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"content": "\u003cp>From the murky depths of Spanish caves comes a surprising insight: Neanderthals created art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been proposed before, but experts say two new studies finally give convincing evidence that our evolutionary cousins had the brainpower to make artistic works and use symbols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key finding: New age estimates that show paintings on cave walls and decorated seashells in Spain were created long before our species entered Europe. So there’s no way Homo sapiens could have made them or influenced Neanderthals to merely copy their artwork.[contextly_sidebar id=”EHrkRLCP4BtuYxmPUy7RLWeQ4fPThh1Z”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, most scientists thought all cave paintings were the work of our species. But the new work concludes that some previously known paintings — an array of lines, some disks and the outline of a hand — were rendered about 20,000 years before H. sapiens moved into Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a surprise that “constitutes a major breakthrough in the field of human evolution studies,” said Wil Roebroeks of Leiden University in the Netherlands, an expert on Neanderthals who didn’t participate in the new work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said in an email, Neanderthal “ownership of some cave art is a fact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second study provided evidence that Neanderthals used pigments and piercings to modify shells some 115,000 years ago, which is far earlier than similar artifacts are associated with H. sapiens anywhere. That shows Neanderthals “were quite capable of inventing the ornaments themselves,” said Paola Villa of the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder, who also didn’t participate in the new work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neanderthals lived in Europe and Asia before disappearing about 40,000 years ago, around the time H. sapiens moved into Europe from Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, released Thursday by the journals\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org./\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaar5255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Advances\u003c/a> , focused on determining the ages of previously known artifacts.[contextly_sidebar id=”GUT8Sp90Ob1iJMjQ1XYztxfDYP8opBrS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Meaningful Symbols’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One team of European researchers concentrated on painted artwork in three caves in northern, southern and west-central Spain. They carefully removed tiny bits of rocky crust that had formed on the artwork surfaces and analyzed them in a lab. Results indicated artwork from all three were around 65,000 years old, much older than the arrival of H. sapiens in Europe, which occurred some 45,000 to 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The artwork is rudimentary, but a study author, Dirk Hoffmann of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, said it’s symbolic. One work is a collection of lines that look like a ladder, and others include red dots and disks on curtainlike rock formations. Another is a stenciled outline of a hand, made by spewing pigment over a hand held against the wall, Hoffmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the hand stencil involves so many steps, including preparation of the pigment, that it’s clearly a deliberate creation, he and other authors wrote in the paper. What’s more, a number of hand stencils seem to have been placed with care rather than randomly, so they are certainly “meaningful symbols,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other study sought to find the age of shells that had been colored and punctured in another cave, in southeast Spain. Previous studies had estimated an age of 45,000 to 50,000 years old, too young to rule out a link to H. sapiens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the new work, researchers analyzed rock that had formed above where the shells had been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results indicated the shells were around 115,000 years old. That is some 20,000 to 40,000 years older than comparable artifacts in Africa or western Asia that are attributed to H. sapiens. The finding shows Neanderthals shared symbolic thinking with H. sapiens, and suggests the two species were “indistinguishable” in terms of overall mental ability, the researchers wrote.[contextly_sidebar id=”0SxWtG9P8g01TRiYDKdxjjM9fDLS6dBP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nobody knows what the shells symbolized. Maybe they indicated membership in a group like a clan, said Joao Zilhao of the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies in Barcelona, Spain, who did the study with Hoffmann and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all experts were convinced by the studies. Harold Dibble, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania who studies Neanderthal behavior, wondered if the shell color and holes could have occurred naturally. And he said he’d like to see the dating in the cave art paper confirmed by another lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warren Sharp of the Berkeley Geochronology Center in California, an expert on the dating technique used in both papers, said he found the results of both studies to be “very solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They show “we are not the only ones capable of ‘modern’ behavior,” he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said in an email, Neanderthal “ownership of some cave art is a fact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second study provided evidence that Neanderthals used pigments and piercings to modify shells some 115,000 years ago, which is far earlier than similar artifacts are associated with H. sapiens anywhere. That shows Neanderthals “were quite capable of inventing the ornaments themselves,” said Paola Villa of the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder, who also didn’t participate in the new work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neanderthals lived in Europe and Asia before disappearing about 40,000 years ago, around the time H. sapiens moved into Europe from Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, released Thursday by the journals\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org./\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaar5255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Advances\u003c/a> , focused on determining the ages of previously known artifacts.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Meaningful Symbols’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One team of European researchers concentrated on painted artwork in three caves in northern, southern and west-central Spain. They carefully removed tiny bits of rocky crust that had formed on the artwork surfaces and analyzed them in a lab. Results indicated artwork from all three were around 65,000 years old, much older than the arrival of H. sapiens in Europe, which occurred some 45,000 to 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The artwork is rudimentary, but a study author, Dirk Hoffmann of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, said it’s symbolic. One work is a collection of lines that look like a ladder, and others include red dots and disks on curtainlike rock formations. Another is a stenciled outline of a hand, made by spewing pigment over a hand held against the wall, Hoffmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the hand stencil involves so many steps, including preparation of the pigment, that it’s clearly a deliberate creation, he and other authors wrote in the paper. What’s more, a number of hand stencils seem to have been placed with care rather than randomly, so they are certainly “meaningful symbols,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other study sought to find the age of shells that had been colored and punctured in another cave, in southeast Spain. Previous studies had estimated an age of 45,000 to 50,000 years old, too young to rule out a link to H. sapiens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the new work, researchers analyzed rock that had formed above where the shells had been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results indicated the shells were around 115,000 years old. That is some 20,000 to 40,000 years older than comparable artifacts in Africa or western Asia that are attributed to H. sapiens. The finding shows Neanderthals shared symbolic thinking with H. sapiens, and suggests the two species were “indistinguishable” in terms of overall mental ability, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nobody knows what the shells symbolized. Maybe they indicated membership in a group like a clan, said Joao Zilhao of the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies in Barcelona, Spain, who did the study with Hoffmann and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all experts were convinced by the studies. Harold Dibble, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania who studies Neanderthal behavior, wondered if the shell color and holes could have occurred naturally. And he said he’d like to see the dating in the cave art paper confirmed by another lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warren Sharp of the Berkeley Geochronology Center in California, an expert on the dating technique used in both papers, said he found the results of both studies to be “very solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They show “we are not the only ones capable of ‘modern’ behavior,” he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Will California's Water Wars Create A Constitutional Conundrum?",
"headTitle": "Will California’s Water Wars Create A Constitutional Conundrum? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With nearly half the state \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/22/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back in drought\u003c/a>, California’s water regulator held a contentious hearing in Sacramento on Tuesday on whether to make permanent the temporary water bans enacted by Governor Jerry Brown during the 2014-2017 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board announced it will revisit the proposed measures in March while it makes some minor revisions to the draft proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the proposed measures \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/09/06/drought-rules-lone-gone-yet-california-keeps-saving-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relate to restrictions\u003c/a> against over watering lawns; hosing down driveways and sidewalks; washing vehicles with hoses not equipped with a shut-off nozzle; and running non-recirculated water in an ornamental fountain. Certain exceptions would apply for public health and safety reasons or commercial agricultural purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Water Resources Control Board, which wants to make these rules permanent, holds that even though the measures were passed in a time of emergency they should be understood as part of a broader effort to make conservation a way of life in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought-prone state.\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920251\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-768x526.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1920x1314.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1180x808.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker uses a hose to wash the sidewalk in front of a residential hotel on July 15, 2014 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said that climate change is causing more frequent and longer droughts in California. She pointed to the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which remains at levels well below the average. The Sierra snowpack, a source of about a third of the state’s water supply, is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently at 22 percent\u003c/a> of the long term average for early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why making conservation in California a way of life is so important,” said Marcus. “The Sierra water content shows we are worse off than we were three years ago, at the peak of the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Only “Reasonable” Use\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut the proposed rules, which would carry fines of up to $500 per violation, faced strong push back from some water agencies who accuse the regulatory board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">of a power grab.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue, opponents say, is constitutional. The California Constitution contains a provision that prohibits the “waste or unreasonable use” of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority.’\u003ccite>Jeff Stephenson, San Diego Water Authority\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Water administrators fear that the board is going to rely on the constitutional provision to erode the water rights belonging to California landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Erratic individuals can occupy great positions of power in government, and you had better believe they will occupy your chair someday,” said Jackson Minasian, an attorney for Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation Co. “Their view of what is ‘waste and unreasonable use’ will be radically different than yours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Stephenson, of the San Diego County Water Authority, said the proposal marks an unauthorized expansion of the water board’s authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority on this matter and several others,” said Stephenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board pushed back however, arguing that it was operating within its statutory authority to prevent\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/01/12/the-water-in-your-jeans-how-two-consumer-products-giants-are-cutting-back-on-water-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wasteful water\u003c/a> uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel confident that the board is acting squarely within its authority,” said David Rose, Water Board staff counsel. “We made sure specific uses were being addressed and that they would not impact water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1259645\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 475px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1259645\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-240x162.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-375x253.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sprinklers water the lawn in Golden Gate Park on April 2, 2015 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rose added that water banned for use in one area, could always be put to another use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prohibiting these specific discreet, wasteful and unreasonable water uses would allow suppliers, water users and water rights holders to use any amount of water that they couldn’t use . . . on a reasonable and beneficial use,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water: Private or Public Right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nRichard M. Frank, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/faculty/frank/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Environmental Law & Policy Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, says that lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right, compared to for example owning a car or home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a limited property right, which is something that is lost on a lot of people in the ongoing California debate on water. The courts have long held that water is owned by the public, and that is also embedded in California statutes. “[contextly_sidebar id=”YZxhkODn2tSAEK3h8N7xJTANCBGykjBn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private parties who seek to appropriate water have since 1914 had to first obtain a license from the state to use water and that license is subject to restrictions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important of these restrictions is the constitutional provision stating that all water use must be ‘reasonable,'” Frank said. “And the state can limit, ban, and penalize unreasonable uses of water. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 349px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"349\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heather Welles, an attorney who works on water rights at the law firm \u003ca href=\"https://www.omm.com/professionals/heather-welles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O’Melveny in Los Angeles\u003c/a>,\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>says the courts have been pretty deferential to the board’s authority to identify specific practices as wasteful or unreasonable. And in this case, the board has provided safeguards within the proposed regulations to allow water users to protest a citation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a general matter, if the board is going to take action that limits specific water rights, it would have to engage in a process that would give water rights holders the ability to dispute the grounds\u003cstrong>,” \u003c/strong>said Welles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Here, the proposed regulations incorporate a process by which if the board is actually issuing a notice or penalty, then the water user may request a hearing before the board and, of course, seek judicial review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank noted that if Governor Brown declares another drought emergency, the move will only strengthen the board’s hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board will have broader legal authority than it has now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the state plunges back into drought, just months after emerging from the last one, permanent water restrictions in California may be\u003cb> \u003c/b>imminent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not in an emergency right now, but shame on us if we just\u003cbr>\nbury our heads in the sand,” Marcus, Water Board Chairwoman, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8020998-181/california-weighs-bringing-back-drought-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> the \u003cem>Santa Rosa Press Democrat.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal observers expect a protracted battle ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The water board's mission to make conservation a way of life in California is not without controversy.",
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"title": "Will California's Water Wars Create A Constitutional Conundrum? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With nearly half the state \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/22/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back in drought\u003c/a>, California’s water regulator held a contentious hearing in Sacramento on Tuesday on whether to make permanent the temporary water bans enacted by Governor Jerry Brown during the 2014-2017 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board announced it will revisit the proposed measures in March while it makes some minor revisions to the draft proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the proposed measures \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/09/06/drought-rules-lone-gone-yet-california-keeps-saving-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relate to restrictions\u003c/a> against over watering lawns; hosing down driveways and sidewalks; washing vehicles with hoses not equipped with a shut-off nozzle; and running non-recirculated water in an ornamental fountain. Certain exceptions would apply for public health and safety reasons or commercial agricultural purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Water Resources Control Board, which wants to make these rules permanent, holds that even though the measures were passed in a time of emergency they should be understood as part of a broader effort to make conservation a way of life in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought-prone state.\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920251\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-768x526.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1920x1314.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1180x808.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker uses a hose to wash the sidewalk in front of a residential hotel on July 15, 2014 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said that climate change is causing more frequent and longer droughts in California. She pointed to the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which remains at levels well below the average. The Sierra snowpack, a source of about a third of the state’s water supply, is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently at 22 percent\u003c/a> of the long term average for early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why making conservation in California a way of life is so important,” said Marcus. “The Sierra water content shows we are worse off than we were three years ago, at the peak of the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Only “Reasonable” Use\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut the proposed rules, which would carry fines of up to $500 per violation, faced strong push back from some water agencies who accuse the regulatory board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">of a power grab.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue, opponents say, is constitutional. The California Constitution contains a provision that prohibits the “waste or unreasonable use” of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority.’\u003ccite>Jeff Stephenson, San Diego Water Authority\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Water administrators fear that the board is going to rely on the constitutional provision to erode the water rights belonging to California landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Erratic individuals can occupy great positions of power in government, and you had better believe they will occupy your chair someday,” said Jackson Minasian, an attorney for Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation Co. “Their view of what is ‘waste and unreasonable use’ will be radically different than yours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Stephenson, of the San Diego County Water Authority, said the proposal marks an unauthorized expansion of the water board’s authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority on this matter and several others,” said Stephenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board pushed back however, arguing that it was operating within its statutory authority to prevent\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/01/12/the-water-in-your-jeans-how-two-consumer-products-giants-are-cutting-back-on-water-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wasteful water\u003c/a> uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel confident that the board is acting squarely within its authority,” said David Rose, Water Board staff counsel. “We made sure specific uses were being addressed and that they would not impact water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1259645\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 475px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1259645\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-240x162.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-375x253.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sprinklers water the lawn in Golden Gate Park on April 2, 2015 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rose added that water banned for use in one area, could always be put to another use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prohibiting these specific discreet, wasteful and unreasonable water uses would allow suppliers, water users and water rights holders to use any amount of water that they couldn’t use . . . on a reasonable and beneficial use,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water: Private or Public Right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nRichard M. Frank, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/faculty/frank/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Environmental Law & Policy Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, says that lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right, compared to for example owning a car or home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a limited property right, which is something that is lost on a lot of people in the ongoing California debate on water. The courts have long held that water is owned by the public, and that is also embedded in California statutes. “\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private parties who seek to appropriate water have since 1914 had to first obtain a license from the state to use water and that license is subject to restrictions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important of these restrictions is the constitutional provision stating that all water use must be ‘reasonable,'” Frank said. “And the state can limit, ban, and penalize unreasonable uses of water. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 349px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"349\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heather Welles, an attorney who works on water rights at the law firm \u003ca href=\"https://www.omm.com/professionals/heather-welles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O’Melveny in Los Angeles\u003c/a>,\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>says the courts have been pretty deferential to the board’s authority to identify specific practices as wasteful or unreasonable. And in this case, the board has provided safeguards within the proposed regulations to allow water users to protest a citation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a general matter, if the board is going to take action that limits specific water rights, it would have to engage in a process that would give water rights holders the ability to dispute the grounds\u003cstrong>,” \u003c/strong>said Welles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Here, the proposed regulations incorporate a process by which if the board is actually issuing a notice or penalty, then the water user may request a hearing before the board and, of course, seek judicial review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank noted that if Governor Brown declares another drought emergency, the move will only strengthen the board’s hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board will have broader legal authority than it has now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the state plunges back into drought, just months after emerging from the last one, permanent water restrictions in California may be\u003cb> \u003c/b>imminent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not in an emergency right now, but shame on us if we just\u003cbr>\nbury our heads in the sand,” Marcus, Water Board Chairwoman, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8020998-181/california-weighs-bringing-back-drought-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> the \u003cem>Santa Rosa Press Democrat.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Silicon Valley Billionaire Takes Case Over Public Beach Access to U.S. Supreme Court",
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"content": "\u003cp>Billionaire investor Vinod Khosla is asking the U.S. Supreme Court to review a California appeals court decision ordering him to open an access road to Martins Beach, a popular recreational spot near Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday the co-founder of Sun Microsystems asked the court to let him keep the gates to the beach closed to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9mkEAMiX48xBpSUdXtJIfnlOsh86oZYh”]The appeal challenges state law guaranteeing public access to beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal activists are worried that if the current court, which has been protective of private property rights, accepts the case, it could dismantle the California Coastal Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the San Jose Mercury New\u003cem>s\u003c/em> reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Whether the court takes up the case is a question, but the powerful venture capitalist has hired a high-profile legal team to turn the battle over a San Mateo County beach into a fight over the future of California’s coastal laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 151-page legal filing calls the case a “textbook physical invasion of private property.” It describes the Coastal Act, which was approved by voters in 1972 to ensure public access to the shoreline, as “Orwellian” for requiring property owners to obtain permits when they want to build homes or businesses along the California coastline.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/22/martins-beach-silicon-valley-billionaire-takes-case-to-u-s-supreme-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">read the full Mercury News online here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Khosla’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Martins-Beach-v.-Surfrider-Found.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petition\u003c/a> to the court …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" title=\"Petition for Writ of Certiorari - Martins Beach v. Surfrider Found\" src=\"https://www.scribd.com/embeds/372234541/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-XhOo24J5M69YH2VdMhQZ&show_recommendations=true\" data-auto-height=\"false\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.7729220222793488\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"doc_31676\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The co-founder of Sun Microsystems argues he has the right to keep Martins Beach, in San Mateo County, private. The filing calls the case a 'textbook physical invasion of private property.'",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Billionaire investor Vinod Khosla is asking the U.S. Supreme Court to review a California appeals court decision ordering him to open an access road to Martins Beach, a popular recreational spot near Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday the co-founder of Sun Microsystems asked the court to let him keep the gates to the beach closed to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The appeal challenges state law guaranteeing public access to beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal activists are worried that if the current court, which has been protective of private property rights, accepts the case, it could dismantle the California Coastal Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the San Jose Mercury New\u003cem>s\u003c/em> reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Whether the court takes up the case is a question, but the powerful venture capitalist has hired a high-profile legal team to turn the battle over a San Mateo County beach into a fight over the future of California’s coastal laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 151-page legal filing calls the case a “textbook physical invasion of private property.” It describes the Coastal Act, which was approved by voters in 1972 to ensure public access to the shoreline, as “Orwellian” for requiring property owners to obtain permits when they want to build homes or businesses along the California coastline.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/22/martins-beach-silicon-valley-billionaire-takes-case-to-u-s-supreme-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">read the full Mercury News online here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Khosla’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Martins-Beach-v.-Surfrider-Found.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petition\u003c/a> to the court …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" title=\"Petition for Writ of Certiorari - Martins Beach v. Surfrider Found\" src=\"https://www.scribd.com/embeds/372234541/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-XhOo24J5M69YH2VdMhQZ&show_recommendations=true\" data-auto-height=\"false\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.7729220222793488\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"doc_31676\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A second federal judge has rejected the Trump administration’s efforts to delay an Obama-era regulation aimed at restricting harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Orrick of the Northern District of California ordered the Interior Department to reinstate the regulation, which the Trump administration has repeatedly moved to delay or suspend.[contextly_sidebar id=”dwApIDW24HepgpoPhXfZWB9j8oHAyEk9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrick said Interior’s delay was “untethered to evidence” and likely to cause “irreparable injury” to California, New Mexico and other states in the form of increased air pollution and negative impacts on public health and the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling marks the second time a federal judge has rebuffed the Trump administration for failing to enforce the methane rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Magistrate Judge Elizabeth Laporte ordered the Obama rule reinstated in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A second federal judge has rejected the Trump administration’s efforts to delay an Obama-era regulation aimed at restricting harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Orrick of the Northern District of California ordered the Interior Department to reinstate the regulation, which the Trump administration has repeatedly moved to delay or suspend.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrick said Interior’s delay was “untethered to evidence” and likely to cause “irreparable injury” to California, New Mexico and other states in the form of increased air pollution and negative impacts on public health and the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling marks the second time a federal judge has rebuffed the Trump administration for failing to enforce the methane rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Magistrate Judge Elizabeth Laporte ordered the Obama rule reinstated in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California's Coastal Marshes Could Disappear by the End of the Century",
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"content": "\u003cp>The prognosis for California’s coastal wetlands is not good — and that has broad implications for the state’s resilience against the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaao3270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from the U.S. Geological Survey and the UCLA indicate that by the end of the century coastal marshlands in the Golden State could effectively be gone as a result of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Flooding of the wetlands starts happening the middle of this century. We have some time to figure out solutions to these problems.’\u003ccite>Karen Thorne, USGS research ecologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The loss of marshes, which act as a sponge during storm surges, would leave cities, towns and roads in low-lying areas near the coast vulnerable to flooding. Wetlands also clean water as it flows from the land toward the sea, purify air and absorb carbon. They’re also, if healthy, incredibly rich in life, hosting fish, birds and are dominated by plants such as grasses, rushes and reeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Demise Not Guaranteed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet loss of landscapes such as the Bolinas Lagoon or the marsh that follows the Petaluma River into San Pablo Bay is not inevitable. Researchers evaluated three sea level rise scenarios. In the most optimistic, least-rise projection, wetlands will be able to hold on through the end of the century. In the mid- and severe-level projections, they will be gone by 2100 and will start disappearing mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920146\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920146\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1020x590.jpg\" alt=\"A marshland.\" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1020x590.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1920x1110.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1180x682.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-960x555.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-240x139.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-375x217.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-520x301.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794.jpg 1951w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North end of Marin County’s Bolinas Lagoon from California Highway 1. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bolinas_Lagoon_2794.jpg\">Stepheng3\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have found that when you present these types of results, you know they can be sort of daunting and paralyzing,” says Karen Thorne, USGS research ecologist and co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uj2MFSG6H64rH9Gkr5c4TmRJ6F2OVTBS”]”But the flooding of the wetlands starts happening the middle of this century. And so we have some time to figure out solutions to these problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acting to Save Wetlands\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have long been projections for West Coast sea level rise but this study takes a more fine-grained approach based on extensive field work at individual marshes. And it’s the first time that the fate of marshes from the Canadian border to Southern California have been modeled based on current sea level rise projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that a lot of managers and decision makers on the ground needed information at a scale more relevant to them . . . at high resolution,” Thorne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”wA5n19Q9YbjSJFtxh7W8eMel1GGlS32F”]Some wetlands managers are seeking to make room for new wetlands in upland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea is if we expand the amount of wetland available there would be areas for it to migrate inland and provide more habitat in areas that won’t be flooded as soon,” Thorne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/seal_beach/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> is trying another approach. Managers are taking sediment dredged from the local bay and applying it to the wetland to artificially increase its elevation and maintain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIuOmqrM794&\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 voters in nine Bay Area counties voted to increase property taxes to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fund the restoration of thousands of acres of wetlands\u003c/a> in the Bay. This could help compensate for some of the loss due to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco is sort of leading the charge on what to do about this,” says Thorne. “That’s important because we still have some time to prevent loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The prognosis for California’s coastal wetlands is not good — and that has broad implications for the state’s resilience against the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaao3270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from the U.S. Geological Survey and the UCLA indicate that by the end of the century coastal marshlands in the Golden State could effectively be gone as a result of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Flooding of the wetlands starts happening the middle of this century. We have some time to figure out solutions to these problems.’\u003ccite>Karen Thorne, USGS research ecologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The loss of marshes, which act as a sponge during storm surges, would leave cities, towns and roads in low-lying areas near the coast vulnerable to flooding. Wetlands also clean water as it flows from the land toward the sea, purify air and absorb carbon. They’re also, if healthy, incredibly rich in life, hosting fish, birds and are dominated by plants such as grasses, rushes and reeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Demise Not Guaranteed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet loss of landscapes such as the Bolinas Lagoon or the marsh that follows the Petaluma River into San Pablo Bay is not inevitable. Researchers evaluated three sea level rise scenarios. In the most optimistic, least-rise projection, wetlands will be able to hold on through the end of the century. In the mid- and severe-level projections, they will be gone by 2100 and will start disappearing mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920146\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920146\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1020x590.jpg\" alt=\"A marshland.\" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1020x590.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-768x444.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1920x1110.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-1180x682.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-960x555.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-240x139.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-375x217.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794-520x301.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Bolinas_Lagoon_2794.jpg 1951w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North end of Marin County’s Bolinas Lagoon from California Highway 1. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bolinas_Lagoon_2794.jpg\">Stepheng3\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have found that when you present these types of results, you know they can be sort of daunting and paralyzing,” says Karen Thorne, USGS research ecologist and co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”But the flooding of the wetlands starts happening the middle of this century. And so we have some time to figure out solutions to these problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Acting to Save Wetlands\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have long been projections for West Coast sea level rise but this study takes a more fine-grained approach based on extensive field work at individual marshes. And it’s the first time that the fate of marshes from the Canadian border to Southern California have been modeled based on current sea level rise projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that a lot of managers and decision makers on the ground needed information at a scale more relevant to them . . . at high resolution,” Thorne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Some wetlands managers are seeking to make room for new wetlands in upland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea is if we expand the amount of wetland available there would be areas for it to migrate inland and provide more habitat in areas that won’t be flooded as soon,” Thorne says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/seal_beach/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> is trying another approach. Managers are taking sediment dredged from the local bay and applying it to the wetland to artificially increase its elevation and maintain it.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xIuOmqrM794'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xIuOmqrM794'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2016 voters in nine Bay Area counties voted to increase property taxes to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fund the restoration of thousands of acres of wetlands\u003c/a> in the Bay. This could help compensate for some of the loss due to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco is sort of leading the charge on what to do about this,” says Thorne. “That’s important because we still have some time to prevent loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oil Companies Want to Conduct Seismic Surveys that Threaten Marine Life",
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"content": "\u003cp>Animals that live in the ocean communicate with sound — humpback whales, for example. But these voices could soon be drowned out by powerful sonic booms from vessels searching for oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opening up the Atlantic Coast\u003c/a> to companies to explore for fresh reserves. And to explore, they will be making some of the loudest sounds ever heard in the ocean — sounds that, according to recent research, could harm marine animals from whales to plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five companies are currently applying for permits to use seismic air guns to survey thousands of miles of the seabed along the Atlantic Coast. If they get the permits, they could start later this year.[contextly_sidebar id=”8nVPYfKqrQKpGPzDTVsoLbKkQ4zqnKzm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air guns are devices towed behind a ship. They compress and then release air explosively, and the sound waves penetrate the seabed. When they bounce back to receivers, also towed from the ships, the sound waves paint a picture of reservoirs of oil and gas beneath the seabed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound blasts can also damage the ears and internal organs of marine animals. Ships will have to turn them off if they see whales or other marine mammals nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s growing evidence that these sounds may seriously affect animals swimming well outside the immediate danger zone. \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/athode\">Aaron Thode\u003c/a> is an oceanographer who’s studied the subject and advises the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mmc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Commission\u003c/a>, a federal agency that regulates activities affecting marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what happens if animals are exposed constantly to sound over long periods of time in, say, a feeding area or a breeding area or what not,” Thode explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode works at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He says whales have been observed retreating from the sound of air guns. That could cause them to abandon breeding or feeding grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode’s own research has shown that bowhead whales start calling more often to each other when there’s air gun noise, at least for a while. “At some point, you know, just as if a jet plane passes overhead, you just give up and wait for the sound to decrease,” Thode says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales go silent, that not only has potential effects on their communication, but also on air gun surveyors. Federal rules require them to listen to for whale sounds and, if they hear them, to stop their air gun blasts. But if the whales aren’t making noise, their presence underwater won’t be known unless they’re sighted at the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe that air gun sounds could “mask” communication by marine animals. Surveyors will be blasting several times a minute, for months at a time. Marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://ece.duke.edu/faculty/douglas-nowacek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Nowacek\u003c/a> at Duke University worries that that kind of constant noise could cause a mother, for example, to lose track of its calf. “If they get separated by a few tens or hundreds of meters in an increasingly loud ocean,” he says, “you can consider it gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowacek says recent scientific evidence suggests that these more subtle effects of air guns could extend a long way. “The levels that could still have and do have behavioral impacts extend out tens, and hundreds of miles away from those surveys,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And effects on smaller animals are emerging as well. Research in Australia shows that nearby air guns can actually kill shrimp-like plankton and their larvae. Even scallops have been observed recoiling from air gun sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke rolled out the offshore energy plan at a press conference in January. He promised that the government will protect the environment. “We do it right,” he said, “and we’re not going to skirt protections, we’re not going to give anyone a pass. We’re going to hold corporations accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department completed an environmental impact study on seismic surveying in 2014 that runs several hundred pages. It says the effects on marine life will be moderate at worst. It points out that surveyors will stop their work if they see or hear whales within 500 yards and will keep away from places they’re known to frequent. “No significant impacts are expected to occur as a result of these seismic surveys,” the Interior Department stated. The department estimates that there may by 90 billion barrels of undiscovered oil and over 300 trillion cubic feet of natural gas under the outer continental shelf along the Atlantic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more than 70 scientists have written to Trump asking him to cancel the surveys anyway. They note that the surveys cover regions populated by several kinds of whales that are close to extinction. “The magnitude of the proposed seismic activity is likely to have significant, long-lasting and widespread impacts on the reproduction and survival of fish and marine mammal populations in the region,” the letter stated. Doug Nowacek is one of the scientists who signed the letter, and he adds that there’s just not enough information to be sure the surveys are harmless. “There are numerous species off the Atlantic Coast that we don’t have any data whatsoever about their response to seismic,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been trying to take a census of what marine life lives along the continental shelf, where much of the surveying will take place. The region is heavily populated not only with several kinds of whales but dolphins and numerous other species, many of them commercially valuable. NOAA is still far from completing the task. Given that the surveys would cover tens of thousands of miles of ocean with potentially millions of sonic booms, there’s no doubt that marine animals will be exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration companies maintain that there’s no evidence that seismic testing has killed marine mammals. However, for several years, scientists have been working with exploration companies to develop newer air guns that are quieter. Some of these have been tested and found to work effectively at locating oil and gas reservoirs but they are not used commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department is expected to rule on the surveying permits in the next few weeks. Environmental and public interest groups are planning to legally challenge those permits if they are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Seismic+Surveys+Planned+Off+U.S.+Coast+Pose+Risk+To+Marine+Life&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Animals that live in the ocean communicate with sound — humpback whales, for example. But these voices could soon be drowned out by powerful sonic booms from vessels searching for oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opening up the Atlantic Coast\u003c/a> to companies to explore for fresh reserves. And to explore, they will be making some of the loudest sounds ever heard in the ocean — sounds that, according to recent research, could harm marine animals from whales to plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five companies are currently applying for permits to use seismic air guns to survey thousands of miles of the seabed along the Atlantic Coast. If they get the permits, they could start later this year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air guns are devices towed behind a ship. They compress and then release air explosively, and the sound waves penetrate the seabed. When they bounce back to receivers, also towed from the ships, the sound waves paint a picture of reservoirs of oil and gas beneath the seabed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sound blasts can also damage the ears and internal organs of marine animals. Ships will have to turn them off if they see whales or other marine mammals nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s growing evidence that these sounds may seriously affect animals swimming well outside the immediate danger zone. \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/athode\">Aaron Thode\u003c/a> is an oceanographer who’s studied the subject and advises the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mmc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Commission\u003c/a>, a federal agency that regulates activities affecting marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what happens if animals are exposed constantly to sound over long periods of time in, say, a feeding area or a breeding area or what not,” Thode explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode works at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He says whales have been observed retreating from the sound of air guns. That could cause them to abandon breeding or feeding grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thode’s own research has shown that bowhead whales start calling more often to each other when there’s air gun noise, at least for a while. “At some point, you know, just as if a jet plane passes overhead, you just give up and wait for the sound to decrease,” Thode says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the whales go silent, that not only has potential effects on their communication, but also on air gun surveyors. Federal rules require them to listen to for whale sounds and, if they hear them, to stop their air gun blasts. But if the whales aren’t making noise, their presence underwater won’t be known unless they’re sighted at the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe that air gun sounds could “mask” communication by marine animals. Surveyors will be blasting several times a minute, for months at a time. Marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://ece.duke.edu/faculty/douglas-nowacek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Nowacek\u003c/a> at Duke University worries that that kind of constant noise could cause a mother, for example, to lose track of its calf. “If they get separated by a few tens or hundreds of meters in an increasingly loud ocean,” he says, “you can consider it gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowacek says recent scientific evidence suggests that these more subtle effects of air guns could extend a long way. “The levels that could still have and do have behavioral impacts extend out tens, and hundreds of miles away from those surveys,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And effects on smaller animals are emerging as well. Research in Australia shows that nearby air guns can actually kill shrimp-like plankton and their larvae. Even scallops have been observed recoiling from air gun sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke rolled out the offshore energy plan at a press conference in January. He promised that the government will protect the environment. “We do it right,” he said, “and we’re not going to skirt protections, we’re not going to give anyone a pass. We’re going to hold corporations accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department completed an environmental impact study on seismic surveying in 2014 that runs several hundred pages. It says the effects on marine life will be moderate at worst. It points out that surveyors will stop their work if they see or hear whales within 500 yards and will keep away from places they’re known to frequent. “No significant impacts are expected to occur as a result of these seismic surveys,” the Interior Department stated. The department estimates that there may by 90 billion barrels of undiscovered oil and over 300 trillion cubic feet of natural gas under the outer continental shelf along the Atlantic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more than 70 scientists have written to Trump asking him to cancel the surveys anyway. They note that the surveys cover regions populated by several kinds of whales that are close to extinction. “The magnitude of the proposed seismic activity is likely to have significant, long-lasting and widespread impacts on the reproduction and survival of fish and marine mammal populations in the region,” the letter stated. Doug Nowacek is one of the scientists who signed the letter, and he adds that there’s just not enough information to be sure the surveys are harmless. “There are numerous species off the Atlantic Coast that we don’t have any data whatsoever about their response to seismic,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been trying to take a census of what marine life lives along the continental shelf, where much of the surveying will take place. The region is heavily populated not only with several kinds of whales but dolphins and numerous other species, many of them commercially valuable. NOAA is still far from completing the task. Given that the surveys would cover tens of thousands of miles of ocean with potentially millions of sonic booms, there’s no doubt that marine animals will be exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploration companies maintain that there’s no evidence that seismic testing has killed marine mammals. However, for several years, scientists have been working with exploration companies to develop newer air guns that are quieter. Some of these have been tested and found to work effectively at locating oil and gas reservoirs but they are not used commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Big Sort: What To Do With 2 Million Tons of Fire Debris",
"headTitle": "The Big Sort: What To Do With 2 Million Tons of Fire Debris | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s biggest disaster cleanup in a century is now three-quarters complete, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. And like the North Bay fires that caused it, this massive response is one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very complicated debris removal operation,” California Office of Emergency Services director Mark Ghilarducci \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIW8ji8-fgw\">told\u003c/a> a Santa Rosa Town Hall in January. “The largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike after the 1906 quake, when people \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/swamp.html\">dumped\u003c/a> debris in the bay and took \u003ca href=\"https://calisphere.org/item/ad57c35b1381b65b99b4b5867fd86988/\">bricks\u003c/a> home in wheelbarrows to shore up their own property, current laws require that debris be safely removed, for the environment and public health. State and local officials also say they hope to recycle or re-use about half the recovered material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\" alt=\"Piles of fire debris in Santa Rosa\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of fire debris await removal in a Santa Rosa parking lot. Millions of tons went to landfills and recycling centers. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debris Measured in Bridge Weights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, ten to eleven thousand structures burned, on about six thousand parcels of land, spread out across 250 square miles, in four counties. All those numbers add up to about $1 billion in contracts to clean up Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (CalRecycle, a state agency, is handling fire clean-up in three additional counties.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s the largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake’\u003ccite>Mark Ghilarducci, CalOES\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A typical residential parcel yields 200 to 250 tons of material. By the time cleanup is complete, thousands of truck trips will have removed about 2 million tons of debris: that’s double the weight of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1920075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Business\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Household hazardous waste was the first problem to tackle: the propane tanks, motor oil, pesticides, paint hanging around garages or sheds. The Environmental Protection Agency and state toxic regulators helped crews pick it out of the rubble safely; they finished last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second phase, Army Corps contractors are separating concrete from ash and metal, for transport to different places. It’s finicky work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m picking up rebar in little pieces; that’s a four-five-foot bucket and you’re trying to pick up a little bicycle or a night awning or a chair or something,” explained Kenny Drew, who was operating an excavator for contractor Ghilotti Bros. in Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood. “We grab what we can, push it into a pile, separate that, and the rest goes to the dumps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\" alt=\"Excavator removing fire debris\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavator operator Kenny Drew slings a burned lawnmower into a dump truck. Metals are among the debris that can be recycled. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Goes Where\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separated debris follows different routes to different fates. Drew’s crew will recycle usable metal for scrap. Once crushed, concrete can find a second use below asphalt in roads, or if pulverized, that material can be recycled for new concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashy wood and home debris, black, white, or gray, threatens public health if airborne or dumped into a river. Crews wet it down or fold it into a “burrito wrap” – a sheet to keep toxic particulates out of the air while it’s in the bed of a truck headed for the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An array of regulations control landfill operations under normal circumstances, limiting how many trucks can go there each day, how much they can leave, and what materials a landfill can take in. But after the fires, state and county response managers obtained waivers for some of these rules. Consequently, some landfills are seeing five to eight times as much traffic, not to mention long lines. Every truck carrying disaster debris also requires special paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the cleanup itself is a declared health emergency. CalRecycle’s Lance Klug emphasizes that waivers don’t lower significant rules, or permit toxic and hazardous material from being dumped just anywhere. For example, local codes still prohibit draining your pool water, which could carry chlorine and ash, into a waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire certainly speeds the consumption of landfill space, but may not shorten the lifespan of an expandable dump site. A supervisor in Lake County has said that fire debris will take up a third of the county’s available landfill — what the industry calls “airspace” — shaving about 4 years off the landfill’s projected life. Officials in Sonoma County and Cal Recycling acknowledge that landfills there may require expansion sooner than planned, but they say those in use have plenty of room left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of debris removal isn’t the only reason it’s shocking: fires this destructive haven’t commonly happened in the North Bay, so there’s no practiced history of responding to them. Along the Gulf Coast, where hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey have repeatedly wreaked havoc, tens of tons of debris have scattered across a dozen states. State officials and fire scientists say that if we become accustomed to catastrophic fires, we’ll have to also accustom ourselves to recovering from their wrath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's Northern California's biggest cleanup job since the 1906 Earthquake -- but what to do with it all?",
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"title": "The Big Sort: What To Do With 2 Million Tons of Fire Debris | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s biggest disaster cleanup in a century is now three-quarters complete, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. And like the North Bay fires that caused it, this massive response is one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very complicated debris removal operation,” California Office of Emergency Services director Mark Ghilarducci \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIW8ji8-fgw\">told\u003c/a> a Santa Rosa Town Hall in January. “The largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike after the 1906 quake, when people \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906.2/swamp.html\">dumped\u003c/a> debris in the bay and took \u003ca href=\"https://calisphere.org/item/ad57c35b1381b65b99b4b5867fd86988/\">bricks\u003c/a> home in wheelbarrows to shore up their own property, current laws require that debris be safely removed, for the environment and public health. State and local officials also say they hope to recycle or re-use about half the recovered material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg\" alt=\"Piles of fire debris in Santa Rosa\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9149-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of fire debris await removal in a Santa Rosa parking lot. Millions of tons went to landfills and recycling centers. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debris Measured in Bridge Weights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, ten to eleven thousand structures burned, on about six thousand parcels of land, spread out across 250 square miles, in four counties. All those numbers add up to about $1 billion in contracts to clean up Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties, issued by the Army Corps of Engineers under the authority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (CalRecycle, a state agency, is handling fire clean-up in three additional counties.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s the largest debris clearance operation we’ve seen since the 1906 earthquake’\u003ccite>Mark Ghilarducci, CalOES\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A typical residential parcel yields 200 to 250 tons of material. By the time cleanup is complete, thousands of truck trips will have removed about 2 million tons of debris: that’s double the weight of the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1920075\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/180217-Infographic.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Business\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Household hazardous waste was the first problem to tackle: the propane tanks, motor oil, pesticides, paint hanging around garages or sheds. The Environmental Protection Agency and state toxic regulators helped crews pick it out of the rubble safely; they finished last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second phase, Army Corps contractors are separating concrete from ash and metal, for transport to different places. It’s finicky work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m picking up rebar in little pieces; that’s a four-five-foot bucket and you’re trying to pick up a little bicycle or a night awning or a chair or something,” explained Kenny Drew, who was operating an excavator for contractor Ghilotti Bros. in Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood. “We grab what we can, push it into a pile, separate that, and the rest goes to the dumps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg\" alt=\"Excavator removing fire debris\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PC180613-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excavator operator Kenny Drew slings a burned lawnmower into a dump truck. Metals are among the debris that can be recycled. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Goes Where\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separated debris follows different routes to different fates. Drew’s crew will recycle usable metal for scrap. Once crushed, concrete can find a second use below asphalt in roads, or if pulverized, that material can be recycled for new concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashy wood and home debris, black, white, or gray, threatens public health if airborne or dumped into a river. Crews wet it down or fold it into a “burrito wrap” – a sheet to keep toxic particulates out of the air while it’s in the bed of a truck headed for the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An array of regulations control landfill operations under normal circumstances, limiting how many trucks can go there each day, how much they can leave, and what materials a landfill can take in. But after the fires, state and county response managers obtained waivers for some of these rules. Consequently, some landfills are seeing five to eight times as much traffic, not to mention long lines. Every truck carrying disaster debris also requires special paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the cleanup itself is a declared health emergency. CalRecycle’s Lance Klug emphasizes that waivers don’t lower significant rules, or permit toxic and hazardous material from being dumped just anywhere. For example, local codes still prohibit draining your pool water, which could carry chlorine and ash, into a waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Rush\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire certainly speeds the consumption of landfill space, but may not shorten the lifespan of an expandable dump site. A supervisor in Lake County has said that fire debris will take up a third of the county’s available landfill — what the industry calls “airspace” — shaving about 4 years off the landfill’s projected life. Officials in Sonoma County and Cal Recycling acknowledge that landfills there may require expansion sooner than planned, but they say those in use have plenty of room left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of debris removal isn’t the only reason it’s shocking: fires this destructive haven’t commonly happened in the North Bay, so there’s no practiced history of responding to them. Along the Gulf Coast, where hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey have repeatedly wreaked havoc, tens of tons of debris have scattered across a dozen states. State officials and fire scientists say that if we become accustomed to catastrophic fires, we’ll have to also accustom ourselves to recovering from their wrath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Volunteer Regulators Banned a Monsanto Pesticide. So the Company Sued Each and Every One of Them",
"headTitle": "Volunteer Regulators Banned a Monsanto Pesticide. So the Company Sued Each and Every One of Them | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In Arkansas, there is a kind of David vs. Goliath battle underway over a weedkiller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side, there is the giant Monsanto Company. On the other, a committee of 18 people, mostly farmers and small-business owners, that regulates the use of pesticides in the state. It has banned Monsanto’s latest way of killing weeds during the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry Fuller is on that committee. He never intended to pick a fight with a billion-dollar company. “I didn’t feel like I was leading the charge,” he says. “I felt like I was just trying to do my duty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry Fuller and his identical twin, Jerry Fuller, grow soybeans and raise cattle near the tiny town of Poplar Grove, in eastern Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big part of their business, though, is selling seeds to farmers. And in their storage shed, Terry Fuller shows me the product that has turned neighbors against one another and provoked that fight with Monsanto. The product is soybean seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller leans over and reads the label on one large bag. “7478XTS, so that is an Xtend soybean variety right there,” he says. “That’s dicamba-tolerant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dicamba is a herbicide. It kills not only what farmers call broadleaf plants, which include many weeds, but also crops like soybeans. Not these soybeans, though. Monsanto tweaked the genes of these varieties, and now dicamba doesn’t bother them at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It means that farmers can plant these seeds and spray dicamba on their fields as the soybeans grow, and the weeds will die, but the crops are fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Fuller heard about this invention a few years ago, he thought it was great. “I absolutely wanted to spray dicamba in Arkansas and the rest of the nation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dicamba era arrived last summer. Farmers sprayed the chemical on their fields and say it worked splendidly. The problem was that when the weather turned hot, the weedkiller didn’t stay where it was supposed to. It seemed to evaporate and drift, sometimes for a mile or more, into fields of other crops that can’t tolerate dicamba. It left those crops stunted or with curled up leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could not walk out of my house without seeing damage,” says Fuller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drifting dicamba hurt soybeans, backyard tomatoes, melons and orchards. Millions of acres of crops were affected, from Mississippi to Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fiasco. And Terry Fuller had the power to stop it — at least in his own state. He’s a member of the Arkansas State Plant Board, which regulates pesticides and seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m charged with protecting the citizens of the state of Arkansas, and it appears that I wasn’t doing a very good job of protecting the citizens and can’t even protect myself,” he says. Even trees in his own yard showed symptoms of exposure to dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This board on which Fuller serves is an unusual institution. Its meetings are public. The members — all men at the moment, mostly from small towns across the state — sit around a big table. They include farmers, seed dealers and a few people who work for big chemical companies. All of them volunteer their time. Two nonvoting university scientists are on the board, but there are no lawyers and no politicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the members are proudly independent. The board is “self-governing, by the people, for the people,” says Ray Vester, who represented rice farmers on the board for 18 years, through 2016. Vester says it’s the best system of regulation he has ever seen. “Every other state, their boards are politically appointed by the party in power,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board is made up of a wealth of the experience,” says George Tidwell, who runs a crop-dusting business and served on the board for 24 years, 15 of them as chairman. “Anything that came before the board, one to a half-dozen board members had personal experience with it. That’s the beauty of this board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As pesticide regulators across the country debated how to respond to the dicamba debacle, Monsanto argued that the product can be used safely. The problems in 2017, the company said, were the result of mistakes in applying the chemical. In most states, regulators decided to let farmers continue to use dicamba but with some additional restrictions on how it’s used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most states, that decision was made behind closed doors. In Arkansas, though, the plant board argued about it around that meeting table — and anyone with an opinion could drive over to Fuller Seed and Supply, in Poplar Grove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had as many as 15 people at the office before seven o’clock in the morning, all waiting to see me, all on one side of the issue or the other,” says Fuller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the board decided that dicamba could not be adequately controlled in hot weather, and it banned dicamba spraying during the entire growing season, from April 15 through October. These are the toughest restrictions in the whole country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller and his fellow board members now are facing attacks from almost every side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto sued the board and each individual member, calling their decision arbitrary, capricious and unlawful. Hundreds of farmers who say they need dicamba to control their weeds signed a petition calling for the board to reconsider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six farmers also filed a lawsuit, arguing that the makeup of the board violates the Arkansas Constitution because some of the members are selected by industries that the board regulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got angry; we didn’t feel that we were able to be heard,” says Michael McCarty, one of the farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarty and the other farmers are proposing a compromise. They want the board to allow spraying of dicamba at least during the first part of the growing season, up to May 25, when the weather is not so hot and dicamba isn’t so prone to drift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets very emotional,” McCarty says. “We like seeing our fields clean. We like them to be weed-free. And it was a beautiful area last year” when farmers were able to use dicamba on their soybean fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a chance that the plant board itself may not survive in its current form. Proposals have been floated in Arkansas’ legislature to move the board inside the state Department of Agriculture, make it less independent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller says the conversations he has had with neighbors and customers about the issue have been civil and neighborly. But he knows that some people are angry. “There’s two loaded guns in my office,” he says, and he chuckles. “I felt personally threatened somewhat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doesn’t regret his vote to shut down dicamba spraying. “I put forth a good effort, to the best of my ability, to protect the citizens of Arkansas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=These+Citizen-Regulators+In+Arkansas+Defied+Monsanto.+Now+They%27re+Under+Attack&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Arkansas, there is a kind of David vs. Goliath battle underway over a weedkiller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side, there is the giant Monsanto Company. On the other, a committee of 18 people, mostly farmers and small-business owners, that regulates the use of pesticides in the state. It has banned Monsanto’s latest way of killing weeds during the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry Fuller is on that committee. He never intended to pick a fight with a billion-dollar company. “I didn’t feel like I was leading the charge,” he says. “I felt like I was just trying to do my duty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry Fuller and his identical twin, Jerry Fuller, grow soybeans and raise cattle near the tiny town of Poplar Grove, in eastern Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big part of their business, though, is selling seeds to farmers. And in their storage shed, Terry Fuller shows me the product that has turned neighbors against one another and provoked that fight with Monsanto. The product is soybean seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller leans over and reads the label on one large bag. “7478XTS, so that is an Xtend soybean variety right there,” he says. “That’s dicamba-tolerant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dicamba is a herbicide. It kills not only what farmers call broadleaf plants, which include many weeds, but also crops like soybeans. Not these soybeans, though. Monsanto tweaked the genes of these varieties, and now dicamba doesn’t bother them at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It means that farmers can plant these seeds and spray dicamba on their fields as the soybeans grow, and the weeds will die, but the crops are fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Fuller heard about this invention a few years ago, he thought it was great. “I absolutely wanted to spray dicamba in Arkansas and the rest of the nation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dicamba era arrived last summer. Farmers sprayed the chemical on their fields and say it worked splendidly. The problem was that when the weather turned hot, the weedkiller didn’t stay where it was supposed to. It seemed to evaporate and drift, sometimes for a mile or more, into fields of other crops that can’t tolerate dicamba. It left those crops stunted or with curled up leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could not walk out of my house without seeing damage,” says Fuller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drifting dicamba hurt soybeans, backyard tomatoes, melons and orchards. Millions of acres of crops were affected, from Mississippi to Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fiasco. And Terry Fuller had the power to stop it — at least in his own state. He’s a member of the Arkansas State Plant Board, which regulates pesticides and seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m charged with protecting the citizens of the state of Arkansas, and it appears that I wasn’t doing a very good job of protecting the citizens and can’t even protect myself,” he says. Even trees in his own yard showed symptoms of exposure to dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This board on which Fuller serves is an unusual institution. Its meetings are public. The members — all men at the moment, mostly from small towns across the state — sit around a big table. They include farmers, seed dealers and a few people who work for big chemical companies. All of them volunteer their time. Two nonvoting university scientists are on the board, but there are no lawyers and no politicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the members are proudly independent. The board is “self-governing, by the people, for the people,” says Ray Vester, who represented rice farmers on the board for 18 years, through 2016. Vester says it’s the best system of regulation he has ever seen. “Every other state, their boards are politically appointed by the party in power,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board is made up of a wealth of the experience,” says George Tidwell, who runs a crop-dusting business and served on the board for 24 years, 15 of them as chairman. “Anything that came before the board, one to a half-dozen board members had personal experience with it. That’s the beauty of this board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As pesticide regulators across the country debated how to respond to the dicamba debacle, Monsanto argued that the product can be used safely. The problems in 2017, the company said, were the result of mistakes in applying the chemical. In most states, regulators decided to let farmers continue to use dicamba but with some additional restrictions on how it’s used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most states, that decision was made behind closed doors. In Arkansas, though, the plant board argued about it around that meeting table — and anyone with an opinion could drive over to Fuller Seed and Supply, in Poplar Grove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had as many as 15 people at the office before seven o’clock in the morning, all waiting to see me, all on one side of the issue or the other,” says Fuller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the board decided that dicamba could not be adequately controlled in hot weather, and it banned dicamba spraying during the entire growing season, from April 15 through October. These are the toughest restrictions in the whole country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller and his fellow board members now are facing attacks from almost every side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto sued the board and each individual member, calling their decision arbitrary, capricious and unlawful. Hundreds of farmers who say they need dicamba to control their weeds signed a petition calling for the board to reconsider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six farmers also filed a lawsuit, arguing that the makeup of the board violates the Arkansas Constitution because some of the members are selected by industries that the board regulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got angry; we didn’t feel that we were able to be heard,” says Michael McCarty, one of the farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarty and the other farmers are proposing a compromise. They want the board to allow spraying of dicamba at least during the first part of the growing season, up to May 25, when the weather is not so hot and dicamba isn’t so prone to drift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets very emotional,” McCarty says. “We like seeing our fields clean. We like them to be weed-free. And it was a beautiful area last year” when farmers were able to use dicamba on their soybean fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a chance that the plant board itself may not survive in its current form. Proposals have been floated in Arkansas’ legislature to move the board inside the state Department of Agriculture, make it less independent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuller says the conversations he has had with neighbors and customers about the issue have been civil and neighborly. But he knows that some people are angry. “There’s two loaded guns in my office,” he says, and he chuckles. “I felt personally threatened somewhat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doesn’t regret his vote to shut down dicamba spraying. “I put forth a good effort, to the best of my ability, to protect the citizens of Arkansas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=These+Citizen-Regulators+In+Arkansas+Defied+Monsanto.+Now+They%27re+Under+Attack&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "From Drugged Oysters to Birds Full of Plastic, Oceans Are Feeling the Burden of Pollution",
"headTitle": "From Drugged Oysters to Birds Full of Plastic, Oceans Are Feeling the Burden of Pollution | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Traces of life on land are increasingly showing up in oceans and in ocean life. Scientists are finding a growing presence of pharmaceuticals, small pieces of plastic and household chemicals in the bodies of Pacific razor clams, Pacific oysters and remote seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For pharmaceuticals, there’s currently no federal guidelines in terms of what is a safe level of secondary consumption.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Portland State University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks are presenting some of their findings at the \u003ca href=\"https://osm.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting\u003c/a> in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7CY6SSvMnQzvNIOZjCIwJrtkaPTkKA8S”]KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with two of the presenting scientists prior to the \u003ca href=\"https://osm.agu.org/2018/media-center/press-conferences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monday press conference\u003c/a>: Elise Granek, professor at PSU and Veronica Padula, from the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Dr. Granek, you and your students are looking for pollution from land, in sea life. What are you finding?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: We are finding antibiotics, anti-fungal agents, and a chemical that’s used in detergents and counter cleaners and paints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Is this popping up in all sea life? Or does it matter where the sea life is?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: We are finding that for the pharmaceuticals, it does matter where they are. We see those compounds in oysters that we’ve transplanted to locations that are close to waste water treatment plant outfall pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919779 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Two women bend over bags of oysters on a tidal flat.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portland State researchers Amy Ehrhart (left) and Ashley Vizek place a rack with bags of juvenile oysters on a mudflat in the Coos Bay estuary in Oregon in July 2016. These oysters were left in the field for one year and then taken back to a lab to be analyzed for pharmaceutical contaminants. \u003ccite>(Amy Ehrhart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What about the household chemicals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: As for the surfactants that we’re finding, it doesn’t seem to matter as much where the oysters have been transplanted. They seem to be so wide spread because they’re used in industrial and household applications, again in cleaners, in paints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are levels of these chemicals high enough to harm humans, if we eat these animals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: That is a great question, and one that we really don’t know the answer to. For pharmaceuticals, there’s currently no federal guidelines in terms of what is a safe level of consumption, both for pharmaceuticals and for these surfactants. They are not regulated the way chemicals like lead or mercury are regulated, with set federal guidelines of safe levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Do you think what you found, applies to the California coast as well?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: Yes. There has been some research in California, so we know that there are some pharmaceuticals, and some of these surfactants in animals in the ocean in California. In addition, because the California coast is much more developed and has a much higher human population, there’s likely much higher use of pharmaceuticals, and therefore higher levels of pharmaceuticals along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Watt: I imagine that a lot of people along the California coast are going to want to know what they can do to help address this issue. What are your suggestions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: It’s really important for folks to properly dispose of their pharmaceuticals. Flushing pharmaceuticals down the toilet or down the sink, is a pathway for those pharmaceuticals to enter the marine environment. Instead, we would encourage folks to use drop boxes at pharmacies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919784 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release.jpg\" alt=\"A woman releases a bird over the ocean\" width=\"421\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release.jpg 421w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-375x249.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veronica Padula releases a thick-billed murre on St. Paul Island in 2016. \u003ccite>(Naomi Bargmann)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: It’s not just drugs that are showing up in ocean life, plastics have reached even the most remote regions of the baring sea between Alaska and Russia. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Veronica Padula is a researcher at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. As part of her work, she studies the stomach contents of seabirds. First of all, let me ask you why, and what do you find in there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yc6lhN1F9EeoDyEjq1iywPab6QnQYH0F”]Padula: We look at the stomach contents of seabirds because we are working on trying to figure out why populations in the Aleutian Islands are declining, and we want to know what they’re eating beside food. In some cases, we are finding things that are not food like small pieces of plastic, which came as a surprise for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: I assume this is a problem for birds to eat plastic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QkZumoKAJNtQ4vPBJBPS9THwzXoTh0YC”]Padula: It is a problem. Bigger birds that are eating larger pieces of plastic, can actually end up starving to death. Smaller birds that are eating smaller pieces of plastic, might not starve to death but are getting exposed to harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Does this hold true for birds in California too?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padula: Yes, almost globally seabirds are susceptible to plastic ingestion. Seabirds along California are equally susceptible to confusing plastic for food, and consuming it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What can people do to help?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padula: People can do lots of things to help. One of the biggest ways is to use fewer single use plastic items. Things like: bottles that are made of plastic, plastic bags, straws, utensils, coffee cups. If you can find a way to have a reusable item for any of those, that’s a huge step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Locate a prescription drug \u003ca href=\"http://rxdrugdropbox.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drop box near you\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Traces of life on land are increasingly showing up in oceans and in ocean life. Scientists are finding a growing presence of pharmaceuticals, small pieces of plastic and household chemicals in the bodies of Pacific razor clams, Pacific oysters and remote seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For pharmaceuticals, there’s currently no federal guidelines in terms of what is a safe level of secondary consumption.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Portland State University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks are presenting some of their findings at the \u003ca href=\"https://osm.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting\u003c/a> in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with two of the presenting scientists prior to the \u003ca href=\"https://osm.agu.org/2018/media-center/press-conferences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monday press conference\u003c/a>: Elise Granek, professor at PSU and Veronica Padula, from the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Dr. Granek, you and your students are looking for pollution from land, in sea life. What are you finding?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: We are finding antibiotics, anti-fungal agents, and a chemical that’s used in detergents and counter cleaners and paints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Is this popping up in all sea life? Or does it matter where the sea life is?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: We are finding that for the pharmaceuticals, it does matter where they are. We see those compounds in oysters that we’ve transplanted to locations that are close to waste water treatment plant outfall pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919779 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Two women bend over bags of oysters on a tidal flat.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Photo-A-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portland State researchers Amy Ehrhart (left) and Ashley Vizek place a rack with bags of juvenile oysters on a mudflat in the Coos Bay estuary in Oregon in July 2016. These oysters were left in the field for one year and then taken back to a lab to be analyzed for pharmaceutical contaminants. \u003ccite>(Amy Ehrhart)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What about the household chemicals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: As for the surfactants that we’re finding, it doesn’t seem to matter as much where the oysters have been transplanted. They seem to be so wide spread because they’re used in industrial and household applications, again in cleaners, in paints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are levels of these chemicals high enough to harm humans, if we eat these animals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: That is a great question, and one that we really don’t know the answer to. For pharmaceuticals, there’s currently no federal guidelines in terms of what is a safe level of consumption, both for pharmaceuticals and for these surfactants. They are not regulated the way chemicals like lead or mercury are regulated, with set federal guidelines of safe levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Do you think what you found, applies to the California coast as well?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: Yes. There has been some research in California, so we know that there are some pharmaceuticals, and some of these surfactants in animals in the ocean in California. In addition, because the California coast is much more developed and has a much higher human population, there’s likely much higher use of pharmaceuticals, and therefore higher levels of pharmaceuticals along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Watt: I imagine that a lot of people along the California coast are going to want to know what they can do to help address this issue. What are your suggestions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granek: It’s really important for folks to properly dispose of their pharmaceuticals. Flushing pharmaceuticals down the toilet or down the sink, is a pathway for those pharmaceuticals to enter the marine environment. Instead, we would encourage folks to use drop boxes at pharmacies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919784 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release.jpg\" alt=\"A woman releases a bird over the ocean\" width=\"421\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release.jpg 421w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/bird-release-375x249.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veronica Padula releases a thick-billed murre on St. Paul Island in 2016. \u003ccite>(Naomi Bargmann)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: It’s not just drugs that are showing up in ocean life, plastics have reached even the most remote regions of the baring sea between Alaska and Russia. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Veronica Padula is a researcher at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. As part of her work, she studies the stomach contents of seabirds. First of all, let me ask you why, and what do you find in there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Padula: We look at the stomach contents of seabirds because we are working on trying to figure out why populations in the Aleutian Islands are declining, and we want to know what they’re eating beside food. In some cases, we are finding things that are not food like small pieces of plastic, which came as a surprise for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: I assume this is a problem for birds to eat plastic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Padula: It is a problem. Bigger birds that are eating larger pieces of plastic, can actually end up starving to death. Smaller birds that are eating smaller pieces of plastic, might not starve to death but are getting exposed to harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Does this hold true for birds in California too?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padula: Yes, almost globally seabirds are susceptible to plastic ingestion. Seabirds along California are equally susceptible to confusing plastic for food, and consuming it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What can people do to help?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padula: People can do lots of things to help. One of the biggest ways is to use fewer single use plastic items. Things like: bottles that are made of plastic, plastic bags, straws, utensils, coffee cups. If you can find a way to have a reusable item for any of those, that’s a huge step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Locate a prescription drug \u003ca href=\"http://rxdrugdropbox.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drop box near you\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration announced Wednesday that it was scaling back his troubled four-decade effort to redo California’s north-south water system, cutting plans to build giant water tunnels from two to one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing the number of tunnels — at least for now — would help with California’s quest to line up enough funding and ease environmental concerns over tapping directly into the state’s largest river, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters also hope the trimmed-down project will have a better chance of winning approval before the 79-year-old governor leaves office in January. The single tunnel still would be California’s biggest water project in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnel would pipe water from Northern California through a four-story-high tunnel. Los Angeles’ giant Metropolitan Water District and its millions of urban customers are expected to be some of the main beneficiaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water districts had balked at the $16 billion cost of the two tunnels, stalling that version late last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karla Nemeth, director of the state Department of Water Resources, wrote in a memo to water agencies Wednesday that the state would still proceed with a second tunnel if the money is found. The state put the cost of the single tunnel at $10.7 billion, all to be paid by water districts that use the supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club in California and other environmental groups alleged that the state is saying the two-tunnel plan still survives only to avoid seeking new permits and approval on a single-tunnel project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new plan marks the latest in Brown’s lengthy effort to redo the water system left by his father, the late Gov. Pat Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original project built by the late Brown has helped hasten the decline of California’s chinook salmon and other native species in the largest estuary on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the tunnels say the new project would help the environment. Opponents fear the project — built with one tunnel or two — would take too much fresh water from the vital waterway.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration announced Wednesday that it was scaling back his troubled four-decade effort to redo California’s north-south water system, cutting plans to build giant water tunnels from two to one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing the number of tunnels — at least for now — would help with California’s quest to line up enough funding and ease environmental concerns over tapping directly into the state’s largest river, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters also hope the trimmed-down project will have a better chance of winning approval before the 79-year-old governor leaves office in January. The single tunnel still would be California’s biggest water project in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnel would pipe water from Northern California through a four-story-high tunnel. Los Angeles’ giant Metropolitan Water District and its millions of urban customers are expected to be some of the main beneficiaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water districts had balked at the $16 billion cost of the two tunnels, stalling that version late last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karla Nemeth, director of the state Department of Water Resources, wrote in a memo to water agencies Wednesday that the state would still proceed with a second tunnel if the money is found. The state put the cost of the single tunnel at $10.7 billion, all to be paid by water districts that use the supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club in California and other environmental groups alleged that the state is saying the two-tunnel plan still survives only to avoid seeking new permits and approval on a single-tunnel project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new plan marks the latest in Brown’s lengthy effort to redo the water system left by his father, the late Gov. Pat Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original project built by the late Brown has helped hasten the decline of California’s chinook salmon and other native species in the largest estuary on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the tunnels say the new project would help the environment. Opponents fear the project — built with one tunnel or two — would take too much fresh water from the vital waterway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Protesters Disrupt Trump Administration's Offshore Oil Meeting in Sacramento",
"headTitle": "Protesters Disrupt Trump Administration’s Offshore Oil Meeting in Sacramento | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Several hundred protesters rallied at the state Capitol on Thursday to oppose a \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/NP-Draft-Proposed-Program-2019-2024/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal plan\u003c/a> to expand drilling for oil and gas off California shores. If the plan, currently a draft proposal, is finalized, the U.S. Department of the Interior could begin selling leases to drillers as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protesters demonstrated before an event held by the Interior Department’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management; it was the federal government’s only scheduled public meeting on the issue. The event, held at Sacramento’s main library, was billed as an “open house.” There was no opportunity for public comment; instead the department set up informational displays, with kiosks available to write comments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/BOEM_DOI/status/961748560269205504?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, protesters managed to get their voices heard, chanting “Where’s the hearing?” and turning the event into something of a circus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bill Brown, the chief environmental officer with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, defended the meeting’s format, saying it was a “more effective way to communicate.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think there are plenty of legitimate environmental concerns to be addressed,” he said. “The downside of the hearing thing is that you don’t get to talk to [or] really interact with folks. And also everyone needs to sit there, and they only get their two minutes in the sun, basically.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 413px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/offshoredrilling-WC.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919577\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/offshoredrilling-WC.png\" alt=\"BOEM CA map\" width=\"413\" height=\"538\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from the federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Mgt. shows the “extent of geological plays” off California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Trump administration’s plan are fearful of a catastrophic oil spill and burning more fossil fuels that drive global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving a lot more towards renewable energies,” said protester Chase Wood, 25, a resident of Orange County and a Greenpeace activist. “There are more jobs in the energy sector than there is in all of the coal industry. We need to start moving on to the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offshore drilling has been a hot-button issue in the state since 1969, when the blowout of an offshore well led to a catastrophic\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> oil spill\u003c/a> in the Santa Barbara Channel, fouling 35 miles of coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people really recognize that offshore drilling for oil is a dirty and dangerous business,” said Miyoko Sakashita, who directs the oceans program at the Center for Biological Diversity. “We’ve all seen the images of the oiled coasts and the oiled birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has banned new exploration in state waters within three miles of shore for decades, and the White House under Barack Obama added restrictions in federal waters. The Trump administration’s 5-year plan calls for leases to once again be offered to oil and gas companies for exploration and production in nearly all U.S. waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of offshore drilling also weighed in Thursday. Bob Poole, vice president of the Western States Petroleum Association, said the alternative to offshore drilling is importing oil from countries that lack environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919748 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An expert from the Department of Interior explains aspects of offshore operations to attendees. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We import more than a million barrels [of oil] every day, each and every day, over the ocean, from countries that a lot of whom don’t like us very much,” he said on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2018/02/07/trumps-plan-to-expand-offshore-drilling-gets-a-california-hearing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum radio program\u003c/a>. “All of that oil is coming on on tankers, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, “If we’re going to need oil for the foreseeable future … doesn’t it make sense to produce that oil rather than try to stop that — and produce it under the most stringent environmental regulations on the planet — instead of importing this oil in supertankers from countries like Saudi Arabia and others where they don’t have those rules?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some state officials have begun \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/02/08/583407248/california-may-have-a-way-to-block-trumps-offshore-drilling-push\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moving to block\u003c/a> newly produced offshore oil from being piped ashore by withholding permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am resolved that not a single drop from Trump’s new oil plan ever makes landfall in California,” said Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom in a statement on behalf of the State Lands Commission, which he chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) introduced SB 834, which would ban new pipelines, piers, wharves, or other infrastructure that would go through state waters. A similar bill died in committee last year. A companion bill, AB 1775, was introduced by Assemblymember Al Muratsuchi (D-Torrance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed, the legislation could potentially dissuade oil companies from buying oil leases. Without a pipeline to bring oil onshore, oil companies would have to turn to other means, like using ships for transport, which is generally seen as riskier and more expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry advocates have argued that because federal waters belong to the taxpayers, they should not be closed to drilling. Currently about 30 wells are in operation off of California, mostly in federal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on Thursday, the California Assembly overwhelmingly passed a resolution opposing the Trump administration’s plan. The vote was 55-8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly also asked U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to remove California from the proposed leasing plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblywoman Monique Limón, a Santa Monica Democrat who sought the resolution, cited previous offshore spills that have tarred the state’s picturesque coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans Randy Voepel of Santee and Travis Allen of Huntington Beach say oil and gas can be safely harvested. Allen, a GOP candidate for governor, says the move could help lower gasoline prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters in other states have already gathered to voice their displeasure at the planned reinstatement of offshore drilling. On Tuesday, more than 100 demonstrators gathered outside Oregon’s state Capitol in Salem to denounce the proposal before a planned public meeting.. Twenty-three meetings are scheduled nationwide, one in every state except Hawaii that touches the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. Comments can also be submitted \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/comment?D=BOEM-2017-0074-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> through March 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Craig Miller, Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Lauren Sommer and the Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A proposal to revive oil and gas drilling off California has struck a nerve among coastal residents.",
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"title": "Protesters Disrupt Trump Administration's Offshore Oil Meeting in Sacramento | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Several hundred protesters rallied at the state Capitol on Thursday to oppose a \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/NP-Draft-Proposed-Program-2019-2024/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal plan\u003c/a> to expand drilling for oil and gas off California shores. If the plan, currently a draft proposal, is finalized, the U.S. Department of the Interior could begin selling leases to drillers as soon as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protesters demonstrated before an event held by the Interior Department’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management; it was the federal government’s only scheduled public meeting on the issue. The event, held at Sacramento’s main library, was billed as an “open house.” There was no opportunity for public comment; instead the department set up informational displays, with kiosks available to write comments.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Still, protesters managed to get their voices heard, chanting “Where’s the hearing?” and turning the event into something of a circus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bill Brown, the chief environmental officer with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, defended the meeting’s format, saying it was a “more effective way to communicate.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“I think there are plenty of legitimate environmental concerns to be addressed,” he said. “The downside of the hearing thing is that you don’t get to talk to [or] really interact with folks. And also everyone needs to sit there, and they only get their two minutes in the sun, basically.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 413px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/offshoredrilling-WC.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919577\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/offshoredrilling-WC.png\" alt=\"BOEM CA map\" width=\"413\" height=\"538\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from the federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Mgt. shows the “extent of geological plays” off California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Trump administration’s plan are fearful of a catastrophic oil spill and burning more fossil fuels that drive global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving a lot more towards renewable energies,” said protester Chase Wood, 25, a resident of Orange County and a Greenpeace activist. “There are more jobs in the energy sector than there is in all of the coal industry. We need to start moving on to the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offshore drilling has been a hot-button issue in the state since 1969, when the blowout of an offshore well led to a catastrophic\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> oil spill\u003c/a> in the Santa Barbara Channel, fouling 35 miles of coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people really recognize that offshore drilling for oil is a dirty and dangerous business,” said Miyoko Sakashita, who directs the oceans program at the Center for Biological Diversity. “We’ve all seen the images of the oiled coasts and the oiled birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has banned new exploration in state waters within three miles of shore for decades, and the White House under Barack Obama added restrictions in federal waters. The Trump administration’s 5-year plan calls for leases to once again be offered to oil and gas companies for exploration and production in nearly all U.S. waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of offshore drilling also weighed in Thursday. Bob Poole, vice president of the Western States Petroleum Association, said the alternative to offshore drilling is importing oil from countries that lack environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919748 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_9545-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An expert from the Department of Interior explains aspects of offshore operations to attendees. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We import more than a million barrels [of oil] every day, each and every day, over the ocean, from countries that a lot of whom don’t like us very much,” he said on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2018/02/07/trumps-plan-to-expand-offshore-drilling-gets-a-california-hearing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum radio program\u003c/a>. “All of that oil is coming on on tankers, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, “If we’re going to need oil for the foreseeable future … doesn’t it make sense to produce that oil rather than try to stop that — and produce it under the most stringent environmental regulations on the planet — instead of importing this oil in supertankers from countries like Saudi Arabia and others where they don’t have those rules?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some state officials have begun \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/02/08/583407248/california-may-have-a-way-to-block-trumps-offshore-drilling-push\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moving to block\u003c/a> newly produced offshore oil from being piped ashore by withholding permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am resolved that not a single drop from Trump’s new oil plan ever makes landfall in California,” said Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom in a statement on behalf of the State Lands Commission, which he chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara) introduced SB 834, which would ban new pipelines, piers, wharves, or other infrastructure that would go through state waters. A similar bill died in committee last year. A companion bill, AB 1775, was introduced by Assemblymember Al Muratsuchi (D-Torrance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed, the legislation could potentially dissuade oil companies from buying oil leases. Without a pipeline to bring oil onshore, oil companies would have to turn to other means, like using ships for transport, which is generally seen as riskier and more expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry advocates have argued that because federal waters belong to the taxpayers, they should not be closed to drilling. Currently about 30 wells are in operation off of California, mostly in federal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on Thursday, the California Assembly overwhelmingly passed a resolution opposing the Trump administration’s plan. The vote was 55-8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly also asked U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to remove California from the proposed leasing plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblywoman Monique Limón, a Santa Monica Democrat who sought the resolution, cited previous offshore spills that have tarred the state’s picturesque coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans Randy Voepel of Santee and Travis Allen of Huntington Beach say oil and gas can be safely harvested. Allen, a GOP candidate for governor, says the move could help lower gasoline prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protesters in other states have already gathered to voice their displeasure at the planned reinstatement of offshore drilling. On Tuesday, more than 100 demonstrators gathered outside Oregon’s state Capitol in Salem to denounce the proposal before a planned public meeting.. Twenty-three meetings are scheduled nationwide, one in every state except Hawaii that touches the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. Comments can also be submitted \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/comment?D=BOEM-2017-0074-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> through March 9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Craig Miller, Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Lauren Sommer and the Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Robotics, Artificial Intelligence Make Headway in the Water Industry",
"headTitle": "Robotics, Artificial Intelligence Make Headway in the Water Industry | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>We hear plenty these days about breakthroughs in green energy, robotics and communications. But as everyday technologies go, water management is virtually invisible to the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One organization that’s working to change that is Imagine H2O, a startup accelerator based in San Francisco. A nonprofit, it provides support to emerging companies working on water problems, helping them find investors and customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, Imagine H2O hosts a competition to nurture a class of promising water entrepreneurs. The latest class attracted 206 applicants from 36 countries, each of them seeking to benefit from expert guidance in the water industry and from relationships with investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”FGz0NzAUv3SftU45CyLPfTmmf9lqLJLa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the firm selected 13 finalists from this group. These entrepreneurs now begin a 10-month program that will include introductions with investors and potential customers, mentoring by industry experts, and opportunities to increase their visibility in the industry. At the end of that period, winners will be selected to receive grants of up to $25,000 to help advance their inventions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain the process further and introduce some of the startup firms, Water Deeply recently talked to Tom Ferguson, Imagine H2O’s vice president of programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does your selection process work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Ferguson: We enlist the help of 146 experts from our network, who serve as prejudges and as a final judging panel. The prejudges give us a very wide assessment and provide a ranking of the applicants. Then the companies go to the final judging panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t take an equity position in these companies. We’re a 501(c)3, we’re a nonprofit. Our mission is to help people develop and deploy technology, and create solutions to water challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Many of the companies in your 2018 class are involved in wastewater. Why so much interest in that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFerguson: What unifies them is all of them have identified a very specific niche in which we think there is a great balance between ability to solve a problem and also the acuteness of the problem – the degree to which the problem is felt within their specified target market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Aquam LLC has developed an energy-neutral solution for dealing with ultra-high-strength wastewater streams. Their initial niche is with a specific area of the food and beverage industry. Within wastewater, you’re looking at startup companies who are really good at identifying pain points within the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to work in wastewater and I know that monitoring tank health is crucial. If your culture in a tank isn’t right, it will throw off your whole treatment process. Another of our firms in this sector is Island Water Technologies. It’s invented a bioelectrode wastewater sensor that provides real-time monitoring of microbial activity in these tanks. It’s going to monitor an absolutely mission-critical element of the overall wastewater chain, to a point where people who want to sleep well at night can, because they will know when the pattern of health in the tank starts to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There also seems to be a trend toward bringing artificial intelligence into water treatment.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFerguson: That’s a really interesting one. There have been various companies that have looked at this and said, “How do we make life easier for a data-constrained water operator?” Emagin is an example from last year. It uses artificial intelligence to help people run a whole bunch of scenario analyses to fine-tune their water treatment operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Water is still just grotesquely under-supported as an area of infrastructure and of the economy as a whole.”\u003ccite>Tom Ferguson, Imagine H2O\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Everybody has a membrane system in their water treatment process. And they are looking for intelligent ways to monitor the health of that membrane and, ideally, be able to clean that membrane without having to shut down the system, remove it and clean it off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of our companies this year, Intelliflux, is about giving the opportunity to be more precise. By using artificial intelligence, it allows people to do the membrane maintenance when it’s actually needed, rather than when the handbook is saying it’s time. It’s about efficiency and augmenting the role of the operator rather than the idea of going to a robot sort of treatment plant where the operator is going to be out of a job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of your cohort this year, Pipeguard, makes robots to detect leaks. What’s that all about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferguson: This is the work of You Wu, a really smart guy with a PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His idea is there are so many leaks in pipes, and there’s got to be a better way of doing a couple of things: detecting leaks that are already there, but also having an early warning system to detect new leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His robot looks a little bit like a shuttlecock from badminton. Essentially, it goes down the pipe with the flow and provides a relatively granular look at pipe condition – regardless of the pipe material. The robot allows water companies to have more visibility into where their leaks are, especially the small leaks. The big leaks are usually self-evident – like when roads blow up. But where are the likely rupture points? We think he’s got a really novel solution and that there’s an appetite out there from water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does all this translate into benefits for utility ratepayers, or the person on the street?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFerguson: For most of us, when we turn on the tap, water comes out with no trouble at all. Everybody just basically takes this for granted. Water is really, really cheap, and it should be because it’s a universal human right. Everybody needs water they can afford. But everybody who spends more than 15 minutes looking at the water industry knows it’s a really tough gig. And it’s practically invisible to the person on the street. It really is an unbelievable feat of engineering and dedication and everybody wanders around clueless about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So all of these innovations allow utilities to optimize. If you are saving money on energy or on chemicals or treatment, or if you can cut a six-step process down to two, all of those savings fall directly to the bottom line. That means there is more and more breathing space on the utilities balance sheet, reducing the likelihood of rate increases in the future.[contextly_sidebar id=”rGFJQRLX2CyZHFsHnf1ZkbwTJ5OOXOmT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, the benefit to the person on the street is they get to keep on taking water for granted, rather than having bad impacts on their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is the market like for water innovations these days?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFerguson: Water is still just grotesquely under-supported as an area of infrastructure and of the economy as a whole. There are a lot of headwinds. That said, for people who understand it and can figure it out, we think there are great opportunities for solid investments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where water entrepreneurs run into challenges is in convincing investors this is the highest and best use of their capital. In water you have long sales cycles, a conservative industry and nowhere near the kind of federal support for other sectors, like energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everybody gets very excited about water when they hear as much as $1 trillion needs to be invested in water infrastructure before 2040. But the numbers in water don’t lie. I really do think it’s kind of America’s big time bomb. It’s overlooked relative to its importance in society, shall we say. It will turn. And when it does turn, the investors who have taken positions and taken time to understand this are in a position to do very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/02/06/robotics-artificial-intelligence-make-headway-in-the-water-industry\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Imagine H2O, a startup accelerator, wants to integrate artificial intelligence with the water sector. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We hear plenty these days about breakthroughs in green energy, robotics and communications. But as everyday technologies go, water management is virtually invisible to the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One organization that’s working to change that is Imagine H2O, a startup accelerator based in San Francisco. A nonprofit, it provides support to emerging companies working on water problems, helping them find investors and customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, Imagine H2O hosts a competition to nurture a class of promising water entrepreneurs. The latest class attracted 206 applicants from 36 countries, each of them seeking to benefit from expert guidance in the water industry and from relationships with investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the firm selected 13 finalists from this group. These entrepreneurs now begin a 10-month program that will include introductions with investors and potential customers, mentoring by industry experts, and opportunities to increase their visibility in the industry. At the end of that period, winners will be selected to receive grants of up to $25,000 to help advance their inventions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain the process further and introduce some of the startup firms, Water Deeply recently talked to Tom Ferguson, Imagine H2O’s vice president of programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does your selection process work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Ferguson: We enlist the help of 146 experts from our network, who serve as prejudges and as a final judging panel. The prejudges give us a very wide assessment and provide a ranking of the applicants. Then the companies go to the final judging panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t take an equity position in these companies. We’re a 501(c)3, we’re a nonprofit. Our mission is to help people develop and deploy technology, and create solutions to water challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Many of the companies in your 2018 class are involved in wastewater. Why so much interest in that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFerguson: What unifies them is all of them have identified a very specific niche in which we think there is a great balance between ability to solve a problem and also the acuteness of the problem – the degree to which the problem is felt within their specified target market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Aquam LLC has developed an energy-neutral solution for dealing with ultra-high-strength wastewater streams. Their initial niche is with a specific area of the food and beverage industry. Within wastewater, you’re looking at startup companies who are really good at identifying pain points within the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to work in wastewater and I know that monitoring tank health is crucial. If your culture in a tank isn’t right, it will throw off your whole treatment process. Another of our firms in this sector is Island Water Technologies. It’s invented a bioelectrode wastewater sensor that provides real-time monitoring of microbial activity in these tanks. It’s going to monitor an absolutely mission-critical element of the overall wastewater chain, to a point where people who want to sleep well at night can, because they will know when the pattern of health in the tank starts to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There also seems to be a trend toward bringing artificial intelligence into water treatment.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFerguson: That’s a really interesting one. There have been various companies that have looked at this and said, “How do we make life easier for a data-constrained water operator?” Emagin is an example from last year. It uses artificial intelligence to help people run a whole bunch of scenario analyses to fine-tune their water treatment operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Water is still just grotesquely under-supported as an area of infrastructure and of the economy as a whole.”\u003ccite>Tom Ferguson, Imagine H2O\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Everybody has a membrane system in their water treatment process. And they are looking for intelligent ways to monitor the health of that membrane and, ideally, be able to clean that membrane without having to shut down the system, remove it and clean it off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of our companies this year, Intelliflux, is about giving the opportunity to be more precise. By using artificial intelligence, it allows people to do the membrane maintenance when it’s actually needed, rather than when the handbook is saying it’s time. It’s about efficiency and augmenting the role of the operator rather than the idea of going to a robot sort of treatment plant where the operator is going to be out of a job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of your cohort this year, Pipeguard, makes robots to detect leaks. What’s that all about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferguson: This is the work of You Wu, a really smart guy with a PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His idea is there are so many leaks in pipes, and there’s got to be a better way of doing a couple of things: detecting leaks that are already there, but also having an early warning system to detect new leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His robot looks a little bit like a shuttlecock from badminton. Essentially, it goes down the pipe with the flow and provides a relatively granular look at pipe condition – regardless of the pipe material. The robot allows water companies to have more visibility into where their leaks are, especially the small leaks. The big leaks are usually self-evident – like when roads blow up. But where are the likely rupture points? We think he’s got a really novel solution and that there’s an appetite out there from water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does all this translate into benefits for utility ratepayers, or the person on the street?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFerguson: For most of us, when we turn on the tap, water comes out with no trouble at all. Everybody just basically takes this for granted. Water is really, really cheap, and it should be because it’s a universal human right. Everybody needs water they can afford. But everybody who spends more than 15 minutes looking at the water industry knows it’s a really tough gig. And it’s practically invisible to the person on the street. It really is an unbelievable feat of engineering and dedication and everybody wanders around clueless about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So all of these innovations allow utilities to optimize. If you are saving money on energy or on chemicals or treatment, or if you can cut a six-step process down to two, all of those savings fall directly to the bottom line. That means there is more and more breathing space on the utilities balance sheet, reducing the likelihood of rate increases in the future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, the benefit to the person on the street is they get to keep on taking water for granted, rather than having bad impacts on their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is the market like for water innovations these days?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFerguson: Water is still just grotesquely under-supported as an area of infrastructure and of the economy as a whole. There are a lot of headwinds. That said, for people who understand it and can figure it out, we think there are great opportunities for solid investments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where water entrepreneurs run into challenges is in convincing investors this is the highest and best use of their capital. In water you have long sales cycles, a conservative industry and nowhere near the kind of federal support for other sectors, like energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everybody gets very excited about water when they hear as much as $1 trillion needs to be invested in water infrastructure before 2040. But the numbers in water don’t lie. I really do think it’s kind of America’s big time bomb. It’s overlooked relative to its importance in society, shall we say. It will turn. And when it does turn, the investors who have taken positions and taken time to understand this are in a position to do very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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