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"excerpt": "In a speech in Kentucky on Monday, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt said the old rules aimed at reducing carbon dioxide were tantamount to declaring war on the coal industry.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Updated at 12:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration will scuttle an Obama-era clean power plan aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, Scott Pruitt, made the announcement in Hazard, Ky., on Monday, saying the rule hurt coal-fired plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The EPA and no federal agency should ever use its authority to say to you we are going to declare war on any sector of our economy,” Pruitt said, speaking at an event with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That rule really was about picking winners and losers,” the EPA administrator said, adding that the rule change would be signed on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement had been anticipated. It would eliminate the Clean Power Plan that was put on hold by the U.S. Supreme Court and therefore never implemented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft document obtained by NPR and other outlets says the administration will also issue an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking “in the near future” to take comments on whether and how it should replace the CPP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/epa-chief-says-administration-roll-150239621.html?soc_trk=gcm&soc_src=64b31474-394c-3a35-b934-8da7f3dd60f2&.tsrc=notification-brknews\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>, the EPA is “expected to declare the Obama-era rule exceeded federal law by setting emissions standards that power plants could not reasonably meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal-fired power plants generate roughly 40 percent of the electricity globally, but generate more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/partner-country-series---emissions-reduction-through-upgrade-of-coal-fired-power-plants.html\">International Energy Agency.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of scientists worldwide say that carbon dioxide is a leading contributor to climate change. President Trump, however, has called climate change a hoax perpetrated by China to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive, but he also said he had an open mind toward efforts to control it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">Trump announced that the U.S. would pull out of the Paris Accord\u003c/a>, an international agreement that set a limit on greenhouse gas emissions. At the time, the president said staying in the deal, which is aimed at capping average global temperature increases, “could cost America as much as 2.7 million lost jobs by 2025” and would cause the loss of close to $3 trillion in GDP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the claims of potential job losses have been\u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2017/06/factchecking-trumps-climate-speech/\"> disputed by economists and climate scientists.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Chief+Announces+Reversal+Of+Obama-Era+Curbs+On+Coal+Plants&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. and Mexico Update Pact on Sharing Colorado River Water",
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"content": "\u003cp>The United States and Mexico have agreed to renew and expand a far-reaching conservation agreement that governs how they manage the overused Colorado River, which supplies water to millions of people and to farms in both nations, U.S. water district officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”78CMgpVcn3bgT2DwDwFduyfK16Xm08qw”]The agreement to be signed Wednesday calls for the U.S. to invest $31.5 million in conservation improvements in Mexico’s water infrastructure to reduce losses to leaks and other problems, according to officials of U.S. water districts who have seen summaries of the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that the improvements save would be shared by users in both nations and by environmental restoration projects\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal also calls on Mexico to develop specific plans for reducing consumption if the river runs too low to supply everyone’s needs, said Bill Hasencamp of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which supplies water to about 19 million people in and around Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major river consumers in the U.S. would be required to agree on their own shortage plan before Mexico produces one, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal will extend a previous agreement that both countries would share the burden of water supply cutbacks if the river runs low, Hasencamp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Boundary and Water Commission, which has members from both countries and oversees U.S.-Mexico treaties on borders and rivers, declined to release a copy of the agreement before Wednesday’s signing ceremony in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Mexican foreign ministry said in an email Tuesday they had no immediate comment, but U.S. officials who have been briefed on the details said the deal will help both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good news for both nations, for water users in the U.S. and Mexico,” said Chuck Collum of the Central Arizona Project, another Colorado River user that will help fund the infrastructure improvements in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement provides more certainty in how the two countries will deal with the risk of a shortage and recognizes the danger the river faces, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an acknowledgement that the U.S. and Mexico both share risk due to a hotter and drier future,” Collum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River is in the midst of a prolonged regional drought, and some climate scientists have said global warming is already reducing the amount of water it carries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in February by researchers from the University of Arizona and Colorado State University said climate change could cut the river’s flow by one-third by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river begins in the mountains of Colorado and winds 1,400 miles (2,250 kilometers) to Mexico, although heavy use means it usually dries up before it reaches its delta on the Gulf of California where Mexico’s Sonora and Baja California states meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, it supplies water to about 40 million people and 6,300 square miles (16,300 square kilometers) of farmland in the United States alone. Equivalent figures for Mexico weren’t immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal being signed Wednesday, known as Minute 323, is an amendment to a 1944 U.S.-Mexico treaty that lays out how the two nations share the river. The treaty promises Mexico 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 billion cubic meters) of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. uses the rest. The average annual flow in the river is about 16.4 million acre-feet (20 billion cubic meters), according the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages the river in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One acre-foot (1,200 cubic meters) is enough to supply a typical U.S. family for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreement, which will be in force for nine years, does not include a repeat of the historic 2014 “pulse” that sent about 105,000 acre-feet (130 million cubic meters) of water surging into river’s delta in Mexico, the U.S. water officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was an environmental experiment that brought water and life to the dried-out delta for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement does include up to 210,000 acre-feet (260 million cubic meters) for environmental restoration projects, according to a briefing from Southern California’s Imperial Irrigation District, one of the funders of the Mexican infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of those projects were not immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/search/dan%20elliott\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dan Elliott\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Associated Press",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The United States and Mexico have agreed to renew and expand a far-reaching conservation agreement that governs how they manage the overused Colorado River, which supplies water to millions of people and to farms in both nations, U.S. water district officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The agreement to be signed Wednesday calls for the U.S. to invest $31.5 million in conservation improvements in Mexico’s water infrastructure to reduce losses to leaks and other problems, according to officials of U.S. water districts who have seen summaries of the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that the improvements save would be shared by users in both nations and by environmental restoration projects\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal also calls on Mexico to develop specific plans for reducing consumption if the river runs too low to supply everyone’s needs, said Bill Hasencamp of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, which supplies water to about 19 million people in and around Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major river consumers in the U.S. would be required to agree on their own shortage plan before Mexico produces one, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal will extend a previous agreement that both countries would share the burden of water supply cutbacks if the river runs low, Hasencamp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Boundary and Water Commission, which has members from both countries and oversees U.S.-Mexico treaties on borders and rivers, declined to release a copy of the agreement before Wednesday’s signing ceremony in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Mexican foreign ministry said in an email Tuesday they had no immediate comment, but U.S. officials who have been briefed on the details said the deal will help both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good news for both nations, for water users in the U.S. and Mexico,” said Chuck Collum of the Central Arizona Project, another Colorado River user that will help fund the infrastructure improvements in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement provides more certainty in how the two countries will deal with the risk of a shortage and recognizes the danger the river faces, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an acknowledgement that the U.S. and Mexico both share risk due to a hotter and drier future,” Collum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado River is in the midst of a prolonged regional drought, and some climate scientists have said global warming is already reducing the amount of water it carries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in February by researchers from the University of Arizona and Colorado State University said climate change could cut the river’s flow by one-third by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river begins in the mountains of Colorado and winds 1,400 miles (2,250 kilometers) to Mexico, although heavy use means it usually dries up before it reaches its delta on the Gulf of California where Mexico’s Sonora and Baja California states meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, it supplies water to about 40 million people and 6,300 square miles (16,300 square kilometers) of farmland in the United States alone. Equivalent figures for Mexico weren’t immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal being signed Wednesday, known as Minute 323, is an amendment to a 1944 U.S.-Mexico treaty that lays out how the two nations share the river. The treaty promises Mexico 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 billion cubic meters) of water annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. uses the rest. The average annual flow in the river is about 16.4 million acre-feet (20 billion cubic meters), according the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages the river in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One acre-foot (1,200 cubic meters) is enough to supply a typical U.S. family for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreement, which will be in force for nine years, does not include a repeat of the historic 2014 “pulse” that sent about 105,000 acre-feet (130 million cubic meters) of water surging into river’s delta in Mexico, the U.S. water officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was an environmental experiment that brought water and life to the dried-out delta for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement does include up to 210,000 acre-feet (260 million cubic meters) for environmental restoration projects, according to a briefing from Southern California’s Imperial Irrigation District, one of the funders of the Mexican infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of those projects were not immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Josh Cassidy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]For salmon lovers in California, October is “the peak of the return” when hundreds of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Amphibians-Reptiles-and-Fish/Chinook-Salmon.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a> leave the open ocean and swim back to their ancestral streams to spawn and die. All along the Pacific coast, starting in the early summer and stretching as late as December, salmon wait offshore for the right time to complete their journey inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915447\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-swim-past.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915447\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-swim-past.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chum salmon swim up Salmon Creek in Juneau, Alaska. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Alaska, the season starts in late June, when salmon head to streams in lush coastal forests. Although this annual migration is welcomed by fishermen who catch the salmon offshore, scientists are finding a much broader and holistic function of the spawning salmon: feeding the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of salmon make this migratory journey–called running–every year, and their silvery bodies all but obscure the rivers they pass through. This throng of salmon flesh coming into Alaska’s forests is a mass movement of nutrients from the salt waters of the ocean to the forest floor. Decomposing salmon on the sides of streams not only fertilize the soil beneath them, they also provide the base of a complex food web that depends upon them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feeding the Forest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incoming salmon keep forest soils fertile. Due to gravity and erosion, forests continuously lose soil and nutrients to the water. Migrating salmon reverse this process by eating fish and krill at sea and bringing nutrient-rich body mass back into the forest. When bears pull hundreds of thousands salmon onto the shores of coastal rivers every year, the decomposing fish, rich in nitrogen that help trees and shrubs grow, enhance the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1915451\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decomposing salmon provide nutrients like nitrogen to coastal forests. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their mass migration into the forest is like a pipeline of nutrients from the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.uvic.ca/~reimlab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Reimchen\u003c/a>, a forest ecologist at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, said nutrients derived from the open ocean can be observed in old-growth trees, hundreds of years old, as well as the animals that live on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can visualize, right at the top of these giant trees,” said Reimchen, “a little spider, and it’s got salmon in its body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reimchen and his research group track how nitrogen from the ocean spreads through the forest. They use isotope analysis to identify a heavy version of nitrogen atoms, called N\u003csup>15\u003c/sup>, that is relatively abundant in marine algae but very rare on land. When he finds N\u003csup>15\u003c/sup> in the forest, Reimchen knows it likely traveled thousands of miles in the body of a salmon to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salmon bring nutrients from the ocean into coastal forests along the Pacific Northwest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around salmon-rich rivers, 40 to 80 percent of the nitrogen in shrubs and trees originates in the open ocean, he said. And the salmon signature isotope can be found as far inland as the Rocky Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forest Diversity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a cascading effect on the food web. Salmon are primarily eaten by bears, who pull them out of streams and eat, on average, about half of each fish. The rest is consumed by gulls, ravens, crows, eagles–and insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decomposing salmon can provide food for up to 55 insect species. One of the most significant is the blowfly, whose maggot offspring will pick a fish carcass to the bone in a few days. After maturing, these blowflies travel throughout the forest, providing food for spiders and birds, and even pollinating forest flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-eagle-eats-L.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-eagle-eats-L.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bald eagles take advantage of the onslaught of spawning salmon. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Black bears and grizzly bears will migrate from great distances for their yearly salmon feast. On average, a bear can pull up 500 to 700 salmon in a single season. But lots of other animals eat the fish and the flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go in the fall to river that has 100,000 chum salmon, you’ll find 5,000 gulls, 400 crows, 50 ravens, 50 eagles, 30 bears, plus a whole litany of insect species,” Reimchen said. “In the summer, you find a diversity of songbird species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the salmon, he said, you won’t see nearly as many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alaska, salmon populations are high compared to the rest of the Pacific coast. Salmon are the lifeblood of Alaska, a foundational species in forest ecosystems and a leading industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the coastal regions of Alaska, all the way up to the Artic, salmon still form a backbone of the economy,” said Rich Mattson, who works at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dipac.net/\">DIPAC salmon hatchery\u003c/a> in Juneau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southeastern Alaska, where this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep Look\u003c/a> video footage was taken, fisheries employ a fifth of the population and bring in half a billion dollars every year. In this small region, salmon accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://ebooks.alaskaseafood.org/ASMI_Seafood_Impacts_Dec2015/pubData/source/ASMI%20Alaska%20Seafood%20Impacts%20Final%20Dec2015%20-%20low%20res.pdf\">72 percent of fishing revenue\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support the industry, salmon hatcheries raise baby salmon and release them into the wild to boost natural populations. About 20 to 30 percent of Alaskan salmon catches come from hatcheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lost Salmon \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in other areas, salmon populations have \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025%3C0015%3AAEOHAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">plummeted\u003c/a>. In California, some have decreased by 98 percent, and in Oregon and Washington, historic populations have been cut in half due to human development, pollution and damming of rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest threats to current salmon populations in California is a lack of water flowing through rivers and streams in springtime, which is often caused by diversions for farms and cities, and drought, according to John McManus, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a> in Petaluma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The straightening and channeling of rivers also threatens the survival of young salmon on the way from spawning grounds to the ocean in the spring, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the rivers used to expand and flood, baby salmon used to go out on the floodplains and it was a smorgasbord out there,” he said, “lots of insects and bugs for them to eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This valuable food source is gone now that humans have “tamed the rivers”, as McManus puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what the exact impact of these population losses are to Pacific ecosystems, but according to Reimchen, a lack of salmon has a major impact on coastal forests. In his research, Reimchen found that trees will grow half as fast in forests patches with no salmon, compared to salmon-rich patches. This dramatic decrease in populations also threatens the complex web of life, which depends on an annual influx of salmon from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a tight coupling–absolutely unambiguously, between historic reduction in numbers of salmon and the species that depend on them,” said Reimchen, referring to bears, eagles, gulls and songbirds, among countless others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take salmon out of the picture, the forest doesn’t disappear,” he said. “It is just a completely different place–it’s not as rich.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the end of the historic 2011-2016 drought is good news for salmon and the ecosystems that depend on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The need for spring flows is still acute,” McManus said. “The last couple of years we’ve had better spring flows due to the winter rains. We believe we have a couple of good salmon years on the horizon.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Salmon make a perilous voyage upstream past hungry eagles and bears to mate in forest creeks. When the salmon die, a new journey begins–with maggots. ",
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"title": "There's Something Fishy About These Trees ... | Deep Look | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Josh Cassidy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For salmon lovers in California, October is “the peak of the return” when hundreds of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Amphibians-Reptiles-and-Fish/Chinook-Salmon.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a> leave the open ocean and swim back to their ancestral streams to spawn and die. All along the Pacific coast, starting in the early summer and stretching as late as December, salmon wait offshore for the right time to complete their journey inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915447\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-swim-past.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915447\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-swim-past.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chum salmon swim up Salmon Creek in Juneau, Alaska. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Alaska, the season starts in late June, when salmon head to streams in lush coastal forests. Although this annual migration is welcomed by fishermen who catch the salmon offshore, scientists are finding a much broader and holistic function of the spawning salmon: feeding the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of salmon make this migratory journey–called running–every year, and their silvery bodies all but obscure the rivers they pass through. This throng of salmon flesh coming into Alaska’s forests is a mass movement of nutrients from the salt waters of the ocean to the forest floor. Decomposing salmon on the sides of streams not only fertilize the soil beneath them, they also provide the base of a complex food web that depends upon them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feeding the Forest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incoming salmon keep forest soils fertile. Due to gravity and erosion, forests continuously lose soil and nutrients to the water. Migrating salmon reverse this process by eating fish and krill at sea and bringing nutrient-rich body mass back into the forest. When bears pull hundreds of thousands salmon onto the shores of coastal rivers every year, the decomposing fish, rich in nitrogen that help trees and shrubs grow, enhance the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1915451\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-dead-face-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Decomposing salmon provide nutrients like nitrogen to coastal forests. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their mass migration into the forest is like a pipeline of nutrients from the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.uvic.ca/~reimlab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Reimchen\u003c/a>, a forest ecologist at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, said nutrients derived from the open ocean can be observed in old-growth trees, hundreds of years old, as well as the animals that live on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can visualize, right at the top of these giant trees,” said Reimchen, “a little spider, and it’s got salmon in its body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reimchen and his research group track how nitrogen from the ocean spreads through the forest. They use isotope analysis to identify a heavy version of nitrogen atoms, called N\u003csup>15\u003c/sup>, that is relatively abundant in marine algae but very rare on land. When he finds N\u003csup>15\u003c/sup> in the forest, Reimchen knows it likely traveled thousands of miles in the body of a salmon to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salmon bring nutrients from the ocean into coastal forests along the Pacific Northwest. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around salmon-rich rivers, 40 to 80 percent of the nitrogen in shrubs and trees originates in the open ocean, he said. And the salmon signature isotope can be found as far inland as the Rocky Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forest Diversity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a cascading effect on the food web. Salmon are primarily eaten by bears, who pull them out of streams and eat, on average, about half of each fish. The rest is consumed by gulls, ravens, crows, eagles–and insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decomposing salmon can provide food for up to 55 insect species. One of the most significant is the blowfly, whose maggot offspring will pick a fish carcass to the bone in a few days. After maturing, these blowflies travel throughout the forest, providing food for spiders and birds, and even pollinating forest flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-eagle-eats-L.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-eagle-eats-L.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bald eagles take advantage of the onslaught of spawning salmon. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Black bears and grizzly bears will migrate from great distances for their yearly salmon feast. On average, a bear can pull up 500 to 700 salmon in a single season. But lots of other animals eat the fish and the flies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go in the fall to river that has 100,000 chum salmon, you’ll find 5,000 gulls, 400 crows, 50 ravens, 50 eagles, 30 bears, plus a whole litany of insect species,” Reimchen said. “In the summer, you find a diversity of songbird species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the salmon, he said, you won’t see nearly as many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alaska, salmon populations are high compared to the rest of the Pacific coast. Salmon are the lifeblood of Alaska, a foundational species in forest ecosystems and a leading industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the coastal regions of Alaska, all the way up to the Artic, salmon still form a backbone of the economy,” said Rich Mattson, who works at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dipac.net/\">DIPAC salmon hatchery\u003c/a> in Juneau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southeastern Alaska, where this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep Look\u003c/a> video footage was taken, fisheries employ a fifth of the population and bring in half a billion dollars every year. In this small region, salmon accounts for \u003ca href=\"http://ebooks.alaskaseafood.org/ASMI_Seafood_Impacts_Dec2015/pubData/source/ASMI%20Alaska%20Seafood%20Impacts%20Final%20Dec2015%20-%20low%20res.pdf\">72 percent of fishing revenue\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support the industry, salmon hatcheries raise baby salmon and release them into the wild to boost natural populations. About 20 to 30 percent of Alaskan salmon catches come from hatcheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lost Salmon \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in other areas, salmon populations have \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025%3C0015%3AAEOHAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">plummeted\u003c/a>. In California, some have decreased by 98 percent, and in Oregon and Washington, historic populations have been cut in half due to human development, pollution and damming of rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest threats to current salmon populations in California is a lack of water flowing through rivers and streams in springtime, which is often caused by diversions for farms and cities, and drought, according to John McManus, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a> in Petaluma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The straightening and channeling of rivers also threatens the survival of young salmon on the way from spawning grounds to the ocean in the spring, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the rivers used to expand and flood, baby salmon used to go out on the floodplains and it was a smorgasbord out there,” he said, “lots of insects and bugs for them to eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This valuable food source is gone now that humans have “tamed the rivers”, as McManus puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what the exact impact of these population losses are to Pacific ecosystems, but according to Reimchen, a lack of salmon has a major impact on coastal forests. In his research, Reimchen found that trees will grow half as fast in forests patches with no salmon, compared to salmon-rich patches. This dramatic decrease in populations also threatens the complex web of life, which depends on an annual influx of salmon from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a tight coupling–absolutely unambiguously, between historic reduction in numbers of salmon and the species that depend on them,” said Reimchen, referring to bears, eagles, gulls and songbirds, among countless others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take salmon out of the picture, the forest doesn’t disappear,” he said. “It is just a completely different place–it’s not as rich.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the end of the historic 2011-2016 drought is good news for salmon and the ecosystems that depend on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The need for spring flows is still acute,” McManus said. “The last couple of years we’ve had better spring flows due to the winter rains. We believe we have a couple of good salmon years on the horizon.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "many-california-meadows-will-vanish-heres-why-it-matters",
"title": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters",
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"headTitle": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here’s Why It Matters | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mountain meadows are starting to get some respect. For over a century, meadows were the first alpine environments targeted for development, grazing and farming, because they tend to be flat and packed with rich soil and nutritious plants. But we’re starting to understand that meadows have a much more important role to play for society at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meadows, it turns out, are water banks. As winter snows melt, the runoff flows into meadows, where deep organic soil holds the moisture like a sponge and then releases it slowly. This helps minimize downstream flooding during spring. Meadows release that runoff over a longer period, helping stretch valuable water supplies through the long, dry summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/02/03/work-grows-to-restore-mountain-meadows-as-water-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">[contextly_sidebar id=”rMy85ZSPDVf9YcAoxVojPBzo568cUzDy”]Efforts are underway\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to restore meadows, which have lost some of their water-holding ability as they’ve been compacted and eroded by grazing, logging and other activity. Unfortunately, a new threat has emerged: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2017/study-critical-sierra-meadows-being-overtaken-forest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by researchers at University of California, Merced, found that Sierra Nevada meadows are shrinking due to encroachment by trees—primarily lodgepole pines. And not just some meadows, but virtually all meadows throughout the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmer temperatures are likely to blame, according to the study, creating conditions more favorable to trees. As a result, lodgepole pines are creeping into areas that have been historically meadow environments, sinking deeper roots that create a new year-round water drain on meadow environments.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And the future doesn’t look good. As temperatures warm further due to climate change, more trees are expected to encroach on meadows. The authors reach a startling conclusion: By the end of this century, the average meadow will shift entirely to forest. Eventually, meadows may only be found in sparse locations at high elevation, where lodgepole pines can’t thrive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the implications for biodiversity, for water supply and flood prevention? A lot of these answers aren’t yet known. But to find out more, Water Deeply recently talked to Lara Kueppers, a co-author of the study and a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Merced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-240x309.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-375x482.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-520x669.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lara Kueppers is a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at U.C. Merced, and co-author of a new study about disappearing meadows in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What’s unique about this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lara Kueppers: I think the main thing is the extent of ground-based observations that we did. When you are in the field observing just a single meadow or a small number of meadows, you can sort of draw conclusions about those few meadows you looked at. But we were really after a large area and wanting to understand: Is this phenomenon something that’s widespread across a big section of the Sierra? So we surveyed meadows across a pretty broad area, from Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park on up to the Lake Tahoe area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other way people try and cover a lot of ground is usually by using satellite images. But we were interested in the number of trees that were coming into these meadows that might be smaller and difficult to detect remotely. So being on the ground enabled us to do that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in the end we surveyed over 340 meadows. Not all with the same level of intensity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>Are meadows really likely to disappear by the end of the century?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: The conclusion isn’t that all meadows will disappear. The conclusion is that the average meadow will disappear. Basically, what we were finding is that many meadows are experiencing encroachment. There are some that aren’t, however, and those may continue to be resistant to encroachment in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So, for example, in some meadows at higher elevations, where lodgepole pine isn’t abundant, you don’t see the same kind of encroachment as you do at lower elevations. But anyone who hikes in the backcountry of the Sierra has surely noticed trees creeping into meadows, if you return over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That’s why we say the “average” meadow, because a lot of those meadows that are out there are experiencing encroachment. It may not be full encroachment by the end of the century, but it will have experienced some encroachment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Henry Huey/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Your results show that climate change is a major reason for meadow shrinkage. How did you reach that conclusion?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: If by climate change you mean human-caused climate change, we actually didn’t examine that question. What we were focused on is figuring out what are the causes of encroachment we see in terms of specific factors. So we looked at landscape factors like topographic position, elevation, what are the tree species around the meadow. Then we also looked at climate factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that climate factors are important drivers of the patterns we’re seeing, but we didn’t really try to quantify whether past human-caused climate change was complicit in that. We don’t really conclude the encroachment we’ve seen so far has been caused by human-caused climate change. Our conclusion is that climate is an important driver of encroachment. And then we said, let’s look to the future and projections of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about factors that seem to lead to tree recruitment in these meadows, that’s what led us to the conclusion that future climate change is going to be a really strong contributor to encroachment. For example, temperature is one of the important factors that explains variability in the number of [tree] recruits in a meadow in any given year. So when we look at future temperatures increasing, we see that drives an increase in the number of trees in the meadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How does snowpack affect meadow encroachment?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: High snowpack actually promotes encroachment. We think that’s in part because, if there’s low snowpack, over winter these young trees can be exposed to very cold temperatures, and that can be detrimental to their ability to grow and survive. So when you have high snowpack, the really young juvenile trees are buried in snow, and protected over the winter. Then they can emerge and grow really strong in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Meadows collect snowmelt, store it and release it slowly during the spring and summer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The other thing snowpack is important for is a sustainable source of water in the drier meadows during spring and summer. These meadows are collecting meltwater, not just from the meadow itself but from the surrounding watershed, because the meadows are in topographically low locations. Again, when these trees are young and getting established, if the meadow dries out they’re going to have a hard time making it through the summer. But if there’s a high snowpack, there’s that sustained input of water and they’re less liable to dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How big of a role do meadows play in water storage?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: They’re an integral part of the hydrology of the High Sierra. A big role that many meadows play is sort of as a regulator in the water system. They collect snowmelt from the surrounding slopes and they store it and sort of release it slowly over the spring and summer season. They can absorb a large amount of water and then release it. Some is coming from surface runoff, but other water is coming underground through cracks in the rock and then emerging in the meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soil, especially in the wettest part of meadows, is very organically rich. That’s because, over time as these grasses and other sedges and wildflowers that are well adapted to the meadows grow and die, the organic matter decomposes very slowly because there’s so much water around. So this organic matter just builds up, and more organic-rich soil can hold more water. And they release that water slowly over the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the water-supply implications of shrinking meadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: We don’t fully know what the full-sum impact might be. There are a couple different ways that trees encroaching into meadows could alter hydrology. One explanation we have would be that trees typically use more water than the meadow grasses and wildlife. As a consequence, as trees become more abundant and larger, they would use more of the water coming into meadows, which means less water would flow downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is that as the meadows dry, if the trees are using more of the water, there would be faster decomposition of organic matter, and that organic matter wouldn’t necessarily be replaced in kind by the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If there are fewer roots with the trees than there were with the grasses and forbs, then the amount of organic matter flowing might not keep up with the losses from the drying conditions. So you would lose that sponginess in the soil, and it would weaken its ability to absorb and release that water over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Sierra look different in future?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: I think there will still be some meadows. There will still be areas that remain wet. You just might have to look harder. You probably will have to go higher to get to them. Maybe not over our lifetimes, but in our children’s lifetimes. Luckily for us, changes happen very slowly. So while we can see signs of this process underway, at least all of us can still enjoy the meadows for what they are right now.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What can we do to reverse this trend of meadow loss?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: Our simple modeling exercise suggests that supporting solutions to climate change is a really important part of slowing meadow encroachment, because the critical factor driving encroachment overtime is the temperature increase. Another thing we can do is really limit the direct effects on meadows, such as trampling by grazing animals, because that just contributes to impacts on these meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/09/25/why-disappearing-sierra-nevada-meadows-are-bad-news-for-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Meadows play an important role in water storage and flood prevention. But a new study shows that warming temperatures and resulting tree encroachment could doom these landscapes, except at very high elevations.",
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"title": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters | KQED",
"description": "Meadows play an important role in water storage and flood prevention. But a new study shows that warming temperatures and resulting tree encroachment could doom these landscapes, except at very high elevations.",
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"headline": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/contributor/matt-weiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matt Weiser\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/\" target=\"_blank\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mountain meadows are starting to get some respect. For over a century, meadows were the first alpine environments targeted for development, grazing and farming, because they tend to be flat and packed with rich soil and nutritious plants. But we’re starting to understand that meadows have a much more important role to play for society at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meadows, it turns out, are water banks. As winter snows melt, the runoff flows into meadows, where deep organic soil holds the moisture like a sponge and then releases it slowly. This helps minimize downstream flooding during spring. Meadows release that runoff over a longer period, helping stretch valuable water supplies through the long, dry summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/02/03/work-grows-to-restore-mountain-meadows-as-water-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Efforts are underway\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to restore meadows, which have lost some of their water-holding ability as they’ve been compacted and eroded by grazing, logging and other activity. Unfortunately, a new threat has emerged: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2017/study-critical-sierra-meadows-being-overtaken-forest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by researchers at University of California, Merced, found that Sierra Nevada meadows are shrinking due to encroachment by trees—primarily lodgepole pines. And not just some meadows, but virtually all meadows throughout the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmer temperatures are likely to blame, according to the study, creating conditions more favorable to trees. As a result, lodgepole pines are creeping into areas that have been historically meadow environments, sinking deeper roots that create a new year-round water drain on meadow environments.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And the future doesn’t look good. As temperatures warm further due to climate change, more trees are expected to encroach on meadows. The authors reach a startling conclusion: By the end of this century, the average meadow will shift entirely to forest. Eventually, meadows may only be found in sparse locations at high elevation, where lodgepole pines can’t thrive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the implications for biodiversity, for water supply and flood prevention? A lot of these answers aren’t yet known. But to find out more, Water Deeply recently talked to Lara Kueppers, a co-author of the study and a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Merced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-240x309.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-375x482.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-520x669.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lara Kueppers is a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at U.C. Merced, and co-author of a new study about disappearing meadows in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What’s unique about this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lara Kueppers: I think the main thing is the extent of ground-based observations that we did. When you are in the field observing just a single meadow or a small number of meadows, you can sort of draw conclusions about those few meadows you looked at. But we were really after a large area and wanting to understand: Is this phenomenon something that’s widespread across a big section of the Sierra? So we surveyed meadows across a pretty broad area, from Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park on up to the Lake Tahoe area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other way people try and cover a lot of ground is usually by using satellite images. But we were interested in the number of trees that were coming into these meadows that might be smaller and difficult to detect remotely. So being on the ground enabled us to do that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in the end we surveyed over 340 meadows. Not all with the same level of intensity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>Are meadows really likely to disappear by the end of the century?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: The conclusion isn’t that all meadows will disappear. The conclusion is that the average meadow will disappear. Basically, what we were finding is that many meadows are experiencing encroachment. There are some that aren’t, however, and those may continue to be resistant to encroachment in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So, for example, in some meadows at higher elevations, where lodgepole pine isn’t abundant, you don’t see the same kind of encroachment as you do at lower elevations. But anyone who hikes in the backcountry of the Sierra has surely noticed trees creeping into meadows, if you return over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That’s why we say the “average” meadow, because a lot of those meadows that are out there are experiencing encroachment. It may not be full encroachment by the end of the century, but it will have experienced some encroachment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Henry Huey/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Your results show that climate change is a major reason for meadow shrinkage. How did you reach that conclusion?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: If by climate change you mean human-caused climate change, we actually didn’t examine that question. What we were focused on is figuring out what are the causes of encroachment we see in terms of specific factors. So we looked at landscape factors like topographic position, elevation, what are the tree species around the meadow. Then we also looked at climate factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that climate factors are important drivers of the patterns we’re seeing, but we didn’t really try to quantify whether past human-caused climate change was complicit in that. We don’t really conclude the encroachment we’ve seen so far has been caused by human-caused climate change. Our conclusion is that climate is an important driver of encroachment. And then we said, let’s look to the future and projections of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about factors that seem to lead to tree recruitment in these meadows, that’s what led us to the conclusion that future climate change is going to be a really strong contributor to encroachment. For example, temperature is one of the important factors that explains variability in the number of [tree] recruits in a meadow in any given year. So when we look at future temperatures increasing, we see that drives an increase in the number of trees in the meadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How does snowpack affect meadow encroachment?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: High snowpack actually promotes encroachment. We think that’s in part because, if there’s low snowpack, over winter these young trees can be exposed to very cold temperatures, and that can be detrimental to their ability to grow and survive. So when you have high snowpack, the really young juvenile trees are buried in snow, and protected over the winter. Then they can emerge and grow really strong in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Meadows collect snowmelt, store it and release it slowly during the spring and summer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The other thing snowpack is important for is a sustainable source of water in the drier meadows during spring and summer. These meadows are collecting meltwater, not just from the meadow itself but from the surrounding watershed, because the meadows are in topographically low locations. Again, when these trees are young and getting established, if the meadow dries out they’re going to have a hard time making it through the summer. But if there’s a high snowpack, there’s that sustained input of water and they’re less liable to dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How big of a role do meadows play in water storage?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: They’re an integral part of the hydrology of the High Sierra. A big role that many meadows play is sort of as a regulator in the water system. They collect snowmelt from the surrounding slopes and they store it and sort of release it slowly over the spring and summer season. They can absorb a large amount of water and then release it. Some is coming from surface runoff, but other water is coming underground through cracks in the rock and then emerging in the meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soil, especially in the wettest part of meadows, is very organically rich. That’s because, over time as these grasses and other sedges and wildflowers that are well adapted to the meadows grow and die, the organic matter decomposes very slowly because there’s so much water around. So this organic matter just builds up, and more organic-rich soil can hold more water. And they release that water slowly over the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the water-supply implications of shrinking meadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: We don’t fully know what the full-sum impact might be. There are a couple different ways that trees encroaching into meadows could alter hydrology. One explanation we have would be that trees typically use more water than the meadow grasses and wildlife. As a consequence, as trees become more abundant and larger, they would use more of the water coming into meadows, which means less water would flow downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is that as the meadows dry, if the trees are using more of the water, there would be faster decomposition of organic matter, and that organic matter wouldn’t necessarily be replaced in kind by the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If there are fewer roots with the trees than there were with the grasses and forbs, then the amount of organic matter flowing might not keep up with the losses from the drying conditions. So you would lose that sponginess in the soil, and it would weaken its ability to absorb and release that water over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Sierra look different in future?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: I think there will still be some meadows. There will still be areas that remain wet. You just might have to look harder. You probably will have to go higher to get to them. Maybe not over our lifetimes, but in our children’s lifetimes. Luckily for us, changes happen very slowly. So while we can see signs of this process underway, at least all of us can still enjoy the meadows for what they are right now.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What can we do to reverse this trend of meadow loss?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: Our simple modeling exercise suggests that supporting solutions to climate change is a really important part of slowing meadow encroachment, because the critical factor driving encroachment overtime is the temperature increase. Another thing we can do is really limit the direct effects on meadows, such as trampling by grazing animals, because that just contributes to impacts on these meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/09/25/why-disappearing-sierra-nevada-meadows-are-bad-news-for-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hunting for Plastic in California's Protected Ocean Waters",
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"headTitle": "Hunting for Plastic in California’s Protected Ocean Waters | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>alifornia’s marine sanctuaries protect ocean animals from fishing, underwater mining, and drilling. Yet scientists think a more insidious agent may be contaminating their territory: microplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microplastics include both microbeads—tiny plastic beads used as exfoliants in healthcare products—and minuscule synthetic fibers from clothing that are smaller than 5 millimeters.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s kind of a disaster.’\u003ccite>Carolynn Box, 5 Gyres\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Congress and the California legislature passed laws banning the sale of cosmetic products that contain microbeads. But the state ban doesn’t take effect until 2020. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal ban\u003c/a>, which covers all states including California, doesn’t take full effect until July 1, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these microplastics, which are too small for water systems to catch, have continued to flow straight into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of a disaster,” says Carolynn Box, science programs director with \u003ca href=\"https://www.5gyres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">5 Gyres\u003c/a>, a non-profit funding ocean trash research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/microplasticfacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pilot study\u003c/a> last year, conducted as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/projects/microplastic-pollution#sthash.HVX6YVS4.dpbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SF Bay Microplastic Project\u003c/a>, found that wastewater treatment plants were discharging 7,000,000 particles each day into the San Francisco Bay. The sheer load of these particles, both plastics and non-plastics, “suggested that San Francisco Bay has more microplastic pollution than other major water bodies in the U.S.,” the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915745\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4240px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4240\" height=\"2832\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling.jpg 4240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4240px) 100vw, 4240px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meg Sedlak from the San Francisco Estuary Institute holds a net attached to a manta trawl above the water in prep for ocean sampling. \u003ccite>(Plus M Productions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5522e85be4b0b65a7c78ac96/t/589e21c446c3c44d7457cf77/1486758342325/SFEI+5Gyres+News+Release2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">next phase\u003c/a> of the Microplastic Project is to make a more conclusive measurement of how much microplastic is in the Bay and where it travels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We honestly don’t know where they’re going,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/users/meg-sedlak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Meg Sedlak\u003c/a>, a senior program manager with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>. “We aspire to address that with our modeling.” The Institute is a nonprofit research center focused on the Bay, Delta and wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, Sedlak and her team, along with 5 \u003ca href=\"https://www.5gyres.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gyres,\u003c/a> used a large\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>trawl fitted with a net to collect surface water near the Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sample contained clumps of eel grass and small bits of debris, which will be sent to a \u003ca href=\"https://rochmanlab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of Toronto lab \u003c/a>for analysis. The crew also dropped a sensor into the water to measure ocean currents to figure out where the debris might be traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”KhJDXjPxY1Ag5WKbFUawRHXRbeCQssWg”]The researchers suspect particles are drifting into Northern California’s three national marine sanctuaries and could be affecting marine life there. They tested \u003ca href=\"https://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Greater Farallones\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a> this summer and will test \u003ca href=\"https://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary \u003c/a>in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still don’t know where 99 percent of all trash flowing into the ocean is going. Less than 1 percent ends up in large swirling ocean currents called gyres, which include the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/garbagepatch.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some marine debris, especially\u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/sb-1287-mcguire-crab-gear-retrieval-act/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> derelict fishing gear\u003c/a>, can be removed, but microplastics are much too small to clean up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a problem because plastic absorbs toxic chemicals like a sponge. Studies show harmful chemicals attached to plastic are moving up the food chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a significant amount of trash being found in fish around the world,” says Box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915779\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915779 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"395\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample-375x280.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragments retrieved after a 30 minute surface water sample near the Bay Bridge on September 18, 2017. \u003ccite>(Karin North/City of Palo Alto)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could affect human health if people are eating those fish. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.opb.org/news/article/oysters-with-a-side-of-microplastic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study\u003c/a> by Vancouver Island University, students planted clams and oysters along the coast of British Columbia, tested them three months later, and found they contained tiny plastic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California scientists will get results, including a chemical analysis of microscopic particles from the Bay, next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before then, they’ll sample a total of\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">16 sites inside San Francisco Bay and 12 sites inside Cordell Bank, Greater Farallones and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries. They’ll collect debris after extreme tide events and heavy winter rains this year, in an effort to determine how the plastic pieces are moving between the Bay and the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak says, fortunately, the public is more clued-in to microplastics than they were 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“By informing people about plastics getting into the ocean—like we saw with the ban—we can see a difference,” says Sedlak. “I’m hopeful.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Microscopic pieces of plastic are polluting the Bay and researchers want to know how much is there and whether it's polluting marine sanctuaries.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>alifornia’s marine sanctuaries protect ocean animals from fishing, underwater mining, and drilling. Yet scientists think a more insidious agent may be contaminating their territory: microplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microplastics include both microbeads—tiny plastic beads used as exfoliants in healthcare products—and minuscule synthetic fibers from clothing that are smaller than 5 millimeters.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s kind of a disaster.’\u003ccite>Carolynn Box, 5 Gyres\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Congress and the California legislature passed laws banning the sale of cosmetic products that contain microbeads. But the state ban doesn’t take effect until 2020. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal ban\u003c/a>, which covers all states including California, doesn’t take full effect until July 1, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these microplastics, which are too small for water systems to catch, have continued to flow straight into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of a disaster,” says Carolynn Box, science programs director with \u003ca href=\"https://www.5gyres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">5 Gyres\u003c/a>, a non-profit funding ocean trash research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/microplasticfacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pilot study\u003c/a> last year, conducted as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/projects/microplastic-pollution#sthash.HVX6YVS4.dpbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SF Bay Microplastic Project\u003c/a>, found that wastewater treatment plants were discharging 7,000,000 particles each day into the San Francisco Bay. The sheer load of these particles, both plastics and non-plastics, “suggested that San Francisco Bay has more microplastic pollution than other major water bodies in the U.S.,” the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915745\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4240px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4240\" height=\"2832\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling.jpg 4240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Microplastics_trawl-sampling-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4240px) 100vw, 4240px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meg Sedlak from the San Francisco Estuary Institute holds a net attached to a manta trawl above the water in prep for ocean sampling. \u003ccite>(Plus M Productions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5522e85be4b0b65a7c78ac96/t/589e21c446c3c44d7457cf77/1486758342325/SFEI+5Gyres+News+Release2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">next phase\u003c/a> of the Microplastic Project is to make a more conclusive measurement of how much microplastic is in the Bay and where it travels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We honestly don’t know where they’re going,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/users/meg-sedlak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Meg Sedlak\u003c/a>, a senior program manager with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>. “We aspire to address that with our modeling.” The Institute is a nonprofit research center focused on the Bay, Delta and wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, Sedlak and her team, along with 5 \u003ca href=\"https://www.5gyres.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gyres,\u003c/a> used a large\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>trawl fitted with a net to collect surface water near the Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sample contained clumps of eel grass and small bits of debris, which will be sent to a \u003ca href=\"https://rochmanlab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of Toronto lab \u003c/a>for analysis. The crew also dropped a sensor into the water to measure ocean currents to figure out where the debris might be traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The researchers suspect particles are drifting into Northern California’s three national marine sanctuaries and could be affecting marine life there. They tested \u003ca href=\"https://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Greater Farallones\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a> this summer and will test \u003ca href=\"https://montereybay.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary \u003c/a>in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still don’t know where 99 percent of all trash flowing into the ocean is going. Less than 1 percent ends up in large swirling ocean currents called gyres, which include the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/garbagepatch.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some marine debris, especially\u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/sb-1287-mcguire-crab-gear-retrieval-act/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> derelict fishing gear\u003c/a>, can be removed, but microplastics are much too small to clean up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a problem because plastic absorbs toxic chemicals like a sponge. Studies show harmful chemicals attached to plastic are moving up the food chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a significant amount of trash being found in fish around the world,” says Box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915779\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915779 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"395\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastic_sample-375x280.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragments retrieved after a 30 minute surface water sample near the Bay Bridge on September 18, 2017. \u003ccite>(Karin North/City of Palo Alto)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could affect human health if people are eating those fish. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.opb.org/news/article/oysters-with-a-side-of-microplastic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study\u003c/a> by Vancouver Island University, students planted clams and oysters along the coast of British Columbia, tested them three months later, and found they contained tiny plastic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California scientists will get results, including a chemical analysis of microscopic particles from the Bay, next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before then, they’ll sample a total of\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">16 sites inside San Francisco Bay and 12 sites inside Cordell Bank, Greater Farallones and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries. They’ll collect debris after extreme tide events and heavy winter rains this year, in an effort to determine how the plastic pieces are moving between the Bay and the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedlak says, fortunately, the public is more clued-in to microplastics than they were 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“By informing people about plastics getting into the ocean—like we saw with the ban—we can see a difference,” says Sedlak. “I’m hopeful.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Invasion of the Giant Tadpoles: Wildlife Officials Say It's No Joke",
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"content": "\u003cp>Swimmers at Lake Anza in the Berkeley Hills found a slimy surprise this summer: huge tadpoles bigger than they’d ever seen there before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They came in unnerving numbers — each five or six inches long. And they were rude.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kids would scream every time they would step on them.’\u003ccite>Cecilia Martin, Lifeguard\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When you’re walking into the water, they wouldn’t even get out of the way,” recalls lifeguard Cecilia Martin, who sometimes struggled with her campers to avoid the many tadpoles underfoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids would scream every time they would step on them—I actually stepped on them too,” recalls Martin with a chill. “They would squirm out of in between your toes, which is the most gross sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tadpoles’ appearance was mysterious, says Martin, who has worked as a lifeguard in the East Bay for four summers (her mom happens to be a news editor at KQED). “I had never seen that before, and my friends who had worked here before for five or six years, they’ve never seen it, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915749\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915749 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Anza, in Tilden Park, covers 8-10 acres -- too large for effective eradication of the slippery invaders.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Anza covers 8-10 acres in Tilden Regional Park — too large for effective eradication of the slippery invaders. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out what they were, we called Steve Bobzien, a wildlife ecologist for the East Bay Regional Park District. He checked out the lake, and was not happy with what he saw: “Thousands — literally tens of thousands of bullfrog tadpoles in Lake Anza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/GiantTadpoles.mp3\" title=\"Invasion of the Giant Tadpoles\" program=\"KQED Science\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a first, and not a welcome one. Ecological bullies to many California natives, bullfrogs are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Bullfrog\">an invasive species\u003c/a> here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re notorious for gobbling anything up that’s the size of their mouth or smaller,” Bobzien says. That could devastate the watershed’s remnant population of smaller California red-legged frogs, a species federally \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es_species/Accounts/Amphibians-Reptiles/es_ca-red-legged-frog.htm\">listed as threatened\u003c/a>. “Bullfrogs are also known to eat other vertebrates including bats, small birds, and rodents, even,” he notes. “So they’re pretty formidable predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915746\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915746\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bullfrog tadpoles can be 5-or-6 inches long, and don't yield to human swimmers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bullfrog tadpoles can be 5-or-6 inches long, and don’t yield to human swimmers. \u003ccite>(Douglas Mills via \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/dmills727/\"> Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re also explosive breeders. How they got into Lake Anza is unclear, but getting rid of them now would be a challenge, to put it mildly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal would be to eradicate them, and that’s virtually going to be impossible,” Bobzien says. In a smaller pond, you might scoop them out with nets—or pump water out and bury them with a bulldozer. But that won’t work here. Besides the surrounding stream environment at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\">Tilden Park\u003c/a>, the man-made \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/stewardship/water/lake_anza_water_quality\">Lake Anza\u003c/a> itself covers eight or ten acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you were to put on a full-on effort with a lot of funding, a lot of time, you’re still not going to be able to eradicate them.” At best, Bobzien hopes to keep the population in check, so bullfrogs don’t completely take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it only takes two survivors to produce thousands of eggs. Likely, the titanic tadpoles are in Lake Anza to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Swimmers at Lake Anza in the Berkeley Hills found a slimy surprise this summer: huge tadpoles bigger than they’d ever seen there before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They came in unnerving numbers — each five or six inches long. And they were rude.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kids would scream every time they would step on them.’\u003ccite>Cecilia Martin, Lifeguard\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When you’re walking into the water, they wouldn’t even get out of the way,” recalls lifeguard Cecilia Martin, who sometimes struggled with her campers to avoid the many tadpoles underfoot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids would scream every time they would step on them—I actually stepped on them too,” recalls Martin with a chill. “They would squirm out of in between your toes, which is the most gross sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tadpoles’ appearance was mysterious, says Martin, who has worked as a lifeguard in the East Bay for four summers (her mom happens to be a news editor at KQED). “I had never seen that before, and my friends who had worked here before for five or six years, they’ve never seen it, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915749\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915749 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Anza, in Tilden Park, covers 8-10 acres -- too large for effective eradication of the slippery invaders.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lake-Anza-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Anza covers 8-10 acres in Tilden Regional Park — too large for effective eradication of the slippery invaders. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out what they were, we called Steve Bobzien, a wildlife ecologist for the East Bay Regional Park District. He checked out the lake, and was not happy with what he saw: “Thousands — literally tens of thousands of bullfrog tadpoles in Lake Anza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a first, and not a welcome one. Ecological bullies to many California natives, bullfrogs are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Bullfrog\">an invasive species\u003c/a> here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re notorious for gobbling anything up that’s the size of their mouth or smaller,” Bobzien says. That could devastate the watershed’s remnant population of smaller California red-legged frogs, a species federally \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es_species/Accounts/Amphibians-Reptiles/es_ca-red-legged-frog.htm\">listed as threatened\u003c/a>. “Bullfrogs are also known to eat other vertebrates including bats, small birds, and rodents, even,” he notes. “So they’re pretty formidable predator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915746\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915746\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bullfrog tadpoles can be 5-or-6 inches long, and don't yield to human swimmers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Douglas-Mills-via-Flickr.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bullfrog tadpoles can be 5-or-6 inches long, and don’t yield to human swimmers. \u003ccite>(Douglas Mills via \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/dmills727/\"> Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re also explosive breeders. How they got into Lake Anza is unclear, but getting rid of them now would be a challenge, to put it mildly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal would be to eradicate them, and that’s virtually going to be impossible,” Bobzien says. In a smaller pond, you might scoop them out with nets—or pump water out and bury them with a bulldozer. But that won’t work here. Besides the surrounding stream environment at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\">Tilden Park\u003c/a>, the man-made \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/stewardship/water/lake_anza_water_quality\">Lake Anza\u003c/a> itself covers eight or ten acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you were to put on a full-on effort with a lot of funding, a lot of time, you’re still not going to be able to eradicate them.” At best, Bobzien hopes to keep the population in check, so bullfrogs don’t completely take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it only takes two survivors to produce thousands of eggs. Likely, the titanic tadpoles are in Lake Anza to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Guess What's Showing Up in Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics",
"headTitle": "Guess What’s Showing Up in Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sarah Dudas doesn’t mind shucking an oyster or a clam in the name of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sit down with her and a plate of oysters on the half-shell or a bucket of steamed Manila clams, and she’ll probably point out a bivalve’s gonads or remark on its fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are comments I make at dinner parties,” she said. “I’ve spent too much time doing dissections. I’ve done too many spawnings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lately, the shellfish biologist is making other unappetizing comments to her dinner party guests — about plastics in those shellfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, she and her students at Vancouver Island University planted thousands of clams and oysters across coastal British Columbia and let them soak in the sand and saltwater of the Strait of Georgia. Three months later, they dissolved hundreds of them with chemicals, filtered out the biodegradable matter and looked at the remaining material under a microscope. Inside this Pacific Northwest culinary staple, they found a rainbow of little plastic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915723\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shellfish biologist Sarah Dudas works with an oyster specimen at her Vancouver Island University lab. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So when you eat clams and oysters, you’re eating plastics as well,” Dudas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the Canadian government and British Columbia’s shellfish trade association, the project aimed to learn whether the shellfish aquaculture industry may be contaminating its own crop by using plastic infrastructure like nets, buoys and ropes. The experiment was a response to those claims by \u003ca href=\"https://adimsblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/microplastic-article.pdf\">local environmental groups\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tracking the origins of tiny plastic particles in a big ocean is new territory. So Dudas turned to Peter Ross, who has studied the effects of ocean pollution on sea life for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve long known that plastic and debris can be a problem for ocean life,” says Ross, director of the Vancouver Aquarium’s Ocean Pollution Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he began sampling the coast of British Columbia for microplastics. The researchers found up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007741\">9,200 particles of microplastic per cubic meter\u003c/a> of seawater — about the equivalent of emptying a salt shaker into a large moving box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1920x1078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The majority of microplastic particles found in Dudas’ samples consist of microscopic synthetic fibers. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So, large numbers,” Ross says. “Rather shocking numbers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found plastics that were made small, like the polystyrene beads sold as \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Fairfield-Poly-Fil-Micro-Beads-20-Ounce/dp/B001DTOH8S\">bean bag filler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XZY0OY/ref=asc_df_B000XZY0OY5165111/?tag=hyprod-20&creative=395033&creativeASIN=B000XZY0OY&linkCode=df0&hvadid=194013412954&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=14387442267544610200&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9033313&hvtargid=pla-314745397104\">fake snow\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-librarian-says-nurdles-washing-up-on-beaches-is-cause-for-concern-1.3311057\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the hard resin pellets used as a raw material for other plastic products. Microbeads, common in \u003ca href=\"http://www.beatthemicrobead.org/product-lists/\">toothpaste and face wash\u003c/a>, were also present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the majority of microplastics in Ross’ samples resembled those showing up in Dudas’ shellfish. They’re showing up by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2017/06/29/uw-oceanography-senior-finds-plastic-microfibers-are-common-on-puget-sound-beaches/\">thousands along Puget Sound’s shorelines\u003c/a>, too. They’re microfibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s overwhelmingly fibers,” Ross says. “And they’re being readily consumed at the bottom of the food chain, in zooplankton.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is adding to the evidence of a problem that touches every corner of the planet: from the depths of the \u003ca href=\"http://onemoregeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Microplastic-pollution-in-deep-sea-sediments.pdf\">ocean abyss\u003c/a> to the surface waters of the Arctic to an area in the middle of the Pacific Ocean now known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. Scientists think plastic pollution in the ocean could \u003ca href=\"http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf\">outweigh the fish there\u003c/a> by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nb7tbfjYu3o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross believes that locating the source of microfibers will help slow that trend. So lately, his science lab is looking more like a crime lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detective work begins under a microscope. Researchers study a petri dish that looks like an \u003ca href=\"http://www6.miami.edu/lowe/exhibition/walter-wick.html\">I Spy book\u003c/a> — a white background strewn with small colorful items. They note each particle’s size, shape and color and zoom in to study its appearance: the way a fiber drapes across the dish or frays at its tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If particles pass the eye test, they advance to a machine called the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a fancy forensic machine used at police stations,” Ross says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machine scans individual particles with infrared light and generates a line graph on a nearby computer. Then the program cross-references that graph with a global database of other squiggly lines. One piece of fabric pulls up a list of probable matches — fibers with names like Zeftron 500 and Wonder Thread. They’re types of nylon. Other fibers bring up generic and commercial names for olefin and polyester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data can’t pinpoint a fiber’s exact source, but taken in aggregate can point to larger trends about the presence of microplastic pollution in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, the research is underlining the fact that many of the fibers ending up in the ocean are starting their journey much closer to home — probably in your home laundry machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor gear manufacturer Patagonia found that the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03045\">average synthetic jacket releases 1.7 grams\u003c/a> of microfibers per load of laundry. Each load may generate \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds\">hundreds of thousands of fibers\u003c/a>, which can slip through filters on washing machines and wastewater treatment plants and eventually make their way into ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fabrics are degrading over time and getting flushed out into the water system,” says Jeff Crook, chief product officer at Mountain Equipment Co-op, one of Canada’s biggest outdoor retailers. The Vancouver-based co-op paid $50,000 to support Ross’ effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improved filters may be one way to stop ocean-bound microfibers, Crook says, but he’s looking to Ross’ data for other information, like whether some types of fibers are ending up in the ocean more than others. The data could help start a conversation about creating industry-wide standards around fiber shedding, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we have, the more we can go back and tinker and improve the materials,” Crook says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others note that the world consumes hundreds of millions of tons of plastic annually — like food packaging and straws. Dudas said that, while she is finding that farmed shellfish don’t contain any more plastic than nonfarmed shellfish, she has no doubt that nets and ropes from shellfish aquaculture sites also shed fibers into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My fear is that we have a latent reservoir of these products that could become our future supply of microplastics,” Ross says. “And they’ll in turn be ingested by zooplankton and move up into the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be concerned that we’re part of that food chain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That research is ongoing, Dudas says, but the answer likely will depend on how much we consume. The clams and oysters in Dudas’ study contained an average of eight microplastic particles each, preliminary results show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some indications that those plastics can act as vectors for chemical pollutants and pathogens, and other researchers are studying whether plastics leave the human body after being eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When in doubt, ask a shellfish biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t be overly concerned about eating shellfish specifically,” Dudas said. “Microplastics are everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/programs/earthfix/how-much-plastic-do-you-want-in-your-oysters-and-clams\">\u003cem>story\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> comes to us from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/\">\u003cem>KCTS9\u003c/em>\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.info/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>, \u003cem>an environmental journalism collaboration led by Oregon Public Broadcasting in partnership with five other public media stations in Oregon, Washington and Idaho.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 EarthFix. To see more, visit \u003ca>EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Guess+What%27s+Showing+Up+In+Our+Shellfish%3F+One+Word%3A+Plastics&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists predict that plastic in the ocean will eventually outweigh the fish there. Where is it all coming from? And is it making our food unsafe? Researchers are trying to find the answers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sarah Dudas doesn’t mind shucking an oyster or a clam in the name of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sit down with her and a plate of oysters on the half-shell or a bucket of steamed Manila clams, and she’ll probably point out a bivalve’s gonads or remark on its fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are comments I make at dinner parties,” she said. “I’ve spent too much time doing dissections. I’ve done too many spawnings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lately, the shellfish biologist is making other unappetizing comments to her dinner party guests — about plastics in those shellfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, she and her students at Vancouver Island University planted thousands of clams and oysters across coastal British Columbia and let them soak in the sand and saltwater of the Strait of Georgia. Three months later, they dissolved hundreds of them with chemicals, filtered out the biodegradable matter and looked at the remaining material under a microscope. Inside this Pacific Northwest culinary staple, they found a rainbow of little plastic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915723\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/microplastics-fine-cut.00_00_22_01.still005-1_custom-7588e3d0ab0f1dc039e01ccbf6e473aa14c83702-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shellfish biologist Sarah Dudas works with an oyster specimen at her Vancouver Island University lab. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So when you eat clams and oysters, you’re eating plastics as well,” Dudas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the Canadian government and British Columbia’s shellfish trade association, the project aimed to learn whether the shellfish aquaculture industry may be contaminating its own crop by using plastic infrastructure like nets, buoys and ropes. The experiment was a response to those claims by \u003ca href=\"https://adimsblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/microplastic-article.pdf\">local environmental groups\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tracking the origins of tiny plastic particles in a big ocean is new territory. So Dudas turned to Peter Ross, who has studied the effects of ocean pollution on sea life for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve long known that plastic and debris can be a problem for ocean life,” says Ross, director of the Vancouver Aquarium’s Ocean Pollution Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he began sampling the coast of British Columbia for microplastics. The researchers found up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007741\">9,200 particles of microplastic per cubic meter\u003c/a> of seawater — about the equivalent of emptying a salt shaker into a large moving box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2448px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2448\" height=\"1375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1920x1078.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/image_47225-1_custom-d99a7890c022334e8b52bb2f90d5873dc3aa9822-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2448px) 100vw, 2448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The majority of microplastic particles found in Dudas’ samples consist of microscopic synthetic fibers. \u003ccite>(Ken Christensen/KCTS Television)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So, large numbers,” Ross says. “Rather shocking numbers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found plastics that were made small, like the polystyrene beads sold as \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Fairfield-Poly-Fil-Micro-Beads-20-Ounce/dp/B001DTOH8S\">bean bag filler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XZY0OY/ref=asc_df_B000XZY0OY5165111/?tag=hyprod-20&creative=395033&creativeASIN=B000XZY0OY&linkCode=df0&hvadid=194013412954&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=14387442267544610200&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9033313&hvtargid=pla-314745397104\">fake snow\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-librarian-says-nurdles-washing-up-on-beaches-is-cause-for-concern-1.3311057\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the hard resin pellets used as a raw material for other plastic products. Microbeads, common in \u003ca href=\"http://www.beatthemicrobead.org/product-lists/\">toothpaste and face wash\u003c/a>, were also present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the majority of microplastics in Ross’ samples resembled those showing up in Dudas’ shellfish. They’re showing up by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2017/06/29/uw-oceanography-senior-finds-plastic-microfibers-are-common-on-puget-sound-beaches/\">thousands along Puget Sound’s shorelines\u003c/a>, too. They’re microfibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s overwhelmingly fibers,” Ross says. “And they’re being readily consumed at the bottom of the food chain, in zooplankton.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is adding to the evidence of a problem that touches every corner of the planet: from the depths of the \u003ca href=\"http://onemoregeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Microplastic-pollution-in-deep-sea-sediments.pdf\">ocean abyss\u003c/a> to the surface waters of the Arctic to an area in the middle of the Pacific Ocean now known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. Scientists think plastic pollution in the ocean could \u003ca href=\"http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf\">outweigh the fish there\u003c/a> by 2050.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nb7tbfjYu3o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nb7tbfjYu3o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Ross believes that locating the source of microfibers will help slow that trend. So lately, his science lab is looking more like a crime lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detective work begins under a microscope. Researchers study a petri dish that looks like an \u003ca href=\"http://www6.miami.edu/lowe/exhibition/walter-wick.html\">I Spy book\u003c/a> — a white background strewn with small colorful items. They note each particle’s size, shape and color and zoom in to study its appearance: the way a fiber drapes across the dish or frays at its tip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If particles pass the eye test, they advance to a machine called the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a fancy forensic machine used at police stations,” Ross says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machine scans individual particles with infrared light and generates a line graph on a nearby computer. Then the program cross-references that graph with a global database of other squiggly lines. One piece of fabric pulls up a list of probable matches — fibers with names like Zeftron 500 and Wonder Thread. They’re types of nylon. Other fibers bring up generic and commercial names for olefin and polyester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data can’t pinpoint a fiber’s exact source, but taken in aggregate can point to larger trends about the presence of microplastic pollution in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, the research is underlining the fact that many of the fibers ending up in the ocean are starting their journey much closer to home — probably in your home laundry machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor gear manufacturer Patagonia found that the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03045\">average synthetic jacket releases 1.7 grams\u003c/a> of microfibers per load of laundry. Each load may generate \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds\">hundreds of thousands of fibers\u003c/a>, which can slip through filters on washing machines and wastewater treatment plants and eventually make their way into ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fabrics are degrading over time and getting flushed out into the water system,” says Jeff Crook, chief product officer at Mountain Equipment Co-op, one of Canada’s biggest outdoor retailers. The Vancouver-based co-op paid $50,000 to support Ross’ effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improved filters may be one way to stop ocean-bound microfibers, Crook says, but he’s looking to Ross’ data for other information, like whether some types of fibers are ending up in the ocean more than others. The data could help start a conversation about creating industry-wide standards around fiber shedding, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we have, the more we can go back and tinker and improve the materials,” Crook says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others note that the world consumes hundreds of millions of tons of plastic annually — like food packaging and straws. Dudas said that, while she is finding that farmed shellfish don’t contain any more plastic than nonfarmed shellfish, she has no doubt that nets and ropes from shellfish aquaculture sites also shed fibers into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My fear is that we have a latent reservoir of these products that could become our future supply of microplastics,” Ross says. “And they’ll in turn be ingested by zooplankton and move up into the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be concerned that we’re part of that food chain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That research is ongoing, Dudas says, but the answer likely will depend on how much we consume. The clams and oysters in Dudas’ study contained an average of eight microplastic particles each, preliminary results show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some indications that those plastics can act as vectors for chemical pollutants and pathogens, and other researchers are studying whether plastics leave the human body after being eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When in doubt, ask a shellfish biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t be overly concerned about eating shellfish specifically,” Dudas said. “Microplastics are everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/programs/earthfix/how-much-plastic-do-you-want-in-your-oysters-and-clams\">\u003cem>story\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> comes to us from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://kcts9.org/\">\u003cem>KCTS9\u003c/em>\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.info/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>, \u003cem>an environmental journalism collaboration led by Oregon Public Broadcasting in partnership with five other public media stations in Oregon, Washington and Idaho.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 EarthFix. To see more, visit \u003ca>EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Guess+What%27s+Showing+Up+In+Our+Shellfish%3F+One+Word%3A+Plastics&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Interior Secretary Zinke Recommends Shrinking 6 National Monuments",
"headTitle": "Interior Secretary Zinke Recommends Shrinking 6 National Monuments | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke is recommending that six of 27 national monuments under review by the Trump administration be reduced in size, with changes to several others proposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leaked memo from Zinke to President Donald Trump recommends that two Utah monuments – Bears Ears and Grand Staircase Escalante — be reduced, along with Nevada’s Gold Butte and Oregon’s Cascade-Siskiyou.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memo did not mention shrinking any California national monuments. However, two marine monuments in the Pacific Ocean also would be reduced under Zinke’s memo, which has not been officially released. The Associated Press obtained a copy of the memo, which was first reported by the Wall Street Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump ordered the review earlier this year after complaining about improper “land grabs” by former presidents, including Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HCspacZYrsxrAtKrbQGUjXogjFnxaj7O”]National monument designations add protections for lands revered for their natural beauty and historical significance with the goal of preserving them for future generations. The restrictions aren’t as stringent as for national parks, but some policies include limits on mining, timber cutting and recreational activities such as riding off-road vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monuments under review were designated by four presidents over the last two decades. Several are about the size of the state of Delaware, including Mojave Trails in California, Grand-Staircase Escalante in Utah and Bears Ears, which is on sacred tribal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No other president has tried to eliminate a monument, but some have trimmed and redrawn boundaries 18 times, according to the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told The Associated Press last month that unspecified boundary adjustments for some monuments designated over the past four decades will be included in the recommendations submitted to Trump. None of the sites would revert to new ownership, he said, while public access for uses such as hunting, fishing or grazing would be maintained or restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also spoke of protecting tribal interests and historical land grants, pointing to monuments in New Mexico, where Hispanic ranchers have opposed two monuments proclaimed by Obama.\u003cbr>\nZinke declined to say whether portions of the monuments would be opened up to oil and gas drilling, mining, logging and other industries for which Trump has advocated. It was not clear from the memo how much energy development would be allowed on the sites recommended for changes, although the memo cites increased public access as a key goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for Zinke referred questions Sunday night to the White House, which did not offer immediate comment.\u003cbr>\nIf Trump adopts the recommendations, it would quiet some of the worst fears of his opponents, who warned that vast public lands and marine areas could be lost to states or private interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But significant reductions in the size of the monuments, especially those created by Obama, would mark the latest in a string of actions where Trump has sought to erode his Democratic predecessor’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations cap an unprecedented four-month review based on Trump’s claim that the century-old Antiquities Act had been misused by past presidents to create oversized monuments that hinder energy development, grazing and other uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The review raised alarm among conservationists who said protections could be lost for areas that are home to ancient cliff dwellings, towering sequoia trees, deep canyons and ocean habitats. They’ve vowed to file lawsuits if Trump attempts any changes that would reduce the size of monuments or rescind their designations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke had previously announced that no changes would be made at six national monuments — in Montana, Colorado, Idaho, California, Arizona and Washington. He also said that Bears Ears monument in Utah should be downsized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to shrinking six monuments, Zinke recommends changes at several other sites, including two national monuments in New Mexico: Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks and Rio Grande del Norte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also recommended changes to Katahdin Woods and Waters in Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Williams, president of the Wilderness Society, said the recommendations apparently made by Zinke “represent an unprecedented assault on our parks and public lands” by the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This callous proposal will needlessly punish local, predominantly rural communities that depend on parks and public lands for outdoor recreation, sustainable jobs and economic growth,” Williams said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the Trump administration has no legal authority to alter or erase protections for national treasures. If President Trump acts in support of these recommendations, The Wilderness Society will move swiftly to challenge those actions in court,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke is recommending that six of 27 national monuments under review by the Trump administration be reduced in size, with changes to several others proposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leaked memo from Zinke to President Donald Trump recommends that two Utah monuments – Bears Ears and Grand Staircase Escalante — be reduced, along with Nevada’s Gold Butte and Oregon’s Cascade-Siskiyou.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memo did not mention shrinking any California national monuments. However, two marine monuments in the Pacific Ocean also would be reduced under Zinke’s memo, which has not been officially released. The Associated Press obtained a copy of the memo, which was first reported by the Wall Street Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump ordered the review earlier this year after complaining about improper “land grabs” by former presidents, including Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>National monument designations add protections for lands revered for their natural beauty and historical significance with the goal of preserving them for future generations. The restrictions aren’t as stringent as for national parks, but some policies include limits on mining, timber cutting and recreational activities such as riding off-road vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monuments under review were designated by four presidents over the last two decades. Several are about the size of the state of Delaware, including Mojave Trails in California, Grand-Staircase Escalante in Utah and Bears Ears, which is on sacred tribal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No other president has tried to eliminate a monument, but some have trimmed and redrawn boundaries 18 times, according to the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke told The Associated Press last month that unspecified boundary adjustments for some monuments designated over the past four decades will be included in the recommendations submitted to Trump. None of the sites would revert to new ownership, he said, while public access for uses such as hunting, fishing or grazing would be maintained or restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also spoke of protecting tribal interests and historical land grants, pointing to monuments in New Mexico, where Hispanic ranchers have opposed two monuments proclaimed by Obama.\u003cbr>\nZinke declined to say whether portions of the monuments would be opened up to oil and gas drilling, mining, logging and other industries for which Trump has advocated. It was not clear from the memo how much energy development would be allowed on the sites recommended for changes, although the memo cites increased public access as a key goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for Zinke referred questions Sunday night to the White House, which did not offer immediate comment.\u003cbr>\nIf Trump adopts the recommendations, it would quiet some of the worst fears of his opponents, who warned that vast public lands and marine areas could be lost to states or private interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But significant reductions in the size of the monuments, especially those created by Obama, would mark the latest in a string of actions where Trump has sought to erode his Democratic predecessor’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations cap an unprecedented four-month review based on Trump’s claim that the century-old Antiquities Act had been misused by past presidents to create oversized monuments that hinder energy development, grazing and other uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The review raised alarm among conservationists who said protections could be lost for areas that are home to ancient cliff dwellings, towering sequoia trees, deep canyons and ocean habitats. They’ve vowed to file lawsuits if Trump attempts any changes that would reduce the size of monuments or rescind their designations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke had previously announced that no changes would be made at six national monuments — in Montana, Colorado, Idaho, California, Arizona and Washington. He also said that Bears Ears monument in Utah should be downsized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to shrinking six monuments, Zinke recommends changes at several other sites, including two national monuments in New Mexico: Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks and Rio Grande del Norte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also recommended changes to Katahdin Woods and Waters in Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Williams, president of the Wilderness Society, said the recommendations apparently made by Zinke “represent an unprecedented assault on our parks and public lands” by the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This callous proposal will needlessly punish local, predominantly rural communities that depend on parks and public lands for outdoor recreation, sustainable jobs and economic growth,” Williams said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the Trump administration has no legal authority to alter or erase protections for national treasures. If President Trump acts in support of these recommendations, The Wilderness Society will move swiftly to challenge those actions in court,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Drivers in the market for electric cars may be able to count on a popular incentive. California lawmakers voted this week to extend a program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The green and white stickers currently on electric, plug-in hybrid and hydrogen-powered cars are set to expire on January 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is just one of the ways California is trying to boost adoption of cleaner cars. The state has ambitious goal: put 1.5 million zero emission vehicles on the road by 2025. As of the end of 2016, around 245,000 have been sold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915644\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1020x851.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1020x851.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-800x667.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-768x641.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1180x984.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-960x801.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-240x200.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-375x313.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-520x434.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker.jpg 1688w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 240,000 green and white carpool stickers have been issued statewide. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This year, California has demonstrated its environmental leadership on a global stage, stepping up as the federal government has stepped down,” said bill author Assemblymember Richard Bloom, in a statement. “We must continue to do so by extending this effective program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Governor Jerry Brown signs the bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AB 544 \u003c/a>(\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Governor Brown signed the bill on October 10, 2017), here’s how the new program would work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after January 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until January 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until January 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before January 1, 2017 will expire on January 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, a state-funded rebate that can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household filer, and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YuHkFHw0TmgdBCvN5Tz4t9uBcqFLlVir”]Demand for the carpool lane stickers has often exceeded supply. For years, the number of green stickers was capped, leaving hundreds of drivers on waiting lists for the program until the state legislature opened it again. The cap was eliminated completely last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new system would create “rolling” expiration dates, eventually limiting the number of clean cars in carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some, including the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), have raised concerns about overcrowding in carpool lanes and are pushing for better enforcement. An MTC-commissioned study found 24 percent of drivers in carpool lanes during the morning commute were there in violation of the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislators passed another bill this week, SB 498, that would require the state to ensure that half of the vehicles it purchases for its state fleet are also zero-emission by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drivers in the market for electric cars may be able to count on a popular incentive. California lawmakers voted this week to extend a program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The green and white stickers currently on electric, plug-in hybrid and hydrogen-powered cars are set to expire on January 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is just one of the ways California is trying to boost adoption of cleaner cars. The state has ambitious goal: put 1.5 million zero emission vehicles on the road by 2025. As of the end of 2016, around 245,000 have been sold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915644\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1020x851.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1020x851.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-800x667.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-768x641.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1180x984.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-960x801.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-240x200.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-375x313.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-520x434.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker.jpg 1688w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 240,000 green and white carpool stickers have been issued statewide. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This year, California has demonstrated its environmental leadership on a global stage, stepping up as the federal government has stepped down,” said bill author Assemblymember Richard Bloom, in a statement. “We must continue to do so by extending this effective program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Governor Jerry Brown signs the bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AB 544 \u003c/a>(\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Governor Brown signed the bill on October 10, 2017), here’s how the new program would work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after January 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until January 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until January 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before January 1, 2017 will expire on January 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, a state-funded rebate that can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household filer, and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Demand for the carpool lane stickers has often exceeded supply. For years, the number of green stickers was capped, leaving hundreds of drivers on waiting lists for the program until the state legislature opened it again. The cap was eliminated completely last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new system would create “rolling” expiration dates, eventually limiting the number of clean cars in carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some, including the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), have raised concerns about overcrowding in carpool lanes and are pushing for better enforcement. An MTC-commissioned study found 24 percent of drivers in carpool lanes during the morning commute were there in violation of the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislators passed another bill this week, SB 498, that would require the state to ensure that half of the vehicles it purchases for its state fleet are also zero-emission by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Can California Really Go 100 Percent Renewable Energy?",
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"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/100PercentNoGHGSommerTCR170908.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Can California Really Go 100 Percent Renewable Energy?\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Nrel-solar.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: The bill cleared both houses in the late summer of 2018 and Gov. Jerry Brown signed this legislation on Sept. 10, in the days leading up to his Global Climate Action Summit in San Francisco. The original analysis, below, is from Sept. 2017.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers are considering a groundbreaking new energy goal: getting 100 percent of the state’s electricity from clean sources like solar and wind — in less than 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a state of California’s size, it’s an ambitious reach. California is second only to Texas in its energy appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As debate over the measure wore on in Sacramento this summer, another debate raged over the benefits and risks of going completely green, one that could shape California’s future as well as other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side: Mark Jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be a huge deal because other states will be inspired.’\u003ccite>Mark Jacobson, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely do not need natural gas or coal,” says Jacobson. “The costs of solar are so low. The costs of wind are very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To know where Jacobson is coming from, you only have to glimpse the license plates on his two electric cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One is GHGFREE: greenhouse gas free,” he says, inside the garage of his Palo Alto home. “And the other is WWSERA ,which means wind-water-solar era.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson has authored study after study on a 100 percent renewable future, including \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/CaliforniaWWS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one focusing on California\u003c/a>. His work informed state lawmakers, when, earlier this year, they introduced SB 100, a bill that would set a goal of going all-renewable by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar power is booming in the state, as electric utilities march toward the state’s existing goal of going 50 percent renewable by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s already caused \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a few headaches\u003c/a>. The sun and wind aren’t always producing power when Californians need it most, namely in the evening. And the state’s other power plants, like natural gas and nuclear, aren’t as flexible as they need to be to handle those ups and downs. Hydropower offers the most flexibility, but is scarce during drought years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915389\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915389 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DesertSunlight_V03.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Desert Sunlight solar farm in Riverside County is one of the largest in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jacobson says there are plenty of strategies to overcome that. One is on display right in his garage: four large Tesla batteries mounted on the wall. The solar panels on his roof are charging them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At night, when there’s no more sunlight, the batteries kick in and the electricity I use in my house is drawn from the batteries,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California could do that on a massive scale, he says, either inside homes or buildings or by building very large energy storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, a better-connected transmission grid could bring power into the state when solar or wind is lacking. And during times of peak demand, homes and buildings could reduce their power use dynamically through more advanced software and a “smarter” grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a huge deal because other states will be inspired, other countries can be inspired,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson’s vision has drawn fire from critics. Earlier this summer, a number of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/114/26/6722.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published a paper\u003c/a> questioning his conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was basically a hit piece on our work,” Jacobson says. “I felt we were viciously attacked more that I’ve ever seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a saying that academic squabbles are vicious because so little is a stake,” says Ken Caldeira, one of the co-authors on the paper and a scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, there’s plenty at stake, and a ferocious Twitter debate ensued. California gets only about a quarter of its electricity from renewables today, so reaching 100 percent would be a wholesale transformation — one that Caldeira fundamentally supports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each emission of carbon dioxide is another increment of warming and we need to have an energy system that doesn’t rely on using the sky as a waste dump,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ohUdus9j8fekNWkS0uEONqdhoVdtDUdj”]Caldeira says studies show reaching 80 percent renewable energy is well within reach. Even hitting 100 percent is technically possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could do it,” he says. “It would just be very expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Costs are coming down for advanced batteries, which are still relatively pricey today. Renewable energy projects need new transmission lines, which can be challenging to build. Solar farms have a large footprint on the ground, which has already been contentious in California’s sensitive desert ecosystem. And the trade association for California’s wind industry has said it sees little potential for new development here, after certain public lands were declared off limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the key is to start down that path and keep our options open,” says Caldiera, “so when we get to the point where we don’t know what to do, hopefully by then we will know what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers seem to agree. They rewrote the bill, changing it from a 100 percent renewable regulatory requirement to a 100 percent greenhouse gas-free energy goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it could include nuclear energy, large hydropower dams, or even natural gas power plants, if they capture their carbon emissions. At least 60 percent of the electricity would still have to come from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a welcome change for California’s electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say flexibility is critical,” says Lupe Jimenez, research and development manager at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District. “If we’re looking for a low-carbon future, I don’t think we want to narrow our options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMUD has built a handful of energy storage demonstration projects. In mid-town Sacramento, more than 30 townhouses have both solar power and batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a ton of potential in storage technology,” says Jimenez. “We understand the prices are going to continue to fall. We want to be nimble and prepared for when they do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento’s utility hasn’t taken a position on the 100 percent clean energy bill. Pacific Gas & Electric currently opposes it unless changes are made, though when asked by KQED, the company refused to specify what changes it’s requesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We want to help California achieve its bold clean energy goals in a way that is affordable for our customers,” the company said in a statement. “If it’s not affordable, it’s not sustainable.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers have until September 15 to vote on the bill and send it to Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: The bill cleared both houses in the late summer of 2018 and Gov. Jerry Brown signed this legislation on Sept. 10, in the days leading up to his Global Climate Action Summit in San Francisco. The original analysis, below, is from Sept. 2017.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers are considering a groundbreaking new energy goal: getting 100 percent of the state’s electricity from clean sources like solar and wind — in less than 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a state of California’s size, it’s an ambitious reach. California is second only to Texas in its energy appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As debate over the measure wore on in Sacramento this summer, another debate raged over the benefits and risks of going completely green, one that could shape California’s future as well as other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side: Mark Jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be a huge deal because other states will be inspired.’\u003ccite>Mark Jacobson, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely do not need natural gas or coal,” says Jacobson. “The costs of solar are so low. The costs of wind are very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To know where Jacobson is coming from, you only have to glimpse the license plates on his two electric cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One is GHGFREE: greenhouse gas free,” he says, inside the garage of his Palo Alto home. “And the other is WWSERA ,which means wind-water-solar era.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson has authored study after study on a 100 percent renewable future, including \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/CaliforniaWWS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one focusing on California\u003c/a>. His work informed state lawmakers, when, earlier this year, they introduced SB 100, a bill that would set a goal of going all-renewable by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar power is booming in the state, as electric utilities march toward the state’s existing goal of going 50 percent renewable by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s already caused \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a few headaches\u003c/a>. The sun and wind aren’t always producing power when Californians need it most, namely in the evening. And the state’s other power plants, like natural gas and nuclear, aren’t as flexible as they need to be to handle those ups and downs. Hydropower offers the most flexibility, but is scarce during drought years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915389\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915389 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DesertSunlight_V03.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Desert Sunlight solar farm in Riverside County is one of the largest in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jacobson says there are plenty of strategies to overcome that. One is on display right in his garage: four large Tesla batteries mounted on the wall. The solar panels on his roof are charging them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At night, when there’s no more sunlight, the batteries kick in and the electricity I use in my house is drawn from the batteries,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California could do that on a massive scale, he says, either inside homes or buildings or by building very large energy storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, a better-connected transmission grid could bring power into the state when solar or wind is lacking. And during times of peak demand, homes and buildings could reduce their power use dynamically through more advanced software and a “smarter” grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a huge deal because other states will be inspired, other countries can be inspired,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson’s vision has drawn fire from critics. Earlier this summer, a number of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/114/26/6722.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published a paper\u003c/a> questioning his conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was basically a hit piece on our work,” Jacobson says. “I felt we were viciously attacked more that I’ve ever seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a saying that academic squabbles are vicious because so little is a stake,” says Ken Caldeira, one of the co-authors on the paper and a scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, there’s plenty at stake, and a ferocious Twitter debate ensued. California gets only about a quarter of its electricity from renewables today, so reaching 100 percent would be a wholesale transformation — one that Caldeira fundamentally supports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each emission of carbon dioxide is another increment of warming and we need to have an energy system that doesn’t rely on using the sky as a waste dump,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Caldeira says studies show reaching 80 percent renewable energy is well within reach. Even hitting 100 percent is technically possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could do it,” he says. “It would just be very expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Costs are coming down for advanced batteries, which are still relatively pricey today. Renewable energy projects need new transmission lines, which can be challenging to build. Solar farms have a large footprint on the ground, which has already been contentious in California’s sensitive desert ecosystem. And the trade association for California’s wind industry has said it sees little potential for new development here, after certain public lands were declared off limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the key is to start down that path and keep our options open,” says Caldiera, “so when we get to the point where we don’t know what to do, hopefully by then we will know what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers seem to agree. They rewrote the bill, changing it from a 100 percent renewable regulatory requirement to a 100 percent greenhouse gas-free energy goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it could include nuclear energy, large hydropower dams, or even natural gas power plants, if they capture their carbon emissions. At least 60 percent of the electricity would still have to come from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a welcome change for California’s electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say flexibility is critical,” says Lupe Jimenez, research and development manager at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District. “If we’re looking for a low-carbon future, I don’t think we want to narrow our options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMUD has built a handful of energy storage demonstration projects. In mid-town Sacramento, more than 30 townhouses have both solar power and batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a ton of potential in storage technology,” says Jimenez. “We understand the prices are going to continue to fall. We want to be nimble and prepared for when they do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento’s utility hasn’t taken a position on the 100 percent clean energy bill. Pacific Gas & Electric currently opposes it unless changes are made, though when asked by KQED, the company refused to specify what changes it’s requesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We want to help California achieve its bold clean energy goals in a way that is affordable for our customers,” the company said in a statement. “If it’s not affordable, it’s not sustainable.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers have until September 15 to vote on the bill and send it to Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em; float: left; line-height: 0.733em; padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0; font-family: times, serif, georgia;\">T\u003c/span>ommy Williams rips through an Alka Seltzer packet, dropping the antacids into a bucket of water teeming with juvenile steelhead trout. He has several minutes to work before the anesthetizing effect wears off and the fish wake up. During that brief interval, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NOAA\u003c/a> fisheries biologist and his team will measure, weigh and mark the steelhead before sliding them back into the Carmel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A beautiful one!” Williams exclaims, as a slippery silver steelhead spasms off the measuring table and slaps into this reporter’s leg before writhing in the sand. “Look at those pinks and grays,” he says, scooping up the fish and placing it on a measuring board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/CarmelRiverHoshawTCR170907.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Biologists Watch Steelhead Return After Historic Dam Removal\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DL417-Salmon-stream.gif\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams is excited not just because he’s a fish enthusiast, but because this federally protected species probably couldn’t have survived here two years ago, before the San Clemente dam was removed. The landscape was blanketed in silt, devoid of the large rocks, boulders, fallen trees and side channels that steelhead need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If areas upstream are not diverse,” says Williams, “it can very well press the population to extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aging, 106-foot tall concrete dam blocked the steelhead’s path upstream. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Clemente Dam\u003c/a> was 95 percent full of sediment and at risk for failure during an earthquake, which would have sent more than a million tons of sediment and debris hurling toward 1,500 structures— including homes—downstream. When bulldozers crumbled the 94-year-old structure in 2015, it became the largest dam removal project in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the dam served a dual purpose: to dislodge a seismic hazard and restore the landscape, allowing endangered steelhead, lamprey and endangered red-legged frogs to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things look good. Sometimes we get three fish, four fish, five fish—and we had 80 fish there,” says Williams after tallying up the Alka Seltzer-stunned fish. “So that was impressive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915252\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 453px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915252\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"453\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juvenile steelhead collected from the Carmel River just before fisheries biologist Tommy Williams measures and weighs them. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Epic Rains, Thriving Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winter weather definitely helped. Epic January rains flooded the banks of the Carmel River and sped up the recovery process by pushing boulders, black cottonwood trees and tons of sediment downstream. The floods changed the shape of the snaking river and provided richer, more diverse habitat for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching a huge reset of this system, with the dam being removed, \u003cem>and\u003c/em> having high flows \u003cem>and\u003c/em> watching recovery from a fire, \u003cem>and\u003c/em> watching it come back from a drought,” says Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 dwindled to 249 in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a major reversal of fortune for steelhead populations since the drought, which was so bad in 2014 that the Carmel River didn’t reach the ocean for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the river is healthier, but scientists say steelhead populations need to increase further so they can spread out \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and help repopulate nearby streams.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have built that into our conservation plans,” says Williams, “you can’t just circle the wagons around one watershed or these populations will go extinct.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915264\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915264\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA scientists Lea Bond, Tommy Williams and Nate Mangua stretch a net across a section of the Carmel River for fish sampling. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ultimate Measure of Success: Time\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams and his team hope hundreds of adult steelhead will return to the Carmel River in the future.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They hope the restoration project will be like the 2011 removal of the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwha_River\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elwha River\u003c/a>‘s two dams—Elwha and Glines Canyon—on the \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3097/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Northern Washington peninsula\u003c/a>. That was the largest dam removal project in U.S. history and an ecological success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fish came right back,” recalls\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com/author/lynda-v-mapes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lynda Mapes\u003c/a>, an environment reporter for \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Seattle Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was amazing to see how quickly that happened. I mean, within literally a day of the lower dam coming out you had fish cruising into the Olympic National Park for the first time in 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapes wrote “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Elwha-River-Reborn-Lynda-Mapes/dp/1594857342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elwha: A River Reborn\u003c/a>” about wildlife recovering after the dam came down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, you provide habitat—suitable habitat—for plants or an animal or an insect and you’re gonna get it. And indeed, here come the fish and here come the various animals that rely on the fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915266\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915266\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steelhead trout collected from the Carmel River this summer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once they’re big enough, steelhead in the Carmel River will swim downriver, out into the Pacific and come back to the same spot 3-5 years later. That’s when biologists can get a more exact count on the burgeoning population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where we hope to start seeing a noticeable difference is in 2020 and beyond,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams’ insights from the Carmel River are already informing his next project—the slated demolition of four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River near the California-Oregon border. The Klamath River project would surpass San Clemente Dam as the largest dam removal in state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Carmel River, steelhead finally have pools of water to rest in and boulders to hide under. After nearly 100 years, the river is slowing shifting back into a version of its former self.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams is excited not just because he’s a fish enthusiast, but because this federally protected species probably couldn’t have survived here two years ago, before the San Clemente dam was removed. The landscape was blanketed in silt, devoid of the large rocks, boulders, fallen trees and side channels that steelhead need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If areas upstream are not diverse,” says Williams, “it can very well press the population to extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aging, 106-foot tall concrete dam blocked the steelhead’s path upstream. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Clemente Dam\u003c/a> was 95 percent full of sediment and at risk for failure during an earthquake, which would have sent more than a million tons of sediment and debris hurling toward 1,500 structures— including homes—downstream. When bulldozers crumbled the 94-year-old structure in 2015, it became the largest dam removal project in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the dam served a dual purpose: to dislodge a seismic hazard and restore the landscape, allowing endangered steelhead, lamprey and endangered red-legged frogs to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things look good. Sometimes we get three fish, four fish, five fish—and we had 80 fish there,” says Williams after tallying up the Alka Seltzer-stunned fish. “So that was impressive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915252\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 453px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915252\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"453\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fish_in_bucket-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juvenile steelhead collected from the Carmel River just before fisheries biologist Tommy Williams measures and weighs them. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Epic Rains, Thriving Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winter weather definitely helped. Epic January rains flooded the banks of the Carmel River and sped up the recovery process by pushing boulders, black cottonwood trees and tons of sediment downstream. The floods changed the shape of the snaking river and provided richer, more diverse habitat for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re watching a huge reset of this system, with the dam being removed, \u003cem>and\u003c/em> having high flows \u003cem>and\u003c/em> watching recovery from a fire, \u003cem>and\u003c/em> watching it come back from a drought,” says Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 dwindled to 249 in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a major reversal of fortune for steelhead populations since the drought, which was so bad in 2014 that the Carmel River didn’t reach the ocean for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the river is healthier, but scientists say steelhead populations need to increase further so they can spread out \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and help repopulate nearby streams.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have built that into our conservation plans,” says Williams, “you can’t just circle the wagons around one watershed or these populations will go extinct.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915264\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915264\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Net-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA scientists Lea Bond, Tommy Williams and Nate Mangua stretch a net across a section of the Carmel River for fish sampling. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ultimate Measure of Success: Time\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams and his team hope hundreds of adult steelhead will return to the Carmel River in the future.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They hope the restoration project will be like the 2011 removal of the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwha_River\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elwha River\u003c/a>‘s two dams—Elwha and Glines Canyon—on the \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3097/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Northern Washington peninsula\u003c/a>. That was the largest dam removal project in U.S. history and an ecological success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fish came right back,” recalls\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com/author/lynda-v-mapes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lynda Mapes\u003c/a>, an environment reporter for \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Seattle Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was amazing to see how quickly that happened. I mean, within literally a day of the lower dam coming out you had fish cruising into the Olympic National Park for the first time in 100 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapes wrote “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Elwha-River-Reborn-Lynda-Mapes/dp/1594857342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elwha: A River Reborn\u003c/a>” about wildlife recovering after the dam came down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, you provide habitat—suitable habitat—for plants or an animal or an insect and you’re gonna get it. And indeed, here come the fish and here come the various animals that rely on the fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915266\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915266\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544.jpg 2448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6544-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steelhead trout collected from the Carmel River this summer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once they’re big enough, steelhead in the Carmel River will swim downriver, out into the Pacific and come back to the same spot 3-5 years later. That’s when biologists can get a more exact count on the burgeoning population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where we hope to start seeing a noticeable difference is in 2020 and beyond,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams’ insights from the Carmel River are already informing his next project—the slated demolition of four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River near the California-Oregon border. The Klamath River project would surpass San Clemente Dam as the largest dam removal in state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Carmel River, steelhead finally have pools of water to rest in and boulders to hide under. After nearly 100 years, the river is slowing shifting back into a version of its former self.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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