recruiting patients. And the CAR-T therapies and the gene therapy Luxturna (see this piece by our colleague Eric Boodman to get a sense of how it works) are big deals for patients, and there are a lot more coming down the pike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> That was as subtle a product placement as the Dave & Buster’s sign that gets torn off a building in “Rampage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I did see you scramble to write that part down in your notebook when it happened. Anyway, your final thoughts, Megan, the Statler to my Waldorf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> There was one health-related subplot here we didn’t get to, which was how The Rock was able to take on three giant animals, scale burning buildings, and save the world after being SHOT THROUGH THE ABDOMEN with roughly half an hour left in the movie. He said the bullet missed all of his vital organs, but still. Swoon. In my notes, I scribbled, “The Rock. Man of many talents. Also gorilla whisperer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One final question: If you were in a real-life “Rampage” situation, what would you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> The first lesson is, listen to Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson. If he says don’t put George the gorilla on a plane, don’t put him on a plane! How about you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> I would hop on The Rock’s back and let him carry me while I used my inhaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> So what do you think, can we convince our editors to send us to an advanced screening of The Rock’s next movie? See you at “Skyscraper”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Catch me at the midnight premiere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Megan’s grades\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientific\u003c/em>: A for effort, B- for execution\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cinematic\u003c/em>: Two out of two Rock biceps\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrew’s grades\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientific\u003c/em>: B-, though honestly I haven’t stopped thinking about it\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cinematic\u003c/em>: Let’s just say I can’t wait for “Rampage 2: Editin’ Boogaloo”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to STAT’s very own CRISPR expert, Sharon Begley, for reviewing this review to make sure we didn’t screw anything up.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: Global Warming is Weakening Ocean Circulation",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global warming is likely slowing the main Atlantic Ocean circulation, which has plunged to its weakest level on record, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown in the circulation — a crucial part of Earth’s climate — had been predicted by computer models, but researchers said they can now observe it. It could make for more extreme weather across the Northern Hemisphere, especially Europe, and could increase sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast, they said.[contextly_sidebar id=”rBXbrroqZ2YEkGIYJQGOOczDsnq7IBIn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown also raises the prospect of a complete circulation shutdown, which would be a dangerous “tipping point,” according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a shutdown was the premise of the scientifically inaccurate 2004 disaster movie “The Day After Tomorrow.” Study authors said a collapse is at least decades away but would be a catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know somewhere out there is a tipping point where this current system is likely to break down,” said study co-author Stefan Rahmstorf, a climate scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “We still don’t know how far away or close to this tipping point we might be. … This is uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other scientists are skeptical, citing a scarcity of data.[contextly_sidebar id=”NHnK3NaaMoXqY2V0rXvwyyEsFLqURaLU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, called AMOC, is a key conveyor belt for ocean water and air, creating weather. Warm salty water moves north from the tropics along the Gulf Stream off the U.S. East Coast to the North Atlantic, where it cools, sinks and heads south. The faster it moves, the more water is turned over from warm surface to cool depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This overturning circulation redistributes heat on our planet,” said study lead author Levke Caesar, a physicist at the Potsdam Institute. “It brings heat from the tropics to the high latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caesar study and another one published in the same issue of Nature by a different team indicate that the Atlantic’s circulation is the weakest it’s been in about 1,500 years. And the slowdown is intensifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the middle of the 20th century, the speed at which the ocean moves water in the AMOC has dropped 15 percent, the study found, using cold subpolar water temperatures as an indirect measurement. And it has plummeted in recent years, the study concluded.[contextly_sidebar id=”Lw0kIwLUlZDhLNAgq3mazHe7QsPnD2TJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf Stream, the warm water current where hurricanes can power up, historically veers away from the United States around the Carolinas or Virginia. The Gulf Stream now hugs closer to coast around New York, and there’s a significantly warmer bulge around Maine related to the circulation slowdown, Rahmstorf and Caesar said. The northern U.S. Atlantic coastal waters have warmed faster than most parts of the ocean in recent decades, researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists blame global warming in a couple of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer water lessens the amount of cooling and makes it harder for the water to sink and turn over. Ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland are melting and the fresh water is pouring into the area where the water turns over, making it less salty, less dense and therefore less likely to sink. There’s also more rain and snow in northern areas and more evaporation in southern areas, altering the flow, Rahmstorf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a slow change at the moment, but we’re changing it,” Caesar said. “One danger is in the unknown of what will happen. We should expect changes.”[contextly_sidebar id=”U4At75iQnf6Mh9rzLQIm9SGit6iW0eqq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf and Caesar looked at an established cold patch — about 2 million square miles (5.2 million square kilometers), or the size of India and Mexico combined — as the indirect measurements for the speed of the AMOC, calling it a fingerprint of the ocean circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s clear that the circulation is weakening, said Colorado State hurricane expert Phil Klotzbach, who wasn’t part of the studies. Decades ago, that would have meant weaker Atlantic hurricane activity, but that hasn’t been happening and it could mean there is a difference in weakening in winter and summer, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andreas Schmittner at Oregon State University, who also wasn’t part of the studies, said the Potsdam group’s analysis makes sense, adding that as the world emits more greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels, we can expect it to slow further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But MIT’s Carl Wunsch said that the paper’s “assertions of weakening are conceivable, but unsupported by any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said his recent work faults regular cycles in the atmosphere more than the ocean. He said the Potsdam study doesn’t explain year to year variability, while atmospheric cycles do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf said his study averages data over a decade at a time to render year-to-year changes less meaningful. The work shows that it is ocean circulation that drives the changes in atmosphere, not the other way around, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming is likely slowing the main Atlantic Ocean circulation, which has plunged to its weakest level on record, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown in the circulation — a crucial part of Earth’s climate — had been predicted by computer models, but researchers said they can now observe it. It could make for more extreme weather across the Northern Hemisphere, especially Europe, and could increase sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast, they said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowdown also raises the prospect of a complete circulation shutdown, which would be a dangerous “tipping point,” according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a shutdown was the premise of the scientifically inaccurate 2004 disaster movie “The Day After Tomorrow.” Study authors said a collapse is at least decades away but would be a catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know somewhere out there is a tipping point where this current system is likely to break down,” said study co-author Stefan Rahmstorf, a climate scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “We still don’t know how far away or close to this tipping point we might be. … This is uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other scientists are skeptical, citing a scarcity of data.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, called AMOC, is a key conveyor belt for ocean water and air, creating weather. Warm salty water moves north from the tropics along the Gulf Stream off the U.S. East Coast to the North Atlantic, where it cools, sinks and heads south. The faster it moves, the more water is turned over from warm surface to cool depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This overturning circulation redistributes heat on our planet,” said study lead author Levke Caesar, a physicist at the Potsdam Institute. “It brings heat from the tropics to the high latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Caesar study and another one published in the same issue of Nature by a different team indicate that the Atlantic’s circulation is the weakest it’s been in about 1,500 years. And the slowdown is intensifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the middle of the 20th century, the speed at which the ocean moves water in the AMOC has dropped 15 percent, the study found, using cold subpolar water temperatures as an indirect measurement. And it has plummeted in recent years, the study concluded.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf Stream, the warm water current where hurricanes can power up, historically veers away from the United States around the Carolinas or Virginia. The Gulf Stream now hugs closer to coast around New York, and there’s a significantly warmer bulge around Maine related to the circulation slowdown, Rahmstorf and Caesar said. The northern U.S. Atlantic coastal waters have warmed faster than most parts of the ocean in recent decades, researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists blame global warming in a couple of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer water lessens the amount of cooling and makes it harder for the water to sink and turn over. Ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland are melting and the fresh water is pouring into the area where the water turns over, making it less salty, less dense and therefore less likely to sink. There’s also more rain and snow in northern areas and more evaporation in southern areas, altering the flow, Rahmstorf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a slow change at the moment, but we’re changing it,” Caesar said. “One danger is in the unknown of what will happen. We should expect changes.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf and Caesar looked at an established cold patch — about 2 million square miles (5.2 million square kilometers), or the size of India and Mexico combined — as the indirect measurements for the speed of the AMOC, calling it a fingerprint of the ocean circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s clear that the circulation is weakening, said Colorado State hurricane expert Phil Klotzbach, who wasn’t part of the studies. Decades ago, that would have meant weaker Atlantic hurricane activity, but that hasn’t been happening and it could mean there is a difference in weakening in winter and summer, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andreas Schmittner at Oregon State University, who also wasn’t part of the studies, said the Potsdam group’s analysis makes sense, adding that as the world emits more greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels, we can expect it to slow further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But MIT’s Carl Wunsch said that the paper’s “assertions of weakening are conceivable, but unsupported by any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said his recent work faults regular cycles in the atmosphere more than the ocean. He said the Potsdam study doesn’t explain year to year variability, while atmospheric cycles do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahmstorf said his study averages data over a decade at a time to render year-to-year changes less meaningful. The work shows that it is ocean circulation that drives the changes in atmosphere, not the other way around, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Saturday, April 14 supporters of science will once again take to the streets in the Bay Area and around the world in the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.marchforsciencesf.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">March for Science.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1922391 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">The day will be centered around a rally and a “Science Outreach Fair” with a science-themed photo booth, letter-writing to elected officials, maker booths and mini-presentations. John Foley, executive director of the California Academy of Sciences will speak, along with other scientists, students and activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/events/999083633572526/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">event’s Facebook page\u003c/a>, activities will last from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. While the event is free, organizers are asking those who plan to attend to \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/march-for-science-bay-area-tickets-43422911096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RSVP through Eventbrite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://sites.agu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Geophysical Union 100\u003c/a> are among the community organizations partnering with the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See KQED’s coverage of the 2017 March for Science (including many excellent signs) \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1573523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. You can follow March for Science Bay Area on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sciencemarchsf?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@ScienceMarchSF\u003c/a> and Instagram \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/sciencemarchsf/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@ScienceMarchSF\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922383 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"793\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map.png 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map-160x207.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map-240x311.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map-375x486.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map-520x674.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2018 March for Science Bay Area will take place at Oakland’s\u003cbr> Lake Merritt Amphitheater and Henry Kaiser Auditorium\u003cbr> 11am to 3pm -on April 14, 2018. \u003ccite>(March for Science Bay Area)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Saturday, April 14 supporters of science will once again take to the streets in the Bay Area and around the world in the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.marchforsciencesf.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">March for Science.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1922391 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/foley-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">The day will be centered around a rally and a “Science Outreach Fair” with a science-themed photo booth, letter-writing to elected officials, maker booths and mini-presentations. John Foley, executive director of the California Academy of Sciences will speak, along with other scientists, students and activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/events/999083633572526/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">event’s Facebook page\u003c/a>, activities will last from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. While the event is free, organizers are asking those who plan to attend to \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/march-for-science-bay-area-tickets-43422911096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RSVP through Eventbrite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://sites.agu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Geophysical Union 100\u003c/a> are among the community organizations partnering with the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See KQED’s coverage of the 2017 March for Science (including many excellent signs) \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1573523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. You can follow March for Science Bay Area on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sciencemarchsf?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@ScienceMarchSF\u003c/a> and Instagram \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/sciencemarchsf/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@ScienceMarchSF\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922383 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"793\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map.png 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map-160x207.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map-240x311.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map-375x486.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Map-520x674.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2018 March for Science Bay Area will take place at Oakland’s\u003cbr> Lake Merritt Amphitheater and Henry Kaiser Auditorium\u003cbr> 11am to 3pm -on April 14, 2018. \u003ccite>(March for Science Bay Area)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Southern California Water Agencies Vote to Spend Big on 'WaterFix' Tunnels",
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"content": "\u003cp>Twin tunnels that would carry water from the Sacramento Delta south are one step closer to happening. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has voted to cover nearly 11 billion dollars of the project’s construction cost, over the objection of the region’s two largest cities, Los Angeles and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”eE01vS6XYhIE2kWmdp9DoonrYMoHAXiI”]“It’ll be a very busy two years as we sort out a lot of the issues involved,” says Metropolitan’s chairman, Randy Record. “We believe the right thing to do is build both tunnels, and that’s how we’re proceeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a weighted voting system, board members representing more than 60 percent of Metropolitan’s territory approved picking up what would have been agriculture’s financial share of the project. Tuesday’s vote added $6.5 billion to the roughly $4.3 billion that Metropolitan voted to allocate to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>, which would build three water intakes in the Delta to send water through two tunnels to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”OEWks82SK1FjmnPKM9o4yeFMHXxAwS3Z”]Metropolitan, whose 26 member agencies supply water to 19 million people, has invested heavily in the WaterFix already, including by buying four Delta islands in the tunnels’ proposed path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the project has been on shaky ground since another potential funder withdrew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Westlands Water District, which would have funded 25% of the project, voted to drop out last September. At the time, Metropolitan’s general manager, Jeffrey Kightlinger said that without Westlands, “you don’t have a project.” last September. A month later, the Santa Clara Valley Water District offered only “conditional support” for WaterFix, \u003ca href=\"https://scvwd.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=5504927&GUID=ADDE92E0-FADE-4CBC-BBD8-BAB9D2316F4D\">with a preference\u003c/a> for a scaled-down, one-tunnel project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7zqY3rLKCmOzpvbnFvRJbV7Z5ngFYURU”]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week Metropolitan’s staff \u003ca href=\"http://mwdh2o.com/PDFWWACurrentBoardAgendas/04102018%20BOD%208-7%20B-L.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended a staged approach\u003c/a> to the tunnels project, beginning with one and adding another if circumstances warranted it\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then a last-minute letter from Governor Jerry Brown\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Brown-letter-Cal-Water-Fix.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> pushed the board to choose\u003c/a> the two-tunnel option. After the vote, Brown claimed victory. “This is a historic decision that is good for California — our people, our farms and our natural environment,” he said, in a written statement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metropolitan’s board room was packed and, at times, rowdy. Environmentalists and opponents to higher water bills turned out to make public comment, including Bruce Reznick, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://lawaterkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LA Waterkeeper\u003c/a>, who referenced his appearances at prior hearings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’ve gone beyond tired, I’m testifying angry,” Reznik said. “This project needs to die. It is a house of cards that is falling apart. Pull the plug, it will be a mercy killing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voicing support for the two-tunnel WaterFix option were chambers of commerce, trade groups, business interests, and Orange County cities, including Anaheim.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It will only cost more to build the added capacity in the future,” said Anaheim councilwoman Kris Murray. “We have the opportunity to get it done today and protect the water supply for millions in the process.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today’s vote means that the wholesaler and its customers will be on the hook for at least two-thirds of the project’s cost. That’s just one reason board members representing San Fernando, Santa Monica, San Diego and Los Angeles voted no.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The ratepayers are obviously going to incur a dramatically increased risk,” said Mark Gold, one of five board members from Los Angeles, where Mayor Eric Garcetti has vowed to double local water supplies by 2035. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, both LA and San Diego have begun to invest in alternatives to importing water, including stormwater capture, groundwater storage, water treatment, and cutting demand. Gold says he fears the pricey twin tunnels project will undermine that work. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What will it do the public’s appetite to invest in local projects that create local jobs and create additional local benefits such as flood control and water quality?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several obstacles remain. The WaterFix has environmental approvals from state and federal authorities, but it still requires more funding, and a green light from the State Water Resources Control Board, to go forward. The project is also the subject of a number of lawsuits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metropolitan’s leadership says it’s prepared for the fight it deems necessary to stave off catastrophe. “Do we want to wait for Katrina and then say let’s go deal with it?” said Metropolitan chairman Record. “We have examples out there that say the time is now.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"divIP1\" class=\"itmPrt cnvLayer2\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"divExp\" class=\"divExp\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"divBdy\" class=\"bdyItmPrt\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">This story has been updated to clarify Santa Clara Valley Water District’s 2017 vote on WaterFix.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Twin tunnels that would carry water from the Sacramento Delta south are one step closer to happening. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has voted to spend nearly 11 billion dollars on the California WaterFix, over the objection of the region’s two largest cities. ",
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"description": "Twin tunnels that would carry water from the Sacramento Delta south are one step closer to happening. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has voted to spend nearly 11 billion dollars on the California WaterFix, over the objection of the region’s two largest cities. ",
"title": "Southern California Water Agencies Vote to Spend Big on 'WaterFix' Tunnels | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twin tunnels that would carry water from the Sacramento Delta south are one step closer to happening. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has voted to cover nearly 11 billion dollars of the project’s construction cost, over the objection of the region’s two largest cities, Los Angeles and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’ll be a very busy two years as we sort out a lot of the issues involved,” says Metropolitan’s chairman, Randy Record. “We believe the right thing to do is build both tunnels, and that’s how we’re proceeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a weighted voting system, board members representing more than 60 percent of Metropolitan’s territory approved picking up what would have been agriculture’s financial share of the project. Tuesday’s vote added $6.5 billion to the roughly $4.3 billion that Metropolitan voted to allocate to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>, which would build three water intakes in the Delta to send water through two tunnels to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Metropolitan, whose 26 member agencies supply water to 19 million people, has invested heavily in the WaterFix already, including by buying four Delta islands in the tunnels’ proposed path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the project has been on shaky ground since another potential funder withdrew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Westlands Water District, which would have funded 25% of the project, voted to drop out last September. At the time, Metropolitan’s general manager, Jeffrey Kightlinger said that without Westlands, “you don’t have a project.” last September. A month later, the Santa Clara Valley Water District offered only “conditional support” for WaterFix, \u003ca href=\"https://scvwd.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=5504927&GUID=ADDE92E0-FADE-4CBC-BBD8-BAB9D2316F4D\">with a preference\u003c/a> for a scaled-down, one-tunnel project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week Metropolitan’s staff \u003ca href=\"http://mwdh2o.com/PDFWWACurrentBoardAgendas/04102018%20BOD%208-7%20B-L.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended a staged approach\u003c/a> to the tunnels project, beginning with one and adding another if circumstances warranted it\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then a last-minute letter from Governor Jerry Brown\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Brown-letter-Cal-Water-Fix.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> pushed the board to choose\u003c/a> the two-tunnel option. After the vote, Brown claimed victory. “This is a historic decision that is good for California — our people, our farms and our natural environment,” he said, in a written statement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metropolitan’s board room was packed and, at times, rowdy. Environmentalists and opponents to higher water bills turned out to make public comment, including Bruce Reznick, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://lawaterkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LA Waterkeeper\u003c/a>, who referenced his appearances at prior hearings.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’ve gone beyond tired, I’m testifying angry,” Reznik said. “This project needs to die. It is a house of cards that is falling apart. Pull the plug, it will be a mercy killing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voicing support for the two-tunnel WaterFix option were chambers of commerce, trade groups, business interests, and Orange County cities, including Anaheim.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It will only cost more to build the added capacity in the future,” said Anaheim councilwoman Kris Murray. “We have the opportunity to get it done today and protect the water supply for millions in the process.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today’s vote means that the wholesaler and its customers will be on the hook for at least two-thirds of the project’s cost. That’s just one reason board members representing San Fernando, Santa Monica, San Diego and Los Angeles voted no.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The ratepayers are obviously going to incur a dramatically increased risk,” said Mark Gold, one of five board members from Los Angeles, where Mayor Eric Garcetti has vowed to double local water supplies by 2035. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, both LA and San Diego have begun to invest in alternatives to importing water, including stormwater capture, groundwater storage, water treatment, and cutting demand. Gold says he fears the pricey twin tunnels project will undermine that work. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What will it do the public’s appetite to invest in local projects that create local jobs and create additional local benefits such as flood control and water quality?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several obstacles remain. The WaterFix has environmental approvals from state and federal authorities, but it still requires more funding, and a green light from the State Water Resources Control Board, to go forward. The project is also the subject of a number of lawsuits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metropolitan’s leadership says it’s prepared for the fight it deems necessary to stave off catastrophe. “Do we want to wait for Katrina and then say let’s go deal with it?” said Metropolitan chairman Record. “We have examples out there that say the time is now.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"divIP1\" class=\"itmPrt cnvLayer2\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"divExp\" class=\"divExp\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"divBdy\" class=\"bdyItmPrt\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">This story has been updated to clarify Santa Clara Valley Water District’s 2017 vote on WaterFix.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "70 Percent of Fruit and Vegetables in the U.S. Contain Pesticide Residue, Says Report",
"headTitle": "70 Percent of Fruit and Vegetables in the U.S. Contain Pesticide Residue, Says Report | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even after being carefully washed or peeled, nearly 70 percent of fruit and vegetables sold in the U.S. contained pesticide residues, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a review\u003c/a> of recent tests conducted by the Department of Agriculture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is vitally important that everyone eats plenty of produce, but it is also wise to avoid dietary exposure to toxic pesticides, from conception through childhood,” said Sonya Lunder, senior analyst with nonprofit Environmental Working Group, which conducted the analysis.[contextly_sidebar id=”O0cpPxNFGgzCXffMm7o1WNVaL4GDVESD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reviewed data revealed a total of 230 pesticides and pesticide breakdown products in thousands of crops that were sampled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/release/out-now-ewg-s-2018-shopper-s-guide-pesticides-produce#.Ws1HEZPwZAb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the report’s key findings: \u003c/a>mo\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">re than one-third of strawberry samples analyzed in 2016 contained 10 or more pesticide residues. M\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ore than 98 percent of apples, cherries, nectarines, peaches, potatoes, and strawberries tested positive for at least one pesticide residue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinach\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> had almost twice as much pesticide residue by weight compared to other crops. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EWG publishes a separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual shoppers guide\u003c/a> based on the underlying review of USDA data. The guide consists of the “Dirty Dozen,” a list of produce with high levels of pesticide residue, and the “Clean Fifteen,” a list of produce with the least residue detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Produce on the healthy list include avocados and sweet corn, which had less than one percent of pesticide residues. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this year’s main report, m\u003c/span>ore than 80 percent of the following fruits and vegetables had no sign of pesticide residues: pineapples, papayas, asparagus, onions and cabbage. [contextly_sidebar id=”0Lgkj01P40FcCNzCg9DSvcfg67qFp0yS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot peppers was added this year to the dirty dozen list after researchers found that 739 samples of hot peppers contained residues of three “highly toxic” insecticides, including a neurotoxin called chlorpyrifos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found that pregnant women who are exposed to high levels of chlorpyrifos have children who display \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1003160/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lower IQ scores \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/e1845\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poorer mental development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to hot peppers, researchers found chlorpyrifos residue in apples, nectarines, and peaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was slated to ban the use of chlorpyrifos in foods. But incoming EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt overturned the scheduled ban.[contextly_sidebar id=”pHl5s4r9Obq1OdAQd6AvkbBBjQlK64Fy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report notes that cooking the hot peppers typically diminishes any pesticide levels in the vegetable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EWG report also cites two studies that link \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poor fertility\u003c/a> with consuming high-residue produce. The studies, conducted by researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, looked at couples seeking treatment at a fertility clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who ate\u003c/a> two or more servings per day of high-residue produce were 26 percent less likely to have a successful pregnancy, according to the 2018 study. Researchers looked at the diets of more than 340 women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going into the study, I was positive that we would find absolutely no relation between exposure to pesticide residues and adverse reproductive outcomes,” senior author Dr. Jorge Chavarro, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/30/health/pesticides-in-food-fertility-study/index.html\">CNN. \u003c/a>“While I think we need more studies to confirm or refute our findings, I am now more willing to pay the extra money for organic apples and strawberries than I was when we started this project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A separate Harvard study in 2015 found that male participants who consumed high-residue produce showed poorer sperm quality. The men \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were tested\u003c/a> over an 18-month period.[contextly_sidebar id=”sazEaynRryWJ9yYri7whIak6pwM1GWG8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at pesticide residue in food, it’s consistent with a number of studies that look at diet as a source of exposure. When you switch to organic food, you find lower levels of exposure to pesticides,” said Asa Bradman, the associate director at the Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he cautions against alarmism and says that the issue is more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at government data, very few samples actually exceed the standards for exposure,” said Bradman. “There is tension between the public health folks who want people to eat healthier, and those who want to encourage people to minimize pesticide exposure. But the American diet is really not optimal and I would never want to discourage anyone from eating more fruits and vegetables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman said in California at least, the use of more toxic pesticides has been declining for a number of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there is some potential benefit to organic agriculture in terms of lower exposure rates and perhaps lower impact on the environment,” he said. “In the general agriculture sector, there’s already a movement towards a more environmentally friendly and safer food production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even after being carefully washed or peeled, nearly 70 percent of fruit and vegetables sold in the U.S. contained pesticide residues, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a review\u003c/a> of recent tests conducted by the Department of Agriculture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is vitally important that everyone eats plenty of produce, but it is also wise to avoid dietary exposure to toxic pesticides, from conception through childhood,” said Sonya Lunder, senior analyst with nonprofit Environmental Working Group, which conducted the analysis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reviewed data revealed a total of 230 pesticides and pesticide breakdown products in thousands of crops that were sampled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/release/out-now-ewg-s-2018-shopper-s-guide-pesticides-produce#.Ws1HEZPwZAb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the report’s key findings: \u003c/a>mo\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">re than one-third of strawberry samples analyzed in 2016 contained 10 or more pesticide residues. M\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ore than 98 percent of apples, cherries, nectarines, peaches, potatoes, and strawberries tested positive for at least one pesticide residue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinach\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> had almost twice as much pesticide residue by weight compared to other crops. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EWG publishes a separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual shoppers guide\u003c/a> based on the underlying review of USDA data. The guide consists of the “Dirty Dozen,” a list of produce with high levels of pesticide residue, and the “Clean Fifteen,” a list of produce with the least residue detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Produce on the healthy list include avocados and sweet corn, which had less than one percent of pesticide residues. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this year’s main report, m\u003c/span>ore than 80 percent of the following fruits and vegetables had no sign of pesticide residues: pineapples, papayas, asparagus, onions and cabbage. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot peppers was added this year to the dirty dozen list after researchers found that 739 samples of hot peppers contained residues of three “highly toxic” insecticides, including a neurotoxin called chlorpyrifos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found that pregnant women who are exposed to high levels of chlorpyrifos have children who display \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1003160/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lower IQ scores \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/e1845\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poorer mental development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to hot peppers, researchers found chlorpyrifos residue in apples, nectarines, and peaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was slated to ban the use of chlorpyrifos in foods. But incoming EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt overturned the scheduled ban.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report notes that cooking the hot peppers typically diminishes any pesticide levels in the vegetable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EWG report also cites two studies that link \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poor fertility\u003c/a> with consuming high-residue produce. The studies, conducted by researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, looked at couples seeking treatment at a fertility clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who ate\u003c/a> two or more servings per day of high-residue produce were 26 percent less likely to have a successful pregnancy, according to the 2018 study. Researchers looked at the diets of more than 340 women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going into the study, I was positive that we would find absolutely no relation between exposure to pesticide residues and adverse reproductive outcomes,” senior author Dr. Jorge Chavarro, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/30/health/pesticides-in-food-fertility-study/index.html\">CNN. \u003c/a>“While I think we need more studies to confirm or refute our findings, I am now more willing to pay the extra money for organic apples and strawberries than I was when we started this project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A separate Harvard study in 2015 found that male participants who consumed high-residue produce showed poorer sperm quality. The men \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were tested\u003c/a> over an 18-month period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at pesticide residue in food, it’s consistent with a number of studies that look at diet as a source of exposure. When you switch to organic food, you find lower levels of exposure to pesticides,” said Asa Bradman, the associate director at the Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he cautions against alarmism and says that the issue is more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at government data, very few samples actually exceed the standards for exposure,” said Bradman. “There is tension between the public health folks who want people to eat healthier, and those who want to encourage people to minimize pesticide exposure. But the American diet is really not optimal and I would never want to discourage anyone from eating more fruits and vegetables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman said in California at least, the use of more toxic pesticides has been declining for a number of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there is some potential benefit to organic agriculture in terms of lower exposure rates and perhaps lower impact on the environment,” he said. “In the general agriculture sector, there’s already a movement towards a more environmentally friendly and safer food production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Napa, Watershed and Woodlands Initiative Clashes With Wineries",
"headTitle": "In Napa, Watershed and Woodlands Initiative Clashes With Wineries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">After years of \u003c/span>trying to save the oak trees he loves in Napa County, California, Jim Wilson may be about to realize his dream. He’s part of the team behind \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/2329/Measure-C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa’s Measure C\u003c/a>, an initiative on the June ballot with the twin goals of preserving oak woodlands and protecting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hillsides are beautiful and also filter rain, keeping water clean as it replenishes aquifers,” said Wilson, a retired Anheuser-Busch chemist who lives on a fifth-generation cattle ranch in Napa. “Ninety-five percent of oaks on the valley floor are gone and we want to do a better job reducing deforestation on hills.”[contextly_sidebar id=”5DVYbPNRwkfZMOy27qEhEV69rFtqr0Rm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2006 report by the California Oak Foundation, oak woodlands cover about one-eighth of the state and are densest in Napa, covering some 167,000 acres, or one-third of the county. More than 90 percent of Napa’s remaining oak woodlands are privately owned and about one-third are on soil that could be agriculturally productive, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/1894/Voluntary-Oak-Woodlands-Management-Plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2010 Napa County Voluntary Oak Woodlands Management Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture covers about one-fifth of the county, and today’s oak woodland loss is primarily due to vineyard development. Napa vineyards covered nearly 50,000 acres in 2006, and the county’s General Plan projects that they will cover another 10,000 acres by 2030. About 3,000 acres of this vineyard expansion is projected to replace woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current oak woodland protections include requiring that two replacement oaks be planted or preserved for every mature oak felled. In addition, some oaks on private land are protected now – including those on slopes steeper than 35 percent and in riparian forests along streams – but many are not. So Wilson decided to take matters into his own hands, coauthoring the Napa County Watershed and Oak Woodland Protection Initiative. “Developers wield an awful lot of power,” he said. “They are used to being able to say how we use our natural resources in Napa.”[contextly_sidebar id=”2KcFoFXTIzqos23WFk0McupfIBiMKLic”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative’s key provisions include increasing the number of replacement oaks from two to three, and extending riparian protections to the ephemeral streams that are dry most of the year but channel rainfall during storms. Most controversially, beginning in 2030 the initiative would also limit oak removal to 795 acres. After that, landowners would need a county permit to remove more oaks and even then could remove only 10 percent of the oak canopy cover on a given parcel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the initiative include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Club’s Redwood Chapter\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.forestsforever.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley-based nonprofit Forests Forever\u003c/a>, while opponents include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://napavintners.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa Valley Vintners\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://napafarmbureau.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> – and there are local grape growers and vintners on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local farm bureau objects most strongly to the initiative’s limit on removing oaks. “Napa County has some of the most stringent oak woodland protections in the country,” said Ryan Klobas, policy director for the Napa County Farm Bureau. “There is no scientific evidence to substantiate claims that the initiative is needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau also believes that the initiative is anti-agriculture. “It narrowly targets vineyard development,” Klobas said. “There are exceptions to the oak removal limit but agriculture is not one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exceptions include oak removal to make room for affordable housing and other projects required by state or federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-800x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers pick cabernet sauvignon grapes at Trinchero Napa Valley during the 2017 grape harvest near St. Helena, California. Many wineries oppose an initiative on the June ballot aimed at protecting the region’s remaining oak woodlands. \u003ccite>(George Rose/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also cite a legal analysis of the initiative commissioned by the county board of supervisors, which concluded that there is a “significant likelihood” of legal challenges. The analysis, conducted by real estate law firm Miller Starr Regalia, also said that “at least portions of [the initiative] would likely survive any legal challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach to protecting Napa’s water from vineyard development is already in the works. In 2017, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a> adopted a regulation to control pollutants from vineyards in the Napa River and Sonoma Creek watersheds. Potential pollutants include nutrients from fertilizer as well as pesticides, notably those that mimic estrogen and might have the unintended effect of feminizing salmon.[contextly_sidebar id=”qJ1lpo9Ys7lvXjcEv4jCQPSCQin2hguz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the water board regulation, vineyards are also “significant sources” of sediment, which can cause a host of problems in waterways such as clogging the loose gravel where salmon spawn. Moreover, converting forests to vineyards can “significantly increase” storm runoff and erosion. Under the new regulation, cutting down native trees above a certain size will require approval from the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, as well as planting three replacements for every tree that is cut. The regulation will be phased in over the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, oak woodlands do far more than protect water quality. Oak canopies capture up to one-third more rainfall than grasslands, boosting groundwater supplies. In addition, oak woodlands are among the most diverse ecosystems in California, with more than 300 animal species, nearly 5,000 insect species and more than 2,000 plant species, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>. And many of these species depend on oaks.[contextly_sidebar id=”dX7LbcUxibHxfJjpF4vBr0e7PifnRByn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Slutzkin has what may be an unusual take on the initiative. “I find myself in the awkward position of opposing it, but supporting the preservation of oak woodlands and watersheds,” said Slutzkin, a retired commercial developer who is a longtime Sierra Club member and served on the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://naparcd.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> board for a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees initiatives as a failure of governance. “You get them when the political process doesn’t work,” he said. “Supporters of the watershed and oak woodland initiative are well-meaning and the goal is good – but you can’t write a perfect initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Slutzkin favors an inclusive process like the one that culminated in Napa’s Living River project, which combines flood control with environmental restoration. “I would like to see the county take leadership as it did with the Living River to create community consensus,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the initiative has divided Napa, Slutzkin noted that “there are no bad people on either side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/napa-measure-c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">This story\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci> first appeared on the \u003c/i>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u003ci>Bay Area Monitor\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">After years of \u003c/span>trying to save the oak trees he loves in Napa County, California, Jim Wilson may be about to realize his dream. He’s part of the team behind \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/2329/Measure-C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa’s Measure C\u003c/a>, an initiative on the June ballot with the twin goals of preserving oak woodlands and protecting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hillsides are beautiful and also filter rain, keeping water clean as it replenishes aquifers,” said Wilson, a retired Anheuser-Busch chemist who lives on a fifth-generation cattle ranch in Napa. “Ninety-five percent of oaks on the valley floor are gone and we want to do a better job reducing deforestation on hills.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2006 report by the California Oak Foundation, oak woodlands cover about one-eighth of the state and are densest in Napa, covering some 167,000 acres, or one-third of the county. More than 90 percent of Napa’s remaining oak woodlands are privately owned and about one-third are on soil that could be agriculturally productive, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/1894/Voluntary-Oak-Woodlands-Management-Plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2010 Napa County Voluntary Oak Woodlands Management Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture covers about one-fifth of the county, and today’s oak woodland loss is primarily due to vineyard development. Napa vineyards covered nearly 50,000 acres in 2006, and the county’s General Plan projects that they will cover another 10,000 acres by 2030. About 3,000 acres of this vineyard expansion is projected to replace woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current oak woodland protections include requiring that two replacement oaks be planted or preserved for every mature oak felled. In addition, some oaks on private land are protected now – including those on slopes steeper than 35 percent and in riparian forests along streams – but many are not. So Wilson decided to take matters into his own hands, coauthoring the Napa County Watershed and Oak Woodland Protection Initiative. “Developers wield an awful lot of power,” he said. “They are used to being able to say how we use our natural resources in Napa.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative’s key provisions include increasing the number of replacement oaks from two to three, and extending riparian protections to the ephemeral streams that are dry most of the year but channel rainfall during storms. Most controversially, beginning in 2030 the initiative would also limit oak removal to 795 acres. After that, landowners would need a county permit to remove more oaks and even then could remove only 10 percent of the oak canopy cover on a given parcel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the initiative include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Club’s Redwood Chapter\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.forestsforever.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley-based nonprofit Forests Forever\u003c/a>, while opponents include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://napavintners.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa Valley Vintners\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://napafarmbureau.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> – and there are local grape growers and vintners on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local farm bureau objects most strongly to the initiative’s limit on removing oaks. “Napa County has some of the most stringent oak woodland protections in the country,” said Ryan Klobas, policy director for the Napa County Farm Bureau. “There is no scientific evidence to substantiate claims that the initiative is needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau also believes that the initiative is anti-agriculture. “It narrowly targets vineyard development,” Klobas said. “There are exceptions to the oak removal limit but agriculture is not one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exceptions include oak removal to make room for affordable housing and other projects required by state or federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-800x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers pick cabernet sauvignon grapes at Trinchero Napa Valley during the 2017 grape harvest near St. Helena, California. Many wineries oppose an initiative on the June ballot aimed at protecting the region’s remaining oak woodlands. \u003ccite>(George Rose/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also cite a legal analysis of the initiative commissioned by the county board of supervisors, which concluded that there is a “significant likelihood” of legal challenges. The analysis, conducted by real estate law firm Miller Starr Regalia, also said that “at least portions of [the initiative] would likely survive any legal challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach to protecting Napa’s water from vineyard development is already in the works. In 2017, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a> adopted a regulation to control pollutants from vineyards in the Napa River and Sonoma Creek watersheds. Potential pollutants include nutrients from fertilizer as well as pesticides, notably those that mimic estrogen and might have the unintended effect of feminizing salmon.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the water board regulation, vineyards are also “significant sources” of sediment, which can cause a host of problems in waterways such as clogging the loose gravel where salmon spawn. Moreover, converting forests to vineyards can “significantly increase” storm runoff and erosion. Under the new regulation, cutting down native trees above a certain size will require approval from the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, as well as planting three replacements for every tree that is cut. The regulation will be phased in over the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, oak woodlands do far more than protect water quality. Oak canopies capture up to one-third more rainfall than grasslands, boosting groundwater supplies. In addition, oak woodlands are among the most diverse ecosystems in California, with more than 300 animal species, nearly 5,000 insect species and more than 2,000 plant species, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>. And many of these species depend on oaks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Slutzkin has what may be an unusual take on the initiative. “I find myself in the awkward position of opposing it, but supporting the preservation of oak woodlands and watersheds,” said Slutzkin, a retired commercial developer who is a longtime Sierra Club member and served on the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://naparcd.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> board for a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees initiatives as a failure of governance. “You get them when the political process doesn’t work,” he said. “Supporters of the watershed and oak woodland initiative are well-meaning and the goal is good – but you can’t write a perfect initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Slutzkin favors an inclusive process like the one that culminated in Napa’s Living River project, which combines flood control with environmental restoration. “I would like to see the county take leadership as it did with the Living River to create community consensus,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the initiative has divided Napa, Slutzkin noted that “there are no bad people on either side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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