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"content": "\u003cp>California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is vital to water supplies for 25 million people and 4 million acres of farmland. It is linked to the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay, which makes this water supply uniquely vulnerable to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet understanding sea level rise in the Delta is complicated. The largest estuary on the West Coast of the Americas, it consists of some 70 islands and more than 1,000 miles of levees. It is also fed by California’s two largest rivers, which drain the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of this complicates how sea level rise “propagates” through the Delta. It also increases the urgency of the need to understand how changing weather patterns caused by climate change will affect streamflow through the estuary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help with these questions, the Delta Stewardship Council, a state government agency, recently published a comprehensive new white paper on the issue: “\u003ca href=\"http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/docs/delta-plan/climate-change-and-delta-synthesis-public-draft-march-23-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Climate Change and the Delta: A Synthesis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.” To summarize the paper, Water Deeply interviewed Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the council.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923161\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ron Melcer is a a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, which has released a new white paper examining climate change impacts on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy Delta Stewardship Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is the purpose of this report? Is it a first?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ronald Melcer: We\u003c/span>’ve set out to do a series of synthesis papers that try and really distill the new science since 2013 related to various topics. We see climate change as a major one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t believe there’s been a synthesis of climate change specific to the Delta, though. So in that sense, this is new. It’s a more definitive look at climate change in the Delta than we’ve had before. We were really trying to set the stage for how we think about restoration in the Delta, and at the same time be as comprehensive as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is your sea level rise projection in this report?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Melcer: There is nearly a 70 percent chance that by 2100 we’re going to see 2.4ft of sea level rise at the Golden Gate Bridge. That’s with a low-emissions scenario, which is based on the Paris climate agreement. So if we were to do some significant work, it would take really relying on the best available technology, doing carbon sequestration and coupling that with a zero-emissions way of living. The way we operate on the planet would fundamentally change. It’s pretty optimistic to think that we’ll get there. But that’s what the Paris agreement calls for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The high emissions scenario is more akin to the trajectory that we’re on at this point. That\u003c/span>’s sort of a business as usual scenario. So if we don’t do anything, that’s where we’re headed. That shows 3.4ft of sea level rise by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Delta see the same magnitude of sea level rise as the Golden Gate?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: Depending on where you are, it will be less than these maximum numbers. But there are some interesting interactions that happen as land elevation changes and the forces of streamflow come in to meet with the tidal waters. That actually drives the water surface elevation up a little bit in localized areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Currently we’re working on engaging some technical expertise to do a climate vulnerability assessment within the Delta. This is a key question we would be looking to answer: What do water surface elevations look like within the Delta? We’ll be identifying assets and vulnerabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will water flows change through the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There is not universal agreement on the total amount of precipitation we would expect. But the big takeaways are that we expect to see higher streamflow due to rainfall in the winter across all the models. That ties back to atmospheric temperature, ocean temperature, warmer storms coming onboard. And on average, the peak of runoff would shift by one month earlier in the season.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What sort of management issues does this raise?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: T\u003c/span>he system is really predicated on a large snowpack that slowly feeds the reservoirs and river systems. So if we see shifts in runoff, that system starts to require changes in how we operate reservoirs. And that then has downstream impacts on our ability to provide for water supply and water quality management. There’s this cascading effect across all the functions that we rely on our reservoir systems for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the potential downstream effects?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: The Department of Water Resources has done some interesting modeling that shows the effects of just an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood flows. There’s also an expectation that the occurrence of atmospheric rivers will increase. So on average, we expect flood volumes to increase 60–80 percent on the San Joaquin River, and 10–20 percent on the Sacramento River. That has to do with elevations of the mountain ranges in those different basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These are significant increases in the amount of water that’s flowing across the landscape during a flood event. Whereas, historically we would see some of that contributing to snowpack and then being released slowly through the melting process later in the year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For some San Joaquin basin streams, we expect to see more than a 50 percent increase in 100-year flood events. That’s a massive increase in risk. We have an opportunity to start to figure out what that means, what our flood management infrastructure should look like, with some of the modeling work that\u003c/span>’s come out. We should be thinking about what we need on the landscape to pass that magnitude of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will salinity change in the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There are a couple of implications. An increase in water surface elevation increases the amount of salt water that makes its way into the Delta. We really focus on the implications for habitat, for fish species. That mixing point between freshwater and salt water is really important for the aquatic ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we are to continue to manage water quality in the Delta with reservoirs, it really is going to require increased reservoir releases to counter that influx of salinity. Some studies have shown that, with 1ft of sea level rise, it would require almost 500,000 acre-feet of additional Delta outflow, generally in the form of reservoir releases, to meet salinity requirements as they stand at this point.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: That sounds like a lot of additional pressure on the state’s water system.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: It starts to paint a picture where we\u003c/span>’re having difficulty meeting all of those objectives. The implications of increasing streamflow in winter and less runoff later in the year leave us with reservoirs that are not full, and then we’re unable to really use managed flows to deal with things like salinity intrusion in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We release flow at certain times of year to protect fish and their spawning activities. Supporting these fish becomes really difficult in these future scenarios where that flexibility continues to be reduced by dynamics of precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/04/27/california-delta-a-flash-point-for-conflict-as-climate-change-unfolds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is vital to water supplies for 25 million people and 4 million acres of farmland. It is linked to the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco Bay, which makes this water supply uniquely vulnerable to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet understanding sea level rise in the Delta is complicated. The largest estuary on the West Coast of the Americas, it consists of some 70 islands and more than 1,000 miles of levees. It is also fed by California’s two largest rivers, which drain the Sierra Nevada range.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of this complicates how sea level rise “propagates” through the Delta. It also increases the urgency of the need to understand how changing weather patterns caused by climate change will affect streamflow through the estuary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To help with these questions, the Delta Stewardship Council, a state government agency, recently published a comprehensive new white paper on the issue: “\u003ca href=\"http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/docs/delta-plan/climate-change-and-delta-synthesis-public-draft-march-23-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Climate Change and the Delta: A Synthesis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.” To summarize the paper, Water Deeply interviewed Ronald Melcer, a senior environmental scientist at the council.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923161\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ron-Melcer1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ron Melcer is a a senior environmental scientist at the Delta Stewardship Council, which has released a new white paper examining climate change impacts on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy Delta Stewardship Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is the purpose of this report? Is it a first?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Ronald Melcer: We\u003c/span>’ve set out to do a series of synthesis papers that try and really distill the new science since 2013 related to various topics. We see climate change as a major one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t believe there’s been a synthesis of climate change specific to the Delta, though. So in that sense, this is new. It’s a more definitive look at climate change in the Delta than we’ve had before. We were really trying to set the stage for how we think about restoration in the Delta, and at the same time be as comprehensive as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What is your sea level rise projection in this report?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Melcer: There is nearly a 70 percent chance that by 2100 we’re going to see 2.4ft of sea level rise at the Golden Gate Bridge. That’s with a low-emissions scenario, which is based on the Paris climate agreement. So if we were to do some significant work, it would take really relying on the best available technology, doing carbon sequestration and coupling that with a zero-emissions way of living. The way we operate on the planet would fundamentally change. It’s pretty optimistic to think that we’ll get there. But that’s what the Paris agreement calls for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The high emissions scenario is more akin to the trajectory that we’re on at this point. That\u003c/span>’s sort of a business as usual scenario. So if we don’t do anything, that’s where we’re headed. That shows 3.4ft of sea level rise by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Delta see the same magnitude of sea level rise as the Golden Gate?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: Depending on where you are, it will be less than these maximum numbers. But there are some interesting interactions that happen as land elevation changes and the forces of streamflow come in to meet with the tidal waters. That actually drives the water surface elevation up a little bit in localized areas.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Currently we’re working on engaging some technical expertise to do a climate vulnerability assessment within the Delta. This is a key question we would be looking to answer: What do water surface elevations look like within the Delta? We’ll be identifying assets and vulnerabilities.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will water flows change through the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There is not universal agreement on the total amount of precipitation we would expect. But the big takeaways are that we expect to see higher streamflow due to rainfall in the winter across all the models. That ties back to atmospheric temperature, ocean temperature, warmer storms coming onboard. And on average, the peak of runoff would shift by one month earlier in the season.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What sort of management issues does this raise?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: T\u003c/span>he system is really predicated on a large snowpack that slowly feeds the reservoirs and river systems. So if we see shifts in runoff, that system starts to require changes in how we operate reservoirs. And that then has downstream impacts on our ability to provide for water supply and water quality management. There’s this cascading effect across all the functions that we rely on our reservoir systems for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the potential downstream effects?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: The Department of Water Resources has done some interesting modeling that shows the effects of just an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood flows. There’s also an expectation that the occurrence of atmospheric rivers will increase. So on average, we expect flood volumes to increase 60–80 percent on the San Joaquin River, and 10–20 percent on the Sacramento River. That has to do with elevations of the mountain ranges in those different basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These are significant increases in the amount of water that’s flowing across the landscape during a flood event. Whereas, historically we would see some of that contributing to snowpack and then being released slowly through the melting process later in the year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For some San Joaquin basin streams, we expect to see more than a 50 percent increase in 100-year flood events. That’s a massive increase in risk. We have an opportunity to start to figure out what that means, what our flood management infrastructure should look like, with some of the modeling work that\u003c/span>’s come out. We should be thinking about what we need on the landscape to pass that magnitude of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How will salinity change in the estuary?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: There are a couple of implications. An increase in water surface elevation increases the amount of salt water that makes its way into the Delta. We really focus on the implications for habitat, for fish species. That mixing point between freshwater and salt water is really important for the aquatic ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If we are to continue to manage water quality in the Delta with reservoirs, it really is going to require increased reservoir releases to counter that influx of salinity. Some studies have shown that, with 1ft of sea level rise, it would require almost 500,000 acre-feet of additional Delta outflow, generally in the form of reservoir releases, to meet salinity requirements as they stand at this point.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: That sounds like a lot of additional pressure on the state’s water system.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Melcer: It starts to paint a picture where we\u003c/span>’re having difficulty meeting all of those objectives. The implications of increasing streamflow in winter and less runoff later in the year leave us with reservoirs that are not full, and then we’re unable to really use managed flows to deal with things like salinity intrusion in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We release flow at certain times of year to protect fish and their spawning activities. Supporting these fish becomes really difficult in these future scenarios where that flexibility continues to be reduced by dynamics of precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/04/27/california-delta-a-flash-point-for-conflict-as-climate-change-unfolds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Happens if Lab-Grown 'Brains' Start to Think?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bits of human brain tissue no larger than a pea are forcing scientists to think about questions as large as the nature of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These clusters of living brain cells are popularly known as minibrains, though scientists prefer to call them cerebral organoids. At the moment, they remain extremely rudimentary versions of an actual human brain and are used primarily to study brain development and disorders like autism.[contextly_sidebar id=”HMQDzS3yCZ9AE13vUOqetj5aN4FdoSXB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But minibrain research is progressing so quickly that scientists need to start thinking about the potential implications now, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.duke.edu/fac/farahany/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nita Farahany\u003c/a>, a professor of law and philosophy at Duke University and the director of Duke Science and Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it possible that an organoid far off in the future could develop something that looks like consciousness or any kind of sentience, the ability to feel something like pain,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farahaney and 16 other prominent scientists, ethicists and philosophers posed this question and many others in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/d41586-018-04813-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary\u003c/a> in this week’s issue of the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrains are usually created by transforming skin cells from a person into neural stem cells. These stem cells can grow into a range of structures like those found in the human brain, and even form networks of cells that communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment these lab-grown minibrains are limited to a few million cells and don’t get much larger than a pea. In contrast, the human brain is thousands of times larger and contains about 85 billion cells.[contextly_sidebar id=”OCnNd7PwCJuJQVywuWz8tdii1h7nfCKc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now they’re pretty good proxies for being able to study how certain kinds of human neurons interact with each other and grow and develop over time,” Farahany says. “But they are still far from what an actual human brain would look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet already, minibrains are helping scientists do remarkable things, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about something like schizophrenia or autism, if you want to model those things, it is difficult to do so with animal models and it is ethically impossible in many instances to do so with living humans,” She says. But it is possible to grow a minibrain from cells with genetic mutations associated with like autism and watch how it develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrain experiments also helped scientists figure out how the Zika virus interferes with normal brain development, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just this month, a team at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that a human minibrain transplanted into a mouse brain could develop functioning blood vessels. That would, in theory, allow scientists to grow much larger minibrains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s clear the potential of the field is huge, Farahany says. But so are the ethical questions surrounding brain cells that live and grow outside the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area of concern involves the practice of transplanting human brain tissue into animals. That could eventually lead to, say, mice with exceptional mental abilities, Farahany says.[contextly_sidebar id=”5Sb1luecV0vjqwJczHCqy6sXfrIqNXJb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now, she says, is when scientists and society needs to start asking questions like, “How comfortable are we with certain kinds of hybrids we’re creating and does that change the way we regard those animals or the kinds of protections that should be afforded to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, researchers may need some guidance on what research rules apply to enhanced lab mouse, Farahany says. Do they assume it’s like a typical lab mouse, which can be killed at the end of an experiment? Or do these mice enjoy the protections given to chimps, which are allowed to retire after their time in research is done?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commentary doesn’t offer answers to those questions, or any specific guidelines for research. Instead, it is intended as a way of guiding future discussions about minibrains and other efforts to replicate the functions of a human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the time to get out ahead of these ethical issues before it becomes deeply problematic to proceed without having addressed them,” Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tiny+Lab-Grown+%27Brains%27+Raise+Big+Ethical+Questions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bits of human brain tissue no larger than a pea are forcing scientists to think about questions as large as the nature of consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These clusters of living brain cells are popularly known as minibrains, though scientists prefer to call them cerebral organoids. At the moment, they remain extremely rudimentary versions of an actual human brain and are used primarily to study brain development and disorders like autism.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But minibrain research is progressing so quickly that scientists need to start thinking about the potential implications now, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.duke.edu/fac/farahany/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nita Farahany\u003c/a>, a professor of law and philosophy at Duke University and the director of Duke Science and Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it possible that an organoid far off in the future could develop something that looks like consciousness or any kind of sentience, the ability to feel something like pain,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farahaney and 16 other prominent scientists, ethicists and philosophers posed this question and many others in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/d41586-018-04813-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary\u003c/a> in this week’s issue of the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrains are usually created by transforming skin cells from a person into neural stem cells. These stem cells can grow into a range of structures like those found in the human brain, and even form networks of cells that communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment these lab-grown minibrains are limited to a few million cells and don’t get much larger than a pea. In contrast, the human brain is thousands of times larger and contains about 85 billion cells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now they’re pretty good proxies for being able to study how certain kinds of human neurons interact with each other and grow and develop over time,” Farahany says. “But they are still far from what an actual human brain would look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet already, minibrains are helping scientists do remarkable things, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about something like schizophrenia or autism, if you want to model those things, it is difficult to do so with animal models and it is ethically impossible in many instances to do so with living humans,” She says. But it is possible to grow a minibrain from cells with genetic mutations associated with like autism and watch how it develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minibrain experiments also helped scientists figure out how the Zika virus interferes with normal brain development, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just this month, a team at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that a human minibrain transplanted into a mouse brain could develop functioning blood vessels. That would, in theory, allow scientists to grow much larger minibrains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s clear the potential of the field is huge, Farahany says. But so are the ethical questions surrounding brain cells that live and grow outside the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One area of concern involves the practice of transplanting human brain tissue into animals. That could eventually lead to, say, mice with exceptional mental abilities, Farahany says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now, she says, is when scientists and society needs to start asking questions like, “How comfortable are we with certain kinds of hybrids we’re creating and does that change the way we regard those animals or the kinds of protections that should be afforded to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, researchers may need some guidance on what research rules apply to enhanced lab mouse, Farahany says. Do they assume it’s like a typical lab mouse, which can be killed at the end of an experiment? Or do these mice enjoy the protections given to chimps, which are allowed to retire after their time in research is done?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commentary doesn’t offer answers to those questions, or any specific guidelines for research. Instead, it is intended as a way of guiding future discussions about minibrains and other efforts to replicate the functions of a human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the time to get out ahead of these ethical issues before it becomes deeply problematic to proceed without having addressed them,” Farahany says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tiny+Lab-Grown+%27Brains%27+Raise+Big+Ethical+Questions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA's Pruitt Still Mulling Whether to Overturn California Fuel Emissions Waiver",
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"content": "\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt said Thursday he is still considering whether to overturn a federal waiver that permits California to set its own tailpipe emission standards. The waiver also permits other states to opt in to California’s standards, which are more rigorous than the requirements set by the federal government. [contextly_sidebar id=”nXIYw2iZ7PagpRVyRlknghPSwCPGOLBJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"gmail-p1\">“We are\u003cb> \u003c/b>working very closely with California on the issue,” Pruitt said during a hearing at the Capitol before a House subcommittee. “It’s important we work together to achieve a national standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra has said he is prepared to sue the EPA if it overturns the waiver. California is aiming to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s statements come on the heels of a federal appeals court ruling on Monday that blocks the Trump administration from delaying a rule that would raise penalties for automakers who don’t meet fuel efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AxIpoIrgLYUZVBoj8OS1gqpEOxykUpNB”]Since the 1970s, federal regulators have sought to toughen fuel efficiency standards by fining automakers $55 for every mile-per-gallon that falls short of government-set energy efficiency targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A proposal to raise the fine to $140 per mpg shortfall was introduced in 2015 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Although slated to go into effect starting from the 2019 model year, the Trump Administration has tried to delay the steeper fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and four other states then sued, saying a delay would cost consumers and increase pollution. The Second Circuit’s ruling protects this penalty for now. But regulators can still overturn it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broader Ethics Scandal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt made the statements during a hearing before lawmakers over his profligate spending and lobbyist ties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public grilling at back-to-back House hearings, called formally to consider EPA’s budget, came as support has appeared to erode for Pruitt among fellow Republicans after revelations about unusual security spending, first-class flights, a sweetheart condo lease and more. Even Republicans who heartily support Pruitt’s policy agenda said his apparent lapses had to be scrutinized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. John Shimkus of Illinois, chairman of the first panel that questioned Pruitt, said afterward the EPA chief was “a little vague,” adding, “It’s never a good idea to blame your staff in public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether Pruitt should resign, he said that’s not his call and suggested that’s up to President Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Molly Peterson and Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt said Thursday he is still considering whether to overturn a federal waiver that permits California to set its own tailpipe emission standards. The waiver also permits other states to opt in to California’s standards, which are more rigorous than the requirements set by the federal government. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"gmail-p1\">“We are\u003cb> \u003c/b>working very closely with California on the issue,” Pruitt said during a hearing at the Capitol before a House subcommittee. “It’s important we work together to achieve a national standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra has said he is prepared to sue the EPA if it overturns the waiver. California is aiming to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s statements come on the heels of a federal appeals court ruling on Monday that blocks the Trump administration from delaying a rule that would raise penalties for automakers who don’t meet fuel efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Since the 1970s, federal regulators have sought to toughen fuel efficiency standards by fining automakers $55 for every mile-per-gallon that falls short of government-set energy efficiency targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A proposal to raise the fine to $140 per mpg shortfall was introduced in 2015 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Although slated to go into effect starting from the 2019 model year, the Trump Administration has tried to delay the steeper fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and four other states then sued, saying a delay would cost consumers and increase pollution. The Second Circuit’s ruling protects this penalty for now. But regulators can still overturn it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broader Ethics Scandal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt made the statements during a hearing before lawmakers over his profligate spending and lobbyist ties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public grilling at back-to-back House hearings, called formally to consider EPA’s budget, came as support has appeared to erode for Pruitt among fellow Republicans after revelations about unusual security spending, first-class flights, a sweetheart condo lease and more. Even Republicans who heartily support Pruitt’s policy agenda said his apparent lapses had to be scrutinized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. John Shimkus of Illinois, chairman of the first panel that questioned Pruitt, said afterward the EPA chief was “a little vague,” adding, “It’s never a good idea to blame your staff in public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether Pruitt should resign, he said that’s not his call and suggested that’s up to President Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Molly Peterson and Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When the 1906 earthquake hit San Francisco, “the hills rolled like great billows and cracked open,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5334623\">according to\u003c/a> one Australian immigrant’s account. Almost a minute of violent shaking shocked northern Californians. But like all quakes, that quake announced it was coming, even if people couldn’t harness the information fast enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists from a broad consortium, including the U.S. Geological Survey, Caltech, and U.C. Berkeley, are seeking to use that principle as bedrock for an early warning system for the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our motto is by every means available.’\u003ccite>Robert de Groot, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert \u003c/a>has been sending alerts to selected users in California for six years. This year, proponents say the still-developing system is on track to meet its goal of beginning limited public notifications. Two years into a pilot phase, ShakeAlert is partnering with universities, private companies, and the City of Los Angeles to test sounds, messages, pathways and locations where people could hear alerts. At least one mobile app will become publicly available later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our motto is by every means available,” says Robert de Groot, ShakeAlert’s national coordinator for communication, education, and outreach. “We hope that you get the message from many places at once so you’ll know what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ShakeAlert is founded on a network of sensors: fully built out, more than 1,600 seismometers networked with redundant servers will stretch across Washington, Oregon and California. By the end of this year, California’s sensors will be 75 percent complete; they’re particularly dense in Southern California, where hundreds of faults are capable of delivering earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data they capture comes when earthquakes give us a little notice: they release energy, like a wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you snap your finger like this, you actually model a fault,” de Groot says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That snap is the fast moving and harnessable signal of impending shaking. “It’s called a P-wave, it’s traveling something on the order of about four miles per second. And that reaches the surface first.” More destructive S-waves follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ShakeAlert’s algorithms, still under development, use P-wave speed, location, and intensity, among other factors, to predict where the shaking will be the worst. Once alerts are set, the goal is to send them without human intervention or review, so that they move fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”2Y1PcCVfHQ7dBADcuLytxOgzGnrZQkjJ”]A Santa-Monica based company called Early Warning Labs has developed an app aimed at alerting the general public. I saw it work firsthand with founder Josh Bashioum in Santa Monica on April 5, when a 5.3 quake centered near the Channel Islands shook Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had weak shaking,” Bashioum said, consulting the app after the fact. “We were really close to the earthquake … it was off the coast, it was actually out in the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earlywarninglabs.com/mobile-app/\">The app QuakeAlert\u003c/a> offered beta testers between around 10 and 30 seconds warning, and an audible text-based alert punctuated with a horn sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s valuable because a UCLA study has found that about half of injuries caused during the 1994 Northridge quake stemmed from falling items above victims. With at least ten seconds notice, QuakeAlert message recipients had enough time to move away from dangerous areas, and drop, cover, and hold on, as the app and emergency officials advise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922615\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922615\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-160x280.jpg\" alt=\"image from app QuakeAlert depicting April 5quake\" width=\"260\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-160x280.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-686x1200.jpg 686w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-240x420.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-375x656.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-520x910.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5.jpg 744w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When a quake originated near the Channel Islands on April 5, Early Warning Labs’ QuakeAlert notified beta users of the app. \u003ccite>(QuakeAlert)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Soon enough after the quake, Bashioum’s phone was blowing up with normal text messages reporting how fast his app QuakeAlert worked. “Yeah, we gotta follow up with some customers, definitely,” he said, sounding pleased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QuakeAlert will be free: it’ll go public sometime this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bashioum warns that the app is a “best effort” solution. “We can’t guarantee the delivery of millions of these notifications when the infrastructure just can’t support it,” he says. “I mean there’s only so much we can do as a tech company to influence that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS’s de Groot acknowledges the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There currently is nothing fast enough to get the alert out in a way that we would like it,” he says. Moving alerts through the federal Integrated Public Alert and Warning System, like AmberAlerts and weather warnings, takes three to seven seconds, eating up the notice that ShakeAlert could offer. The pipeline phone companies can offer for sending simultaneous mobile push notifications is limited; messages could be tiered, but that’s not easily automated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cell broadcast is another alternative, says de Groot. “So for example, an earthquake happened in a particular region. You know which cell towers are in the affected areas and you just send a broadcasted message to everyone within those those that the area of those cell towers,” he says. “And what it will essentially tell them is earthquake, earthquake, expect shaking: drop cover and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WFM15a1f1Fq6SB9f5NmdyjIEnOOYkosX”]It wasn’t that long ago that earthquake prediction was the stuff of blockbuster fantasy: in the 2015 film \u003cem>San Andreas\u003c/em>, Paul Giamatti played a fictional seismologist who developed a warning system before a (\u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/fact-checking-san-andreas-with-a-seismologist-1707828757\">scientifically impossible\u003c/a>) quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922609\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922609\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"Paul Giamatti as a seismologist in San Andreas\" width=\"401\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-1200x799.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-960x639.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-520x346.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt.jpeg 1502w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Giamatti’s fictional seismologist figured out how to predict quakes in the 2015 film San Andreas. \u003ccite>(Jasin Boland/Warner Brothers Entertainment)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>ShakeAlert’s architects won’t guess publicly when the federally-funded system will be ready to distribute its own alert. But they’re welcoming partners who want to use California as a living laboratory for real-life applications of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The City of Los Angeles has signed on. Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has promised to deploy an earthquake early-warning system “to every corner of this city — in schools, at businesses, even on your smartphone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his annual State of the City address, he said, “It will give you a head start when an earthquake is coming — precious seconds that save lives. This same technology will stop trains in their tracks, bring elevators to a halt, and even trigger backup generators, so you don’t get stuck in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bashioum’s Early Warning Labs is doing \u003ca href=\"https://earlywarninglabs.com/old/services/\">some\u003c/a> of that work, including testing alerts that broadcast through fire alarms. He believes public testing and deployment will spur demand for better warning systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s really what’s going to drive this, is when people start saying ‘Wait, why doesn’t our building have this? Why doesn’t the hospital I’m getting heart surgery at have this?”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the 1906 earthquake hit San Francisco, “the hills rolled like great billows and cracked open,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5334623\">according to\u003c/a> one Australian immigrant’s account. Almost a minute of violent shaking shocked northern Californians. But like all quakes, that quake announced it was coming, even if people couldn’t harness the information fast enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists from a broad consortium, including the U.S. Geological Survey, Caltech, and U.C. Berkeley, are seeking to use that principle as bedrock for an early warning system for the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our motto is by every means available.’\u003ccite>Robert de Groot, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.shakealert.org/\">ShakeAlert \u003c/a>has been sending alerts to selected users in California for six years. This year, proponents say the still-developing system is on track to meet its goal of beginning limited public notifications. Two years into a pilot phase, ShakeAlert is partnering with universities, private companies, and the City of Los Angeles to test sounds, messages, pathways and locations where people could hear alerts. At least one mobile app will become publicly available later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our motto is by every means available,” says Robert de Groot, ShakeAlert’s national coordinator for communication, education, and outreach. “We hope that you get the message from many places at once so you’ll know what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ShakeAlert is founded on a network of sensors: fully built out, more than 1,600 seismometers networked with redundant servers will stretch across Washington, Oregon and California. By the end of this year, California’s sensors will be 75 percent complete; they’re particularly dense in Southern California, where hundreds of faults are capable of delivering earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data they capture comes when earthquakes give us a little notice: they release energy, like a wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you snap your finger like this, you actually model a fault,” de Groot says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That snap is the fast moving and harnessable signal of impending shaking. “It’s called a P-wave, it’s traveling something on the order of about four miles per second. And that reaches the surface first.” More destructive S-waves follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ShakeAlert’s algorithms, still under development, use P-wave speed, location, and intensity, among other factors, to predict where the shaking will be the worst. Once alerts are set, the goal is to send them without human intervention or review, so that they move fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A Santa-Monica based company called Early Warning Labs has developed an app aimed at alerting the general public. I saw it work firsthand with founder Josh Bashioum in Santa Monica on April 5, when a 5.3 quake centered near the Channel Islands shook Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had weak shaking,” Bashioum said, consulting the app after the fact. “We were really close to the earthquake … it was off the coast, it was actually out in the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earlywarninglabs.com/mobile-app/\">The app QuakeAlert\u003c/a> offered beta testers between around 10 and 30 seconds warning, and an audible text-based alert punctuated with a horn sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s valuable because a UCLA study has found that about half of injuries caused during the 1994 Northridge quake stemmed from falling items above victims. With at least ten seconds notice, QuakeAlert message recipients had enough time to move away from dangerous areas, and drop, cover, and hold on, as the app and emergency officials advise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922615\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922615\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-160x280.jpg\" alt=\"image from app QuakeAlert depicting April 5quake\" width=\"260\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-160x280.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-686x1200.jpg 686w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-240x420.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-375x656.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5-520x910.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/April5.jpg 744w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When a quake originated near the Channel Islands on April 5, Early Warning Labs’ QuakeAlert notified beta users of the app. \u003ccite>(QuakeAlert)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Soon enough after the quake, Bashioum’s phone was blowing up with normal text messages reporting how fast his app QuakeAlert worked. “Yeah, we gotta follow up with some customers, definitely,” he said, sounding pleased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QuakeAlert will be free: it’ll go public sometime this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bashioum warns that the app is a “best effort” solution. “We can’t guarantee the delivery of millions of these notifications when the infrastructure just can’t support it,” he says. “I mean there’s only so much we can do as a tech company to influence that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS’s de Groot acknowledges the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There currently is nothing fast enough to get the alert out in a way that we would like it,” he says. Moving alerts through the federal Integrated Public Alert and Warning System, like AmberAlerts and weather warnings, takes three to seven seconds, eating up the notice that ShakeAlert could offer. The pipeline phone companies can offer for sending simultaneous mobile push notifications is limited; messages could be tiered, but that’s not easily automated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cell broadcast is another alternative, says de Groot. “So for example, an earthquake happened in a particular region. You know which cell towers are in the affected areas and you just send a broadcasted message to everyone within those those that the area of those cell towers,” he says. “And what it will essentially tell them is earthquake, earthquake, expect shaking: drop cover and move on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It wasn’t that long ago that earthquake prediction was the stuff of blockbuster fantasy: in the 2015 film \u003cem>San Andreas\u003c/em>, Paul Giamatti played a fictional seismologist who developed a warning system before a (\u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/fact-checking-san-andreas-with-a-seismologist-1707828757\">scientifically impossible\u003c/a>) quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922609\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922609\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"Paul Giamatti as a seismologist in San Andreas\" width=\"401\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-1020x679.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-1200x799.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-960x639.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt-520x346.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/SanAndreas2JasinBolandWarnerBrosEnt.jpeg 1502w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Giamatti’s fictional seismologist figured out how to predict quakes in the 2015 film San Andreas. \u003ccite>(Jasin Boland/Warner Brothers Entertainment)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>ShakeAlert’s architects won’t guess publicly when the federally-funded system will be ready to distribute its own alert. But they’re welcoming partners who want to use California as a living laboratory for real-life applications of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The City of Los Angeles has signed on. Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has promised to deploy an earthquake early-warning system “to every corner of this city — in schools, at businesses, even on your smartphone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his annual State of the City address, he said, “It will give you a head start when an earthquake is coming — precious seconds that save lives. This same technology will stop trains in their tracks, bring elevators to a halt, and even trigger backup generators, so you don’t get stuck in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bashioum’s Early Warning Labs is doing \u003ca href=\"https://earlywarninglabs.com/old/services/\">some\u003c/a> of that work, including testing alerts that broadcast through fire alarms. He believes public testing and deployment will spur demand for better warning systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wednesday was the day astronomers said goodbye to the old Milky Way they had known and loved and hello to a new view of our home galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A European Space Agency mission called Gaia just released a long-awaited treasure trove of data: precise measurements of 1.7 billion stars.[contextly_sidebar id=”709hGNeCYVKYRtWX26UTNPtzC40wHWmZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unprecedented for scientists to know the exact brightness, distances, motions and colors of more than a billion stars. The information will yield the best three-dimensional map of our galaxy ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very big deal. I’ve been working on trying to understand the Milky Way and the formation of the Milky Way for a large fraction of my scientific career, and the amount of information this is revealing in some sense is thousands or even hundreds of thousands of times larger than any amount of information we’ve had previously,” said David Hogg, an astrophysicist at New York University and the Flatiron Institute. “We’re really talking about an immense change to our knowledge about the Milky Way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gaia spacecraft launched in 2013 and is orbiting our sun, about a million miles away from Earth. Although it has surveyed a huge number of stars, Gaia is charting only about 1 percent of what is out there. The Milky Way contains around 100 billion stars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5XjbuME0flYsWORZ85UnSWw1Gk81ykkL”]For 7 million stars, Gaia even has measurements showing their velocity as they move toward or away from the spacecraft. “This is just a fantastic new addition,” said Anthony Brown of the Netherlands’ Leiden University, with the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Gaia released some initial results but that was just a tease compared with Wednesday’s massive data dump. Astronomers around the world have been planning how to attack it for months, knowing that discoveries are just waiting in there for the taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Enjoy it,” Antonella Vallenari, another member of the consortium from the Astronomical Observatory of Padua in Italy, said at a news conference as she announced that the data was becoming available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European team presented new images of our galaxy based on some initial analyses of the data, along with little movies that simulated what it would be like to fly through the stars. “It’s not fake, it’s real measurements,” Brown said. “We know exactly where the stars are.”contextly_sidebar id=”Ir2Iaj0fPamG4yingCyxT1KB2RySZ68J”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists around the world who were watching the event online struggled to take it all in. “This is like massive scientific progress and we were blinked an image,” said Jackie Faherty, an astronomer at the American Museum of Natural History, one of more than a dozen astronomers who woke up before dawn and gathered together at the Flatiron Institute in New York City to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was time to play, as the scientists bent their heads over their laptops and tried to download data. Researchers are expecting a slew of discoveries in the coming hours and days, but analyses will go on for years and even decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the data we’re going to be working on for the rest of my career. Probably no data set will rival this,” Faherty said. “It’s the excitement of the day that we see it. It’s why we were up at 5 a.m. to get here. It’s exciting to be around each other and trying to get the data all at once. It’s a day we’re going to remember.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+Are+Here%3A+Scientists+Unveil+Precise+Map+Of+More+Than+A+Billion+Stars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A woman who played a key role in exposing the lead-tainted water disaster in Flint, Michigan, is among seven people from around the world to be awarded a Goldman Environmental Prize for grassroots environmental activism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeeAnne Walters was repeatedly rebuffed by Gov. Rick Snyder’s administration, even as she confronted regulators with bottles of brown water that came from her kitchen tap. Finally, with critical help from a Virginia Tech research team and a local doctor, it was revealed in 2015 that Flint’s water system was contaminated with lead due to a lack of treatment.[contextly_sidebar id=”wWYwjFz2zjIPkJM1ze7jiIQ2kTW27PT0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters, a mother of four, “worked tirelessly behind the scenes to bring justice to not only her immediate family but all residents of Flint,” the Goldman Environmental Foundation said Monday in announcing this year’s winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize was created in 1989 by the late San Francisco philanthropists Richard and Rhoda Goldman. Winners are selected from nominations made by environmental organizations and others. The prize carries a $200,000 award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters now lives in Virginia but regularly returns to Flint, where thousands of home water lines are being replaced due to the lead crisis. The city’s water quality has improved since it stopped using the Flint River as its source after 18 months, although there are many concerns about lead that was ingested, especially by children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other winners are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francia Marquez of Colombia, who rallied other women to vigorously oppose gold mining in the Cauca region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Claire Nouvian of France, who successfully campaigned against deep-sea fish trawling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Makoma Lekalakala and Liz McDaid of South Africa, who fought to stop a nuclear plant deal between their country and Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Manny Calonzo of the Philippines, who led an effort to ban lead paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Khanh Nguy Thi of Vietnam, who used scientific research to discourage dependency on coal-fired power.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A woman who played a key role in exposing the lead-tainted water disaster in Flint, Michigan, is among seven people from around the world to be awarded a Goldman Environmental Prize for grassroots environmental activism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeeAnne Walters was repeatedly rebuffed by Gov. Rick Snyder’s administration, even as she confronted regulators with bottles of brown water that came from her kitchen tap. Finally, with critical help from a Virginia Tech research team and a local doctor, it was revealed in 2015 that Flint’s water system was contaminated with lead due to a lack of treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters, a mother of four, “worked tirelessly behind the scenes to bring justice to not only her immediate family but all residents of Flint,” the Goldman Environmental Foundation said Monday in announcing this year’s winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize was created in 1989 by the late San Francisco philanthropists Richard and Rhoda Goldman. Winners are selected from nominations made by environmental organizations and others. The prize carries a $200,000 award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters now lives in Virginia but regularly returns to Flint, where thousands of home water lines are being replaced due to the lead crisis. The city’s water quality has improved since it stopped using the Flint River as its source after 18 months, although there are many concerns about lead that was ingested, especially by children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other winners are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francia Marquez of Colombia, who rallied other women to vigorously oppose gold mining in the Cauca region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Claire Nouvian of France, who successfully campaigned against deep-sea fish trawling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Makoma Lekalakala and Liz McDaid of South Africa, who fought to stop a nuclear plant deal between their country and Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Manny Calonzo of the Philippines, who led an effort to ban lead paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Khanh Nguy Thi of Vietnam, who used scientific research to discourage dependency on coal-fired power.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wilder Weather Swings in California's Future Could Spell Disaster",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you think California has seen some wild weather recently, fasten your seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eye-popping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from climate scientists at UCLA projects big increases in the frequency of extreme events at both ends of the wet-dry spectrum: big flood-inducing storms as well as droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings.’\u003ccite>Daniel Swain, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings,” says the normally restrained Daniel Swain, lead author on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at specific extreme events in California’s past and used a suite of climate models to project their frequency in the future. Those events included last year’s “whiplash” winter that drenched the state after a five-year drought, as well as the state’s driest year and the epic \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods of 1861-62\u003c/a>. That was the winter Gov. Leland Stanford attended his own inauguration by rowboat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a biblical flood,” says co-author Alex Hall, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a> at UCLA. “It was 40 days straight, practically, of rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922931\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of a storm sequence similar to that which caused the Great Flood of 1862. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall and Swain estimate that a similar event today could trigger a $1 trillion catastrophe. And they say it will happen again, perhaps sooner than scientists had previously reckoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/rzgxCYEM4NtELZKUVsCXq?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study, published today\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Nature Climate Change\u003c/em>, estimates that the Great Flood of 1862 was a once-in-200 year event at the time that it happened. Now, their projections indicate we can expect an event on that scale about every 50 years, and that it’s “more likely than not” we’ll see a recurrence sometime between now and 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we are prepared for that type of event,” says Hall, recalling the February 2017 storms that triggered widespread flooding throughout the state and mass evacuations along the Feather River after the nearly catastrophic failure of the spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at last year’s record-setting precipitation and projected that kind of whiplash winter will also be a more frequent feature of California’s hydrologic cycle, approximately doubling in frequency from its prior 25-year interval, a trend they say will be “noticeable” by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that these events happen,” says Hall. “They’re a natural feature of the climate system here in California — but, we expect them to become much more frequent in the future because of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for.’\u003ccite>Alex Hall, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The same goes for droughts, according to the UCLA study, which also looked at the state’s driest winter on record, 1976-77. Previously about a 100-year event, a single dry year of that severity would be expected to happen every 50 years, with greater frequency in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for,” says Hall, who admits to having a “pearl-clutch moment” when he first saw the data from his study. His preview of the then-unpublished work generated by far the most buzz at a recent symposium on extreme precipitation at \u003cspan class=\"st\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography \u003c/span>in La Jolla. But he says there may be a (somewhat tarnished) silver lining behind all of the dark clouds produced by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922933\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922933 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of single drought years equivalent to California’s driest on record, 1976-77. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If the planet comes together and eventually reduces or eliminated greenhouse gas emissions,” suggests Hall, “then we can avert some — not all — of the risk of these types of events occurring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to point out that the team used a pessimistic “business-as-usual” projection of future greenhouse gas emissions in their calculations — in other words, they assumed that emissions are not significantly reduced in years to come. Swain says they chose this over a more optimistic mid-range assumption partly because, it’s “still (unfortunately) the closest to the actual observed emissions trajectory,” and that their scenario would, “likely apply even under very optimistic future emissions trajectories, but the magnitude of the changes in frequency would be substantially less on a lower emissions path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other findings from the study were arresting as well. Among other things, the team projects a “sharpening” of California’s precipitation calendar, with more falling during the core winter months (November-February) and less during the spring and fall shoulder seasons. That has implications for runoff and water supply that will force a rethinking by water managers around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in general climate change is forcing us to confront the fact that we are not living in harmony with our environment,” says Hall.\u003cbr>\n“All climate change is doing is forcing us to confront that fact sooner, and this is an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1922981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you think California has seen some wild weather recently, fasten your seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eye-popping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from climate scientists at UCLA projects big increases in the frequency of extreme events at both ends of the wet-dry spectrum: big flood-inducing storms as well as droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings.’\u003ccite>Daniel Swain, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can definitely attest to being unnerved by some of our findings,” says the normally restrained Daniel Swain, lead author on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at specific extreme events in California’s past and used a suite of climate models to project their frequency in the future. Those events included last year’s “whiplash” winter that drenched the state after a five-year drought, as well as the state’s driest year and the epic \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">floods of 1861-62\u003c/a>. That was the winter Gov. Leland Stanford attended his own inauguration by rowboat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a biblical flood,” says co-author Alex Hall, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Climate Science\u003c/a> at UCLA. “It was 40 days straight, practically, of rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922931\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f2-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of a storm sequence similar to that which caused the Great Flood of 1862. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall and Swain estimate that a similar event today could trigger a $1 trillion catastrophe. And they say it will happen again, perhaps sooner than scientists had previously reckoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/rzgxCYEM4NtELZKUVsCXq?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study, published today\u003c/a> in the journal, \u003cem>Nature Climate Change\u003c/em>, estimates that the Great Flood of 1862 was a once-in-200 year event at the time that it happened. Now, their projections indicate we can expect an event on that scale about every 50 years, and that it’s “more likely than not” we’ll see a recurrence sometime between now and 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we are prepared for that type of event,” says Hall, recalling the February 2017 storms that triggered widespread flooding throughout the state and mass evacuations along the Feather River after the nearly catastrophic failure of the spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at last year’s record-setting precipitation and projected that kind of whiplash winter will also be a more frequent feature of California’s hydrologic cycle, approximately doubling in frequency from its prior 25-year interval, a trend they say will be “noticeable” by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that these events happen,” says Hall. “They’re a natural feature of the climate system here in California — but, we expect them to become much more frequent in the future because of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for.’\u003ccite>Alex Hall, UCLA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The same goes for droughts, according to the UCLA study, which also looked at the state’s driest winter on record, 1976-77. Previously about a 100-year event, a single dry year of that severity would be expected to happen every 50 years, with greater frequency in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely very sobering and it’s something that we have to plan for,” says Hall, who admits to having a “pearl-clutch moment” when he first saw the data from his study. His preview of the then-unpublished work generated by far the most buzz at a recent symposium on extreme precipitation at \u003cspan class=\"st\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography \u003c/span>in La Jolla. But he says there may be a (somewhat tarnished) silver lining behind all of the dark clouds produced by his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922933\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 707px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922933 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg\" alt=\"Map and graphs\" width=\"707\" height=\"1558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3.jpg 707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-160x353.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-545x1200.jpg 545w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-240x529.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-375x826.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Swain-f3-520x1146.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphs show projected rising frequency of single drought years equivalent to California’s driest on record, 1976-77. \u003ccite>(Swain, et al., Nature Climate Change)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If the planet comes together and eventually reduces or eliminated greenhouse gas emissions,” suggests Hall, “then we can avert some — not all — of the risk of these types of events occurring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to point out that the team used a pessimistic “business-as-usual” projection of future greenhouse gas emissions in their calculations — in other words, they assumed that emissions are not significantly reduced in years to come. Swain says they chose this over a more optimistic mid-range assumption partly because, it’s “still (unfortunately) the closest to the actual observed emissions trajectory,” and that their scenario would, “likely apply even under very optimistic future emissions trajectories, but the magnitude of the changes in frequency would be substantially less on a lower emissions path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other findings from the study were arresting as well. Among other things, the team projects a “sharpening” of California’s precipitation calendar, with more falling during the core winter months (November-February) and less during the spring and fall shoulder seasons. That has implications for runoff and water supply that will force a rethinking by water managers around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in general climate change is forcing us to confront the fact that we are not living in harmony with our environment,” says Hall.\u003cbr>\n“All climate change is doing is forcing us to confront that fact sooner, and this is an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1922981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/unnerved_042318_final-1180x804-1-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Farming That Uses a Little Water ... And a Whole Lot of Fish Poop",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: The following story was produced for Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most farms grow food with soil and water. But at Ouroboros Farm in Half Moon Bay, Ken Armstrong grows food with water and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.’\u003ccite>Ken Armstrong, Ouroboros Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Inside a building about the size of a professional basketball court, water pours from a pipe into huge tubs where goldfish, catfish and tilapia are swimming. Then a complex pipe system takes water from the tubs to feed rows of lettuce, cabbage, and kale, floating on large platforms over water beds. What we’re looking at is called “aquaponics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are looking for sustainable solutions to our agricultural needs in the future,” Armstrong says, “and aquaponics is one of those solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farming with aquaponics means balancing three ecosystems: fish, plants and bacteria. The system is a loop that circulates the same water over and over from fish to plants to fish to plants. The job of the fish is just to eat and poop. Bacteria turn the fish poop into nitrates for plants. As the plants take in nourishment, they filter the water and clean it. The clean water goes back to the fish tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922906\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 919px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png 919w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-800x601.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-768x577.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Goldfish, catfish and tilapia swim in large tubs, their waste nourishing the greens. The plants clean the water, which then returns to the fish tubs. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much the only utilization of water in an aquaponics system is through transpiration,” Armstrong says, “what the plants actually utilize, and very little is lost to evaporation, which is the case in most soil-based agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a state prone to drought, water is a huge worry for farmers. During the most recent drought, some farmers had to fallow their fields for lack of water. Armstrong says that wouldn’t happen to him, even in a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3VFuuEySRDwWsaLZCUb6okqN4g9136oF”]Despite the benefits, there are some challenges in using aquaponics. Plants that prefer low acidity, like blueberries, don’t do well. And there are high upfront costs to all that infrastructure, plus high energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to heat the water, aerate the water, and pump the water,” says Jackson Gross, a researcher at the UC Davis Department of Animal Science. “It’s not without its inefficiencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are ways to minimize these in the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be hooked up with solar,” Gross says. “You can utilize gravity. You can be better with water conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquaponics has been around since the days of the Aztecs and Mayans, who used floating gardens to take advantage of the nutrient-rich waters of nearby lakes. The Asian cultures put tilapia or carp in their rice fields to increase yields and reduce the number of insects. Now, Armstrong says, aquaponics is intriguing as a possible climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re sequestering carbon by doing this,” he says. “You’re not using a lot of chemical-based fertilizers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1875px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1875\" height=\"2500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg 1875w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collard greens grow in clay pebbles at Ouroboros Farm. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the future, aquaponics could be used in urban areas to grow leafy green vegetables, which are the plants these systems are most suitable for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong did a thought experiment using a famous San Francisco skyscraper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to use the Bank of America building, that footprint, put aquaponics systems on every floor there — that one square block radius of San Francisco could probably produce 1 to 2 million pounds of fish per year and over 300 million heads of lettuce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the transportation costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going down the ground floor of the Bank of America building,” he says, “there would be your fish and produce market, so your fish and produce are just coming up and down in an elevator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That vision could be a ways away, but up at UC Davis, Jackson Gross and other researchers are working on a plan for a new commercial- scale aquaponics farm. And as climate change poses new challenges, someday the fish and lettuce on your future dinner plate may be grown together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bonnie Liu is a junior at Santa Clara High School. Her story was produced as part of Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: line-through\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: The following story was produced for Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most farms grow food with soil and water. But at Ouroboros Farm in Half Moon Bay, Ken Armstrong grows food with water and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.’\u003ccite>Ken Armstrong, Ouroboros Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Inside a building about the size of a professional basketball court, water pours from a pipe into huge tubs where goldfish, catfish and tilapia are swimming. Then a complex pipe system takes water from the tubs to feed rows of lettuce, cabbage, and kale, floating on large platforms over water beds. What we’re looking at is called “aquaponics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more people are looking for sustainable solutions to our agricultural needs in the future,” Armstrong says, “and aquaponics is one of those solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farming with aquaponics means balancing three ecosystems: fish, plants and bacteria. The system is a loop that circulates the same water over and over from fish to plants to fish to plants. The job of the fish is just to eat and poop. Bacteria turn the fish poop into nitrates for plants. As the plants take in nourishment, they filter the water and clean it. The clean water goes back to the fish tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922906\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 919px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs.png 919w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-800x601.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-768x577.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-240x180.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/fish-tubs-520x390.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Goldfish, catfish and tilapia swim in large tubs, their waste nourishing the greens. The plants clean the water, which then returns to the fish tubs. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much the only utilization of water in an aquaponics system is through transpiration,” Armstrong says, “what the plants actually utilize, and very little is lost to evaporation, which is the case in most soil-based agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a state prone to drought, water is a huge worry for farmers. During the most recent drought, some farmers had to fallow their fields for lack of water. Armstrong says that wouldn’t happen to him, even in a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our water allotment was reduced by 85 percent, I wouldn’t have to change a single thing about the way I do business. It’s not even a blip on my radar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Despite the benefits, there are some challenges in using aquaponics. Plants that prefer low acidity, like blueberries, don’t do well. And there are high upfront costs to all that infrastructure, plus high energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to heat the water, aerate the water, and pump the water,” says Jackson Gross, a researcher at the UC Davis Department of Animal Science. “It’s not without its inefficiencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are ways to minimize these in the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be hooked up with solar,” Gross says. “You can utilize gravity. You can be better with water conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquaponics has been around since the days of the Aztecs and Mayans, who used floating gardens to take advantage of the nutrient-rich waters of nearby lakes. The Asian cultures put tilapia or carp in their rice fields to increase yields and reduce the number of insects. Now, Armstrong says, aquaponics is intriguing as a possible climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re sequestering carbon by doing this,” he says. “You’re not using a lot of chemical-based fertilizers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1875px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1875\" height=\"2500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards.jpg 1875w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/collards-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collard greens grow in clay pebbles at Ouroboros Farm. \u003ccite>(Bonnie Liu/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the future, aquaponics could be used in urban areas to grow leafy green vegetables, which are the plants these systems are most suitable for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong did a thought experiment using a famous San Francisco skyscraper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to use the Bank of America building, that footprint, put aquaponics systems on every floor there — that one square block radius of San Francisco could probably produce 1 to 2 million pounds of fish per year and over 300 million heads of lettuce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the transportation costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going down the ground floor of the Bank of America building,” he says, “there would be your fish and produce market, so your fish and produce are just coming up and down in an elevator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That vision could be a ways away, but up at UC Davis, Jackson Gross and other researchers are working on a plan for a new commercial- scale aquaponics farm. And as climate change poses new challenges, someday the fish and lettuce on your future dinner plate may be grown together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bonnie Liu is a junior at Santa Clara High School. Her story was produced as part of Youth Takeover week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: line-through\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day",
"headTitle": "The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Earth Day, which takes place on April 22 each year, traces its roots to a 1969 oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara. With California as the birthplace of the annual observance, the state will go the extra mile to honor the planet, with events planned in numerous cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest oil spill at the time, awakened the American conscience and became one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” Michael Lyons, president of nonprofit Get Oil Out, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the LA Times\u003c/a>, for a 2015 story about the history of the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic event, which devastated marine life and killed thousands of birds, led then-\u003ca href=\"http://www.nelsonearthday.net/nelson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senator Gaylord Nelson\u003c/a> to organize a “national teach-in” on the environment on April 22, 1970. Twenty million Americans poured into the streets to show their support for the environment. Legendary news anchorman Walter Cronkite \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&time_continue=2&v=WbwC281uzUs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described it\u003c/a> as a “national outpouring of mankind seeking its own survival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&v=WbwC281uzUs\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Earth Day has since become an annual tradition. Check out our guide below for film screenings and clean-ups, interactive workshops and musical performances, and other events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/earth-day-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alameda\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>Earth Day Festival April 21, 2018, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922777 alignnone\" title=\"alamedaca.gov\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-160x170.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-768x816.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1020x1084.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1129x1200.jpg 1129w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1180x1254.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-960x1020.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-240x255.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-375x398.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-520x553.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/event/earth-day-2018-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albany\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, April 21, 9- 11:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.belmont.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5385/155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Belmont\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Earth Day activities include an E-waste drop-off, document shredding, compost give-away, book recycling, games and prizes. April 21, 9am – Noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvsan.org/content/earth-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day: Clean-Up and Recycle. Materials and light breakfast provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922782 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-520x398.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/environment-sustainability/green-events-activities/earth-day-arbor-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cupertino\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPlanned activities include an Earth Day festival, bike campaign, food trucks, rock climbing, petting zoo, arts and crafts, electric vehicle demo, and live entertainment. April 21, 11am-3pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.el-cerrito.org/645/Earth-Day-Celebration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">El Cerrito\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Celebration\u003cb>, \u003c/b>April 21, 2018, 9 am-1:30 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1162/Environmental-Programs-Events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emeryville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Shoreline Clean-up, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.napaenvironmentaled.org/earth-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Napa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nClean-Up & Festival, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://pacificabeachcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEco-fest, April 21.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922819 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpleasantonca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=365&TargetID=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Pleasanton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPresentations, workshops and screening of award-winning documentary \u003cem>Straws \u003c/em>at the Pleasanton Library, 1-4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Clean Up for ages 7 and up. Pre-registration is required at \u003ca href=\"http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonfun.com%2F&h=ATMTi6vkVpa7f7YmvCPny-Uiq4yz_MBePb9Sxn8KYVs4AboX-Q9vUhkN_Ak3uzEazbNP8x1lj5xXAR1oQMlhBVDqWyRTAP-3glBiexh4QUCUZacXUPw&s=1\">www.pleasantonfun.com. \u003c/a>Use registration code 6303.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Richmond Earth Day Cleanup, Sat., April 21, 9-11am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-wildcat-creek-tickets-44568593864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Albany Earth Day Shoreline Cleanup, Sat., April 21th, 9-11:30am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-albany-bulb-tickets-44160738959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://earthdaysf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCivic Center Plaza, Sat., April 21, 11am-7pm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922783 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-777x1200.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-960x1483.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-375x579.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-520x803.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/calendar.aspx?eid=6262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day at Alum Rock Park, Sunday, April 22, 9am-4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2eedea12c1cb29c9cc5e929cd/files/ad22796d-4ce7-4fef-bfaf-a35138eccdd8/SutainabilityFilmSeriesFlyer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">San Mateo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFilm Series, April 18, April 23, May 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"details details-width\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/cals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sunnyvale\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLiving Green Fair: Interactive activities at the public library. Drop-off for medications, mercury thermometers, batteries and cell phones. April 22, 12- 4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://artvallejo.org/events/solano-county-earth-day-cleanup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, Apr 21, 9am-12pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.townofwindsor.com/339/Earth-Day-on-the-Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windsor\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWellness Expo: Events include free health screenings, exercise demos, children’s cooking classes, games, activities, and crafts and a plant sale. April 22, 10 am – 1pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://townofyountville.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5262/24?backlist=%2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yountville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nShredding and E-Waste Event, Friday, April 20, 12am-2am.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Earth Day, which takes place on April 22 each year, traces its roots to a 1969 oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara. With California as the birthplace of the annual observance, the state will go the extra mile to honor the planet, with events planned in numerous cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest oil spill at the time, awakened the American conscience and became one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” Michael Lyons, president of nonprofit Get Oil Out, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the LA Times\u003c/a>, for a 2015 story about the history of the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic event, which devastated marine life and killed thousands of birds, led then-\u003ca href=\"http://www.nelsonearthday.net/nelson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senator Gaylord Nelson\u003c/a> to organize a “national teach-in” on the environment on April 22, 1970. Twenty million Americans poured into the streets to show their support for the environment. Legendary news anchorman Walter Cronkite \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&time_continue=2&v=WbwC281uzUs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described it\u003c/a> as a “national outpouring of mankind seeking its own survival.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Earth Day has since become an annual tradition. Check out our guide below for film screenings and clean-ups, interactive workshops and musical performances, and other events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/earth-day-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alameda\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>Earth Day Festival April 21, 2018, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922777 alignnone\" title=\"alamedaca.gov\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-160x170.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-768x816.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1020x1084.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1129x1200.jpg 1129w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1180x1254.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-960x1020.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-240x255.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-375x398.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-520x553.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/event/earth-day-2018-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albany\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, April 21, 9- 11:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.belmont.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5385/155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Belmont\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Earth Day activities include an E-waste drop-off, document shredding, compost give-away, book recycling, games and prizes. April 21, 9am – Noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvsan.org/content/earth-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day: Clean-Up and Recycle. Materials and light breakfast provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922782 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-520x398.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/environment-sustainability/green-events-activities/earth-day-arbor-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cupertino\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPlanned activities include an Earth Day festival, bike campaign, food trucks, rock climbing, petting zoo, arts and crafts, electric vehicle demo, and live entertainment. April 21, 11am-3pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.el-cerrito.org/645/Earth-Day-Celebration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">El Cerrito\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Celebration\u003cb>, \u003c/b>April 21, 2018, 9 am-1:30 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1162/Environmental-Programs-Events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emeryville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Shoreline Clean-up, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.napaenvironmentaled.org/earth-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Napa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nClean-Up & Festival, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://pacificabeachcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEco-fest, April 21.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922819 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpleasantonca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=365&TargetID=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Pleasanton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPresentations, workshops and screening of award-winning documentary \u003cem>Straws \u003c/em>at the Pleasanton Library, 1-4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Clean Up for ages 7 and up. Pre-registration is required at \u003ca href=\"http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonfun.com%2F&h=ATMTi6vkVpa7f7YmvCPny-Uiq4yz_MBePb9Sxn8KYVs4AboX-Q9vUhkN_Ak3uzEazbNP8x1lj5xXAR1oQMlhBVDqWyRTAP-3glBiexh4QUCUZacXUPw&s=1\">www.pleasantonfun.com. \u003c/a>Use registration code 6303.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Richmond Earth Day Cleanup, Sat., April 21, 9-11am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-wildcat-creek-tickets-44568593864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Albany Earth Day Shoreline Cleanup, Sat., April 21th, 9-11:30am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-albany-bulb-tickets-44160738959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://earthdaysf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCivic Center Plaza, Sat., April 21, 11am-7pm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922783 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-777x1200.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-960x1483.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-375x579.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-520x803.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/calendar.aspx?eid=6262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day at Alum Rock Park, Sunday, April 22, 9am-4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2eedea12c1cb29c9cc5e929cd/files/ad22796d-4ce7-4fef-bfaf-a35138eccdd8/SutainabilityFilmSeriesFlyer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">San Mateo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFilm Series, April 18, April 23, May 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"details details-width\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/cals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sunnyvale\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLiving Green Fair: Interactive activities at the public library. Drop-off for medications, mercury thermometers, batteries and cell phones. April 22, 12- 4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://artvallejo.org/events/solano-county-earth-day-cleanup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, Apr 21, 9am-12pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.townofwindsor.com/339/Earth-Day-on-the-Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windsor\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWellness Expo: Events include free health screenings, exercise demos, children’s cooking classes, games, activities, and crafts and a plant sale. April 22, 10 am – 1pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://townofyountville.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5262/24?backlist=%2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yountville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nShredding and E-Waste Event, Friday, April 20, 12am-2am.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Diamond Meteorite Tells of a ‘Lost Planet,’ Says Study",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fragments of a meteorite that fell to Earth about a decade ago provide compelling evidence of a lost planet that once roamed our solar system, according to a study published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Switzerland, France and Germany examined diamonds found inside the Almahata Sitta meteorite and concluded they were most likely formed by a proto-planet at least 4.55 billion years ago.[contextly_sidebar id=”DhwXcBmpIUktg3Vgr1ROjKLcs38pNQMj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diamonds in the meteorite, which crashed in Sudan’s Nubian Desert in October 2008, have tiny crystals inside them that would have required great pressure to form, said one of the study’s co-authors, Philippe Gillet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We demonstrate that these large diamonds cannot be the result of a shock but rather of growth that has taken place within a planet,” he told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillet, a planetary scientist at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, said researchers calculated a pressure of 200,000 bar (2.9 million psi) would be needed to form such diamonds, suggesting the mystery planet was as least as big as Mercury, possibly even Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ieGAyo0xDjEL0CT8Zf6kjVRE8sQuQ9H4″]Scientists have long theorized that the early solar system once contained many more planets — some of which were likely little more than a mass of molten magma. One of these embryo planets — dubbed Theia — is believed to have slammed into a young Earth, ejecting a large amount of debris that later formed the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re claiming here,” said Gillet, “is that we have in our hands a remnant of this first generation of planets that are missing today because they were destroyed or incorporated in a bigger planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addi Bischoff, a meteorite expert at the University of Muenster, Germany, said the methods used for the study were sound and the conclusion was plausible. But further evidence of sustained high pressure would be expected to be found in the minerals surrounding the diamonds, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bischoff wasn’t involved in the study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story has been corrected to show that the meteorite fragments fell to Earth about a decade ago, not more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fragments of a meteorite that fell to Earth about a decade ago provide compelling evidence of a lost planet that once roamed our solar system, according to a study published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Switzerland, France and Germany examined diamonds found inside the Almahata Sitta meteorite and concluded they were most likely formed by a proto-planet at least 4.55 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diamonds in the meteorite, which crashed in Sudan’s Nubian Desert in October 2008, have tiny crystals inside them that would have required great pressure to form, said one of the study’s co-authors, Philippe Gillet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We demonstrate that these large diamonds cannot be the result of a shock but rather of growth that has taken place within a planet,” he told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillet, a planetary scientist at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, said researchers calculated a pressure of 200,000 bar (2.9 million psi) would be needed to form such diamonds, suggesting the mystery planet was as least as big as Mercury, possibly even Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scientists have long theorized that the early solar system once contained many more planets — some of which were likely little more than a mass of molten magma. One of these embryo planets — dubbed Theia — is believed to have slammed into a young Earth, ejecting a large amount of debris that later formed the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re claiming here,” said Gillet, “is that we have in our hands a remnant of this first generation of planets that are missing today because they were destroyed or incorporated in a bigger planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addi Bischoff, a meteorite expert at the University of Muenster, Germany, said the methods used for the study were sound and the conclusion was plausible. But further evidence of sustained high pressure would be expected to be found in the minerals surrounding the diamonds, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bischoff wasn’t involved in the study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story has been corrected to show that the meteorite fragments fell to Earth about a decade ago, not more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How California Water Suppliers Are Getting Earthquake-Ready",
"headTitle": "How California Water Suppliers Are Getting Earthquake-Ready | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">As is often \u003c/span>said, it’s not a matter of if, but of when, a large earthquake strikes the heart of one of California’s most densely populated regions. State officials and local agencies know the clock is ticking, and mile by mile, pipe by pipe, work crews are replacing or retrofitting water lines throughout much of the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas. Upgrades have also been made in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the heart of the state’s water distribution system, where potential levee ruptures have made water officials uneasy for decades.[contextly_sidebar id=”eCyZJgsECfXTErNlRtmykxjLXaQjXZXR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, which generated the 1906 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.9\u003c/span> magnitude) and the 1989 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.9\u003c/span> magnitude) Bay Area earthquakes, could potentially produce a quake greater than \u003cspan class=\"caps\">8.0.\u003c/span> However, the Hayward Fault is widely considered the greater threat at this moment in geologic time. Scientists consider a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> magnitude quake to be the largest likely to occur on the Hayward Fault, an offshoot of the San Andreas that runs through San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley and Richmond. The Hayward Fault hasn’t slipped significantly since 1868, and experts say it’s overdue for the proverbial “Big One.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the historical and global context, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> isn’t huge, but if it strikes a heavily populated area, the damage could be significant. About 5,000 water connections that cross the Hayward Fault, as well as several critical water mains, could potentially be sheared in half by a powerful temblor, according to Richard Sykes, director of natural resources for the East Bay Municipal Utility District. That’s just within East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s service area. San Francisco’s water supply, sourced from Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park, also travels through large pipes that cross major East Bay fault zones. Several of its reservoirs, including Crystal Springs, San Andreas and Calaveras, sit literally on the San Andreas and Calaveras faults, with the water actually contained within the linear depressions created by these tectonic plate boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a joke here that two of our reservoirs are named after faults,” said Steven Ritchie, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s assistant general manager for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WuFTiINrd9wn9bgSlpCxrEE9cPxlt4ro”]To protect the water supply of their collective 4 million customers, both East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> and the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span> have protected their water mains with clever engineering systems that allow the earth to shift around the pipes, which range from 6 to 9ft in diameter, without damaging them. One of the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s major pipes is fitted with ball joints and slip joints that allow the steel-lined tube to shift and move without breaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s ongoing upgrades are part of the $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.8\u003c/span> billion Regional Management Program, of which a key element is major seismic upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s major supply pipes, critical sections in high-risk fault zones have been retrofitted so they can shift and flex within spacious concrete tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pipe is on rollers so that when that offset occurs, it can move with the shifting earth,” said Andrea Pook, an East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> spokesperson, referring to a 2,000ft section of pipeline bored through the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That tunnel could actually shear, but without shearing the pipe itself,” Sykes added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the unlikely event that the main water line is ruptured, East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>keeps a six-month supply of reservoir water ready on the west side of the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District also has a six-month backup supply of water at hand, stored in reservoirs on the west side of the San Andreas Fault.[contextly_sidebar id=”epfspCdbJrK0CccGJFSslKijOVxyIufO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will buy us time to make any necessary repairs,” said Gordon Johnson, Metropolitan’s chief engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his district began seriously seismically upgrading reservoirs, dams and various structures following the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, an early morning \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> magnitude quake that tore the region apart, killing 64 people and destroying freeways, sewer lines and thousands of buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said, the agency – which delivers water to about 12 million people – is working on strengthening canals, aqueducts and pipelines. The district, in conjunction with the California Department of Water Resources and the City of Los Angeles, has formed a “seismic task force” that is currently identifying weak spots in the local water supply system and developing emergency response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preparations include stockpiling repair equipment and materials near likely rupture locations on numerous local faults. And two projects now in the works aim to seismically protect the Colorado River Aqueduct, as well as a 7ft-wide pipe that delivers treated water to several million people north of Long Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government also has its eye on California and its shifting tectonic plates. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Bureau of Reclamation has seismically retrofitted seven dams, according to Steve Melavic, the agency’s mid-Pacific region chief engineer. More upgrades, he said, are in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”B8EwpisdAimFkWYYr3VFxGpG3jLdGX1k”]Meanwhile, the California Division of Safety of Dams has mandated extensive upgrades to dams. Over the past two decades, inspections by the state agency – a branch of the Department of Water Resources – have resulted in dam owners spending more than $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> billion on repairing and upgrading dams to protect them from seismic risks, according to Erin Mellon, a spokesperson with the Department of Water Resources. Experts with her agency were unavailable for a phone interview, and questions sent via email about seismic upgrades in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were not answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Sykes at East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>, the Department of Water Resources has provided his district with a $35 million grant to upgrade Delta levees that specifically protect the Mokelumne Aqueduct, which passes through the estuary. Sykes said upgrades to levees are generally made in accordance to the standards of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of California, Los Angeles, Scott Brandenberg, a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, has extensively studied the delta and its levees. He said the earthen barriers, which protect and contain more than 1,000 maze-like miles of critical water supply channels, are not threatened as much by the Hayward and San Andreas faults as they are by more localized ones like the Dunnigan Hills Fault, the Gordon Valley Fault and the Midland Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults wouldn’t be capable of producing a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.8\u003c/span> earthquake, like the San Andreas, but they could still cause strong shaking and serious damage,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One or more levee ruptures in the Delta could potentially flood freshwater supplies with saltwater – which would be a disaster for the state. These levees are vulnerable for a variety of reasons. For one, Brandenberg said, many were built on peat, which is soft and can become more so during an earthquake. In places, the levees are built of sand, which can essentially liquefy during intense shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think any improvements to these levees have made them earthquake-proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, he said, the system is very fragile. In fact, the Delta’s vulnerability to earthquake damage is among the main arguments for building the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">controversial Delta tunnels\u003c/a>. This system would move water under the Delta and connect it to the pumps at the south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s much easier to protect and maintain a system like that,” Brandenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/04/19/how-california-water-suppliers-are-getting-earthquake-ready\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">As is often \u003c/span>said, it’s not a matter of if, but of when, a large earthquake strikes the heart of one of California’s most densely populated regions. State officials and local agencies know the clock is ticking, and mile by mile, pipe by pipe, work crews are replacing or retrofitting water lines throughout much of the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas. Upgrades have also been made in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the heart of the state’s water distribution system, where potential levee ruptures have made water officials uneasy for decades.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, which generated the 1906 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.9\u003c/span> magnitude) and the 1989 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.9\u003c/span> magnitude) Bay Area earthquakes, could potentially produce a quake greater than \u003cspan class=\"caps\">8.0.\u003c/span> However, the Hayward Fault is widely considered the greater threat at this moment in geologic time. Scientists consider a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> magnitude quake to be the largest likely to occur on the Hayward Fault, an offshoot of the San Andreas that runs through San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley and Richmond. The Hayward Fault hasn’t slipped significantly since 1868, and experts say it’s overdue for the proverbial “Big One.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the historical and global context, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> isn’t huge, but if it strikes a heavily populated area, the damage could be significant. About 5,000 water connections that cross the Hayward Fault, as well as several critical water mains, could potentially be sheared in half by a powerful temblor, according to Richard Sykes, director of natural resources for the East Bay Municipal Utility District. That’s just within East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s service area. San Francisco’s water supply, sourced from Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park, also travels through large pipes that cross major East Bay fault zones. Several of its reservoirs, including Crystal Springs, San Andreas and Calaveras, sit literally on the San Andreas and Calaveras faults, with the water actually contained within the linear depressions created by these tectonic plate boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a joke here that two of our reservoirs are named after faults,” said Steven Ritchie, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s assistant general manager for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>To protect the water supply of their collective 4 million customers, both East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> and the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span> have protected their water mains with clever engineering systems that allow the earth to shift around the pipes, which range from 6 to 9ft in diameter, without damaging them. One of the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s major pipes is fitted with ball joints and slip joints that allow the steel-lined tube to shift and move without breaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s ongoing upgrades are part of the $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.8\u003c/span> billion Regional Management Program, of which a key element is major seismic upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s major supply pipes, critical sections in high-risk fault zones have been retrofitted so they can shift and flex within spacious concrete tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pipe is on rollers so that when that offset occurs, it can move with the shifting earth,” said Andrea Pook, an East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> spokesperson, referring to a 2,000ft section of pipeline bored through the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That tunnel could actually shear, but without shearing the pipe itself,” Sykes added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the unlikely event that the main water line is ruptured, East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>keeps a six-month supply of reservoir water ready on the west side of the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District also has a six-month backup supply of water at hand, stored in reservoirs on the west side of the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will buy us time to make any necessary repairs,” said Gordon Johnson, Metropolitan’s chief engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his district began seriously seismically upgrading reservoirs, dams and various structures following the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, an early morning \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> magnitude quake that tore the region apart, killing 64 people and destroying freeways, sewer lines and thousands of buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said, the agency – which delivers water to about 12 million people – is working on strengthening canals, aqueducts and pipelines. The district, in conjunction with the California Department of Water Resources and the City of Los Angeles, has formed a “seismic task force” that is currently identifying weak spots in the local water supply system and developing emergency response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preparations include stockpiling repair equipment and materials near likely rupture locations on numerous local faults. And two projects now in the works aim to seismically protect the Colorado River Aqueduct, as well as a 7ft-wide pipe that delivers treated water to several million people north of Long Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government also has its eye on California and its shifting tectonic plates. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Bureau of Reclamation has seismically retrofitted seven dams, according to Steve Melavic, the agency’s mid-Pacific region chief engineer. More upgrades, he said, are in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Meanwhile, the California Division of Safety of Dams has mandated extensive upgrades to dams. Over the past two decades, inspections by the state agency – a branch of the Department of Water Resources – have resulted in dam owners spending more than $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> billion on repairing and upgrading dams to protect them from seismic risks, according to Erin Mellon, a spokesperson with the Department of Water Resources. Experts with her agency were unavailable for a phone interview, and questions sent via email about seismic upgrades in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were not answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Sykes at East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>, the Department of Water Resources has provided his district with a $35 million grant to upgrade Delta levees that specifically protect the Mokelumne Aqueduct, which passes through the estuary. Sykes said upgrades to levees are generally made in accordance to the standards of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of California, Los Angeles, Scott Brandenberg, a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, has extensively studied the delta and its levees. He said the earthen barriers, which protect and contain more than 1,000 maze-like miles of critical water supply channels, are not threatened as much by the Hayward and San Andreas faults as they are by more localized ones like the Dunnigan Hills Fault, the Gordon Valley Fault and the Midland Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults wouldn’t be capable of producing a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.8\u003c/span> earthquake, like the San Andreas, but they could still cause strong shaking and serious damage,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One or more levee ruptures in the Delta could potentially flood freshwater supplies with saltwater – which would be a disaster for the state. These levees are vulnerable for a variety of reasons. For one, Brandenberg said, many were built on peat, which is soft and can become more so during an earthquake. In places, the levees are built of sand, which can essentially liquefy during intense shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think any improvements to these levees have made them earthquake-proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, he said, the system is very fragile. In fact, the Delta’s vulnerability to earthquake damage is among the main arguments for building the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">controversial Delta tunnels\u003c/a>. This system would move water under the Delta and connect it to the pumps at the south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s much easier to protect and maintain a system like that,” Brandenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/04/19/how-california-water-suppliers-are-getting-earthquake-ready\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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