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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://chrisrichard.org\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12415\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/29/school-based-health-centers-serve-more-than-just-students/wellnesscenter_chrisrichard/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12415\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-12415\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/04/WellnessCenter_ChrisRichard-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"At the Manual Arts High School Wellness Center in Los Angeles, pediatric nurse practitioner Jennie Lien gives 15-month-old Andrew Baptist a medical examination. Andrew's great-grandmother, Yvonne Lee (right) says Andrew's entire family relies on the center for medical care.(Photo/Chris Richard)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the Manual Arts High School Wellness Center in Los Angeles, pediatric nurse practitioner Jennie Lien gives 15-month-old Andrew Baptist a medical examination. Andrew's great-grandmother, Yvonne Lee (right) says Andrew's entire family relies on the center for medical care.(Photo/Chris Richard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Compton’s Dominguez High School celebrated the opening of a new campus wellness center last month, it was a timeless moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marching band blared and thundered. Drill teams members pranced and whirled, just as they’ve been dancing and high-kicking on high school campuses for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scene in the wellness center itself offered a glimpse of what the future could be for school medical services in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a student in for routine blood work. In the next cubicle, a mother had brought her young son, who had the flu. And neighborhood resident Jonetta Stewart, 76, had come seeking relief from frequent vertigo and headaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physician’s assistant Rachel Damicali checked Stewart’s blood pressure. It was very high.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Some campus-based wellness centers offer free and low-cost services not just to students, but to entire neighborhoods, to people of any age.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Dimacali says she sees a lot of variety in her fast-paced days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My last patient was a 4-year-old kid, and now I’m seeing Jonetta for her blood pressure management,” she said. “So, we see a whole range: from chronic disease to urgent care visits to just physical exams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just in time for the implementation of President Obama's health care overhaul coming Jan. 1, a handful of California schools are starting to open campus-based wellness centers like the one at Dominguez, offering free and low-cost services not just to students, but to entire neighborhoods, to people of any age.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's part of the health overhaul's emphasis on development of so-called “medical homes,” in which providers agree to give each patient wide-ranging medical services, with an emphasis on preventive care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is better than a doctor's office\" says Jim Mangia, CEO of St. John's Well Child and Family Center, which runs the Dominguez wellness center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is comprehensive medical, dental health, mental health, enabling services, care coordination, case management, social workers,\" Mangia added. \"So this is a doctor’s office on steroids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified School District is one leader in embracing school centers. The district will have 14 of them within the year, says Kimberly Uyeda, Los Angeles Unified’s director of student medical services. To determine where to place the centers, district officials used computerized maps to identify “hot spots” for social and health ills including exposure to violence, poverty, obesity and high rates of sexually transmitted disease, Uyeda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uyeda points out that students are often affected not only by the health and wellness of their families, but also by that of the broader community. “So if we don’t either address ... the families and the communities, we’re only going to get so far with students.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money is a big issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school board has built the centers from bond funds. But money to keep the clinics operating is harder to come by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofits that run the wellness centers bill Medi-Cal and other public insurance programs for the services they provide. But startup costs of up to a half-million dollars per clinic can be harder to recover. Health care advocates are lobbying Congress for support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. County Supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas is a strong backer. As a state senator, he wrote the legislation establishing a state grant program. At the Dominguez High School opening, he vowed continued support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more school-based health clinics that we build, the better this community and this broader area will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified would like to keep building, too. Someday, the district would like a center on every high school campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Briscoe, director of the Alameda County Health Care Services Agency, said it’s important to proceed carefully. Privacy is a key concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If adolescents think their parents or their friends’ parents are going to be in the waiting room when they come in,\" Briscoe says, \"they’re not going to seek these services that have a huge stigma around them, like mental health, like alcohol and drugs, like reproductive health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting the privacy of patients could be as simple as providing separate entrances, waiting and treatment rooms for students and the public, Briscoe said. Alternatively, the centers might only be open to the public after school hours, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If such precautions are followed, Briscoe said he’s very excited about the potential for expanded services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that schools can be a center of community building if you have things that people need there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And comprehensive health services is a really good one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to Chris Richard's report:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"335\" height=\"85\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304290850b.xml\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\">\u003cembed width=\"335\" height=\"85\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304290850b.xml\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When Compton’s Dominguez High School celebrated the opening of a new campus wellness center recently, it was a timeless moment.\r\n\r\nThe marching band blared and thundered. Drill teams members pranced and whirled, just as they’ve been dancing and high-kicking on high school campuses for generations.\r\n\r\nBut the scene in the wellness center itself offered a glimpse of what the future could be for school medical services in California.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://chrisrichard.org\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12415\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/29/school-based-health-centers-serve-more-than-just-students/wellnesscenter_chrisrichard/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12415\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-12415\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/04/WellnessCenter_ChrisRichard-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"At the Manual Arts High School Wellness Center in Los Angeles, pediatric nurse practitioner Jennie Lien gives 15-month-old Andrew Baptist a medical examination. Andrew's great-grandmother, Yvonne Lee (right) says Andrew's entire family relies on the center for medical care.(Photo/Chris Richard)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the Manual Arts High School Wellness Center in Los Angeles, pediatric nurse practitioner Jennie Lien gives 15-month-old Andrew Baptist a medical examination. Andrew's great-grandmother, Yvonne Lee (right) says Andrew's entire family relies on the center for medical care.(Photo/Chris Richard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Compton’s Dominguez High School celebrated the opening of a new campus wellness center last month, it was a timeless moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marching band blared and thundered. Drill teams members pranced and whirled, just as they’ve been dancing and high-kicking on high school campuses for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scene in the wellness center itself offered a glimpse of what the future could be for school medical services in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a student in for routine blood work. In the next cubicle, a mother had brought her young son, who had the flu. And neighborhood resident Jonetta Stewart, 76, had come seeking relief from frequent vertigo and headaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physician’s assistant Rachel Damicali checked Stewart’s blood pressure. It was very high.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Some campus-based wellness centers offer free and low-cost services not just to students, but to entire neighborhoods, to people of any age.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Dimacali says she sees a lot of variety in her fast-paced days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My last patient was a 4-year-old kid, and now I’m seeing Jonetta for her blood pressure management,” she said. “So, we see a whole range: from chronic disease to urgent care visits to just physical exams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just in time for the implementation of President Obama's health care overhaul coming Jan. 1, a handful of California schools are starting to open campus-based wellness centers like the one at Dominguez, offering free and low-cost services not just to students, but to entire neighborhoods, to people of any age.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's part of the health overhaul's emphasis on development of so-called “medical homes,” in which providers agree to give each patient wide-ranging medical services, with an emphasis on preventive care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is better than a doctor's office\" says Jim Mangia, CEO of St. John's Well Child and Family Center, which runs the Dominguez wellness center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is comprehensive medical, dental health, mental health, enabling services, care coordination, case management, social workers,\" Mangia added. \"So this is a doctor’s office on steroids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified School District is one leader in embracing school centers. The district will have 14 of them within the year, says Kimberly Uyeda, Los Angeles Unified’s director of student medical services. To determine where to place the centers, district officials used computerized maps to identify “hot spots” for social and health ills including exposure to violence, poverty, obesity and high rates of sexually transmitted disease, Uyeda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uyeda points out that students are often affected not only by the health and wellness of their families, but also by that of the broader community. “So if we don’t either address ... the families and the communities, we’re only going to get so far with students.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money is a big issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school board has built the centers from bond funds. But money to keep the clinics operating is harder to come by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofits that run the wellness centers bill Medi-Cal and other public insurance programs for the services they provide. But startup costs of up to a half-million dollars per clinic can be harder to recover. Health care advocates are lobbying Congress for support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. County Supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas is a strong backer. As a state senator, he wrote the legislation establishing a state grant program. At the Dominguez High School opening, he vowed continued support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more school-based health clinics that we build, the better this community and this broader area will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified would like to keep building, too. Someday, the district would like a center on every high school campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Briscoe, director of the Alameda County Health Care Services Agency, said it’s important to proceed carefully. Privacy is a key concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If adolescents think their parents or their friends’ parents are going to be in the waiting room when they come in,\" Briscoe says, \"they’re not going to seek these services that have a huge stigma around them, like mental health, like alcohol and drugs, like reproductive health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting the privacy of patients could be as simple as providing separate entrances, waiting and treatment rooms for students and the public, Briscoe said. Alternatively, the centers might only be open to the public after school hours, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If such precautions are followed, Briscoe said he’s very excited about the potential for expanded services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that schools can be a center of community building if you have things that people need there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And comprehensive health services is a really good one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to Chris Richard's report:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"335\" height=\"85\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304290850b.xml\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\">\u003cembed width=\"335\" height=\"85\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304290850b.xml\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Air Pollution Lurks Inside Your Home",
"title": "Air Pollution Lurks Inside Your Home",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53294\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph courtesy of kfisto via Creative Commons licensing.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kfisto/369599892/sizes/z/\" target=\"_blank\">kfisto\u003c/a> via Creative Commons licensing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How would you like a job that involves shopping at the grocery store with the company credit card and cooking dishes like stir-fry? This describes Tosh Hotchi’s job, but he isn’t a chef. He is part of a research team that studies how to build healthy, efficient homes, including how to improve the quality of air inside a home through better ventilation. Hotchi is helping to study a major source of indoor pollution: cooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of air pollution, they usually picture a factory spewing a plume of toxic chemicals into the air. But indoor air pollution causes significant health effects such as respiratory illness, asthma attacks, cancer and premature death. Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on these health impacts, according to a \u003ca title=\"California Air Resources Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board. This is in part because they spend about \u003ca title=\"California Air Recoures Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">90% of their time indoors\u003c/a>, which is typical for people living in a developed country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca title=\"LBNL EETD\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/research-development\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory \u003c/a>(Berkeley Lab) have identified which indoor air pollutants cause the greatest health consequences. In a \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health Perspectives journal article\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279453/\">paper\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em>, they reported that fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less, formaldehyde and acrolein are the worst indoor contaminants for non-smoking households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particulates are found indoors mainly due to cooking, burning candles or incense, tobacco smoke and outdoor sources that leak inside. These fine particulates cause significant health problems – stroke, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and premature death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formaldehyde is mainly emitted by materials used in home construction and furniture, such as particle board, paneling and foam insulation. It also comes from cooking and tobacco smoke. Formaldehyde is a lung irritant that can trigger asthma attacks and it may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acrolein was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. Acrolein in the home is primarily from cooking (especially oils) and tobacco smoke. It is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes and nasal passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what you're putting in your home,” says Melissa Lunden, a Berkeley Lab staff engineer. “Most of us have to cook, but do you need the candles, incense and air fresheners? Freshening your air requires taking stuff out, not putting more stuff in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab scientists are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality by developing better standards for residential buildings and new tests to measure these hazardous pollutants. For example, their \u003ca title=\"Why We Ventilate LBNL report\" href=\"http://eaei.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-5093e_2.pdf\">Berkeley Lab report\u003c/a> recommends to regulators that whole-residence ventilation rates should focus on controlling formaldehyde and acrolein, whereas filtration should be used to remove fine particle pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since cooking is a major source of indoor air pollutants, Berkeley Lab scientists have also evaluated the effectiveness of cooking exhaust hoods. Their \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science and Techonolgy journal article\" href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/abs/10.1021/es3001079\">study results \u003c/a>showed that cooking hoods should be redesigned and new rating standards are needed to help consumers know how effective a cooking hood is at removing pollutants. However, they also found that indoor air quality can be significantly improved by simply cooking on the back burners of your stove, using higher fan settings and turning the fan on before you start cooking. Further research on cooking-induced pollutants is underway using a new demonstration kitchen to study real-life cooking conditions. During these studies, Tosh Hotchi’s stir-fries and cookies are just a happy bonus for his co-workers like Melissa Lunden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about how air quality affects your health this week during \u003ca title=\"Air Quality Awareness Week\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airnow/airaware/index.html\">Air Quality Awareness Week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on health impacts due to indoor air pollution. Scientists at Berkeley Lab have identified the indoor air pollutants with the greatest health consequences, and they are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53294\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph courtesy of kfisto via Creative Commons licensing.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kfisto/369599892/sizes/z/\" target=\"_blank\">kfisto\u003c/a> via Creative Commons licensing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How would you like a job that involves shopping at the grocery store with the company credit card and cooking dishes like stir-fry? This describes Tosh Hotchi’s job, but he isn’t a chef. He is part of a research team that studies how to build healthy, efficient homes, including how to improve the quality of air inside a home through better ventilation. Hotchi is helping to study a major source of indoor pollution: cooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of air pollution, they usually picture a factory spewing a plume of toxic chemicals into the air. But indoor air pollution causes significant health effects such as respiratory illness, asthma attacks, cancer and premature death. Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on these health impacts, according to a \u003ca title=\"California Air Resources Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board. This is in part because they spend about \u003ca title=\"California Air Recoures Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">90% of their time indoors\u003c/a>, which is typical for people living in a developed country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca title=\"LBNL EETD\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/research-development\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory \u003c/a>(Berkeley Lab) have identified which indoor air pollutants cause the greatest health consequences. In a \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health Perspectives journal article\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279453/\">paper\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em>, they reported that fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less, formaldehyde and acrolein are the worst indoor contaminants for non-smoking households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particulates are found indoors mainly due to cooking, burning candles or incense, tobacco smoke and outdoor sources that leak inside. These fine particulates cause significant health problems – stroke, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and premature death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formaldehyde is mainly emitted by materials used in home construction and furniture, such as particle board, paneling and foam insulation. It also comes from cooking and tobacco smoke. Formaldehyde is a lung irritant that can trigger asthma attacks and it may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acrolein was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. Acrolein in the home is primarily from cooking (especially oils) and tobacco smoke. It is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes and nasal passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what you're putting in your home,” says Melissa Lunden, a Berkeley Lab staff engineer. “Most of us have to cook, but do you need the candles, incense and air fresheners? Freshening your air requires taking stuff out, not putting more stuff in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab scientists are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality by developing better standards for residential buildings and new tests to measure these hazardous pollutants. For example, their \u003ca title=\"Why We Ventilate LBNL report\" href=\"http://eaei.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-5093e_2.pdf\">Berkeley Lab report\u003c/a> recommends to regulators that whole-residence ventilation rates should focus on controlling formaldehyde and acrolein, whereas filtration should be used to remove fine particle pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since cooking is a major source of indoor air pollutants, Berkeley Lab scientists have also evaluated the effectiveness of cooking exhaust hoods. Their \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science and Techonolgy journal article\" href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/abs/10.1021/es3001079\">study results \u003c/a>showed that cooking hoods should be redesigned and new rating standards are needed to help consumers know how effective a cooking hood is at removing pollutants. However, they also found that indoor air quality can be significantly improved by simply cooking on the back burners of your stove, using higher fan settings and turning the fan on before you start cooking. Further research on cooking-induced pollutants is underway using a new demonstration kitchen to study real-life cooking conditions. During these studies, Tosh Hotchi’s stir-fries and cookies are just a happy bonus for his co-workers like Melissa Lunden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about how air quality affects your health this week during \u003ca title=\"Air Quality Awareness Week\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airnow/airaware/index.html\">Air Quality Awareness Week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Berkeley Journalist Takes On The 'Feel-Good War on Breast Cancer'",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/26/berkeley-journalist-takes-on-the-feel-good-war-on-breast-cancer/pink-ribbon-getty-images-copy/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12396\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-12396\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/04/pink-ribbon-Getty-Images-copy-300x381.jpg\" alt=\"The article asks: (Photo/Getty Images)\" width=\"236\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I first saw the article Thursday night on Facebook, then stayed up until midnight reading it. In a helluva story, Peggy Orenstein addresses \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/magazine/our-feel-good-war-on-breast-cancer.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">The Feel-Good War on Breast Cancer\u003c/a> in this Sunday's New York Times Magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orenstein is uniquely situated to write an article she hopes will \"help change the national conversation.\" She's been treated for breast cancer twice in the last 15 years, including a mastectomy last fall, and the Times Magazine -- for which she writes regularly -- is one of the most powerful publications in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orenstein was first diagnosed with breast cancer in 1997 after her doctor sent her for a screening mammography. \"I used to believe a mammogram saved my life,\" she writes as the opening line of her piece. Today, she's not so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she writes in the Times:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sixteen years later, my thinking has changed. As study after study revealed the limits of screening — and the dangers of overtreatment — a thought niggled at my consciousness. How much had my mammogram really mattered? Would the outcome have been the same \u003c!--more-->had I bumped into the cancer on my own years later? It’s hard to argue with a good result. After all, I am alive and grateful to be here. But I’ve watched friends whose breast cancers were detected “early” die anyway. I’ve sweated out what blessedly turned out to be false alarms with many others.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She goes on to clearly and comprehensively detail the benefits and the harms of mammography, that breast cancer is not one disease, but many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After she's thoroughly explained the state of breast cancer screening and treatment, Orenstein travels to Dallas to talk to the Susan G. Komen Foundation about what she calls \"pink ribbon culture.\" She pulls no punches:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The ribbon has come to symbolize both fear of the disease and the hope it can be defeated. It’s a badge of courage for the afflicted, an expression of solidarity by the concerned. It promises continual progress toward a cure through donations, races, volunteerism. It indicates community. And it offers corporations a seemingly fail-safe way to signal good will toward women, even if, in a practice critics call “pinkwashing,” the products they produce are linked to the disease or other threats to public health. Having football teams don rose-colored cleats, for instance, can counteract bad press over how the N.F.L. handles accusations against players of rape or domestic violence. Chevron’s donations to California Komen affiliates may help deflect what Cal OSHA called its “willful violations” of safety that led to a huge refinery fire last year in a Bay Area neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than anything else, though, the ribbon reminds women that every single one of us is vulnerable to breast cancer, and our best protection is annual screening. Despite the fact that Komen trademarked the phrase “for the cure,” only 16 percent of the $472 million raised in 2011, the most recent year for which financial reports are available, went toward research. At $75 million, that’s still enough to give credence to the claim that Komen has been involved in every major breast-cancer breakthrough for the past 29 years. Still, the sum is dwarfed by the $231 million the foundation spent on education and screening.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In what's sure to be a long media blitz, Orenstein was a guest on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201304260900\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's Forum \u003c/a>Friday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pink ribbon in general has been specifically promoting awareness, and that generally means mammography,\" Orenstein said. She argued powerfully in her article that death rates for metastatic breast cancer have barely budged. Mammography isn't going to do much for you if you have metastatic breast cancer, she told the Forum audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I caught up with Orenstein after Forum wrapped up. She talked about a \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org/about_us/press_room/prevention\" target=\"_blank\">survey from BreastCancer.org\u003c/a> of 2,500 girls 8-18. Nearly 30 percent of those surveyed believe they might have breast cancer right now, despite the fact that breast cancer in girls is exceedingly rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BreastCancer.org argues we need to \"replace fear with facts.\" Orenstein's article takes us a huge step forward. She told me it was the hardest article she's written in her career, but it could end up being the most important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to Orenstein on Forum\u003c/strong>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"335\" height=\"85\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304260900.xml\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\">\u003cembed width=\"335\" height=\"85\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304260900.xml\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "I first saw the article last night on Facebook, then stayed up until midnight reading it. In a helluva story, Peggy Orenstein addresses The Feel-Good War on Breast Cancer in this Sunday's New York Times Magazine.\r\n\r\nOrenstein is uniquely situated to write an article she hopes will \"help change the national conversation.\" She's been treated for breast cancer twice in the last 15 years, including a mastectomy last fall, and the Times Magazine -- for which she writes regularly -- is one of the most powerful publications in the world.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/26/berkeley-journalist-takes-on-the-feel-good-war-on-breast-cancer/pink-ribbon-getty-images-copy/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12396\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-12396\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/04/pink-ribbon-Getty-Images-copy-300x381.jpg\" alt=\"The article asks: (Photo/Getty Images)\" width=\"236\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I first saw the article Thursday night on Facebook, then stayed up until midnight reading it. In a helluva story, Peggy Orenstein addresses \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/magazine/our-feel-good-war-on-breast-cancer.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">The Feel-Good War on Breast Cancer\u003c/a> in this Sunday's New York Times Magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orenstein is uniquely situated to write an article she hopes will \"help change the national conversation.\" She's been treated for breast cancer twice in the last 15 years, including a mastectomy last fall, and the Times Magazine -- for which she writes regularly -- is one of the most powerful publications in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orenstein was first diagnosed with breast cancer in 1997 after her doctor sent her for a screening mammography. \"I used to believe a mammogram saved my life,\" she writes as the opening line of her piece. Today, she's not so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she writes in the Times:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sixteen years later, my thinking has changed. As study after study revealed the limits of screening — and the dangers of overtreatment — a thought niggled at my consciousness. How much had my mammogram really mattered? Would the outcome have been the same \u003c!--more-->had I bumped into the cancer on my own years later? It’s hard to argue with a good result. After all, I am alive and grateful to be here. But I’ve watched friends whose breast cancers were detected “early” die anyway. I’ve sweated out what blessedly turned out to be false alarms with many others.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She goes on to clearly and comprehensively detail the benefits and the harms of mammography, that breast cancer is not one disease, but many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After she's thoroughly explained the state of breast cancer screening and treatment, Orenstein travels to Dallas to talk to the Susan G. Komen Foundation about what she calls \"pink ribbon culture.\" She pulls no punches:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The ribbon has come to symbolize both fear of the disease and the hope it can be defeated. It’s a badge of courage for the afflicted, an expression of solidarity by the concerned. It promises continual progress toward a cure through donations, races, volunteerism. It indicates community. And it offers corporations a seemingly fail-safe way to signal good will toward women, even if, in a practice critics call “pinkwashing,” the products they produce are linked to the disease or other threats to public health. Having football teams don rose-colored cleats, for instance, can counteract bad press over how the N.F.L. handles accusations against players of rape or domestic violence. Chevron’s donations to California Komen affiliates may help deflect what Cal OSHA called its “willful violations” of safety that led to a huge refinery fire last year in a Bay Area neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than anything else, though, the ribbon reminds women that every single one of us is vulnerable to breast cancer, and our best protection is annual screening. Despite the fact that Komen trademarked the phrase “for the cure,” only 16 percent of the $472 million raised in 2011, the most recent year for which financial reports are available, went toward research. At $75 million, that’s still enough to give credence to the claim that Komen has been involved in every major breast-cancer breakthrough for the past 29 years. Still, the sum is dwarfed by the $231 million the foundation spent on education and screening.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In what's sure to be a long media blitz, Orenstein was a guest on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201304260900\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's Forum \u003c/a>Friday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pink ribbon in general has been specifically promoting awareness, and that generally means mammography,\" Orenstein said. She argued powerfully in her article that death rates for metastatic breast cancer have barely budged. Mammography isn't going to do much for you if you have metastatic breast cancer, she told the Forum audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I caught up with Orenstein after Forum wrapped up. She talked about a \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org/about_us/press_room/prevention\" target=\"_blank\">survey from BreastCancer.org\u003c/a> of 2,500 girls 8-18. Nearly 30 percent of those surveyed believe they might have breast cancer right now, despite the fact that breast cancer in girls is exceedingly rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BreastCancer.org argues we need to \"replace fear with facts.\" Orenstein's article takes us a huge step forward. She told me it was the hardest article she's written in her career, but it could end up being the most important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to Orenstein on Forum\u003c/strong>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"335\" height=\"85\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304260900.xml\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\">\u003cembed width=\"335\" height=\"85\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201304260900.xml\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Minority Kids Being Missed In ADHD Diagnosis?",
"title": "Are Minority Kids Being Missed In ADHD Diagnosis?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12314\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/24/are-minority-kids-being-missed-in-adhd-diagnosis/200317882-001/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12314\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-12314\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/04/PuzzlePiece_Getty_Thinkstock-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10405496\" target=\"_blank\">For years\u003c/a>, doctors, teachers and parents have fretted that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is overdiagnosed and that children are overprescribed the stimulants that treat the brain disorder too often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as EdSource Today reports, that's not the case in California. According to new data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.childhealthdata.org/browse/allstates?q=2388\" target=\"_blank\">National Survey of Children's Health\u003c/a>, California ranks 5th lowest in the country in diagnosis. The national average of children with ADHD is 7.9 percent, but in California, the rate is 5.2 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That 5.2 percent rate may be a low one nationally. But globally, rates vary between 3 and 9 percent, \"with the average closer to 5,\" Prof. Joshua Israel told EdSource Today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, within ethnic groups in California, the diagnosis rates drop dramatically. Kaiser researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686373-adhd-trends-poa120076-282-288.html\" target=\"_blank\">published data\u003c/a> earlier this year which showed white children had a 5.6 percent rate -- well in line with global averages. But other groups had much lower ADHD diagnosis rates as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Black children: 4.1 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Latino children: 2.5 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Asian American children: 1.9 percent\u003c!--more-->\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Which leads us to the question not of overdiagnosis, but underdiagnosis for some groups of children -- and potentially serious consequences, says Prof. Sandra Loo, an ADHD researcher at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From\u003ca href=\"http://www.edsource.org/today/2013/california-ranks-low-in-rates-of-attention-deficit-disorder/30448#.UXgYVZXJDHg\" target=\"_blank\"> EdSource Today\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“There is a common perception that ADHD is not as severe as other disorders, when in fact the long-term outcomes of people with untreated ADHD are really horrible,” [Loo] said, including high rates of dropping out of school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, nearly one-third of children with ADHD drop out or delay high school graduation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638079\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> conducted at the UC Davis School of Medicine. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid over- or under-diagnosis of ADHD, the evaluation process is supposed to be thorough. Yet at every step of the way the process can go awry, subject to pressures from schools, doctors and families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools are on the front lines of identifying children who may have ADHD, working with their families and doctors and creating educational plans or accommodations if necessary.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But schools do not do a uniform job in identifying children. Ruth Hughes, CEO of the Maryland-based advocacy group \u003ca title=\"CHADD\" href=\"http://www.chadd.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder\u003c/a>, tells EdSource Today that \"subtle, powerful messages in schools\" can determine whether children with ADHD are diagnosed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The same kid who was never identified as having ADHD in one school system can move to another school system and be identified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families, too, vary in their willingness to consider that their child might have a brain disorder, and their willingness to discuss the matter with teachers and doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another obstacle is that pediatricians, who make the bulk of diagnoses of childhood ADHD, typically aren’t reimbursed for the time it takes to conduct a rigorous evaluation, making the process “particularly challenging for primary care clinicians,” the American Academy of Pediatrics noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need for appropriate diagnosis is considerable, researchers said, given risks at both ends of the spectrum: medicating children who don’t have ADHD or under-treating children who suffer from a disorder that may seriously impair their social and educational functioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am a researcher, but I am also a medical doctor, and I see the benefit of a carefully made diagnosis,” said Darios Getahun, lead author of the Kaiser Permanente study. “If you identify a child with ADHD in a timely way, and initiate treatment, the outcome will be better learning and better functioning in social situations.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12314\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/24/are-minority-kids-being-missed-in-adhd-diagnosis/200317882-001/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12314\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-12314\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/04/PuzzlePiece_Getty_Thinkstock-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10405496\" target=\"_blank\">For years\u003c/a>, doctors, teachers and parents have fretted that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is overdiagnosed and that children are overprescribed the stimulants that treat the brain disorder too often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as EdSource Today reports, that's not the case in California. According to new data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.childhealthdata.org/browse/allstates?q=2388\" target=\"_blank\">National Survey of Children's Health\u003c/a>, California ranks 5th lowest in the country in diagnosis. The national average of children with ADHD is 7.9 percent, but in California, the rate is 5.2 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That 5.2 percent rate may be a low one nationally. But globally, rates vary between 3 and 9 percent, \"with the average closer to 5,\" Prof. Joshua Israel told EdSource Today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, within ethnic groups in California, the diagnosis rates drop dramatically. Kaiser researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686373-adhd-trends-poa120076-282-288.html\" target=\"_blank\">published data\u003c/a> earlier this year which showed white children had a 5.6 percent rate -- well in line with global averages. But other groups had much lower ADHD diagnosis rates as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Black children: 4.1 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Latino children: 2.5 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Asian American children: 1.9 percent\u003c!--more-->\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Which leads us to the question not of overdiagnosis, but underdiagnosis for some groups of children -- and potentially serious consequences, says Prof. Sandra Loo, an ADHD researcher at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From\u003ca href=\"http://www.edsource.org/today/2013/california-ranks-low-in-rates-of-attention-deficit-disorder/30448#.UXgYVZXJDHg\" target=\"_blank\"> EdSource Today\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“There is a common perception that ADHD is not as severe as other disorders, when in fact the long-term outcomes of people with untreated ADHD are really horrible,” [Loo] said, including high rates of dropping out of school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, nearly one-third of children with ADHD drop out or delay high school graduation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638079\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> conducted at the UC Davis School of Medicine. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid over- or under-diagnosis of ADHD, the evaluation process is supposed to be thorough. Yet at every step of the way the process can go awry, subject to pressures from schools, doctors and families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools are on the front lines of identifying children who may have ADHD, working with their families and doctors and creating educational plans or accommodations if necessary.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But schools do not do a uniform job in identifying children. Ruth Hughes, CEO of the Maryland-based advocacy group \u003ca title=\"CHADD\" href=\"http://www.chadd.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder\u003c/a>, tells EdSource Today that \"subtle, powerful messages in schools\" can determine whether children with ADHD are diagnosed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The same kid who was never identified as having ADHD in one school system can move to another school system and be identified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families, too, vary in their willingness to consider that their child might have a brain disorder, and their willingness to discuss the matter with teachers and doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another obstacle is that pediatricians, who make the bulk of diagnoses of childhood ADHD, typically aren’t reimbursed for the time it takes to conduct a rigorous evaluation, making the process “particularly challenging for primary care clinicians,” the American Academy of Pediatrics noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need for appropriate diagnosis is considerable, researchers said, given risks at both ends of the spectrum: medicating children who don’t have ADHD or under-treating children who suffer from a disorder that may seriously impair their social and educational functioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am a researcher, but I am also a medical doctor, and I see the benefit of a carefully made diagnosis,” said Darios Getahun, lead author of the Kaiser Permanente study. “If you identify a child with ADHD in a timely way, and initiate treatment, the outcome will be better learning and better functioning in social situations.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130422science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52713\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg\" alt=\"fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">fMRI brain scans. 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If you could just figure out the meaning of every letter, you could read it and say – or do – anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what we could do once we do crack this code,” said President Obama in announcing his BRAIN initiative, which he’ll also have to sell to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if no family had to feel helpless watching a loved one disappear behind the mask of Parkinson’s or struggle in the grip of epilepsy. Imagine if we could reverse traumatic brain injury or PTSD for our veterans who are coming home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before any of that can be achieved – even if it can be achieved – we have to understand the brain first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The human brain is the most complicated known entity in the universe,” says William Newsome, a Stanford University professor of neurobiology and co-chair of the president’s BRAIN Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's Newsome’s job to figure out what this mapping plan is all about.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"The most complex entity in the universe\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says consider the numbers. There could be close to a hundred billion\u003cem> \u003c/em>neurons, or nerve cells, in the human brain. 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Or study satellite photos of the entire coastline?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somewhere near the satellite level is the work happening in UC Berkeley psychology professor Jack Gallant’s lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A graduate student named James is trying to stay as still as possible inside a functional MRI machine. When James squeezes a ball, the machine beeps steadily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the sound of data,” Gallant says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMind Reading, Circa 2013\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallant points to a computer monitor where, every two seconds, another crisp, black and white image of James’ brain refreshes itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s the cortex, the cerebellum back here. 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To be able to easily watch human neurons in action would take a machine that hasn’t been invented yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we knew what that technology will be, we would invent it today,” Gallant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the BRAIN Initiative is almost certainly going to involve engineers building better machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll also involve work that has seemingly very little to do with humans at all. This work is a lot closer to the grain of sand level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting Small, Dreaming Big\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ngai, director of UC Berkeley’s Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, studies the olfactory system of – among other things – zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ngai wants to understand what happens in the brain of a zebrafish when it detects pheromones that signal danger. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what we could do once we do crack this code,” said President Obama in announcing his BRAIN initiative, which he’ll also have to sell to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if no family had to feel helpless watching a loved one disappear behind the mask of Parkinson’s or struggle in the grip of epilepsy. Imagine if we could reverse traumatic brain injury or PTSD for our veterans who are coming home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before any of that can be achieved – even if it can be achieved – we have to understand the brain first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The human brain is the most complicated known entity in the universe,” says William Newsome, a Stanford University professor of neurobiology and co-chair of the president’s BRAIN Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's Newsome’s job to figure out what this mapping plan is all about.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"The most complex entity in the universe\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says consider the numbers. There could be close to a hundred billion\u003cem> \u003c/em>neurons, or nerve cells, in the human brain. And somewhere in the neighborhood of a thousand trillion connections, zapping little jolts of information back and forth from cell to cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapping at that level is not going to happen anytime soon, Newsome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to solve and completely understand the human brain in ten years, or probably not even in 100 years,\" says Newsome. “It may take us a couple hundred years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a long time, which is one reason the project has been criticized as too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the goal of the BRAIN initiative isn't to fully map the brain or to cure a specific disease, what is it? And without a specific goal, how do you decide what kind of research to focus on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like trying to understand a beach. Do you count the grains of sand? 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This is the brain stem, the thalamus,” Gallant says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the fMRI, Gallant’s lab has been able to record what happens inside subjects’ brains while they watch movies, and then translate those responses into images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reconstructed videos are blurry but remarkable, about as close to mind-reading as we get in 2013. Gallant says in theory, this is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In principle, it’s probably possible to reconstruct any activity in your brain that reflects ongoing conscious brain processes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nsjDnYxJ0bo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nsjDnYxJ0bo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any conscious thought could, one day, be visible to the outside world: a memory, a dream or your private, internal dialogues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have this little person in our head that talks to us all the time,” says Gallant. “There’s no reason we shouldn’t be able to reconstruct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amazing – and scary – as this is, Gallant and others are quick to point out that the fMRI is full of limitations. 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"disqusTitle": "Nerve-Stimulating Headband May Prevent Migraines",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51497\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CefalyPhoto_bySTX-Medsprl_WikimediaCommons_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CefalyPhoto_bySTX-Medsprl_WikimediaCommons_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of the Cefaly anti-migraine device courtesy of STX-Medsprl via Wikimedia Commons licensing.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CefalyPhoto_bySTX-Medsprl_WikimediaCommons_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CefalyPhoto_bySTX-Medsprl_WikimediaCommons_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of the Cefaly anti-migraine device courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cefaly-migraine.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">STX-Medsprl via Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a> licensing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps this has happened to you: while grocery shopping at your local supermarket, suddenly your peripheral vision begins to disappear. This could be frightening, but you know what is coming: a one-sided pulsating pain, sensitivity to light and noise, nausea, vomiting and seeing flashing lights. You quickly drive home and cancel your plans, because you have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Migraine/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" title=\"NHS Choices on Migraines\">migraine headache\u003c/a> coming. You need to lie in a dark quiet room for the next 24 hours, trying to move as little as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migraines affect about \u003ca href=\"http://www.headaches.org/press/NHF_Press_Kits/Press_Kits_-_AMPPS_Fact_Sheet\" title=\"American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study Fact Sheet\">30 million Americans\u003c/a>, most commonly between the ages of 15 and 55. This means that one in four households in the U.S. have at least one member impaired by migraines. Women are three times more likely to be migraine sufferers than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, there is currently no cure for migraines. A migraine diary can help identify the headache triggers to avoid. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001728/\" title=\"PubMed Health on Migraines\">Medications\u003c/a> can also help reduce the number of attacks or ease the symptoms, such as painkillers, Triptans (that cause blood vessels in the brain to narrow), anti-inflammatory medications, anti-nausea medicines or feverfew herb. However, these medications are often ineffective or cause unpleasant side effects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead migraine sufferers might find relief from a new non-medicinal alternative, a device called a supraorbital transcutaneous stimulator (STS) that stimulates the nerves around the eyes and forehead. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/02/06/WNL.0b013e3182825055.short\" title=\"Neurology journal article on STS device\">study\u003c/a> recently published in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Neurology\u003c/em> tested the safety and effectiveness of this STS device designed to prevent migraines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conducted by researchers in five specialized headache clinics in Belgium, this study was a randomized controlled trial that compared the STS device with an identical-looking sham device. Study participants were aged 18 to 65 who routinely experienced a minimum of two (average of four) migraine attacks per month. None of the 67 participants had taken anti-migraine medications in the three months leading up to the study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the STS and sham devices used self-adhesive electrodes placed on the forehead, covering the bridge of the nose and above both eyes, that buzzed identically during treatment. Only the STS devices delivered electrical impulses. The participants wore one of the devices for 20 minutes per day for 90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants’ migraine diaries indicated that the STS device reduced the number of migraine days per month from 7 to 5, while the sham group experienced no significant difference. In addition the number of migraine attacks dropped by at least half for 38% of the participants using the STS device, compared with 12% for those using the sham device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the severity of the migraines was not reduced, people using the STS device had fewer days with headache, fewer total migraine attacks and used fewer pain relief medications each month. Most importantly, there were no adverse effects seen in either group. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study concluded that treatment with a STS device is “effective and safe as a preventive therapy for migraine.” The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cefaly.ca/\" title=\"Ceflay website\">Ceflay anti-migraine device kit\u003c/a> is now available for $240-$300. However, only 67 migraine sufferers have been studied and the use of this device was only examined for three months. Larger studies with longer-term treatment are needed to confirm that this STS device is safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Migraines affect about 30 million Americans, but anti-migraine medications are often ineffective or cause unpleasant side effects. New research indicates that migraines may be prevented by wearing a headband that stimulates the nerves around the eyes and forehead.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51497\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CefalyPhoto_bySTX-Medsprl_WikimediaCommons_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CefalyPhoto_bySTX-Medsprl_WikimediaCommons_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of the Cefaly anti-migraine device courtesy of STX-Medsprl via Wikimedia Commons licensing.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CefalyPhoto_bySTX-Medsprl_WikimediaCommons_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CefalyPhoto_bySTX-Medsprl_WikimediaCommons_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of the Cefaly anti-migraine device courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cefaly-migraine.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">STX-Medsprl via Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a> licensing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps this has happened to you: while grocery shopping at your local supermarket, suddenly your peripheral vision begins to disappear. This could be frightening, but you know what is coming: a one-sided pulsating pain, sensitivity to light and noise, nausea, vomiting and seeing flashing lights. You quickly drive home and cancel your plans, because you have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Migraine/Pages/Introduction.aspx\" title=\"NHS Choices on Migraines\">migraine headache\u003c/a> coming. You need to lie in a dark quiet room for the next 24 hours, trying to move as little as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migraines affect about \u003ca href=\"http://www.headaches.org/press/NHF_Press_Kits/Press_Kits_-_AMPPS_Fact_Sheet\" title=\"American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study Fact Sheet\">30 million Americans\u003c/a>, most commonly between the ages of 15 and 55. This means that one in four households in the U.S. have at least one member impaired by migraines. Women are three times more likely to be migraine sufferers than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, there is currently no cure for migraines. A migraine diary can help identify the headache triggers to avoid. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001728/\" title=\"PubMed Health on Migraines\">Medications\u003c/a> can also help reduce the number of attacks or ease the symptoms, such as painkillers, Triptans (that cause blood vessels in the brain to narrow), anti-inflammatory medications, anti-nausea medicines or feverfew herb. However, these medications are often ineffective or cause unpleasant side effects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead migraine sufferers might find relief from a new non-medicinal alternative, a device called a supraorbital transcutaneous stimulator (STS) that stimulates the nerves around the eyes and forehead. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/02/06/WNL.0b013e3182825055.short\" title=\"Neurology journal article on STS device\">study\u003c/a> recently published in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Neurology\u003c/em> tested the safety and effectiveness of this STS device designed to prevent migraines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conducted by researchers in five specialized headache clinics in Belgium, this study was a randomized controlled trial that compared the STS device with an identical-looking sham device. Study participants were aged 18 to 65 who routinely experienced a minimum of two (average of four) migraine attacks per month. None of the 67 participants had taken anti-migraine medications in the three months leading up to the study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the STS and sham devices used self-adhesive electrodes placed on the forehead, covering the bridge of the nose and above both eyes, that buzzed identically during treatment. Only the STS devices delivered electrical impulses. The participants wore one of the devices for 20 minutes per day for 90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants’ migraine diaries indicated that the STS device reduced the number of migraine days per month from 7 to 5, while the sham group experienced no significant difference. In addition the number of migraine attacks dropped by at least half for 38% of the participants using the STS device, compared with 12% for those using the sham device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the severity of the migraines was not reduced, people using the STS device had fewer days with headache, fewer total migraine attacks and used fewer pain relief medications each month. Most importantly, there were no adverse effects seen in either group. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study concluded that treatment with a STS device is “effective and safe as a preventive therapy for migraine.” The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cefaly.ca/\" title=\"Ceflay website\">Ceflay anti-migraine device kit\u003c/a> is now available for $240-$300. However, only 67 migraine sufferers have been studied and the use of this device was only examined for three months. Larger studies with longer-term treatment are needed to confirm that this STS device is safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/20/yes-your-cell-phone-conversation-does-drive-people-mad/cell-phone-baby/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51099\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby.jpg\" alt=\"New research explores the cognitive effects of listening to another person's cell phone conversation. (Photo by futurestreet via Flickr, CC by 2.0)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51099\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research explores the cognitive effects of listening to another person's cell phone conversation. (Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/futurestreet/3334257292/\" target=\"_blank\">futurestreet\u003c/a> via Flickr, CC by 2.0)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a recent bus ride across the Bay Bridge, I was reading a journal article about environmental pollutants when a cell phone rang a few seats behind me, piercing the glorious silence. My muscles tensed, anticipating the inevitable banal chatter that I would have no choice but to endure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hello?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I’m not busy. I’m just on the bus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the person on the other end of the call must have launched into a seriously juicy tale, because the woman replied, “No!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t believe he did that! Can you imagine?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I can’t imagine. As I tried to contain my building frustration, after rereading a sentence five times with no hope of comprehension, I resolved to scan the scientific literature to find out why hearing someone talk on their cell phone is so maddening. But then more pressing matters got in the way and I forgot about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I was interested when I heard about a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058579\" target=\"_blank\">new study published in PLOS ONE\u003c/a> last week in which psychologists from the University of California, San Diego investigated this very question. Well, nearly so. Being cognitive neuroscientists, they weren’t measuring something as subjective as annoyance per se but more tractable scientific questions like memory and attention. And, yes, they found that hearing a one-sided conversation is extremely annoying and distracting—far more so than hearing both sides of a conversation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why study what’s become one of the most common examples of thoughtless behavior? Americans spent something like 2.3 trillion minutes on wireless devices last year, the researchers note in the paper, with some people confessing a “personal connection” with their cell. The sheer ubiquity of these insidious little devices means they will affect pretty much everyone at some point in some way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several studies show that chatting on cell phones while doing something else, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=McKnight%5Bauthor%5D+AND+The+effect+of+cellular+phone+use+upon+driver+attention\" target=\"_blank\">like driving\u003c/a>, interferes with your ability to perform that task—and you don’t improve with practice. The studies suggest that the effects aren’t related to motor skills, like dialing while steering, but to an inability to pay attention to what’s going on around you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking while chatting isn’t much better. Like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~behrmann/dlpapers/Simons_Chabris.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">famous gorilla-basketball study\u003c/a>—where participants who watched teams pass a basketball back and forth failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit amble through—a 2010 study found that most pedestrians talking on cell phones failed to notice a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1638/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">clown ride past them on a unicycle\u003c/a>. Cognitive neuroscientists call this phenomenon “inattentional blindness.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cell phones can compromise your ability to perform a task as ingrained as walking, it’s surprising that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html\" target=\"_blank\">only 10 states prohibit drivers \u003c/a>from talking on a handheld device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no secret that most people hate listening to others talking on their cell phone. Surveys support what we all assume, with more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2006/Americans-and-their-cell-phones/1-Data-Memo-Findings.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">80% of respondents\u003c/a> attesting to the irritation factor. But few investigators have devised experiments to understand the cognitive effects of listening to a one-sided conservation. So Victoria Galván, an associate professor of psychology at UC San Diego, set out to do just that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To simulate what happens when we find ourselves hostage to someone jabbering on their phone on a bus or in a restaurant, Galván combined a well-controlled attention task experiment with a bit of deception. The study participants, 164 undergrads taking an Intro Psych class at the university, thought the study was about a link between anagrams and reading comprehension. (Fifteen of the students must have read the literature because they guessed the study’s aims, forcing the researchers to exclude their results.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the students worked on unscrambling anagrams, a researcher left the room. Then the conversations began: \"confederates\" sitting near the students started either one-sided or two-sided 7-minute conversations that covered details about a birthday party, shopping and a date. When the researcher returned, she said her team wanted to understand “how a conversation affected a person” and gave the students a test to measure their memory of the conversation and a questionnaire to assess how distracting it was. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As predicted, the students who heard the one-sided conversation were more distracted and had more trouble with their anagrams. They also found the volume and content of the conversation more annoying. Sound familiar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers attribute our annoyance in part to a lack of control, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841317/\" target=\"_blank\">other studies\u003c/a> show can lead to heightened stress responses such as headaches and anxiety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the students who heard the one-sided conversations performed better on the memory task, a result that may relate to the “unique, intrusive, ‘attention-grabbing’ aspects of a one-sided cell phone conversation,\" the researchers explain, since the students weren’t instructed to pay attention to the conversation. Or maybe they remembered more because they had half the information to absorb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m betting on the unique, intrusive, attention-grabbing hypothesis. A \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/10/1383.short\" target=\"_blank\">previous study\u003c/a> in a lab setting by a different research team suggested it’s the unpredictability of one-sided conversations that gets under your skin. When you hear two people talking, you don’t waste cognitive resources trying to guess what the other person is saying and it’s easier to block them out. (And I might have learned what that no-good guy did.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you can hear just one side, you’re left waiting for the next snippet, imagining what comes next. I certainly had to use a lot of brain power to stay focused on that journal article, which I could finally read in earnest only after my fellow passenger ended her call after 15 very long minutes. Luckily, she did it before I gave her something else to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's well known that talking on your cell phone compromises your ability to perform simple tasks like walking and driving. Now it turns out cell phones impact cognition in bystanders as well: listening to another person talk on their cell phone isn't just incredibly annoying, it also interferes with your memory and concentration.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/20/yes-your-cell-phone-conversation-does-drive-people-mad/cell-phone-baby/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51099\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby.jpg\" alt=\"New research explores the cognitive effects of listening to another person's cell phone conversation. (Photo by futurestreet via Flickr, CC by 2.0)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51099\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research explores the cognitive effects of listening to another person's cell phone conversation. (Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/futurestreet/3334257292/\" target=\"_blank\">futurestreet\u003c/a> via Flickr, CC by 2.0)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a recent bus ride across the Bay Bridge, I was reading a journal article about environmental pollutants when a cell phone rang a few seats behind me, piercing the glorious silence. My muscles tensed, anticipating the inevitable banal chatter that I would have no choice but to endure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hello?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I’m not busy. I’m just on the bus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the person on the other end of the call must have launched into a seriously juicy tale, because the woman replied, “No!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t believe he did that! Can you imagine?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I can’t imagine. As I tried to contain my building frustration, after rereading a sentence five times with no hope of comprehension, I resolved to scan the scientific literature to find out why hearing someone talk on their cell phone is so maddening. But then more pressing matters got in the way and I forgot about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I was interested when I heard about a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058579\" target=\"_blank\">new study published in PLOS ONE\u003c/a> last week in which psychologists from the University of California, San Diego investigated this very question. Well, nearly so. Being cognitive neuroscientists, they weren’t measuring something as subjective as annoyance per se but more tractable scientific questions like memory and attention. And, yes, they found that hearing a one-sided conversation is extremely annoying and distracting—far more so than hearing both sides of a conversation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why study what’s become one of the most common examples of thoughtless behavior? Americans spent something like 2.3 trillion minutes on wireless devices last year, the researchers note in the paper, with some people confessing a “personal connection” with their cell. The sheer ubiquity of these insidious little devices means they will affect pretty much everyone at some point in some way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several studies show that chatting on cell phones while doing something else, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=McKnight%5Bauthor%5D+AND+The+effect+of+cellular+phone+use+upon+driver+attention\" target=\"_blank\">like driving\u003c/a>, interferes with your ability to perform that task—and you don’t improve with practice. The studies suggest that the effects aren’t related to motor skills, like dialing while steering, but to an inability to pay attention to what’s going on around you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking while chatting isn’t much better. Like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~behrmann/dlpapers/Simons_Chabris.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">famous gorilla-basketball study\u003c/a>—where participants who watched teams pass a basketball back and forth failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit amble through—a 2010 study found that most pedestrians talking on cell phones failed to notice a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1638/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">clown ride past them on a unicycle\u003c/a>. Cognitive neuroscientists call this phenomenon “inattentional blindness.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cell phones can compromise your ability to perform a task as ingrained as walking, it’s surprising that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html\" target=\"_blank\">only 10 states prohibit drivers \u003c/a>from talking on a handheld device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no secret that most people hate listening to others talking on their cell phone. Surveys support what we all assume, with more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2006/Americans-and-their-cell-phones/1-Data-Memo-Findings.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">80% of respondents\u003c/a> attesting to the irritation factor. But few investigators have devised experiments to understand the cognitive effects of listening to a one-sided conservation. So Victoria Galván, an associate professor of psychology at UC San Diego, set out to do just that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To simulate what happens when we find ourselves hostage to someone jabbering on their phone on a bus or in a restaurant, Galván combined a well-controlled attention task experiment with a bit of deception. The study participants, 164 undergrads taking an Intro Psych class at the university, thought the study was about a link between anagrams and reading comprehension. (Fifteen of the students must have read the literature because they guessed the study’s aims, forcing the researchers to exclude their results.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the students worked on unscrambling anagrams, a researcher left the room. Then the conversations began: \"confederates\" sitting near the students started either one-sided or two-sided 7-minute conversations that covered details about a birthday party, shopping and a date. When the researcher returned, she said her team wanted to understand “how a conversation affected a person” and gave the students a test to measure their memory of the conversation and a questionnaire to assess how distracting it was. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As predicted, the students who heard the one-sided conversation were more distracted and had more trouble with their anagrams. They also found the volume and content of the conversation more annoying. Sound familiar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers attribute our annoyance in part to a lack of control, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841317/\" target=\"_blank\">other studies\u003c/a> show can lead to heightened stress responses such as headaches and anxiety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the students who heard the one-sided conversations performed better on the memory task, a result that may relate to the “unique, intrusive, ‘attention-grabbing’ aspects of a one-sided cell phone conversation,\" the researchers explain, since the students weren’t instructed to pay attention to the conversation. Or maybe they remembered more because they had half the information to absorb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m betting on the unique, intrusive, attention-grabbing hypothesis. A \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/10/1383.short\" target=\"_blank\">previous study\u003c/a> in a lab setting by a different research team suggested it’s the unpredictability of one-sided conversations that gets under your skin. When you hear two people talking, you don’t waste cognitive resources trying to guess what the other person is saying and it’s easier to block them out. (And I might have learned what that no-good guy did.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you can hear just one side, you’re left waiting for the next snippet, imagining what comes next. I certainly had to use a lot of brain power to stay focused on that journal article, which I could finally read in earnest only after my fellow passenger ended her call after 15 very long minutes. Luckily, she did it before I gave her something else to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"colorful photograph of antibiotics\" title=\"antibiotics_sparktography_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47506\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of antibiotics, courtesy of sparktography via Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When your cold or flu virus turns into a bacterial infection, like a severe sinus infection, taking antibiotics can seem like a miracle. You often start feeling better after just a day or two, and you’re no longer contagious after about three days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antibiotics work by killing bacteria or by stopping bacteria from multiplying. Each type of antibiotics affects different bacteria in different ways, although broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat a wide range of infections. Antibiotics quickly make you feel better because the drug kills the majority of the targeted bacteria very quickly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However antibiotics also kill beneficial bacteria and induce negative \u003ca href=\"http://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotic-sideeffects-allergies-reactions.html\" title=\"Common antibiotic side effects\">side effects\u003c/a> -- most commonly diarrhea, upset stomach, and vaginal yeast infection. For instance, antibiotics cause about one out of three people to get \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505\" title=\"JAMA article Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea\">diarrhea\u003c/a> by disrupting the balance of the intestinal flora, a collection of bacteria and other microorganisms in the digestive tract. This can result in an overgrowth of the \u003cem>Clostridium difficile\u003c/em> bacteria that causes diarrhea. Similarly, antibiotics can disrupt the vaginal flora and cause an overgrowth of \u003cem>Candida\u003c/em> yeasts to cause a yeast infection. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm\" title=\"NIH information on probiotics\">Probiotics\u003c/a> are live bacteria, yeasts and other microbes intended to maintain or restore the supply of beneficial bacteria in the body, particularly the stomach and intestines. Probiotics are found naturally in certain foods, including yogurt, aged cheeses, kefir, miso, tempeh, and fermented cabbage. Dietary supplements are another common source of probiotics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although probiotics have been widely promoted as a way to keep your body in balance, scientific evidence for these claims have been weakened by the small size of most research studies. However, the use of probiotics to reduce antibiotic-induced side effects is now becoming more widely accepted by the medical profession. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505\" title=\"JAMA article, Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea\">recent study\u003c/a> published in the Journal of the American Medical Association supports taking probiotics with antibiotics. A team of researchers from southern California combined and analyzed the results of 63 randomized controlled trials of probiotics for the prevention or treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The 11811 men and women included in this large combined study took a placebo or probiotics supplement along with their antibiotics. The people who took the probiotics were 42% less likely to develop diarrhea than those taking the placebo. This pooled evidence strongly suggests that probiotics can help populations of beneficial bacteria recover and more quickly restore balance in the intestines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, further research is needed to determine which probiotics are the most effective at preventing and treating antibiotic-associated side effects, as well as determine the optimal dose of the probiotics. Research is also needed to identify which antibiotics are most likely to induce adverse effects. Hopefully these further studies are underway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course it is also important to limit your use of antibiotics, using them only for bacterial infections when necessary. Common cold and flu viruses don’t respond to antibiotics anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"colorful photograph of antibiotics\" title=\"antibiotics_sparktography_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47506\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of antibiotics, courtesy of sparktography via Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When your cold or flu virus turns into a bacterial infection, like a severe sinus infection, taking antibiotics can seem like a miracle. You often start feeling better after just a day or two, and you’re no longer contagious after about three days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antibiotics work by killing bacteria or by stopping bacteria from multiplying. Each type of antibiotics affects different bacteria in different ways, although broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat a wide range of infections. Antibiotics quickly make you feel better because the drug kills the majority of the targeted bacteria very quickly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However antibiotics also kill beneficial bacteria and induce negative \u003ca href=\"http://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotic-sideeffects-allergies-reactions.html\" title=\"Common antibiotic side effects\">side effects\u003c/a> -- most commonly diarrhea, upset stomach, and vaginal yeast infection. For instance, antibiotics cause about one out of three people to get \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505\" title=\"JAMA article Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea\">diarrhea\u003c/a> by disrupting the balance of the intestinal flora, a collection of bacteria and other microorganisms in the digestive tract. This can result in an overgrowth of the \u003cem>Clostridium difficile\u003c/em> bacteria that causes diarrhea. Similarly, antibiotics can disrupt the vaginal flora and cause an overgrowth of \u003cem>Candida\u003c/em> yeasts to cause a yeast infection. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm\" title=\"NIH information on probiotics\">Probiotics\u003c/a> are live bacteria, yeasts and other microbes intended to maintain or restore the supply of beneficial bacteria in the body, particularly the stomach and intestines. Probiotics are found naturally in certain foods, including yogurt, aged cheeses, kefir, miso, tempeh, and fermented cabbage. Dietary supplements are another common source of probiotics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although probiotics have been widely promoted as a way to keep your body in balance, scientific evidence for these claims have been weakened by the small size of most research studies. However, the use of probiotics to reduce antibiotic-induced side effects is now becoming more widely accepted by the medical profession. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505\" title=\"JAMA article, Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea\">recent study\u003c/a> published in the Journal of the American Medical Association supports taking probiotics with antibiotics. A team of researchers from southern California combined and analyzed the results of 63 randomized controlled trials of probiotics for the prevention or treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The 11811 men and women included in this large combined study took a placebo or probiotics supplement along with their antibiotics. The people who took the probiotics were 42% less likely to develop diarrhea than those taking the placebo. This pooled evidence strongly suggests that probiotics can help populations of beneficial bacteria recover and more quickly restore balance in the intestines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, further research is needed to determine which probiotics are the most effective at preventing and treating antibiotic-associated side effects, as well as determine the optimal dose of the probiotics. Research is also needed to identify which antibiotics are most likely to induce adverse effects. Hopefully these further studies are underway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course it is also important to limit your use of antibiotics, using them only for bacterial infections when necessary. Common cold and flu viruses don’t respond to antibiotics anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "SF Scientist Wins Nobel for Stem Cell Breakthrough",
"headTitle": "SF Scientist Wins Nobel for Stem Cell Breakthrough | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinya Yamanaka, a stem cell researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, which is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, has won this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with English researcher John B. Gurdon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who is also an investigator at Kyoto University, in Japan, and a professor of anatomy at UCSF, won the prize for developing a technology to create stem cells that can become any type of cell in the body. His method creates cells that are like embryonic stem cells, without using human embryos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These so-called induced pluripotent stem cells, or IPS cells, could one day lead to cures for a wide range of diseases, from Parkinson’s to heart disease. And they bypass the ethical issues surrounding the use of human embryos for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPS cells are like embryonic stem cells in that they can be coaxed into becoming any type of cell in the body. But unlike embryonic stem cells, which are created from human embryos, IPS cells are developed by introducing a few genes into common adult cells like skin cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that embryonic stem cells and skin cells, although they are very different, have the same blueprint, which consists of approximately 30,000 genes,” Yamanaka told KQED News during an interview at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco in 2010. His method consisted in getting the skin cells to “read” the genes that give embryonic stem cells their qualities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9072\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Shinya-Yamanaka_9-14-10_JO_BEST_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9072\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In announcing the award today in Stockholm, Sweden, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine said that “These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialization. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialized state.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka won the award jointly with John B. Gurdon, from the University of Cambridge and the Gurdon Institute, in Cambridge, England. The Nobel Committee recognized Gurdon for his pioneering work in animal cloning. In 1962, Gurdon discovered that “the specialization of cells into different tissues is reversible,” said the Committee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who was an orthopedic surgeon before becoming a research scientist, became interested in stem cells as a way to potentially help patients suffering from spinal cord injuries, for which there are no treatments today. He decided to look for an alternative to embryonic stem cells in response to the controversy around the use of embryos for research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’m hoping is that by using IPS cells, which are free from ethical issues, we can speed everything up,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\">funding is available in California \u003c/a>for researchers using embryonic stem cells, federal funds have been subject to the political pendulum. President George W. Bush restricted funding in 2001. On his first day in office in 2009, President Obama overturned Bush’s decision and made federal funding available for the research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, Yamanaka was able to create IPS cells from mice adult cells. His big breakthrough came in 2007, when he created the embryonic-like cells from human skin cells. He then took these IPS cells, and using their ability to become any cell in the body, coaxed them into becoming heart cells. Proof of his success arrived in the form of an email from a researcher at his lab in Kyoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was in San Francisco. He sent me a video showing beating heart cells,” Yamanaka said. “But those heart cells were not from a heart. They were actually from skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/stem-cells-breakthrough.html\">NOVA ScienceNow video\u003c/a>, Yamanaka explains how he made his breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments based on IPS cells would be based on their ability to become stem cells that could regenerate damaged cells in different organs. Yamanaka said that stem cell transplants on animals with spinal injuries have shown promising results in his lab. Clinical trials could be five years away, he said. He is also using IPS cells to test drugs against Lou Gehrig’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to bypassing the ethical issues, IPS cells have another advantage over embryonic stem cells. Because they’re created from patients’ own cells, they would be less likely to be rejected by their bodies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Yamanaka’s breakthrough, scientists have taken his cellular reprogramming techniques one step further and are now able to transform one type of adult cell directly into another, bypassing the stem cell stage altogether. Deepak Srivastava and his team at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-new-hope-for-heart-repair/\" title=\"New Hope for Heart Repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have created beating heart muscle cells in mice\u003c/a> from another type of heart cell that normally becomes scar tissue after a heart attack. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka is only the second Japanese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. In 1987, Susumo Tonegawa, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received the award. Yamanaka said he plans to use his award money to fund young researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, 50, spends a few days each month in San Francisco working at the Gladstone Institutes, where he began his research career in 1993 as a postdoctoral fellow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He lives in Osaka with his wife, a dermatologist, and two daughters, aged 22 and 20, both of whom are in medical school. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the least busy person in my house,” he joked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cell researcher Shinya Yamanaka talks about how he created embryonic-like stem cells from skin cells; when treatments might be available, and why researchers still need to study embryonic stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinya Yamanaka, a stem cell researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, which is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, has won this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with English researcher John B. Gurdon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who is also an investigator at Kyoto University, in Japan, and a professor of anatomy at UCSF, won the prize for developing a technology to create stem cells that can become any type of cell in the body. His method creates cells that are like embryonic stem cells, without using human embryos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These so-called induced pluripotent stem cells, or IPS cells, could one day lead to cures for a wide range of diseases, from Parkinson’s to heart disease. And they bypass the ethical issues surrounding the use of human embryos for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPS cells are like embryonic stem cells in that they can be coaxed into becoming any type of cell in the body. But unlike embryonic stem cells, which are created from human embryos, IPS cells are developed by introducing a few genes into common adult cells like skin cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that embryonic stem cells and skin cells, although they are very different, have the same blueprint, which consists of approximately 30,000 genes,” Yamanaka told KQED News during an interview at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco in 2010. His method consisted in getting the skin cells to “read” the genes that give embryonic stem cells their qualities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9072\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Shinya-Yamanaka_9-14-10_JO_BEST_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9072\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In announcing the award today in Stockholm, Sweden, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine said that “These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialization. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialized state.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka won the award jointly with John B. Gurdon, from the University of Cambridge and the Gurdon Institute, in Cambridge, England. The Nobel Committee recognized Gurdon for his pioneering work in animal cloning. In 1962, Gurdon discovered that “the specialization of cells into different tissues is reversible,” said the Committee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who was an orthopedic surgeon before becoming a research scientist, became interested in stem cells as a way to potentially help patients suffering from spinal cord injuries, for which there are no treatments today. He decided to look for an alternative to embryonic stem cells in response to the controversy around the use of embryos for research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’m hoping is that by using IPS cells, which are free from ethical issues, we can speed everything up,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\">funding is available in California \u003c/a>for researchers using embryonic stem cells, federal funds have been subject to the political pendulum. President George W. Bush restricted funding in 2001. On his first day in office in 2009, President Obama overturned Bush’s decision and made federal funding available for the research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, Yamanaka was able to create IPS cells from mice adult cells. His big breakthrough came in 2007, when he created the embryonic-like cells from human skin cells. He then took these IPS cells, and using their ability to become any cell in the body, coaxed them into becoming heart cells. Proof of his success arrived in the form of an email from a researcher at his lab in Kyoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was in San Francisco. He sent me a video showing beating heart cells,” Yamanaka said. “But those heart cells were not from a heart. They were actually from skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/stem-cells-breakthrough.html\">NOVA ScienceNow video\u003c/a>, Yamanaka explains how he made his breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments based on IPS cells would be based on their ability to become stem cells that could regenerate damaged cells in different organs. Yamanaka said that stem cell transplants on animals with spinal injuries have shown promising results in his lab. Clinical trials could be five years away, he said. He is also using IPS cells to test drugs against Lou Gehrig’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to bypassing the ethical issues, IPS cells have another advantage over embryonic stem cells. Because they’re created from patients’ own cells, they would be less likely to be rejected by their bodies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Yamanaka’s breakthrough, scientists have taken his cellular reprogramming techniques one step further and are now able to transform one type of adult cell directly into another, bypassing the stem cell stage altogether. Deepak Srivastava and his team at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-new-hope-for-heart-repair/\" title=\"New Hope for Heart Repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have created beating heart muscle cells in mice\u003c/a> from another type of heart cell that normally becomes scar tissue after a heart attack. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka is only the second Japanese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. In 1987, Susumo Tonegawa, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received the award. Yamanaka said he plans to use his award money to fund young researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, 50, spends a few days each month in San Francisco working at the Gladstone Institutes, where he began his research career in 1993 as a postdoctoral fellow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He lives in Osaka with his wife, a dermatologist, and two daughters, aged 22 and 20, both of whom are in medical school. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the least busy person in my house,” he joked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cell researcher Shinya Yamanaka talks about how he created embryonic-like stem cells from skin cells; when treatments might be available, and why researchers still need to study embryonic stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
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