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"content": "\u003cp>In the years to come, we’re likely to see a lot more “green” and distributed infrastructure projects from water utilities, like permeable pavement, rainwater capture and efficiency rebates. That’s because coming up with the money needed to scale these projects just got a lot easier.[contextly_sidebar id=”DIms7kZFOMyfTNVNNzAYs2M8vRiOi2iF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the water world, most big infrastructure projects like treatment facilities and pipelines are usually financed by water agencies selling bonds, which can help them raise millions of dollars for a project that only needs to be paid off a little bit at a time over many years. That’s because these projects are owned by the agencies and are considered an asset on which they can capitalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But turf removal programs, green roofs and other localized water projects that can have significant impact on water consumption – often referred to as “distributed infrastructure” – weren’t typically considered an asset because they weren’t actually owned by an agency. Instead rebates for these kinds of projects were funded from operating budgets, which often isn’t enough to really scale such efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gasb.org/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Government Accounting Standards Board\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>), which is an independent organization that establishes accounting and financial standards, approved a policy \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gasb.org/jsp/GASB/Document_C/DocumentPage?cid=1176170563952&acceptedDisclaimer=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">implementation guide\u003c/a> on May 7. This time one of the guidelines it addressed was Statement No. 62 (also referred to in shorthand as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62 has actually been around for years, but it wasn’t well known. That prompted \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> this month to clarify the language around “business-type activities” of public agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a universe of things that public agencies spend money on. Some of it is straightforward: If you’re buying chemicals every year, that’s an annual expense, and if you’re building a treatment facility, that’s a capital asset,” said Cynthia Koehler, executive director of the San Francisco-based nonprofit \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://waternow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterNow Alliance\u003c/a> and board member of the Marin Municipal Water District. “In between are things that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>recognizes as ‘business type activities’ of public agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> also refers to these as “regulated operations,” and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62 says that it’s possible for these regulated operations to be considered assets that can be capitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this language may be new to many folks not in the accounting world, what it means in the real world is that many water agencies will now be able to use bonds to fund things they didn’t typically consider an asset before. In particular, distributed infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s “potentially a massive game changer,” said Koehler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for a water agency to be able to capitalize regulated operations, it needs to meet some criteria. It has to have a governing board able to set its own rates and it needs to be able to set rates that are likely to recover the cost of the regulated operation.[contextly_sidebar id=”JYWmRdIUco2POFkelfZf9hZPIglueRvE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a public agency can do that, “the money you spend can be considered an asset and once you have an asset you can bond-fund it,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gfoa.org/ed-harrington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Harrington\u003c/a>, who served as the controller for the city and county of San Francisco and later as the general manager of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission until he retired in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a big shift for most water utilities, which are used to thinking about fixed things like pipes and pumps as assets. But \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>’s latest guideline is confirming that this practice of capitalizing regulated operations is definitely above board. “This guidance connects the dots from a statement that has existed for some time, specifically to water utilities and how they book expenses for distributed infrastructure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now utilities can raise a lot more money for distributed infrastructure projects that they can then pay off slowly over many years, instead of trying to finance projects with cash on hand. That opens up the door to more money for initiatives like cash-for-grass rebates, leak detection devices, rainwater capture, graywater reuse, green roofs, constructed wetlands, permeable pavement, direct installation of high efficiency toilets or fixtures, and smart irrigation control rebates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_131249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131249\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180523040322/900_01_us_ca_48_33761.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">An 865-gallon rain barrel next to a water filter and micron filters for harvested rainwater on a green home in Los Angeles. (Citizen of the Planet/Education Images/\u003cspan class=\"caps\">UIG\u003c/span> via Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These distributed infrastructure projects have huge potential. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/nrdc-switchboard-urban-water-conservation-and-efficiency-enormous-potential-close-to-home/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Institute, an Oakland-based global water think-tank, found that there’s the potential to save \u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.1\u003c/span> billion to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.4\u003c/span> billion cubic meters (enough water for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">5.8\u003c/span> million to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">10.4\u003c/span> million families a year) through efficiencies in the urban water sector alone in California. “Our analysis focused on the savings that could be achieved through more widespread adoption of technology and practices that are available and already in use in California and elsewhere around the world,” the Pacific Institute found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that will bring more than just financial benefits, said Rowan Schmidt, program director for finance and investment strategies at \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.eartheconomics.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Economics\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helps organizations make investment and policy decisions by taking nature into account. “Green infrastructure will support core services, but you also get these co-benefits out of it like increased resilience compared with centralized infrastructure, as well as health benefits and property value improvements.”[contextly_sidebar id=”o5tq1EpJUM0K7lEOD6tcc8ym241uvweN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a community has issues with flooding, for example, Harrington said, instead of using pipes and pumps to tackle the problem, agencies can explore other distributed or green infrastructure options. “You can say I’m going to go much more into permeable pavement, green roofs, those kind of things that use nature, that bring the water back into the aquifer, that avoid flooding, that can be very efficient and cost effective and can be done much quicker,” said Harrington. “It’s not to say you’re never going to need pipes and pumps, but you could probably meet a good amount of the flooding problem if you just returned things back to the way they were before there was so much concrete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step now is getting the word out, said Schmidt. “I think there is a lot of education required. How do we get the mechanism to scale up across thousands of utilities and special districts across the country?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">The challenge, added Koehler, is for groups like WaterNow Alliance and Earth Economics to help explain what this opportunity is all about, and to socialize and normalize it. “Opportunity is the operative word,” she said. “There’s no mandate here. What to me is great about it is the flexibility. It’s there if you want to use it, it’s this opportunity, but nobody is forcing you to go this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/05/23/little-known-accounting-policy-could-fuel-green-infrastructure-surge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a universe of things that public agencies spend money on. Some of it is straightforward: If you’re buying chemicals every year, that’s an annual expense, and if you’re building a treatment facility, that’s a capital asset,” said Cynthia Koehler, executive director of the San Francisco-based nonprofit \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://waternow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterNow Alliance\u003c/a> and board member of the Marin Municipal Water District. “In between are things that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>recognizes as ‘business type activities’ of public agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> also refers to these as “regulated operations,” and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span> 62 says that it’s possible for these regulated operations to be considered assets that can be capitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this language may be new to many folks not in the accounting world, what it means in the real world is that many water agencies will now be able to use bonds to fund things they didn’t typically consider an asset before. In particular, distributed infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s “potentially a massive game changer,” said Koehler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for a water agency to be able to capitalize regulated operations, it needs to meet some criteria. It has to have a governing board able to set its own rates and it needs to be able to set rates that are likely to recover the cost of the regulated operation.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a public agency can do that, “the money you spend can be considered an asset and once you have an asset you can bond-fund it,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.gfoa.org/ed-harrington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Harrington\u003c/a>, who served as the controller for the city and county of San Francisco and later as the general manager of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission until he retired in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a big shift for most water utilities, which are used to thinking about fixed things like pipes and pumps as assets. But \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GASB\u003c/span>’s latest guideline is confirming that this practice of capitalizing regulated operations is definitely above board. “This guidance connects the dots from a statement that has existed for some time, specifically to water utilities and how they book expenses for distributed infrastructure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now utilities can raise a lot more money for distributed infrastructure projects that they can then pay off slowly over many years, instead of trying to finance projects with cash on hand. That opens up the door to more money for initiatives like cash-for-grass rebates, leak detection devices, rainwater capture, graywater reuse, green roofs, constructed wetlands, permeable pavement, direct installation of high efficiency toilets or fixtures, and smart irrigation control rebates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_131249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131249\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180523040322/900_01_us_ca_48_33761.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">An 865-gallon rain barrel next to a water filter and micron filters for harvested rainwater on a green home in Los Angeles. (Citizen of the Planet/Education Images/\u003cspan class=\"caps\">UIG\u003c/span> via Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These distributed infrastructure projects have huge potential. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/nrdc-switchboard-urban-water-conservation-and-efficiency-enormous-potential-close-to-home/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Institute, an Oakland-based global water think-tank, found that there’s the potential to save \u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.1\u003c/span> billion to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.4\u003c/span> billion cubic meters (enough water for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">5.8\u003c/span> million to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">10.4\u003c/span> million families a year) through efficiencies in the urban water sector alone in California. “Our analysis focused on the savings that could be achieved through more widespread adoption of technology and practices that are available and already in use in California and elsewhere around the world,” the Pacific Institute found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that will bring more than just financial benefits, said Rowan Schmidt, program director for finance and investment strategies at \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.eartheconomics.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth Economics\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that helps organizations make investment and policy decisions by taking nature into account. “Green infrastructure will support core services, but you also get these co-benefits out of it like increased resilience compared with centralized infrastructure, as well as health benefits and property value improvements.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a community has issues with flooding, for example, Harrington said, instead of using pipes and pumps to tackle the problem, agencies can explore other distributed or green infrastructure options. “You can say I’m going to go much more into permeable pavement, green roofs, those kind of things that use nature, that bring the water back into the aquifer, that avoid flooding, that can be very efficient and cost effective and can be done much quicker,” said Harrington. “It’s not to say you’re never going to need pipes and pumps, but you could probably meet a good amount of the flooding problem if you just returned things back to the way they were before there was so much concrete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step now is getting the word out, said Schmidt. “I think there is a lot of education required. How do we get the mechanism to scale up across thousands of utilities and special districts across the country?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">The challenge, added Koehler, is for groups like WaterNow Alliance and Earth Economics to help explain what this opportunity is all about, and to socialize and normalize it. “Opportunity is the operative word,” she said. “There’s no mandate here. What to me is great about it is the flexibility. It’s there if you want to use it, it’s this opportunity, but nobody is forcing you to go this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/05/23/little-known-accounting-policy-could-fuel-green-infrastructure-surge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Legend of Loch Ness Monster Will Be Tested With DNA Samples",
"headTitle": "Legend of Loch Ness Monster Will Be Tested With DNA Samples | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The stories seem as tall as the lake is deep. For hundreds of years, visitors to Scotland’s Loch Ness have described seeing a monster that some believe lurks in the depths.[contextly_sidebar id=”G6DlheYZR0smrSiFJ3bBhOTxjR7S37VO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the legend of “Nessie” may have no place left to hide. A New Zealand scientist is leading an international team to the lake next month, where they will take samples of the murky waters and conduct DNA tests to determine what species live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Otago professor Neil Gemmell says he’s no believer in Nessie, but he wants to take people on an adventure and communicate some science along the way. Besides, he says, his kids think it’s one of the coolest things he’s ever done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more far-fetched theories is that Nessie is a long-necked plesiosaur that somehow survived the period when dinosaurs became extinct. Another theory is that the monster is actually a sturgeon or giant catfish. Many believe the sightings are hoaxes or can be explained by floating logs or strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell said that when creatures move about in water, they leave behind tiny fragments of DNA. It comes from their skin, feathers, scales and urine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his team will take 300 samples of water from different points around the lake and at different depths. They will filter the organic material and extract the DNA, he said, sequencing it by using technology originally created for the human genome project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the DNA results will then be compared against a database of known species. He said they should have answers by the end of the year.[contextly_sidebar id=”zeohbzvnjqAqQx49WE3ywbniuH3FjQlZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going into this thinking it’s unlikely there is a monster, but I want to test that hypothesis,” Gemmell said. “What we’ll get is a really nice survey of the biodiversity of the Loch Ness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the real discoveries may come in determining things like the prevalence of invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell, 51, said he first visited Loch Ness in his late 20s while on vacation. Like thousands of tourists before him, he gazed out over the lake trying to catch sight of a monster. He said he first came up with the idea of testing DNA from the lake a couple of years ago and it resonated with many, including his children, aged 7 and 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graeme Matheson, chief of the Scottish Society of New Zealand, said he, too, has visited Loch Ness and gazed out over the water, and that he wishes Gemmell all the best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope he and his cohorts find something, although I think they’ll be battling,” Matheson said. “Still, it’s a good way to get a trip to Scotland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell said that even if they don’t find any monster DNA, it won’t deter some Nessie believers. He said they’ve already been offering him theories, like that Nessie might be on vacation after swimming to the sea via hidden underwater caves, or that the creature might be extraterrestrial and not leave behind any DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our lives we want there still to be mysteries, some of which we will ultimately solve,” Gemmell said. “That’s part of the spirit of discovery. And sometimes, what you find may not be what you were expecting.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The stories seem as tall as the lake is deep. For hundreds of years, visitors to Scotland’s Loch Ness have described seeing a monster that some believe lurks in the depths.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the legend of “Nessie” may have no place left to hide. A New Zealand scientist is leading an international team to the lake next month, where they will take samples of the murky waters and conduct DNA tests to determine what species live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Otago professor Neil Gemmell says he’s no believer in Nessie, but he wants to take people on an adventure and communicate some science along the way. Besides, he says, his kids think it’s one of the coolest things he’s ever done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more far-fetched theories is that Nessie is a long-necked plesiosaur that somehow survived the period when dinosaurs became extinct. Another theory is that the monster is actually a sturgeon or giant catfish. Many believe the sightings are hoaxes or can be explained by floating logs or strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell said that when creatures move about in water, they leave behind tiny fragments of DNA. It comes from their skin, feathers, scales and urine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his team will take 300 samples of water from different points around the lake and at different depths. They will filter the organic material and extract the DNA, he said, sequencing it by using technology originally created for the human genome project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the DNA results will then be compared against a database of known species. He said they should have answers by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going into this thinking it’s unlikely there is a monster, but I want to test that hypothesis,” Gemmell said. “What we’ll get is a really nice survey of the biodiversity of the Loch Ness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the real discoveries may come in determining things like the prevalence of invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell, 51, said he first visited Loch Ness in his late 20s while on vacation. Like thousands of tourists before him, he gazed out over the lake trying to catch sight of a monster. He said he first came up with the idea of testing DNA from the lake a couple of years ago and it resonated with many, including his children, aged 7 and 10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graeme Matheson, chief of the Scottish Society of New Zealand, said he, too, has visited Loch Ness and gazed out over the water, and that he wishes Gemmell all the best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope he and his cohorts find something, although I think they’ll be battling,” Matheson said. “Still, it’s a good way to get a trip to Scotland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gemmell said that even if they don’t find any monster DNA, it won’t deter some Nessie believers. He said they’ve already been offering him theories, like that Nessie might be on vacation after swimming to the sea via hidden underwater caves, or that the creature might be extraterrestrial and not leave behind any DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our lives we want there still to be mysteries, some of which we will ultimately solve,” Gemmell said. “That’s part of the spirit of discovery. And sometimes, what you find may not be what you were expecting.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Five Things to Know About Water Bonds on Upcoming California Ballots",
"headTitle": "Five Things to Know About Water Bonds on Upcoming California Ballots | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Californians this year will vote on not one but two water bond measures totaling $13 billion. Given that the state still hasn’t spent all of the $7.5 billion from the Proposition 1 water bond passed in 2014, it raises a crucial question: Does California really need another $13 billion in water bonds?[contextly_sidebar id=”fsd61lRlueQgaNlzuX3HqQUz3uVlPLtP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December 2017, the state had allocated only about $1 billion from Proposition 1. About half of the total money available from the bond is dedicated to new water storage under a complicated new process that funds only the “public benefits” of such projects. The first dribble of money from that pot is expected to be awarded later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that money still coming, why two more water bonds? Here are answers to some basic questions about the ballot measures that may help illuminate the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who sponsored these ballot measures and what are they for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voterguide.sos.ca.gov/propositions/68/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 68\u003c/a>, a $4.1 billion bond measure, wins the prize for most unwieldy title. Known as the California Drought, Water, Parks, Climate, Coastal Protection and Outdoor Access for All Act of 2018, it was placed on the June 5 primary ballot by the state legislature. Sponsored by former Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León, D-Los Angeles, nearly two-thirds of the money appears destined for park and wildlife projects, not water projects. However, much of this money would indirectly benefit state water resources, such as projects along specific river corridors that would improve water quality.[contextly_sidebar id=”l6qj0Xjf6ytPnfdsmFUCZaYaGQmWJkWx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://waterbond.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Supply and Water Quality Bond\u003c/a> (proposition number not yet designated) has qualified for the November 6 general election ballot and would allocate $8.9billion for water projects. The main sponsor is Jerry Meral, former deputy secretary of the California Natural Resources Agency and now director of the California Water Program at the nonprofit Natural Heritage Institute. This bond is more strictly focused on water and wastewater projects. There is no money for parks, but there is money for watershed improvements all over the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do the two bonds overlap at all?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, they do. Both bond measures include money for \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/11/10/can-a-new-salton-sea-plan-fend-off-ecological-and-health-disasters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Salton Sea\u003c/a> restoration ($200 million each), where declining agricultural runoff is shrinking the water elevation. This reduces important waterfowl habitat, and also exposes the erosive lakebed to strong desert winds, creating a potential air-quality concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both bonds also include funding for wastewater recycling (up to $390 million in Prop. 69, $650 million in Meral’s measure), an increasingly important source of drinking water for the state as public acceptance grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also some overlap in funding to protect and enhance watersheds and rivers. For example, a state agency, the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, is designated funding in both bonds for river restoration projects. Numerous other waterways across the state would get money under both bonds, including the American River, the Russian River, the Guadalupe River and the Santa Margarita River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither bond includes any funding explicitly for traditional water storage projects like new dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, what distinguishes the two bonds then?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, if you care about parks as well as water, you’ll want to support Prop. 68. It includes nearly $1.3 billion for park projects. This includes $218 million to restore and improve state parks, which faces an estimated $1.2 billion maintenance backlog. It also includes $725 million to help build new local parks in communities that are known to be underserved when it comes to recreation amenities. This includes the San Joaquin Valley and the state’s desert communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prop. 68 also includes $767 million for projects to enhance wildlife and watersheds. Many of these projects will have indirect benefits to water quality. For example, each of the state’s designated regional habitat conservancies are allocated money in the bond to continue their efforts to protect land and water. Funds are also designated to improve fish passage at water diversions along streams or where streams are impacted by road crossings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180516015610/CAWaterBondsComparoACWA1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"738\" height=\"666\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Association of California Water Agencies prepared this chart comparing funding levels for water projects in the two bond measures that will be on the ballot this year. (Image Courtesy Association of California Water Agencies)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The November bond measure targets a much broader array of water projects. For example, it includes $100 million to change the way existing water storage reservoirs are operated so they can capture more runoff. The dams themselves would not be changed, only their operating rules. It also includes $550 million for projects to capture and reuse stormwater, $300 million for water conservation projects and $60 million to improve data gathering on the state’s water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This bond also includes a particular focus on groundwater, with $640 million designated to help implement the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, the state’s first effort to comprehensively regulate groundwater extraction. Most of this money will be offered as grants to help dozens of new groundwater management agencies acquire land and water from willing sellers to begin recharging depleted aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any downside to these bonds we should know about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few cases, these ballot measures are asking taxpayers across the state to pay for projects that should be helping themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the November bond measure includes $200 million to help pay for repairs at Oroville Dam, which was heavily damaged by storms in February 2017. This money is being made available in case the Federal Emergency Management Agency doesn’t cover all the repair costs. But Oroville Dam doesn’t serve every Californian. It is part of the State Water Project, which provides some water for about two-thirds of the state’s residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same bond includes $750 million to repair the Friant-Kern Canal. The canal is buckling because of heavy groundwater pumping in the San Joaquin Valley that caused the land to subside. This has compromised the canal’s water-delivery capacity. In short, every California taxpayer is being asked to fix a canal that serves about 14 agricultural irrigation districts, which was damaged by a handful of groundwater users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, a lot of the money for park projects in Prop. 68 will be spent in locations that most Californians will never visit. This is particularly so with the $725 million set aside to develop and improve local community parks. It could be argued, however, that this money will improve the general welfare of the populace, making the state overall a more pleasant place to live. But that’s hard to quantify.[contextly_sidebar id=”RM7VDAzmpMOcm1CpzfPthnJ4t5zQMAMK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtually all bond measures contain funding like this that benefits a local area and not the state as a whole. Partly this is done to ensure voters in every part of the state find a reason to vote for it. It’s up to each voter to decide if the bond measure, on balance, is a good investment of their tax dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bond money isn’t free. How much will these propositions cost the state?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislative Analyst’s Office estimates that repaying the $4.1 billion in bonds offered up by Prop. 68 will cost the state $200 million every year for 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $8.9 billion November bond measure is estimated to have annual repayment costs about twice that. The state attorney general’s office estimated in April, when the measure was certified for the ballot, that repayment would cost about $433 million annually for 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Money to repay the bonds comes out of the state’s general fund. In total, California spends less than 5 percent of its total general tax revenue paying off bonds every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/05/21/five-things-to-know-about-water-bonds-on-upcoming-california-ballots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California voters will be confronted with two multibillion-dollar propositions this year dealing with water, one on the June 5 ballot and another on the November 6 ballot. While the bond measures overlap somewhat, they also have important differences.",
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"description": "California voters will be confronted with two multibillion-dollar propositions this year dealing with water, one on the June 5 ballot and another on the November 6 ballot. While the bond measures overlap somewhat, they also have important differences.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians this year will vote on not one but two water bond measures totaling $13 billion. Given that the state still hasn’t spent all of the $7.5 billion from the Proposition 1 water bond passed in 2014, it raises a crucial question: Does California really need another $13 billion in water bonds?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December 2017, the state had allocated only about $1 billion from Proposition 1. About half of the total money available from the bond is dedicated to new water storage under a complicated new process that funds only the “public benefits” of such projects. The first dribble of money from that pot is expected to be awarded later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that money still coming, why two more water bonds? Here are answers to some basic questions about the ballot measures that may help illuminate the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who sponsored these ballot measures and what are they for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://voterguide.sos.ca.gov/propositions/68/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 68\u003c/a>, a $4.1 billion bond measure, wins the prize for most unwieldy title. Known as the California Drought, Water, Parks, Climate, Coastal Protection and Outdoor Access for All Act of 2018, it was placed on the June 5 primary ballot by the state legislature. Sponsored by former Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León, D-Los Angeles, nearly two-thirds of the money appears destined for park and wildlife projects, not water projects. However, much of this money would indirectly benefit state water resources, such as projects along specific river corridors that would improve water quality.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://waterbond.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Supply and Water Quality Bond\u003c/a> (proposition number not yet designated) has qualified for the November 6 general election ballot and would allocate $8.9billion for water projects. The main sponsor is Jerry Meral, former deputy secretary of the California Natural Resources Agency and now director of the California Water Program at the nonprofit Natural Heritage Institute. This bond is more strictly focused on water and wastewater projects. There is no money for parks, but there is money for watershed improvements all over the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do the two bonds overlap at all?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, they do. Both bond measures include money for \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/11/10/can-a-new-salton-sea-plan-fend-off-ecological-and-health-disasters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Salton Sea\u003c/a> restoration ($200 million each), where declining agricultural runoff is shrinking the water elevation. This reduces important waterfowl habitat, and also exposes the erosive lakebed to strong desert winds, creating a potential air-quality concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both bonds also include funding for wastewater recycling (up to $390 million in Prop. 69, $650 million in Meral’s measure), an increasingly important source of drinking water for the state as public acceptance grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also some overlap in funding to protect and enhance watersheds and rivers. For example, a state agency, the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, is designated funding in both bonds for river restoration projects. Numerous other waterways across the state would get money under both bonds, including the American River, the Russian River, the Guadalupe River and the Santa Margarita River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither bond includes any funding explicitly for traditional water storage projects like new dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, what distinguishes the two bonds then?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, if you care about parks as well as water, you’ll want to support Prop. 68. It includes nearly $1.3 billion for park projects. This includes $218 million to restore and improve state parks, which faces an estimated $1.2 billion maintenance backlog. It also includes $725 million to help build new local parks in communities that are known to be underserved when it comes to recreation amenities. This includes the San Joaquin Valley and the state’s desert communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prop. 68 also includes $767 million for projects to enhance wildlife and watersheds. Many of these projects will have indirect benefits to water quality. For example, each of the state’s designated regional habitat conservancies are allocated money in the bond to continue their efforts to protect land and water. Funds are also designated to improve fish passage at water diversions along streams or where streams are impacted by road crossings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180516015610/CAWaterBondsComparoACWA1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"738\" height=\"666\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Association of California Water Agencies prepared this chart comparing funding levels for water projects in the two bond measures that will be on the ballot this year. (Image Courtesy Association of California Water Agencies)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The November bond measure targets a much broader array of water projects. For example, it includes $100 million to change the way existing water storage reservoirs are operated so they can capture more runoff. The dams themselves would not be changed, only their operating rules. It also includes $550 million for projects to capture and reuse stormwater, $300 million for water conservation projects and $60 million to improve data gathering on the state’s water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This bond also includes a particular focus on groundwater, with $640 million designated to help implement the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, the state’s first effort to comprehensively regulate groundwater extraction. Most of this money will be offered as grants to help dozens of new groundwater management agencies acquire land and water from willing sellers to begin recharging depleted aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any downside to these bonds we should know about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few cases, these ballot measures are asking taxpayers across the state to pay for projects that should be helping themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the November bond measure includes $200 million to help pay for repairs at Oroville Dam, which was heavily damaged by storms in February 2017. This money is being made available in case the Federal Emergency Management Agency doesn’t cover all the repair costs. But Oroville Dam doesn’t serve every Californian. It is part of the State Water Project, which provides some water for about two-thirds of the state’s residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same bond includes $750 million to repair the Friant-Kern Canal. The canal is buckling because of heavy groundwater pumping in the San Joaquin Valley that caused the land to subside. This has compromised the canal’s water-delivery capacity. In short, every California taxpayer is being asked to fix a canal that serves about 14 agricultural irrigation districts, which was damaged by a handful of groundwater users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, a lot of the money for park projects in Prop. 68 will be spent in locations that most Californians will never visit. This is particularly so with the $725 million set aside to develop and improve local community parks. It could be argued, however, that this money will improve the general welfare of the populace, making the state overall a more pleasant place to live. But that’s hard to quantify.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtually all bond measures contain funding like this that benefits a local area and not the state as a whole. Partly this is done to ensure voters in every part of the state find a reason to vote for it. It’s up to each voter to decide if the bond measure, on balance, is a good investment of their tax dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bond money isn’t free. How much will these propositions cost the state?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislative Analyst’s Office estimates that repaying the $4.1 billion in bonds offered up by Prop. 68 will cost the state $200 million every year for 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $8.9 billion November bond measure is estimated to have annual repayment costs about twice that. The state attorney general’s office estimated in April, when the measure was certified for the ballot, that repayment would cost about $433 million annually for 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Money to repay the bonds comes out of the state’s general fund. In total, California spends less than 5 percent of its total general tax revenue paying off bonds every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/05/21/five-things-to-know-about-water-bonds-on-upcoming-california-ballots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Proposition 72: Rainwater Capture Tax Break Passes Handily",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: Voters overwhelmingly approved Proposition 72 by a roughly 83-17 margin, in a move to promote water conservation in the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You Need to Know About Proposition 72\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Exempts rainwater catchment systems from property tax assessments\u003cbr>\n• Applies to systems constructed on or after Jan. 1, 2019\u003cbr>\n• The rainwater system is included in the value of the home when it is sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did It Get on the Ballot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers put Proposition 72 on the ballot with a unanimous vote in both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do People Support It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainwater systems catch rain from the roof of a home and siphon it to a large barrel, or even larger cistern, for outdoor use. Prop 72 aims to encourage rainwater catchment by ensuring that homeowners who install a system won’t have to pay property tax on the increased value of the home. Using rainwater for landscaping will preserve drinking water, lower utility bills and retain more water in streams and rivers, thereby aiding fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prominent state newspapers have endorsed it. So have environmental groups like Save the Bay and Trout Unlimited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do People Oppose It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, there’s no organized opposition to Proposition 72, and no opposition statement listed in the California Secretary of State voter guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Gains — Who Loses?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners gain an incentive to install rainwater catchment systems, because they won’t have to pay property tax on the home improvement. The savings for homeowners can be varied. An inexpensive system might mean only a few dollars saved in property taxes. But there are also bigger, more expensive systems that can cost thousands to install and would otherwise raise property taxes a noticeable amount. The value of the catchment system would be included in the value of the home when it is sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments may bring in slightly lower property tax revenues.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Homeowners who install rainwater catchment systems would not have to pay property taxes on the home improvement, if voters pass Prop. 72 on June 5th.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: Voters overwhelmingly approved Proposition 72 by a roughly 83-17 margin, in a move to promote water conservation in the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You Need to Know About Proposition 72\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Exempts rainwater catchment systems from property tax assessments\u003cbr>\n• Applies to systems constructed on or after Jan. 1, 2019\u003cbr>\n• The rainwater system is included in the value of the home when it is sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did It Get on the Ballot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers put Proposition 72 on the ballot with a unanimous vote in both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do People Support It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainwater systems catch rain from the roof of a home and siphon it to a large barrel, or even larger cistern, for outdoor use. Prop 72 aims to encourage rainwater catchment by ensuring that homeowners who install a system won’t have to pay property tax on the increased value of the home. Using rainwater for landscaping will preserve drinking water, lower utility bills and retain more water in streams and rivers, thereby aiding fish and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prominent state newspapers have endorsed it. So have environmental groups like Save the Bay and Trout Unlimited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do People Oppose It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, there’s no organized opposition to Proposition 72, and no opposition statement listed in the California Secretary of State voter guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Gains — Who Loses?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners gain an incentive to install rainwater catchment systems, because they won’t have to pay property tax on the home improvement. The savings for homeowners can be varied. An inexpensive system might mean only a few dollars saved in property taxes. But there are also bigger, more expensive systems that can cost thousands to install and would otherwise raise property taxes a noticeable amount. The value of the catchment system would be included in the value of the home when it is sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments may bring in slightly lower property tax revenues.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Do Some Lizards Have Green Blood?",
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"content": "\u003cp>For some lizards it’s easy being green. It’s in their blood. Six species of lizards in New Guinea bleed lime green thanks to evolution gone weird.[contextly_sidebar id=”Yf9INRFhGQhyMKr7rwTccXcKgANj2po3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual, but there are critters that bleed different colors of the rainbow besides red. The New Guinea lizards’ blood — along with their tongues, muscles and bones — appear green because of incredibly large doses of a green bile pigment. The bile levels are higher than other animals, including people, could survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still don’t know why this happened, but evolution is providing some hints into this nearly 50-year mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By mapping the evolutionary family tree of New Guinea lizards, researchers found that green blood developed inside the amphibians at four independent points in history, likely from a red-blooded ancestor, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t a random accident of nature but suggests this trait of green blood gives the lizards an evolutionary advantage of some kind, said Christopher Austin of Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution can do amazing things given enough time,” Austin said. “The natural world is a fascinating place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Austin first thought that maybe being green and full of bile would make New Guinea lizards taste bad to potential predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually ate several lizards myself and they didn’t taste bad,” Austin said. He also fed plenty of them to a paradise kingfisher bird with no ill effects except maybe a fatter bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bile Link\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding bile is probably key. Blood cells don’t last forever. After they break down, the iron is recycled for new red blood cells, but toxins are also produced, which is essentially bile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the New Guinea lizards, levels of a green bile pigment are 40 times higher than what would be toxic in humans. It’s green enough to overwhelm the color of the red blood cells and turn everything green, Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In people, elevated green bile pigment levels sometimes kill malaria parasites. Austin thinks that might be why lizards evolved to be green-blooded because malaria is an issue for New Guinea and lizards. It might be the result of evolution trying to kill the malaria parasite in lizards or it might be past lizards were infected so heavily that this was the body’s reaction, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to search for the specific genes involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Michael Oellermann, a researcher at the University of Tasmania in Australia, praised Austin’s work and wondered if there is an evolutionary cost to having green blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise more critters would bleed green or another color, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many insects, spiders and molluscs have the copper-containing blood pigment that’s clear unless it attaches to oxygen and then it turns blue. Squids and octopuses have intense blue blood. Icefish in Antarctica have clear blood, while little crustaceans from Lake Baikal in Siberia have blood that’s blue or red or green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine worms called \u003ca href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/issues/best-of-chemmatters/sample-lesson-plan-the-many-colors-of-blood.pdf\">lamp shells\u003c/a> have violet to pink blood, according to the American Chemical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is incredibly diverse,” Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For some lizards it’s easy being green. It’s in their blood. Six species of lizards in New Guinea bleed lime green thanks to evolution gone weird.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual, but there are critters that bleed different colors of the rainbow besides red. The New Guinea lizards’ blood — along with their tongues, muscles and bones — appear green because of incredibly large doses of a green bile pigment. The bile levels are higher than other animals, including people, could survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still don’t know why this happened, but evolution is providing some hints into this nearly 50-year mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By mapping the evolutionary family tree of New Guinea lizards, researchers found that green blood developed inside the amphibians at four independent points in history, likely from a red-blooded ancestor, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t a random accident of nature but suggests this trait of green blood gives the lizards an evolutionary advantage of some kind, said Christopher Austin of Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution can do amazing things given enough time,” Austin said. “The natural world is a fascinating place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Austin first thought that maybe being green and full of bile would make New Guinea lizards taste bad to potential predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually ate several lizards myself and they didn’t taste bad,” Austin said. He also fed plenty of them to a paradise kingfisher bird with no ill effects except maybe a fatter bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bile Link\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding bile is probably key. Blood cells don’t last forever. After they break down, the iron is recycled for new red blood cells, but toxins are also produced, which is essentially bile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the New Guinea lizards, levels of a green bile pigment are 40 times higher than what would be toxic in humans. It’s green enough to overwhelm the color of the red blood cells and turn everything green, Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In people, elevated green bile pigment levels sometimes kill malaria parasites. Austin thinks that might be why lizards evolved to be green-blooded because malaria is an issue for New Guinea and lizards. It might be the result of evolution trying to kill the malaria parasite in lizards or it might be past lizards were infected so heavily that this was the body’s reaction, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to search for the specific genes involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Michael Oellermann, a researcher at the University of Tasmania in Australia, praised Austin’s work and wondered if there is an evolutionary cost to having green blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise more critters would bleed green or another color, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many insects, spiders and molluscs have the copper-containing blood pigment that’s clear unless it attaches to oxygen and then it turns blue. Squids and octopuses have intense blue blood. Icefish in Antarctica have clear blood, while little crustaceans from Lake Baikal in Siberia have blood that’s blue or red or green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine worms called \u003ca href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/issues/best-of-chemmatters/sample-lesson-plan-the-many-colors-of-blood.pdf\">lamp shells\u003c/a> have violet to pink blood, according to the American Chemical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is incredibly diverse,” Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A San Francisco conservation group has signed a deal to buy the world’s second-largest sequoia grove in private ownership. The historic agreement with Save the Redwoods League aims to preserve the planet’s most precious, prehistoric trees. [contextly_sidebar id=”F9fTXKD61b6f4obxbVkwtBqIncumIMgJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The league will pay $3.3 million for 160 acres of sequoias located in Tulare County on a parcel of land known as Red Hill property. Formerly owned by the Nicholas family, it contains 110 ancient giant sequoia. Some of the trees are more than 250 feet tall and more than 1,500 years old, says Hodder. The area houses key habitats for several endangered animals, such as the California spotted owl, Sierra marten, and the Pacific fisher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sequoia trees are of global significance because they don’t grow anywhere else in the world other than the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada,” says Sam Hodder, president of Save the Redwoods League. “They are the largest living things in the world. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property, which sits adjacent to the Giant Sequoia National Monument, has been in the hands of the Nicholas family since 1970. Former owner Mike Nicholas told Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer for the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/17/5250679/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Mercury News\u003c/a>, that he sold the property to the Redwoods League to ensure it remains protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodder expects the property to be open to the public by 2021. It will serve as a “living laboratory” to study how the ancient sequoia are responding to climate change, according to the league’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan is to do some assessments first and look for existing nearby trails,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hodder says, his organization plans to convey the property to the U.S. Forest Service for inclusion in the Giant Sequoia National Monument. For now, Save the Redwoods League is pursuing \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Dh6SC5yWjXSLykYcVhBIK?domain=savetheredwoods.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private fundraising dollars\u003c/a> to help with the land acquisition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 667px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923976\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg 667w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A giant sequoia in Red Hill Grove dwarfs a visitor. \u003ccite>(Paolo Vescia/Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This comes at an exciting time for Save the Redwoods League, which turned 100 this year,” says Hodder. “And as a 100 year-old organization dedicated to protecting giant sequoias, we are thrilled to be sharing this opportunity with our supporters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Redwoods has helped protect more than 200,000 acres of redwood forests —about the size of New York City— since its founding in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A San Francisco conservation group has signed a deal to buy the world’s second-largest sequoia grove in private ownership. The historic agreement with Save the Redwoods League aims to preserve the planet’s most precious, prehistoric trees. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The league will pay $3.3 million for 160 acres of sequoias located in Tulare County on a parcel of land known as Red Hill property. Formerly owned by the Nicholas family, it contains 110 ancient giant sequoia. Some of the trees are more than 250 feet tall and more than 1,500 years old, says Hodder. The area houses key habitats for several endangered animals, such as the California spotted owl, Sierra marten, and the Pacific fisher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sequoia trees are of global significance because they don’t grow anywhere else in the world other than the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada,” says Sam Hodder, president of Save the Redwoods League. “They are the largest living things in the world. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property, which sits adjacent to the Giant Sequoia National Monument, has been in the hands of the Nicholas family since 1970. Former owner Mike Nicholas told Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer for the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/17/5250679/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Mercury News\u003c/a>, that he sold the property to the Redwoods League to ensure it remains protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodder expects the property to be open to the public by 2021. It will serve as a “living laboratory” to study how the ancient sequoia are responding to climate change, according to the league’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan is to do some assessments first and look for existing nearby trails,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hodder says, his organization plans to convey the property to the U.S. Forest Service for inclusion in the Giant Sequoia National Monument. For now, Save the Redwoods League is pursuing \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Dh6SC5yWjXSLykYcVhBIK?domain=savetheredwoods.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private fundraising dollars\u003c/a> to help with the land acquisition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 667px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923976\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg 667w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A giant sequoia in Red Hill Grove dwarfs a visitor. \u003ccite>(Paolo Vescia/Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This comes at an exciting time for Save the Redwoods League, which turned 100 this year,” says Hodder. “And as a 100 year-old organization dedicated to protecting giant sequoias, we are thrilled to be sharing this opportunity with our supporters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Redwoods has helped protect more than 200,000 acres of redwood forests —about the size of New York City— since its founding in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Something strange is happening with a now-banned chemical that eats away at Earth’s protective ozone layer: Scientists say there’s more of it — not less — going into the atmosphere and they don’t know where it is coming from.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZuKSbg4FpAN0pU3VtJrjRng5Ri2Iv9Wp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a hole in the ozone formed over Antarctica, countries around the world in 1987 agreed to phase out several types of ozone-depleting chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/about/cfc.html\">chlorofluorocarbons\u003c/a> (CFCs). Production was banned, emissions fell and the hole slowly shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But starting in 2013, emissions of the second most common kind started rising, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> . The chemical, called CFC11, was used for making foam, degreasing stains and for refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most surprising and unexpected observation I’ve made in my 27 years” of measurements, said study lead author Stephen Montzka, a research chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emissions today are about the same as it was nearly 20 years ago,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countries have reported close to zero production of the chemical since 2006 but the study found about 14,300 tons (13,000 metric tons) a year has been released since 2013. Some seeps out of foam and buildings and machines, but scientists say what they’re seeing is much more than that.[contextly_sidebar id=”gTHE9U1Mye9bIZCzAQyKx8vJCwq51Tbh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rogue Production\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurements from a dozen monitors around the world suggest the emissions are coming from somewhere around China, Mongolia and the Koreas, according to the study. The chemical can be a byproduct in other chemical manufacturing, but it is supposed to be captured and recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either someone’s making the banned compound or it’s sloppy byproducts that haven’t been reported as required, Montzka said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An outside expert, Ross Salawitch, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Maryland, is less diplomatic. He calls it “rogue production,” adding that if it continues “the recovery of the ozone layer would be threatened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High in the atmosphere, ozone shields Earth from ultraviolet rays that cause skin cancer, crop damage and other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature removes 2 percent of the CFC11 out of the air each year, so concentrations of the chemical in the atmosphere are still falling, but at a slower rate because of the new emissions, Montzka said. The chemical stays in the air for about 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Something strange is happening with a now-banned chemical that eats away at Earth’s protective ozone layer: Scientists say there’s more of it — not less — going into the atmosphere and they don’t know where it is coming from.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a hole in the ozone formed over Antarctica, countries around the world in 1987 agreed to phase out several types of ozone-depleting chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/about/cfc.html\">chlorofluorocarbons\u003c/a> (CFCs). Production was banned, emissions fell and the hole slowly shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But starting in 2013, emissions of the second most common kind started rising, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> . The chemical, called CFC11, was used for making foam, degreasing stains and for refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most surprising and unexpected observation I’ve made in my 27 years” of measurements, said study lead author Stephen Montzka, a research chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emissions today are about the same as it was nearly 20 years ago,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A southern white rhino has become pregnant through artificial insemination at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park — giving hope for efforts to save a subspecies of one of the world’s most recognizable animals, researchers announced Thursday.[contextly_sidebar id=”z16rNEfdsXTZ2SoejDPHHIExlY5fBRYZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists will be watching closely to see if the rhino named Victoria can carry her calf to term over 16 to 18 months of gestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she does, researchers hope someday she could serve as a surrogate mother and could give birth to the related northern white rhino, whose population is down to two females after decades of decimation by poachers. The mother and daughter northern white rhinos live in a Kenya wildlife preserve but are not believed to be capable of bearing calves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Victoria’s pregnancy was confirmed two months after the death of the last northern white male rhino \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921460/worlds-last-male-northern-white-rhino-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">named Sudan\u003c/a>, who was also at the Kenya preserve and was euthanized because of ailing health in old age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria is the first of six female southern white rhinos the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research is testing to determine if they are fit to be surrogate mothers before using the limited sperm and eggs of the northern white rhino that are in storage to impregnate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists want to use the frozen sperm and eggs that were taken from dead northern white rhinos to bring back a herd through artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The confirmation of this pregnancy through artificial insemination represents an historic event for our organization but also a critical step in our effort to save the northern white rhino,” said Barbara Durrant, director of reproductive Sciences at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more challenges lie ahead, with artificial insemination of rhinos in zoos rare so far and resulting in only a few births.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria and the other five female rhinos were relocated to San Diego’s Safari Park in 2015 and scientists will soon start developing artificial insemination techniques and embryo transfer techniques for them in their effort to produce northern white rhino calves.[contextly_sidebar id=”yuiSF3t9vRRgJb0v0NuC8zsOAwK4JASP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will know that they have proven themselves to be capable of carrying a fetus to term before we would risk putting a precious northern white rhino embryo into one of these southern white rhinos as a surrogate,” Durrant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Once that happens, there will be more work to develop techniques that include maturing eggs, fertilizing eggs and growing embryos to the stage where they can be transferred into the surrogate rhinos. While embryos have been created for southern white rhinos, they haven’t been for northern white rhinos — so there’s no guarantee that the process will work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research has the cell lines of 12 different northern white rhinos stored in freezing temperatures at its “Frozen Zoo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 northern white rhinos that would be returned to their natural habitat in Africa. That could take decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups have said in vitro fertilization is being developed too late to save the northern white rhino, whose natural habitat in Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic has been ravaged by conflicts in the region. They say the efforts should focus on other critically endangered species with a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern white rhino and another species, the black rhino, are under heavy pressure from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal markets in parts of Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 20,000 southern white rhinos in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "News of the San Diego-based rhino's pregnancy was confirmed two months after the death of the last northern white male rhino named Sudan. The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 northern white rhinos that would be returned to Africa.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A southern white rhino has become pregnant through artificial insemination at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park — giving hope for efforts to save a subspecies of one of the world’s most recognizable animals, researchers announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists will be watching closely to see if the rhino named Victoria can carry her calf to term over 16 to 18 months of gestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she does, researchers hope someday she could serve as a surrogate mother and could give birth to the related northern white rhino, whose population is down to two females after decades of decimation by poachers. The mother and daughter northern white rhinos live in a Kenya wildlife preserve but are not believed to be capable of bearing calves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Victoria’s pregnancy was confirmed two months after the death of the last northern white male rhino \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921460/worlds-last-male-northern-white-rhino-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">named Sudan\u003c/a>, who was also at the Kenya preserve and was euthanized because of ailing health in old age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria is the first of six female southern white rhinos the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research is testing to determine if they are fit to be surrogate mothers before using the limited sperm and eggs of the northern white rhino that are in storage to impregnate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists want to use the frozen sperm and eggs that were taken from dead northern white rhinos to bring back a herd through artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The confirmation of this pregnancy through artificial insemination represents an historic event for our organization but also a critical step in our effort to save the northern white rhino,” said Barbara Durrant, director of reproductive Sciences at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more challenges lie ahead, with artificial insemination of rhinos in zoos rare so far and resulting in only a few births.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria and the other five female rhinos were relocated to San Diego’s Safari Park in 2015 and scientists will soon start developing artificial insemination techniques and embryo transfer techniques for them in their effort to produce northern white rhino calves.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will know that they have proven themselves to be capable of carrying a fetus to term before we would risk putting a precious northern white rhino embryo into one of these southern white rhinos as a surrogate,” Durrant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Once that happens, there will be more work to develop techniques that include maturing eggs, fertilizing eggs and growing embryos to the stage where they can be transferred into the surrogate rhinos. While embryos have been created for southern white rhinos, they haven’t been for northern white rhinos — so there’s no guarantee that the process will work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research has the cell lines of 12 different northern white rhinos stored in freezing temperatures at its “Frozen Zoo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 northern white rhinos that would be returned to their natural habitat in Africa. That could take decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups have said in vitro fertilization is being developed too late to save the northern white rhino, whose natural habitat in Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic has been ravaged by conflicts in the region. They say the efforts should focus on other critically endangered species with a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern white rhino and another species, the black rhino, are under heavy pressure from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal markets in parts of Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 20,000 southern white rhinos in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study Projects Massive Northward Shift of Species as Oceans Warm",
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"content": "\u003cp>Marine life across North America will experience a substantial shift northward over the next few decades, according to a new comprehensive report that looks at how climate change will alter the habitats of 686 marine species.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZWaC88LRXs3J7FU8fyQV618GAKLNrFBh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As water warms up in some places it allows fish to colonize,” says\u003cspan class=\"\"> \u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/main/malin-pinsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malin Pinsky\u003c/a>, an ecologist at Rutgers University and co-author of the study. \u003c/span> “But if it gets too hot, the species gets driven out of the region. This is something that we already see happening all over North America, all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says it’s hard to say how far, how soon this redistribution of marine life will play out gradually over the next 80 years and could continue long past the 21st century, depending on what choices society makes in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It could also have big implications for California’s iconic crab and salmon fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://pinsky.marine.rutgers.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutgers University\u003c/a> combined data from U.S. and Canadian government surveys that looked at where species have historically been found, with models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that project future environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then did projections using both low and high estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the lowest estimates into account, researchers found there will still be a substantial shift toward the North Pole, although it would reduce the extent of the shifts by one-half to two-thirds. Pinsky says “pretty much” all species would be affected, though not by as much as with higher emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right'] “So from the perspective of fishing communities and fishing managers, there are real benefits to sticking to the Paris Accord,” referring to the international climate agreement, from which the Trump administration has withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projection models are particularly useful for California fisheries, where management decisions depend on a range of possible environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rug is getting slowly pulled out from under coastal fishing communities,” says Pinsky. “That may mean longer trips and higher fuel costs. For others with smaller boats, it may mean needing to find a new species to catch, which can be challenging because buying permits for new fisheries can be really expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when smaller shifts in marine life distribution have happened in the past, it has often led to conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we see starting to happen, especially on the east coast. There have been ongoing debates about who should get access to species like flounder, black sea bass, all found in new locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Fisheries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitats for some species will shift up to 900 miles north, including those that are crucial for California fisheries, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab for instance, one of the most valuable fisheries in the state, is expected to shift up to 500 miles north. While the Chinook salmon, an important staple of California fisheries, is projected to move up to 200 miles north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a substantial decline in habitat availability for certain species is expected over time, says Pinsky. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2018/01/31/tanner-crab-fishery-opens-march-1-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tanner crab\u003c/a>, important to the Alaskan fishing industry, could experience a 95 percent decline in habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says entire ecosystems could face disruption from the impact of climate change on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know is that different fish and other animals shift at different rates,” he says. “So it often means that a predator may lose one of its prey, or a prey may gain a new predator. So these changes are disrupting food webs as well. And it’s quite hard to predict what the consequences of that will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says these developments are likely to lead to more surprises in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, climate change isn’t about uncertainty,” he says. “Unfortunately, we actually have a lot of certainty especially towards the direction these species will shift. And that is almost entirely towards the north.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marine life across North America will experience a substantial shift northward over the next few decades, according to a new comprehensive report that looks at how climate change will alter the habitats of 686 marine species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As water warms up in some places it allows fish to colonize,” says\u003cspan class=\"\"> \u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/main/malin-pinsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malin Pinsky\u003c/a>, an ecologist at Rutgers University and co-author of the study. \u003c/span> “But if it gets too hot, the species gets driven out of the region. This is something that we already see happening all over North America, all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says it’s hard to say how far, how soon this redistribution of marine life will play out gradually over the next 80 years and could continue long past the 21st century, depending on what choices society makes in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It could also have big implications for California’s iconic crab and salmon fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://pinsky.marine.rutgers.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutgers University\u003c/a> combined data from U.S. and Canadian government surveys that looked at where species have historically been found, with models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that project future environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then did projections using both low and high estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the lowest estimates into account, researchers found there will still be a substantial shift toward the North Pole, although it would reduce the extent of the shifts by one-half to two-thirds. Pinsky says “pretty much” all species would be affected, though not by as much as with higher emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “So from the perspective of fishing communities and fishing managers, there are real benefits to sticking to the Paris Accord,” referring to the international climate agreement, from which the Trump administration has withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projection models are particularly useful for California fisheries, where management decisions depend on a range of possible environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rug is getting slowly pulled out from under coastal fishing communities,” says Pinsky. “That may mean longer trips and higher fuel costs. For others with smaller boats, it may mean needing to find a new species to catch, which can be challenging because buying permits for new fisheries can be really expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when smaller shifts in marine life distribution have happened in the past, it has often led to conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we see starting to happen, especially on the east coast. There have been ongoing debates about who should get access to species like flounder, black sea bass, all found in new locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Fisheries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitats for some species will shift up to 900 miles north, including those that are crucial for California fisheries, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab for instance, one of the most valuable fisheries in the state, is expected to shift up to 500 miles north. While the Chinook salmon, an important staple of California fisheries, is projected to move up to 200 miles north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a substantial decline in habitat availability for certain species is expected over time, says Pinsky. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2018/01/31/tanner-crab-fishery-opens-march-1-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tanner crab\u003c/a>, important to the Alaskan fishing industry, could experience a 95 percent decline in habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says entire ecosystems could face disruption from the impact of climate change on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know is that different fish and other animals shift at different rates,” he says. “So it often means that a predator may lose one of its prey, or a prey may gain a new predator. So these changes are disrupting food webs as well. And it’s quite hard to predict what the consequences of that will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says these developments are likely to lead to more surprises in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, climate change isn’t about uncertainty,” he says. “Unfortunately, we actually have a lot of certainty especially towards the direction these species will shift. And that is almost entirely towards the north.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Impact of a Warming Climate on the Sierra Nevada and California’s Water",
"headTitle": "Impact of a Warming Climate on the Sierra Nevada and California’s Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Imagine a California where springtime temperatures are 7F warmer than they are today, where snowmelt runoff comes 50 days earlier and the average snowpack is just 36 percent of the 1981–2000 average.[contextly_sidebar id=”MZIIX4X0g03kP0hWMZS4EUb3EtsJl5yh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the reality by the end of the century if we don’t curb greenhouse gas emissions, say researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles. A recent report from the UCLA Center for Climate Science analyzes how climate change will impact the Sierra Nevada and what that will mean for water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular the research examines changes to temperature, the amount of snowpack and the timing of runoff and which elevations and watersheds will be most affected as the climate warms. It also compares how these factors may change with “business as usual” and do little to curb greenhouse gas emissions, versus a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions begin to level off around 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither forecast is great, but the research does show that curbing greenhouse gas emissions can make a difference. “Business as usual is the path we’re on, but it isn’t a foregone conclusion,” the report states. “Cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate end-of-century impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with one of the report’s coauthors, Neil Berg, associate director of science at the UCLA Center for Climate Science and the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, to discuss the findings and their implication for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What prompted this report?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNeil Berg: If you look at a place like California, the global climate models really don’t capture the fine-scale topography and regional characteristics that we know shape our weather and climate around us. So we embarked on two studies, and they used a process called downscaling, which translates global models to a finer resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We took about a year, maybe 18 months, to do all the modeling, and it’s run on numerous supercomputers, both at UCLA and other national laboratories. And then we got to work analyzing the huge amounts of data and thinking through the most interesting variables and questions related to climate impacts for Californians.[contextly_sidebar id=”hnlYrmvGH1mqREWIz0pg84ccVZjuw3W8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included, how was snowpack changing? How was runoff changing? And how was temperature changing behind each of those?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What did you find?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you look at the entire Sierra Nevada, if we don’t curb our climate emissions, so if we stay on the business as usual pathway, we would expect a 7F rise in springtime temperature. But if we do take some significant action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, that amount of change could be nearly cut in half. So, somewhere around 3–4F of warming by the spring, and this is for the end of the century, so from roughly 2080 to 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Your study found that the middle elevations, around 5,000–8,000ft, are the most vulnerable as temperatures warm. Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Those middle elevations tend to be located where that freezing line, that 32F line, lies within the Sierra Nevada mountains. So even small changes in temperature – 1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees – increase significantly the type of precipitation that falls in those mid elevations from frozen to liquid. The highest elevations, above 8,000ft, are so high that they in many cases remain sheltered from even a significant amount of warming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1806825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1806825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kern River’s water is 10-times stronger than it was a year ago, after near-record snowmelt from California’s wet winter flows down from Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this really interesting thing called the snow albedo feedback, which is a cyclical process where you start out with some snow at these mid elevations and you have some future warming that melts away part of that snow, or just more rain instead of snow falls, and that exposes a darker underlying surface, either vegetation or bare soils. And they have a lower reflectivity or albedo of sunlight, so it’s absorbing more incoming sunlight which further warms the ground and the surrounding air, which further shrinks the snowpack, which further exposes more land, further shrinking snowpack, and so forth. Those mid elevations are most sensitive to changes in temperature and then it kicks off this snow albedo feedback in those elevation bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Snowpack in those middle elevation areas is really crucial to the state’s water supply, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Yes, it’s a critical area for water resources across the state. In my opinion this was one of the more dramatic and alarming findings that was produced from this paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Most of this research focused on projections of future impacts from warming, but you have also done research about what’s been happening already. What did you find there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: There was a companion study that I authored a couple of years ago, and this was during the 2011–15 drought, looking at what the snowpack in the Sierra would be in the absence of any existing or observed warming over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using advanced modeling tools we were able to simulate a hypothetical natural world over that drought period and we found that in the absence of observed warming, which was on the level of 1–2C [1.8–3.6F], right now, that snowpack in the Sierra would have been about 25 percent more during that drought period. It’s a pretty significant finding to say that in the last drought climate change removed a quarter of the snowpack in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So in other words, climate change is not something that’s only happening in the future.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: Oh definitely, the projected changes are dramatic and huge and really sobering, but to me it was surprising to see there was a huge impact happening right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What should water managers be taking away from your research?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: That the snowpack in the Sierra will not under any greenhouse gas emissions scenario be as full and healthy as it has been in the past, and to see that as an opportunity to rethink a snow-based water transport system across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think water managers need to be looking at much more local water storage and capture and recycling. The resizing of reservoirs is an option, but that has to be weighed against the huge financial cost and ecological concerns. But I see an opportunity to not be so reliant on this water conveyance system, and particularly for these major urban areas like L.A. The limited amount of rain that we do get should be used to its maximum potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I was a water manager, I’d view this as a challenging opportunity, but a feasible opportunity to actually develop more local water solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It seems like there is also a call to action in presenting these two different scenarios of what the world may hold if we work to curb greenhouse gas emissions and if we don’t.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: There is no question that the only way to avoid the worst outcomes is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. That has to be part of the dialogue, and if we don’t do anything on the mitigation then our adaptation becomes even harder. I don’t think there is any question that the need to reduce global emissions is an absolute necessity in order to avoid some of the most dire projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/09/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new report from scientists at UCLA paints two scenarios for the Sierra Nevada. Neither is great, but cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate impacts substantially.",
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"description": "A new report from scientists at UCLA paints two scenarios for the Sierra Nevada. Neither is great, but cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate impacts substantially.",
"title": "Impact of a Warming Climate on the Sierra Nevada and California’s Water | KQED",
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"headline": "Impact of a Warming Climate on the Sierra Nevada and California’s Water",
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"nprByline": "Tara Lohan\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine a California where springtime temperatures are 7F warmer than they are today, where snowmelt runoff comes 50 days earlier and the average snowpack is just 36 percent of the 1981–2000 average.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the reality by the end of the century if we don’t curb greenhouse gas emissions, say researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles. A recent report from the UCLA Center for Climate Science analyzes how climate change will impact the Sierra Nevada and what that will mean for water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular the research examines changes to temperature, the amount of snowpack and the timing of runoff and which elevations and watersheds will be most affected as the climate warms. It also compares how these factors may change with “business as usual” and do little to curb greenhouse gas emissions, versus a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions begin to level off around 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither forecast is great, but the research does show that curbing greenhouse gas emissions can make a difference. “Business as usual is the path we’re on, but it isn’t a foregone conclusion,” the report states. “Cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate end-of-century impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with one of the report’s coauthors, Neil Berg, associate director of science at the UCLA Center for Climate Science and the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, to discuss the findings and their implication for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What prompted this report?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNeil Berg: If you look at a place like California, the global climate models really don’t capture the fine-scale topography and regional characteristics that we know shape our weather and climate around us. So we embarked on two studies, and they used a process called downscaling, which translates global models to a finer resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We took about a year, maybe 18 months, to do all the modeling, and it’s run on numerous supercomputers, both at UCLA and other national laboratories. And then we got to work analyzing the huge amounts of data and thinking through the most interesting variables and questions related to climate impacts for Californians.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included, how was snowpack changing? How was runoff changing? And how was temperature changing behind each of those?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What did you find?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you look at the entire Sierra Nevada, if we don’t curb our climate emissions, so if we stay on the business as usual pathway, we would expect a 7F rise in springtime temperature. But if we do take some significant action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, that amount of change could be nearly cut in half. So, somewhere around 3–4F of warming by the spring, and this is for the end of the century, so from roughly 2080 to 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Your study found that the middle elevations, around 5,000–8,000ft, are the most vulnerable as temperatures warm. Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Those middle elevations tend to be located where that freezing line, that 32F line, lies within the Sierra Nevada mountains. So even small changes in temperature – 1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees – increase significantly the type of precipitation that falls in those mid elevations from frozen to liquid. The highest elevations, above 8,000ft, are so high that they in many cases remain sheltered from even a significant amount of warming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1806825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1806825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kern River’s water is 10-times stronger than it was a year ago, after near-record snowmelt from California’s wet winter flows down from Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this really interesting thing called the snow albedo feedback, which is a cyclical process where you start out with some snow at these mid elevations and you have some future warming that melts away part of that snow, or just more rain instead of snow falls, and that exposes a darker underlying surface, either vegetation or bare soils. And they have a lower reflectivity or albedo of sunlight, so it’s absorbing more incoming sunlight which further warms the ground and the surrounding air, which further shrinks the snowpack, which further exposes more land, further shrinking snowpack, and so forth. Those mid elevations are most sensitive to changes in temperature and then it kicks off this snow albedo feedback in those elevation bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Snowpack in those middle elevation areas is really crucial to the state’s water supply, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Yes, it’s a critical area for water resources across the state. In my opinion this was one of the more dramatic and alarming findings that was produced from this paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Most of this research focused on projections of future impacts from warming, but you have also done research about what’s been happening already. What did you find there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: There was a companion study that I authored a couple of years ago, and this was during the 2011–15 drought, looking at what the snowpack in the Sierra would be in the absence of any existing or observed warming over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using advanced modeling tools we were able to simulate a hypothetical natural world over that drought period and we found that in the absence of observed warming, which was on the level of 1–2C [1.8–3.6F], right now, that snowpack in the Sierra would have been about 25 percent more during that drought period. It’s a pretty significant finding to say that in the last drought climate change removed a quarter of the snowpack in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So in other words, climate change is not something that’s only happening in the future.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: Oh definitely, the projected changes are dramatic and huge and really sobering, but to me it was surprising to see there was a huge impact happening right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What should water managers be taking away from your research?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: That the snowpack in the Sierra will not under any greenhouse gas emissions scenario be as full and healthy as it has been in the past, and to see that as an opportunity to rethink a snow-based water transport system across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think water managers need to be looking at much more local water storage and capture and recycling. The resizing of reservoirs is an option, but that has to be weighed against the huge financial cost and ecological concerns. But I see an opportunity to not be so reliant on this water conveyance system, and particularly for these major urban areas like L.A. The limited amount of rain that we do get should be used to its maximum potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I was a water manager, I’d view this as a challenging opportunity, but a feasible opportunity to actually develop more local water solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It seems like there is also a call to action in presenting these two different scenarios of what the world may hold if we work to curb greenhouse gas emissions and if we don’t.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: There is no question that the only way to avoid the worst outcomes is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. That has to be part of the dialogue, and if we don’t do anything on the mitigation then our adaptation becomes even harder. I don’t think there is any question that the need to reduce global emissions is an absolute necessity in order to avoid some of the most dire projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/09/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers warn that the surge in global tourism is outstripping the “decarbonization” of tourism-related technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study of its kind, researchers found that carbon emissions from world travel contribute about 8 percent of all carbon emissions, four times more than previously estimated. [contextly_sidebar id=”WwPRBfmtHn2sVbSTzCwHnqIYz1n4TcRl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rate is expected to grow 4 percent annually, outpacing the footprints of many other economic sectors, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0141-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Climate Change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study takes a sweeping look at the environmental impact of global tourism by examining the entire supply chain, from flights, dining, to shopping purchases. High-income countries account for the majority of this footprint, with the U.S. topping the list followed by China, Germany and India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our analysis is a world-first look at the true cost of tourism — including consumables such as food from eating out and souvenirs — it’s a complete life-cycle assessment of global tourism, ensuring we don’t miss any impacts,” said senior author Arunima Malik, who teaches sustainability at the University of Sydney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which did not distinguish between business travel and tourism, found that domestic travel accounts for the majority of these carbon footprints. Transportation, shopping and food were cited as significant contributors to tourism-generated emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings suggest a natural tension between efforts to slow global warming and spending that drives many local and even national economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco had a total of 24.6 million visitors in 2015, an increase of 2.7 percent over 2014, according to the\u003ca href=\"http://www.sftravel.com/article/san-francisco-travel-reports-record-breaking-year-tourism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> San Francisco Travel Association.\u003c/a>[contextly_sidebar id=”SfQTBPnRfwqRsxtdVFmfbJVBNg8kSqiz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors spent $8.5 billion in the city while meeting planners and exhibitors for “goods and services” shelled out another $723 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some smaller nations such as the Maldives, Mauritius, Cyrus and the Seychelles, international tourism accounted for 30 to 80 percent of all national emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the growing environmental impact of world travel, the study authors say that international climate talks should include tourism-generated emissions in the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon taxes or carbon trading schemes — in particular for aviation — may be required to curtail unchecked future growth in tourism-related emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers warn that the surge in global tourism is outstripping the “decarbonization” of tourism-related technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study of its kind, researchers found that carbon emissions from world travel contribute about 8 percent of all carbon emissions, four times more than previously estimated. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rate is expected to grow 4 percent annually, outpacing the footprints of many other economic sectors, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0141-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Climate Change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study takes a sweeping look at the environmental impact of global tourism by examining the entire supply chain, from flights, dining, to shopping purchases. High-income countries account for the majority of this footprint, with the U.S. topping the list followed by China, Germany and India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our analysis is a world-first look at the true cost of tourism — including consumables such as food from eating out and souvenirs — it’s a complete life-cycle assessment of global tourism, ensuring we don’t miss any impacts,” said senior author Arunima Malik, who teaches sustainability at the University of Sydney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which did not distinguish between business travel and tourism, found that domestic travel accounts for the majority of these carbon footprints. Transportation, shopping and food were cited as significant contributors to tourism-generated emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings suggest a natural tension between efforts to slow global warming and spending that drives many local and even national economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco had a total of 24.6 million visitors in 2015, an increase of 2.7 percent over 2014, according to the\u003ca href=\"http://www.sftravel.com/article/san-francisco-travel-reports-record-breaking-year-tourism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> San Francisco Travel Association.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors spent $8.5 billion in the city while meeting planners and exhibitors for “goods and services” shelled out another $723 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some smaller nations such as the Maldives, Mauritius, Cyrus and the Seychelles, international tourism accounted for 30 to 80 percent of all national emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the growing environmental impact of world travel, the study authors say that international climate talks should include tourism-generated emissions in the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon taxes or carbon trading schemes — in particular for aviation — may be required to curtail unchecked future growth in tourism-related emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/JNLlC8fkRKU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 6:20 a.m. ET Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kilauea — \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNLlC8fkRKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii’s most active volcano\u003c/a> — began spewing lava into a residential area on Thursday, prompting evacuations after hundreds of small earthquakes in recent days telegraphed an impending eruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the eruption at the Leilani Estates subdivision was short-lived. At 10:13 p.m. local time, the Hawaii Observatory Status Report said after about two hours, lava spatter and gas bursts had ceased after spreading only about 33 feet from the active fissure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this time, the fissure is not erupting lava and no other fissures have erupted,” the observatory said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new flow on Hawaii’s Big Island came just hours after a 5.0-magnitude temblor, the strongest in a series of magnitude 2.5 or greater quakes to strike the area in recent days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier Volcano Activity Notice, the U.S. Geological Survey said “white, hot vapor and blue fume [smoke] emanated from an area of cracking in the eastern part” of the Leilani subdivision. “Spatter began erupting shortly before 5 p.m.,” it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just prior to the eruption, Hawaii County Civil Defense officials were quoted by the newspaper as saying they were on “high alert” for the possibility of an eruption in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/multimedia_chronology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said \u003c/a>the quake, which struck at 10:30 a.m. local time, “caused rockfalls and possibly an additional collapse” into the Pu’u O’o, a crater on the Kilauea volcano that has been slowly crumbling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pink plume of ash could be seen briefly wafting over the crater, but no other significant changes had been observed, HVO said on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists had predicted that the ongoing temblors — more than 600 in the past three days — were an indication that lava could break through the surface at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the quakes have been in the magnitude 2.0 range and until Thursday morning, the largest recorded was 4.2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency that operates the county’s emergency preparedness and response program had \u003ca href=\"http://www.hawaiicounty.gov/active-alerts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warned \u003c/a>residents to prepare for evacuation in case of an eruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lava breakout remains a possibility — and it could happen quickly,” Janet Babb, an HVO geologist, told NPR, adding that these types of events are nearly impossible to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babb explained that the rumbling in the region goes back to mid-March when the cone of the Pu’u O’o crater began to swell and the pressure trapped inside caused the crater floor to collapse on April 30. That forced an intrusion of the magma, which means that rather than gushing upward through the crater of the volcano, it starting seeping underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it moves beneath the surface, the molten lava is breaking up rock and causing the ground to shift. That process results in earthquakes. And the fear is that lava will spew out of cracks created by those earthquakes and destroy nearby homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Monday, the magma has moved under major highways and also to Leilani Estates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii News Now \u003ca href=\"http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38087728/puna-warned-series-of-quakes-could-indicate-eruption-is-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported \u003c/a>that several quakes Wednesday “created cracks in the roadway,” measuring up to 18 inches long and 2 inches wide in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Park Service officials have shut down 16,000 acres of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park as a precaution. And a local charter school was also closed on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babb compared this week’s volcanic activity to an eruption of Kilauea in 1955 that lasted 88 days and covered about 3,900 acres in lava, destroying nearby communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Lava+Briefly+Spews+From+Hawaii%27s+Kilauea&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new flow on Hawaii’s Big Island came just hours after a 5.0-magnitude temblor, the strongest in a series of magnitude 2.5 or greater quakes to strike the area in recent days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier Volcano Activity Notice, the U.S. Geological Survey said “white, hot vapor and blue fume [smoke] emanated from an area of cracking in the eastern part” of the Leilani subdivision. “Spatter began erupting shortly before 5 p.m.,” it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just prior to the eruption, Hawaii County Civil Defense officials were quoted by the newspaper as saying they were on “high alert” for the possibility of an eruption in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/multimedia_chronology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said \u003c/a>the quake, which struck at 10:30 a.m. local time, “caused rockfalls and possibly an additional collapse” into the Pu’u O’o, a crater on the Kilauea volcano that has been slowly crumbling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pink plume of ash could be seen briefly wafting over the crater, but no other significant changes had been observed, HVO said on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists had predicted that the ongoing temblors — more than 600 in the past three days — were an indication that lava could break through the surface at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the quakes have been in the magnitude 2.0 range and until Thursday morning, the largest recorded was 4.2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency that operates the county’s emergency preparedness and response program had \u003ca href=\"http://www.hawaiicounty.gov/active-alerts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warned \u003c/a>residents to prepare for evacuation in case of an eruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lava breakout remains a possibility — and it could happen quickly,” Janet Babb, an HVO geologist, told NPR, adding that these types of events are nearly impossible to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babb explained that the rumbling in the region goes back to mid-March when the cone of the Pu’u O’o crater began to swell and the pressure trapped inside caused the crater floor to collapse on April 30. That forced an intrusion of the magma, which means that rather than gushing upward through the crater of the volcano, it starting seeping underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it moves beneath the surface, the molten lava is breaking up rock and causing the ground to shift. That process results in earthquakes. And the fear is that lava will spew out of cracks created by those earthquakes and destroy nearby homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Monday, the magma has moved under major highways and also to Leilani Estates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii News Now \u003ca href=\"http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38087728/puna-warned-series-of-quakes-could-indicate-eruption-is-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported \u003c/a>that several quakes Wednesday “created cracks in the roadway,” measuring up to 18 inches long and 2 inches wide in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Park Service officials have shut down 16,000 acres of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park as a precaution. And a local charter school was also closed on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babb compared this week’s volcanic activity to an eruption of Kilauea in 1955 that lasted 88 days and covered about 3,900 acres in lava, destroying nearby communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Lava+Briefly+Spews+From+Hawaii%27s+Kilauea&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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