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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have completed the most exhaustive assessment of changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet to date. And they found that it’s melting faster than they thought.[contextly_sidebar id=”z99Sivlx9eVZ5dNVpnDqhORco4XkaD6X”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice losses totaling 3 trillion tonnes (or more than 3.3 trillion tons) since 1992 have caused global sea levels to rise by 7.6 mm, nearly one third of an inch, according to a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0179-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2010, Antarctica was contributing a relatively small proportion of the melting that is causing global sea levels to rise, says study co-leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.shepherd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Shepherd of the University of Leeds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that has changed. “Since around 2010, 2012, we can see that there’s been a sharp increase in the rate of ice loss from Antarctica. And the ice sheet is now losing three times as much ice,” Shepherd adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual sea level rise that’s attributed to Antarctica has tripled, from 0.2mm to 0.6mm, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big jump, and it did catch us all by surprise,” Shepherd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melting is caused by rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says they’ve seen the most dramatic effects in West Antarctica, where the ice sheet rests on the sea bed. “When we look into the ocean we find that it’s too warm and the ice sheet can’t withstand the temperatures that are surrounding it in the sea,” he says. That’s causing glaciers to flow more quickly into the sea.[contextly_sidebar id=”9wO7jBGuAtFyFodqyKBdH39yIDxejDIg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Antarctica, which is home to the South Pole, has seen considerably less melting because most of its ice is above sea level. That’s “an important distinction, because it means it’s insulated from changes in the ocean’s temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment, conducted by 84 scientists from 44 international organizations, is known as the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many other estimates of how much ice has melted in Antarctica. And many of those papers showed different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the estimates covered different proportions of the ice sheets, some of them covered different time periods, and all of them used different methods and so it became difficult for people who are not specialists to try to pick them apart,” says Shepherd. “So that was the motivation for originally setting up the project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists combined 24 different satellite surveys, which Shepherd says provides a more complete picture of the overall ice sheet change than previous studies. “We believe that we’ve captured all of the different satellite records that exist on the planet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To analyze the ice, the researchers use three different kinds of measurements. Satellite altimeters measure the height of the ice sheets, to see how much they are thinning or thickening over time. Another measurement records the speed of the glaciers and how they’re moving into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the scientists are recording gravity measurements for Antarctica. These “tell us about changes in the earth’s gravitational attraction over time and that can be related to the mass of the ice sheets overall,” Shepherd says, “and they are really powerful measurements because they can add up everything across Antarctica.”[contextly_sidebar id=”eUQPZA3bgd7aPP1WzwXjFcrlNWtocdb4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what accounts for the apparent three-fold speed up in Antarctica’s melting in the last five years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says that actually, their data shows a “a progressive increase in ice loss throughout the whole 25 year time period.” However, a period of heavy snowfall between 2005 and 2010 masked some of the immediate effects of the ice loss, accounting for the sudden, steep increase in more recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new data creates a much starker picture of the future than previous estimates. Shepherd says until 2010, the data had been tracking a lower scenario which estimated that Antarctica “wouldn’t make much of a contribution to sea level rise at all” because of the effects of higher snowfall. However, he says that now the data is tracking a higher scenario, which could mean nearly 6 inches of additional sea level rise in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a big deal, he says, “for anybody who lives, works and governs a coastal region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the rate of Antarctica’s melting is crucial for these communities. If all of the ice in Antarctica melted, global sea levels would rise by more than 190 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctica+Has+Lost+More+Than+3+Trillion+Tons+Of+Ice+In+25+Years+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A bizarre confluence of weather events led to the average clarity of Lake Tahoe last year falling to its lowest level on record.[contextly_sidebar id=”JNSz6zz0TpEKsJfo8i0IASU0tgr9fDuY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/research/monitoring/water-clarity.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> issued by the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tahoe Environmental Research Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, is a preview of its annual State of the Lake report, due out next month. It points to historic drought, followed by record precipitation and warm temperatures. Lake clarity is a key indicator used to track the degradation and restoration of the iconic lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was more than just a bizarre sequence of events,” says the center’s director, Geoffrey Schladow, “it was a sequence of extremely extreme events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data released by the center on Wednesday shows that the average annual clarity level for 2017 was 59.7 feet, which marks the deepest point at which a standardized measuring disk is visible. That’s a 9.5 -ft. decrease in depth from the previous year. The five-year average for lake clarity is about 70 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say heavy rains in early 2017 sent sediment that had been gathering in streambeds through five years of drought, into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These two events came together,” recalls Schladow. “The drought let lots of sediment build up in the streams over that 5-yr period and then finally this event — this really extreme winter — washed it all into the lake, literally in that one year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schladow estimates that 12,000 tons of fresh sediment ended up in the lake last year, whereas none of the previous five years has seen more than 1,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center has been monitoring Tahoe for over a half-century and uses the research to assess how freshwater ecosystems are responding to change. The center’s stated goal is to restore lake clarity back to its historic level of nearly 100 feet, which gave rise to its legendary reputation as a jewel among alpine lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the center, most pollutants that contribute to reduced clarity come from urban runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A joint statement issued by the California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird and Nevada Director of Conservation and Natural Resources Bradley Cowell urged the scientific community to take note of the report’s findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“While annual clarity declines are not unusual, the record decline experienced last year warrants an in-depth review to further understand the causes and impacts, and to help ensure the 2017 decrease is an anomaly, and not a trend,” it read.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Schladow says the lake is already recovering, the one-year pulse raises important questions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all believe that there will be more extreme events,” he says, “maybe not as extreme as what we saw, but more intense rainfall, more rain, less snow — things like that we haven’t dealt with before. How do we cope with those sorts of extremes?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the federal Department of Interior announced that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/344033461/FY2017-Reduction-Options\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">might slash the budget\u003c/a> for conservation projects throughout Nevada, including those that serve the Lake Tahoe region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"speakable-p-1 p-text\">The majority of the funding has been used for projects at Lake Tahoe, according to Julie Regan, spokesperson at the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this funding were to be cut,” warns Regan, “that would potentially compromise forest health projects that would protect the region from catastrophic wildfires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p-text\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A bizarre confluence of weather events led to the average clarity of Lake Tahoe last year falling to its lowest level on record.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/research/monitoring/water-clarity.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> issued by the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tahoe Environmental Research Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, is a preview of its annual State of the Lake report, due out next month. It points to historic drought, followed by record precipitation and warm temperatures. Lake clarity is a key indicator used to track the degradation and restoration of the iconic lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was more than just a bizarre sequence of events,” says the center’s director, Geoffrey Schladow, “it was a sequence of extremely extreme events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data released by the center on Wednesday shows that the average annual clarity level for 2017 was 59.7 feet, which marks the deepest point at which a standardized measuring disk is visible. That’s a 9.5 -ft. decrease in depth from the previous year. The five-year average for lake clarity is about 70 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say heavy rains in early 2017 sent sediment that had been gathering in streambeds through five years of drought, into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These two events came together,” recalls Schladow. “The drought let lots of sediment build up in the streams over that 5-yr period and then finally this event — this really extreme winter — washed it all into the lake, literally in that one year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schladow estimates that 12,000 tons of fresh sediment ended up in the lake last year, whereas none of the previous five years has seen more than 1,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center has been monitoring Tahoe for over a half-century and uses the research to assess how freshwater ecosystems are responding to change. The center’s stated goal is to restore lake clarity back to its historic level of nearly 100 feet, which gave rise to its legendary reputation as a jewel among alpine lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the center, most pollutants that contribute to reduced clarity come from urban runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A joint statement issued by the California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird and Nevada Director of Conservation and Natural Resources Bradley Cowell urged the scientific community to take note of the report’s findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“While annual clarity declines are not unusual, the record decline experienced last year warrants an in-depth review to further understand the causes and impacts, and to help ensure the 2017 decrease is an anomaly, and not a trend,” it read.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Schladow says the lake is already recovering, the one-year pulse raises important questions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all believe that there will be more extreme events,” he says, “maybe not as extreme as what we saw, but more intense rainfall, more rain, less snow — things like that we haven’t dealt with before. How do we cope with those sorts of extremes?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the federal Department of Interior announced that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/344033461/FY2017-Reduction-Options\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">might slash the budget\u003c/a> for conservation projects throughout Nevada, including those that serve the Lake Tahoe region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"speakable-p-1 p-text\">The majority of the funding has been used for projects at Lake Tahoe, according to Julie Regan, spokesperson at the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this funding were to be cut,” warns Regan, “that would potentially compromise forest health projects that would protect the region from catastrophic wildfires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p-text\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gray wolves are trekking farther south in California. A 2-year-old female, known as OR-54, recently wandered through Nevada County in the northern Sierra Nevada. Until now, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife had reported wolves only as far south as Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s made her way all the way down into the Sierra, and that’s so exciting because this is its prime wolf habitat,” said Amaroq Weiss of the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s an area that scientists have identified for a long time as being good wolf habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them. Wolves are not dangerous to humans.’\u003ccite>Amaroq Weiss,\u003cbr>\nCenter for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The wolf is collared with a GPS transmitter that allowed officials to determine her whereabouts just off Interstate 80, near Boreal Mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-54 is so named because she was the 54\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> wolf Oregon biologists have radio collared. She’s following in her father’s historic footsteps. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">OR-7\u003c/a>, he was the first gray wolf to cross into California from Oregon in almost 90 years. Wolves are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/gray-wolf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making a comeback\u003c/a> in the West after they were eradicated by humans during the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1925623 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-160x86.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-800x431.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-768x414.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-960x517.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-240x129.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-375x202.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-520x280.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf pup born in 2017 in Lassen County, recorded by a wildlife camera installation. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have wolves coming back to California is a great testament to the federal and state Endangered Species Act protections that have allowed these remarkable species to recover,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time OR-54 has visited California. She crossed the border in January and stayed until late February. California Department of Fish and Wildlife wolf specialist Kent Laudon said someone outside of Chester, California caught her on video during her first visit. She went home for a few months, and then returned in mid-April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s common for wolves to leave their pack at about her age. When wolves are somewhere between 2 and 3 years old, they make their first solo wilderness outing, likely in search of a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, biologists know of six other wolves with radio collars living in either Plumas or Lassen counties. But there could be more that have remained under the radar of biologists. Wolves are very shy animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them,” Weiss said. “Wolves are not dangerous to humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last 100 years, two humans have fallen prey to wolves in all of North America, including Canada, Alaska and the lower 48 states. Weiss said it’s questionable whether a wolf actually killed the second person. In contrast, she said about 20 people die annually from encounters with livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would be more likely to die from a lightning strike than from a wolf,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes more pups arrived in California this spring. Weiss speculated that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11551637/rare-gray-wolf-pups-born-in-california\">Lassen pack\u003c/a> had a litter a few months ago. Wolves usually breed around Valentine’s Day (appropriately enough) and pups arrive around mid-April. She expects pups to emerge from their dens any day now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wolf management plan\u003c/a> estimates that Northern California, not including the Sierra Nevada, could support up to 500 wolves.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A female gray wolf has turned up in Nevada County in California's southernmost wolf sighting yet. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gray wolves are trekking farther south in California. A 2-year-old female, known as OR-54, recently wandered through Nevada County in the northern Sierra Nevada. Until now, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife had reported wolves only as far south as Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s made her way all the way down into the Sierra, and that’s so exciting because this is its prime wolf habitat,” said Amaroq Weiss of the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s an area that scientists have identified for a long time as being good wolf habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them. Wolves are not dangerous to humans.’\u003ccite>Amaroq Weiss,\u003cbr>\nCenter for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The wolf is collared with a GPS transmitter that allowed officials to determine her whereabouts just off Interstate 80, near Boreal Mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-54 is so named because she was the 54\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> wolf Oregon biologists have radio collared. She’s following in her father’s historic footsteps. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">OR-7\u003c/a>, he was the first gray wolf to cross into California from Oregon in almost 90 years. Wolves are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/gray-wolf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making a comeback\u003c/a> in the West after they were eradicated by humans during the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1925623 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-160x86.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-800x431.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-768x414.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-960x517.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-240x129.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-375x202.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-520x280.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf pup born in 2017 in Lassen County, recorded by a wildlife camera installation. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have wolves coming back to California is a great testament to the federal and state Endangered Species Act protections that have allowed these remarkable species to recover,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time OR-54 has visited California. She crossed the border in January and stayed until late February. California Department of Fish and Wildlife wolf specialist Kent Laudon said someone outside of Chester, California caught her on video during her first visit. She went home for a few months, and then returned in mid-April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s common for wolves to leave their pack at about her age. When wolves are somewhere between 2 and 3 years old, they make their first solo wilderness outing, likely in search of a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, biologists know of six other wolves with radio collars living in either Plumas or Lassen counties. But there could be more that have remained under the radar of biologists. Wolves are very shy animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them,” Weiss said. “Wolves are not dangerous to humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last 100 years, two humans have fallen prey to wolves in all of North America, including Canada, Alaska and the lower 48 states. Weiss said it’s questionable whether a wolf actually killed the second person. In contrast, she said about 20 people die annually from encounters with livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would be more likely to die from a lightning strike than from a wolf,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes more pups arrived in California this spring. Weiss speculated that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11551637/rare-gray-wolf-pups-born-in-california\">Lassen pack\u003c/a> had a litter a few months ago. Wolves usually breed around Valentine’s Day (appropriately enough) and pups arrive around mid-April. She expects pups to emerge from their dens any day now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wolf management plan\u003c/a> estimates that Northern California, not including the Sierra Nevada, could support up to 500 wolves.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With frustration mounting over lawmakers’ inaction on gun control, the American Medical Association on Tuesday pressed for a ban on assault weapons and came out against arming teachers as a way to fight what it calls a public health crisis.[contextly_sidebar id=”vwj3gYKaCHGqnLdA70WIcwKi6MInYtra”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its annual policymaking meeting, the nation’s largest physicians group bowed to unprecedented demands from doctor-members to take a stronger stand on gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes against a backdrop of recurrent school shootings, everyday street violence in the nation’s inner cities, and rising U.S. suicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as physicians are the witnesses to the human toll of this disease,” Dr. Megan Ranney, an emergency-medicine specialist at Brown University, said at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA delegates voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen gun-related proposals presented by doctor groups that are part of the AMA’s membership. They agreed to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Support any bans on the purchase or possession of guns and ammunition by people under 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Back laws that would require licensing and safety courses for gun owners and registration of all firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Press for legislation that would allow relatives of suicidal people or those who have threatened imminent violence to seek court-ordered removal of guns from the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Encourage better training for physicians in how to recognize patients at risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Push to eliminate loopholes in laws preventing the purchase or possession of guns by people found guilty of domestic violence, including expanding such measures to cover convicted stalkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many AMA members are gun owners or supporters, including a doctor from Montana who told delegates of learning to shoot at a firing range in the basement of her middle school as part of gym class. But support for banning assault weapons was overwhelming, with the measure adopted in a 446-99 vote.[contextly_sidebar id=”tIfFD7hejzjbEH7RdfQqADeqHwklWnkT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a place to start and this should be it,” Dr. Jim Hinsdale, a San Jose, California, trauma surgeon, said before the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun violence is not a new issue for the AMA; it has supported past efforts to ban assault weapons; declared gun violence a public health crisis; backed background checks, waiting periods and better funding for mental health services; and pressed for more research on gun violence prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>But Dr. David Barbe, whose one-year term as AMA president ended Tuesday, called the number of related measures on this year’s agenda extraordinary and said recent violence, including the Parkland, Florida, school shooting and the Las Vegas massacre, “spurred a new sense of urgency … while Congress fails to act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been frustrating that we have seen so little action from either state or federal legislators,” he said. “The most important audience for our message right now is our legislators, and second most important is the public, because sometimes it requires public pressure on the legislators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is no longer viewed as the unified voice of American medicine, the AMA has more clout with politicians and the public than other doctor groups. It counted more than 243,000 members in 2017, up slightly for the seventh straight year. But it represents less than one-quarter of the nation’s million-plus physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA members cited U.S. government data showing almost 40,000 deaths by gun in 2016, including suicides, and nearly 111,000 gun injuries. Both have been rising in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, U.S. deaths from diabetes in 2016 totaled almost 80,000; Alzheimer’s, 111,000; and lung disease, 155,000. The leaders are heart disease, with 634,000 deaths in 2016, and cancer, about 600,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With frustration mounting over lawmakers’ inaction on gun control, the American Medical Association on Tuesday pressed for a ban on assault weapons and came out against arming teachers as a way to fight what it calls a public health crisis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its annual policymaking meeting, the nation’s largest physicians group bowed to unprecedented demands from doctor-members to take a stronger stand on gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes against a backdrop of recurrent school shootings, everyday street violence in the nation’s inner cities, and rising U.S. suicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as physicians are the witnesses to the human toll of this disease,” Dr. Megan Ranney, an emergency-medicine specialist at Brown University, said at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA delegates voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen gun-related proposals presented by doctor groups that are part of the AMA’s membership. They agreed to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Support any bans on the purchase or possession of guns and ammunition by people under 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Back laws that would require licensing and safety courses for gun owners and registration of all firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Press for legislation that would allow relatives of suicidal people or those who have threatened imminent violence to seek court-ordered removal of guns from the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Encourage better training for physicians in how to recognize patients at risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Push to eliminate loopholes in laws preventing the purchase or possession of guns by people found guilty of domestic violence, including expanding such measures to cover convicted stalkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many AMA members are gun owners or supporters, including a doctor from Montana who told delegates of learning to shoot at a firing range in the basement of her middle school as part of gym class. But support for banning assault weapons was overwhelming, with the measure adopted in a 446-99 vote.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a place to start and this should be it,” Dr. Jim Hinsdale, a San Jose, California, trauma surgeon, said before the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun violence is not a new issue for the AMA; it has supported past efforts to ban assault weapons; declared gun violence a public health crisis; backed background checks, waiting periods and better funding for mental health services; and pressed for more research on gun violence prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>But Dr. David Barbe, whose one-year term as AMA president ended Tuesday, called the number of related measures on this year’s agenda extraordinary and said recent violence, including the Parkland, Florida, school shooting and the Las Vegas massacre, “spurred a new sense of urgency … while Congress fails to act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been frustrating that we have seen so little action from either state or federal legislators,” he said. “The most important audience for our message right now is our legislators, and second most important is the public, because sometimes it requires public pressure on the legislators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is no longer viewed as the unified voice of American medicine, the AMA has more clout with politicians and the public than other doctor groups. It counted more than 243,000 members in 2017, up slightly for the seventh straight year. But it represents less than one-quarter of the nation’s million-plus physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA members cited U.S. government data showing almost 40,000 deaths by gun in 2016, including suicides, and nearly 111,000 gun injuries. Both have been rising in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, U.S. deaths from diabetes in 2016 totaled almost 80,000; Alzheimer’s, 111,000; and lung disease, 155,000. The leaders are heart disease, with 634,000 deaths in 2016, and cancer, about 600,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Saving the Planet By Producing Gasoline Out of Thin Air — Literally",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists and engineers have been underscoring for some time the need for carbon-capture technologies to help reverse the course of climate change. A solution of last resort, it relies on technology to strip the atmosphere of the most prevalent greenhouse gas — a process referred to as “direct air capture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Geographic:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Keeping global warming to less than 2 degrees C (the international target to avoid the most dangerous impacts) will likely require \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02184-x\">“negative emissions”\u003c/a>—some way of taking lots of CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it permanently, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Until now, the concept has remained elusive due to the exorbitant costs involved and few takers. But one Canadian company, \u003ca href=\"http://carbonengineering.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Engineering\u003c/a>, has been running a pilot facility since 2015 and says it has successfully developed a cost-effective technology for DAC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Geographic called it an “engineering breakthrough.” The founders recently published a paper detailing the costs of the ambitious project in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\"> journal Joule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our paper shows the costs and engineering for a full-scale plant that could capture one million tons of CO2 a year,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/dkeith\">David Keith\u003c/a>, a physicist at Harvard University and founder of Carbon Engineering, told National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest for direct capture has been frought with failure. Last year, a Swiss company called Climeworks launched a DAC pilot facility. The plant contains massive fans that blow air into a solution that contains a carbon-capturing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the American Physical Society found that the procedure would likely cost about $600 per metric ton of captured CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. With our addiction to fossil fuel contributing \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/climate-change-carbon-emissions-rising-environment/?beta=true\">close to 40 billion metric tons of CO2 a year,\u003c/a> which doesn’t “pencil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the technology developed by Carbon Engineering works by capturing the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in a solution that reacts with the carbon and converts it into a solid — and at lower cost. From the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a>\u003cem>:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Carbon Engineering’s design blows air through towers that contain a solution of potassium hydroxide, which reacts with CO2 to form potassium carbonate. The result, after further processing, is a calcium carbonate pellet that can be heated to release the CO2. That CO2 could then be pressurized, put into a pipeline and disposed of underground, but the company is planning instead to use the gas to make synthetic, low-carbon fuels. Keith says that the company can produce these at a cost of about $1 per litre. When Carbon Engineering configured the air-capture plant for this purpose, they were able to bring costs down to as low as $94 per tonne of CO2.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Keith and his team used their findings to project the costs of an actual commercial plant with the same technology. They claim their \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology can capture CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> for between $94 and $232 per metric ton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t going to save the world from the impacts of climate change, but it’s going to be a big step on the path to a low-carbon economy,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/dkeith\">Keith\u003c/a> told National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company uses a separate pilot project to convert the captured carbon into liquid fuels, including gasoline. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/cost-plunges-capturing-carbon-dioxide-air\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Magazine\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[B]ecause the process recycles carbon from the air, it would constitute a low-carbon fuel, something that places such as California are increasingly requiring in their fuel mixes, and which command a premium price.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eventual demand could further drive down costs. But for the technology to truly succeed in making a dent in international climate recovery goals, it will require widespread adoption, according to Klaus Lackner, director at the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n\u003cp>“We will need a trillion-dollar industry to [keep warming below 2 degrees C]. That seems like a lot, but today’s airline industry is larger,” Lackner \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Economist magazine \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/06/09/extracting-carbon-dioxide-from-the-air-is-possible.-but-at-what-cost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> that the founders of Carbon Engineering want to eventually license their technology to fuel manufacturers. They hope to begin construction of their first commercial plant before the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists and engineers have been underscoring for some time the need for carbon-capture technologies to help reverse the course of climate change. A solution of last resort, it relies on technology to strip the atmosphere of the most prevalent greenhouse gas — a process referred to as “direct air capture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Geographic:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Keeping global warming to less than 2 degrees C (the international target to avoid the most dangerous impacts) will likely require \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02184-x\">“negative emissions”\u003c/a>—some way of taking lots of CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it permanently, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Until now, the concept has remained elusive due to the exorbitant costs involved and few takers. But one Canadian company, \u003ca href=\"http://carbonengineering.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Engineering\u003c/a>, has been running a pilot facility since 2015 and says it has successfully developed a cost-effective technology for DAC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Geographic called it an “engineering breakthrough.” The founders recently published a paper detailing the costs of the ambitious project in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\"> journal Joule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our paper shows the costs and engineering for a full-scale plant that could capture one million tons of CO2 a year,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/dkeith\">David Keith\u003c/a>, a physicist at Harvard University and founder of Carbon Engineering, told National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest for direct capture has been frought with failure. Last year, a Swiss company called Climeworks launched a DAC pilot facility. The plant contains massive fans that blow air into a solution that contains a carbon-capturing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the American Physical Society found that the procedure would likely cost about $600 per metric ton of captured CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. With our addiction to fossil fuel contributing \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/climate-change-carbon-emissions-rising-environment/?beta=true\">close to 40 billion metric tons of CO2 a year,\u003c/a> which doesn’t “pencil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the technology developed by Carbon Engineering works by capturing the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in a solution that reacts with the carbon and converts it into a solid — and at lower cost. From the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a>\u003cem>:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Carbon Engineering’s design blows air through towers that contain a solution of potassium hydroxide, which reacts with CO2 to form potassium carbonate. The result, after further processing, is a calcium carbonate pellet that can be heated to release the CO2. That CO2 could then be pressurized, put into a pipeline and disposed of underground, but the company is planning instead to use the gas to make synthetic, low-carbon fuels. Keith says that the company can produce these at a cost of about $1 per litre. When Carbon Engineering configured the air-capture plant for this purpose, they were able to bring costs down to as low as $94 per tonne of CO2.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Keith and his team used their findings to project the costs of an actual commercial plant with the same technology. They claim their \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology can capture CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> for between $94 and $232 per metric ton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t going to save the world from the impacts of climate change, but it’s going to be a big step on the path to a low-carbon economy,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/dkeith\">Keith\u003c/a> told National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company uses a separate pilot project to convert the captured carbon into liquid fuels, including gasoline. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/cost-plunges-capturing-carbon-dioxide-air\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Magazine\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[B]ecause the process recycles carbon from the air, it would constitute a low-carbon fuel, something that places such as California are increasingly requiring in their fuel mixes, and which command a premium price.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eventual demand could further drive down costs. But for the technology to truly succeed in making a dent in international climate recovery goals, it will require widespread adoption, according to Klaus Lackner, director at the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n\u003cp>“We will need a trillion-dollar industry to [keep warming below 2 degrees C]. That seems like a lot, but today’s airline industry is larger,” Lackner \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Economist magazine \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/06/09/extracting-carbon-dioxide-from-the-air-is-possible.-but-at-what-cost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> that the founders of Carbon Engineering want to eventually license their technology to fuel manufacturers. They hope to begin construction of their first commercial plant before the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Have you ever wondered why woodpeckers pound so incessantly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of acorn woodpeckers — gregarious black-and-red birds in California’s oak forests — they’re building an intricate pantry, a massive, well-organized stockpile of thousands of acorns to carry them through the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925448\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ON_ACORN_WS_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925448\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ON_ACORN_WS_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acorn woodpeckers have drilled thousands of holes in these redwoods on the shore of Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. They store one acorn in each hole. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re the only animals that I know of that store their acorns individually in holes in trees,” said biologist Walter Koenig, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Acorn_Woodpecker/overview\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a>, who has studied acorn woodpeckers for decades at the University of California’s Hastings Natural History Reservation in Carmel Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925452\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925452\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storing acorns high up in the trees helps the woodpeckers protect them from squirrels, deer and jays. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over generations, acorn woodpeckers can drill thousands of small holes into one or several trees close to each other, giving these so-called granaries the appearance of Swiss cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sets them apart from other birds that drop acorns into already-existing cavities in trees, and animals like squirrels and jays that bury acorns in the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spring and summer, hikers in the Bay Area commonly see acorn woodpeckers while the birds feed their chicks and care for their granaries. They don’t mind people staring at them and they’re easy to find. They greet each other with loud cries that sound like “waka-waka-waka.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin and Contra Costa counties are good places to spot them. They’re also easy to see in San Jose’s Plaza de Cesar Chavez. Outside California they’re found in Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and south to Colombia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_STUFFS_ACORN_IN_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_STUFFS_ACORN_IN_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker pounds an acorn into a hole. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These avian performers are constantly tapping, drilling and pounding at their granaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll usually have a central granary, maybe two trees that a group is using,” Koenig said. “Those trees are going to be close together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acorn woodpeckers make their granaries in pines, oaks, sycamores, redwoods and even in the palm trees on the Stanford University campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925465\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodpeckers have drilled thousands of holes into these redwoods around Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their holes rarely hurt the trees. The birds bore only into the bark, where there’s no sap, or they make their granaries in snags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t want sap in the hole because it will cause the acorn to rot,” said Koenig. “The point of storing the acorns is that it protects them from other animals getting them and it allows them to dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The holes usually start a few feet up the tree trunks, which makes it easier for the woodpeckers to defend their acorns from deer, squirrels and jays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re pretty fearless. They dive-bomb squirrels,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.katemarianchild.com\">Kate Marianchild\u003c/a>, author of the book “Secrets of the Oak Woodlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_EATS_INSECT_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_EATS_INSECT_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker fed on an insect in April. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, acorn woodpeckers have their choice of food. They catch insects, eat oak flowers and suck the sap out of shallow holes on trees such as coast live oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the winter, when these foods are unavailable, the birds feed on the acorns they stored in the late summer and fall. Acorns don’t have that much protein compared to insects, and they taste bitter, said Koenig. But the birds can stock up on them and keep them readily available in their granary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925461\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woodpecker made a meal of this black oak acorn. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds need to keep the acorns snug in their holes so that other animals can’t pull them out. So they regularly move up and down the tree trunk, tapping the acorns into their holes as they go. If they find one that’s loose, they pull it out and move it to a smaller hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acorn woodpeckers’ ability to reproduce in the spring depends on an abundant acorn crop the previous year. But oaks are finicky trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some years there are acorns all over the place,” said Koenig, “and other years there aren’t any acorns at all.” This is why acorn woodpeckers live where there are several species of oaks, he said, which increases the chances that they’ll have access to acorns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping a granary stocked takes a lot of work. So acorn woodpeckers live in family groups: four or five of them in something like a commune, with several males that are related to each other mating with several females that are related to each other but not to the males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are only a handful of species in the world that are known to be similarly complex,” Koenig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925456\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_FAMILY_GROUP_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925456\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_FAMILY_GROUP_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acorn woodpeckers live in family groups of four or five. These three woodpeckers gathered in April on a granary tree near Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Young woodpeckers who aren’t yet old enough to mate help take care of the chicks when they’re born in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s wonderful to see several birds lined up under a nest cavity to feed the nestlings,” Marianchild said. “It’s proof of cooperative breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a member of the group dies, young woodpeckers from other groups audition to join the group, in hopes of being able to start mating. These power struggles are loud and can last days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get birds chasing each other, yelling and screaming at each other, grappling,” said Koenig. “They’re incredibly exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_MAKES_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_MAKES_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker drills a hole into a redwood. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A group drills a few new holes each year. Every member works on the granary, and the acorns belong to all of them. Granaries can have thousands of holes and be built and maintained over many generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When one of the birds wants to eat an acorn, it sometimes pecks it open right in the hole where it’s stored. Or it might carry the acorn to a nearby tree and wedge it in a nook before cracking it open by pounding on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925460\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ACORN_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925460\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ACORN_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woodpecker cracks open an acorn. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and urbanization in some places have reduced the oaks that are available to the birds and put humans in closer proximity to them. On occasion, acorn woodpeckers drill holes into telephone poles and the wood trim of houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People can discourage them from pecking holes in their houses,” said Marianchild. “They can put up bird netting or hang shiny things. Or they can build houses out of stucco rather than wood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Marin Municipal Water District’s offices in Fairfax, which are surrounded by oaks, acorn woodpeckers stuff their supplies into the eaves, said Janet Klein, natural resources program manager. To protect the ranger station, they’ve put up a secondary layer of pine to give the woodpeckers something to drill into. Despite the noise, Klein enjoys watching them at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can watch the woodpeckers try out different holes,” she said. “‘Too tight, too loose.’”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "OK. Maybe you would. But wait until you see them carefully create their intricate acorn pantry.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Have you ever wondered why woodpeckers pound so incessantly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of acorn woodpeckers — gregarious black-and-red birds in California’s oak forests — they’re building an intricate pantry, a massive, well-organized stockpile of thousands of acorns to carry them through the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925448\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ON_ACORN_WS_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925448\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ON_ACORN_WS_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acorn woodpeckers have drilled thousands of holes in these redwoods on the shore of Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. They store one acorn in each hole. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re the only animals that I know of that store their acorns individually in holes in trees,” said biologist Walter Koenig, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Acorn_Woodpecker/overview\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a>, who has studied acorn woodpeckers for decades at the University of California’s Hastings Natural History Reservation in Carmel Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925452\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925452\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_ACORNS_IN_GRANARY_MS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storing acorns high up in the trees helps the woodpeckers protect them from squirrels, deer and jays. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over generations, acorn woodpeckers can drill thousands of small holes into one or several trees close to each other, giving these so-called granaries the appearance of Swiss cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sets them apart from other birds that drop acorns into already-existing cavities in trees, and animals like squirrels and jays that bury acorns in the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spring and summer, hikers in the Bay Area commonly see acorn woodpeckers while the birds feed their chicks and care for their granaries. They don’t mind people staring at them and they’re easy to find. They greet each other with loud cries that sound like “waka-waka-waka.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin and Contra Costa counties are good places to spot them. They’re also easy to see in San Jose’s Plaza de Cesar Chavez. Outside California they’re found in Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and south to Colombia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_STUFFS_ACORN_IN_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_STUFFS_ACORN_IN_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker pounds an acorn into a hole. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These avian performers are constantly tapping, drilling and pounding at their granaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll usually have a central granary, maybe two trees that a group is using,” Koenig said. “Those trees are going to be close together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acorn woodpeckers make their granaries in pines, oaks, sycamores, redwoods and even in the palm trees on the Stanford University campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925465\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_GRANARY_IN_REDWOODS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodpeckers have drilled thousands of holes into these redwoods around Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their holes rarely hurt the trees. The birds bore only into the bark, where there’s no sap, or they make their granaries in snags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t want sap in the hole because it will cause the acorn to rot,” said Koenig. “The point of storing the acorns is that it protects them from other animals getting them and it allows them to dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The holes usually start a few feet up the tree trunks, which makes it easier for the woodpeckers to defend their acorns from deer, squirrels and jays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re pretty fearless. They dive-bomb squirrels,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.katemarianchild.com\">Kate Marianchild\u003c/a>, author of the book “Secrets of the Oak Woodlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_EATS_INSECT_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_EATS_INSECT_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker fed on an insect in April. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, acorn woodpeckers have their choice of food. They catch insects, eat oak flowers and suck the sap out of shallow holes on trees such as coast live oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the winter, when these foods are unavailable, the birds feed on the acorns they stored in the late summer and fall. Acorns don’t have that much protein compared to insects, and they taste bitter, said Koenig. But the birds can stock up on them and keep them readily available in their granary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925461\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_BLACK_OAK_ACORN_SHELL_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woodpecker made a meal of this black oak acorn. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds need to keep the acorns snug in their holes so that other animals can’t pull them out. So they regularly move up and down the tree trunk, tapping the acorns into their holes as they go. If they find one that’s loose, they pull it out and move it to a smaller hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acorn woodpeckers’ ability to reproduce in the spring depends on an abundant acorn crop the previous year. But oaks are finicky trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some years there are acorns all over the place,” said Koenig, “and other years there aren’t any acorns at all.” This is why acorn woodpeckers live where there are several species of oaks, he said, which increases the chances that they’ll have access to acorns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping a granary stocked takes a lot of work. So acorn woodpeckers live in family groups: four or five of them in something like a commune, with several males that are related to each other mating with several females that are related to each other but not to the males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are only a handful of species in the world that are known to be similarly complex,” Koenig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925456\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_FAMILY_GROUP_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925456\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_FAMILY_GROUP_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acorn woodpeckers live in family groups of four or five. These three woodpeckers gathered in April on a granary tree near Lake Lagunitas in Marin County. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Young woodpeckers who aren’t yet old enough to mate help take care of the chicks when they’re born in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s wonderful to see several birds lined up under a nest cavity to feed the nestlings,” Marianchild said. “It’s proof of cooperative breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a member of the group dies, young woodpeckers from other groups audition to join the group, in hopes of being able to start mating. These power struggles are loud and can last days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get birds chasing each other, yelling and screaming at each other, grappling,” said Koenig. “They’re incredibly exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_MAKES_HOLE_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_MAKES_HOLE_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An acorn woodpecker drills a hole into a redwood. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A group drills a few new holes each year. Every member works on the granary, and the acorns belong to all of them. Granaries can have thousands of holes and be built and maintained over many generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When one of the birds wants to eat an acorn, it sometimes pecks it open right in the hole where it’s stored. Or it might carry the acorn to a nearby tree and wedge it in a nook before cracking it open by pounding on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925460\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ACORN_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925460\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/DL_511AcornWoodpeckers_WOODPECKER_POUNDS_ACORN_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woodpecker cracks open an acorn. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and urbanization in some places have reduced the oaks that are available to the birds and put humans in closer proximity to them. On occasion, acorn woodpeckers drill holes into telephone poles and the wood trim of houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People can discourage them from pecking holes in their houses,” said Marianchild. “They can put up bird netting or hang shiny things. Or they can build houses out of stucco rather than wood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Marin Municipal Water District’s offices in Fairfax, which are surrounded by oaks, acorn woodpeckers stuff their supplies into the eaves, said Janet Klein, natural resources program manager. To protect the ranger station, they’ve put up a secondary layer of pine to give the woodpeckers something to drill into. Despite the noise, Klein enjoys watching them at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can watch the woodpeckers try out different holes,” she said. “‘Too tight, too loose.’”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Dozens of Water Systems Consolidate in California’s Farming Heartland",
"headTitle": "Dozens of Water Systems Consolidate in California’s Farming Heartland | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Joaquin Valley, one of the most productive farming regions in the nation, an estimated 150,000 people are stuck living with contaminated drinking water. When they open a tap to fill a cooking pot or take a shower, the water that gushes out is contaminated with nitrates, hexavalent chromium, arsenic and other nasties from polluted wells.[contextly_sidebar id=”BXxHEiwGfcQkkmUN7w7VU8pQHE73VUWT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The good news: Help is available to many of these small community water systems, provided they can merge with a neighboring utility that has clean water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Estimating how many such mergers are under way is difficult, because they are at different stages and some may not have reached the attention of state regulators yet. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/content/adopting-county-policies-which-limit-public-water-system-sprawl-and-promote-small-system-con\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">University of California, Los Angeles study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released last year estimated 32 mergers are in progress. Camille Pannu, director of the Water Justice Center at the University of California, Davis, said there are probably more than 50 mergers in the works in the San Joaquin Valley alone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the number, the process can be expensive and laborious, despite state laws meant to ease the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s definitely a multiyear – often many-year – process,” said Nell Green Nylen, a senior research fellow at the Wheeler Water Institute at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “A big part of it is funding. And there can be a number of different agencies at different levels that need to be involved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Green Nylen is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/learning-from-consolidations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> summarizing the challenges of water system consolidation. They range from financing problems to a lack of basic data needed to understand the water-quality problems that need solving.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are legal and bureaucratic challenges, as well. For instance, in the unincorporated town of Tooleville in Tulare County, groundwater wells are contaminated by hexavalent chromium, also known as chromium-6 (the chemical made famous by the 2000 film “Erin Brockovich”). The town of fewer than 400 people has been trying to merge its tiny mutual water company with the municipal water system in the neighboring city of Exeter, which has more than 10,000 residents.[contextly_sidebar id=”5x6EMoTNwScXLen0hWQSc4sC4m8oo3uH”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We can’t cook with the water. We can’t drink it,” said Maria Olivera, a board member of the Tooleville water system and a resident of the town since 1974. “We really need help. Everybody is hoping it will be solved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">An agreement for the merger finally appears close at hand. But now a financing problem has emerged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state’s water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium was struck down by a May 2017 court ruling. The lawsuit was filed by the California Manufacturers and Technology Association and the Solano County Taxpayers Association. The court agreed with the plaintiffs that the state failed to investigate whether compliance with the standard is economically feasible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, the State Water Resources Control Board was forced to withdraw its water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium while it works on revisions. With no standard in place, water systems trying to solve hexavalent chromium problems are not eligible for state grant funding. Which means Tooleville must seek another source of money to pay for the construction to connect with Exeter’s system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the meantime, the \u003c/span>state is providing Tooleville with bottled water for drinking and cooking. The tainted well water is still used for cleaning, irrigating and everything else that people need water for. But recently the pump burned out at one of the town’s two wells. If the same should happen at Tooleville’s other well, the town’s water emergency will worsen considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We don’t have any money to buy a pump and then to hire a person to manage it, and then to pay the electricity bill for the water pumps,” Olivera said. “We are in a big problem right now because there’s no money.”[contextly_sidebar id=”xHtF69SRn5Ztvx5jGx3yCqAMHCppO19V”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A state law passed in 2015, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/programs/compliance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, authorized the State Water Resources Control Board to require water system consolidations to fix water quality or reliability problems. Since the law passed, the water board has notified 25 water agencies they must consolidate – all in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fortunately, the construction required to physically connect one water agency with another may be fairly easy in many cases. A \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/publication/water-justice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released in February found that 66 percent of disadvantaged communities in the San Joaquin Valley are within 500ft of another water utility that meets drinking water standards. For the rest, the distance is 3 or more miles, which could make a connection too expensive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-132038\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180607135056/EastPorterville21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1027\" height=\"574\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Aranzazu, left, and Benny Zurita install new water lines in East Porterville, Calif., so homes can connect to a new water supply provided by the city of Porterville. East Porterville lived with groundwater problems for years until the connection was finally made in 2016. (Florence Low, California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not all water system mergers involve full consolidation. Sometimes, water agencies might want to work together without merging completely. Neighboring water agencies might want to build an intertie, for example, in order to share water resources. But Green Nylen said state assistance programs tend to be available only for full mergers – another weakness in the regulatory process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One possibility of a partial merger is unfolding in Sacramento County, where the San Juan Water District and Sacramento Suburban Water District have talked for several years about combining resources.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Juan is primarily a surface-water agency, with water rights in the American River. Sacramento Suburban primarily relies on groundwater. Combined, the agencies serve around 340,000 people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If the two could agree to work together and build the necessary plumbing connections, San Juan could use Sacramento Suburban’s groundwater during drought years when American River water might be in short supply. Then, in wet years, it could use American River water to recharge Sacramento Suburban’s aquifers.[contextly_sidebar id=”dzHxoRfmqkHnJJ7XbCTWkFBX7rliqlAf”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“On the face of it, it would seem to give us more opportunity to optimize use of our water supply,” said Paul Helliker, general manager of San Juan Water District. “This is particularly important as we look at what the future holds with climate change and changing regulatory requirements.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2015, board members of the two agencies held a joint meeting to discuss moving ahead with some kind of cooperating agreement. It could range from a full merger to simply collaborating on joint projects. San Juan’s board of directors voted unanimously in favor of proceeding with further negotiations. But the Sacramento Suburban board voted 3-2 against it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The two agencies recently restarted discussions, Helliker said. Each board has formed a two-member subcommittee for more joint meetings to discuss what form of cooperation to pursue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In any merger, some of the trickiest issues do not involve money or laws at all, Green Nylen said. Rather, the sticky issues are about who will be in charge, which employees will be retained and deciding whose operating rules are best.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, ratepayers often have a variety of concerns. They may fear losing control of “their” water supply. And they may worry about rate increases under a newly consolidated water utility.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The current round of consolidations has focused on systems where water treatment is just not affordable or financially sustainable unless systems merge,” said Pannu at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “My understanding is that the state is triaging cases based on the public health impact.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/11/dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many small community water systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley suffer from polluted wells and financial challenges. To fix these problems, some are moving to connect with a neighboring water system. It’s not an easy process.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Joaquin Valley, one of the most productive farming regions in the nation, an estimated 150,000 people are stuck living with contaminated drinking water. When they open a tap to fill a cooking pot or take a shower, the water that gushes out is contaminated with nitrates, hexavalent chromium, arsenic and other nasties from polluted wells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The good news: Help is available to many of these small community water systems, provided they can merge with a neighboring utility that has clean water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Estimating how many such mergers are under way is difficult, because they are at different stages and some may not have reached the attention of state regulators yet. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/content/adopting-county-policies-which-limit-public-water-system-sprawl-and-promote-small-system-con\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">University of California, Los Angeles study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released last year estimated 32 mergers are in progress. Camille Pannu, director of the Water Justice Center at the University of California, Davis, said there are probably more than 50 mergers in the works in the San Joaquin Valley alone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the number, the process can be expensive and laborious, despite state laws meant to ease the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s definitely a multiyear – often many-year – process,” said Nell Green Nylen, a senior research fellow at the Wheeler Water Institute at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “A big part of it is funding. And there can be a number of different agencies at different levels that need to be involved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Green Nylen is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/learning-from-consolidations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> summarizing the challenges of water system consolidation. They range from financing problems to a lack of basic data needed to understand the water-quality problems that need solving.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are legal and bureaucratic challenges, as well. For instance, in the unincorporated town of Tooleville in Tulare County, groundwater wells are contaminated by hexavalent chromium, also known as chromium-6 (the chemical made famous by the 2000 film “Erin Brockovich”). The town of fewer than 400 people has been trying to merge its tiny mutual water company with the municipal water system in the neighboring city of Exeter, which has more than 10,000 residents.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We can’t cook with the water. We can’t drink it,” said Maria Olivera, a board member of the Tooleville water system and a resident of the town since 1974. “We really need help. Everybody is hoping it will be solved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">An agreement for the merger finally appears close at hand. But now a financing problem has emerged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state’s water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium was struck down by a May 2017 court ruling. The lawsuit was filed by the California Manufacturers and Technology Association and the Solano County Taxpayers Association. The court agreed with the plaintiffs that the state failed to investigate whether compliance with the standard is economically feasible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, the State Water Resources Control Board was forced to withdraw its water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium while it works on revisions. With no standard in place, water systems trying to solve hexavalent chromium problems are not eligible for state grant funding. Which means Tooleville must seek another source of money to pay for the construction to connect with Exeter’s system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the meantime, the \u003c/span>state is providing Tooleville with bottled water for drinking and cooking. The tainted well water is still used for cleaning, irrigating and everything else that people need water for. But recently the pump burned out at one of the town’s two wells. If the same should happen at Tooleville’s other well, the town’s water emergency will worsen considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We don’t have any money to buy a pump and then to hire a person to manage it, and then to pay the electricity bill for the water pumps,” Olivera said. “We are in a big problem right now because there’s no money.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A state law passed in 2015, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/programs/compliance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, authorized the State Water Resources Control Board to require water system consolidations to fix water quality or reliability problems. Since the law passed, the water board has notified 25 water agencies they must consolidate – all in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fortunately, the construction required to physically connect one water agency with another may be fairly easy in many cases. A \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/publication/water-justice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released in February found that 66 percent of disadvantaged communities in the San Joaquin Valley are within 500ft of another water utility that meets drinking water standards. For the rest, the distance is 3 or more miles, which could make a connection too expensive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-132038\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180607135056/EastPorterville21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1027\" height=\"574\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Aranzazu, left, and Benny Zurita install new water lines in East Porterville, Calif., so homes can connect to a new water supply provided by the city of Porterville. East Porterville lived with groundwater problems for years until the connection was finally made in 2016. (Florence Low, California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not all water system mergers involve full consolidation. Sometimes, water agencies might want to work together without merging completely. Neighboring water agencies might want to build an intertie, for example, in order to share water resources. But Green Nylen said state assistance programs tend to be available only for full mergers – another weakness in the regulatory process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One possibility of a partial merger is unfolding in Sacramento County, where the San Juan Water District and Sacramento Suburban Water District have talked for several years about combining resources.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Juan is primarily a surface-water agency, with water rights in the American River. Sacramento Suburban primarily relies on groundwater. Combined, the agencies serve around 340,000 people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If the two could agree to work together and build the necessary plumbing connections, San Juan could use Sacramento Suburban’s groundwater during drought years when American River water might be in short supply. Then, in wet years, it could use American River water to recharge Sacramento Suburban’s aquifers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“On the face of it, it would seem to give us more opportunity to optimize use of our water supply,” said Paul Helliker, general manager of San Juan Water District. “This is particularly important as we look at what the future holds with climate change and changing regulatory requirements.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2015, board members of the two agencies held a joint meeting to discuss moving ahead with some kind of cooperating agreement. It could range from a full merger to simply collaborating on joint projects. San Juan’s board of directors voted unanimously in favor of proceeding with further negotiations. But the Sacramento Suburban board voted 3-2 against it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The two agencies recently restarted discussions, Helliker said. Each board has formed a two-member subcommittee for more joint meetings to discuss what form of cooperation to pursue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In any merger, some of the trickiest issues do not involve money or laws at all, Green Nylen said. Rather, the sticky issues are about who will be in charge, which employees will be retained and deciding whose operating rules are best.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, ratepayers often have a variety of concerns. They may fear losing control of “their” water supply. And they may worry about rate increases under a newly consolidated water utility.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The current round of consolidations has focused on systems where water treatment is just not affordable or financially sustainable unless systems merge,” said Pannu at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “My understanding is that the state is triaging cases based on the public health impact.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/11/dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Google pledges that it will not use artificial intelligence in applications related to weapons or surveillance, part of a new set of principles designed to govern how it uses AI.[contextly_sidebar id=”1Fqy01u4TEQmHYN2FDcuGZjPZeRXobLZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those principles, released by Google CEO Sundar Pichai, commit Google to building AI applications that are “socially beneficial,” that avoid creating or reinforcing bias and that are accountable to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement follows Google’s reported decision not to renew a Pentagon contract in which its AI technology helped analyze drone footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google recently announced Duplex, a human-sounding digital concierge that booked appointments with human receptionists in a May demonstration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some ethicists were concerned that call recipients could be duped into thinking the robot was human. Google has said Duplex will identify itself so that wouldn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Driscoll’s Berries and its farmers in Ventura County are working to save water and tackle sustainable management of the local groundwater, writes Kirsten James of Ceres.[contextly_sidebar id=”TwM9Y8AIMIDbsQECfmESK79c9TZATwKs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red and purple berries ripening in vast fields. The sun shining in a blue sky as workers in broad-brimmed hats pluck the best berries from the strawberry tufts and blackberry vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bucolic scene in Ventura County along the Southern California coast belies the exacting science and sharp business decisions involved in the farming underway here, where many grow for Driscoll’s Berries and water availability can make or break a season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driscoll’s and its farmers don’t leave much to chance, having weathered drought conditions through much of this decade. And now they’re working on the next big challenge – implementing the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) and working to recharge the aquifer through a water recycling program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among a variety of studies and data collection efforts to inform better farming techniques, Driscoll’s research station located among the fields looks for the best methods for irrigating and careful use of water, with an eye on adapting to climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, given the increased evaporation of surface water in a warming climate, some area farmers now use micro sprinklers – tiny, precise sprinklers that deliver water to a part of the plant near its roots to establish transplants. Other farmers are moving berry growing to substrate farming or tabletop planters in controlled settings such as high tunnel greenhouses.[contextly_sidebar id=”OPDypQt5RhslKMXrziqvA81qHMOBeCWe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent visit to Driscoll’s research station, I listened as James duBois, senior manager of Global Environmental Impact for Driscoll’s, explained how substrate farming has environmental and water-saving benefits. Substrate farming reduces water needs by 30 percent and often allows for lower pesticide and fertilizer use, he said. I was visiting because Driscoll’s is a member of Ceres’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/campaigns/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Connect the Drops campaign\u003c/a>, a group of 35 companies that advocate for smart water management policies in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_131960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> Water has long been top-of-mind for Driscoll’s and Ventura County growers. In fact, area farmers established a groundwater management plan for the Oxnard Plain in the early 1990s, long before SGMA was passed in 2014.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Still, during the recent drought that left many farmers in Ventura and around the state with reduced water supplies, they realized the Oxnard basin was still in severe overdraft and more needed to be done. Many in the community, including Driscoll’s and its largest grower in the area, Reiter Affiliated Companies, welcomed SGMA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Water management within the Oxnard basin is very complex. This is one of the reasons we supported SGMA,” duBois said, adding that because local users have the most knowledge of a water basin, Driscoll’s and its growers particularly “supported the local control and consensus-building spirit of SGMA.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">With SGMA guidelines, the farmers and communities in the region started on the path to formalize and fortify their groundwater management plan. The Oxnard Plain and Pleasant Valley Agricultural Overliers Group, of which duBois is an advisory member, has developed a draft proposal that calls for allocations based on growers’ historical needs over the past three years, as well as replenishment of the groundwater basin and the development of lower-impact, recycled water supplies. They hope the proposal will be approved by the governing body for SGMA implementation, the Groundwater Sustainability Agency, in the near future.[contextly_sidebar id=”DB3L5XESX6QaXCztOlOlpBhl0q2nBkC4″]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We want the allocation to be real and relevant,” duBois said. In accordance with SGMA – and the spirit of sharing in the community – they also hope their groundwater management plan will address the environmental and water scarcity issues that could threaten the way of life in this region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">And the proposed plan allows water districts to enter water transfer and pumping agreements with each other. DuBois estimates there are currently eight to 10 such transfer transactions in the works in Ventura County at any one time, and this could increase under the new proposal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Beyond Managing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The growers realize, however, that allocating and trading finite amounts of water from an overdrafted groundwater basin isn’t going to solve their water shortage problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">So the Oxnard groundwater management plan integrates groundwater allocation with a plan to develop “new” water resources through recycling water. Oxnard’s water recycling plan was christened the Oxnard Groundwater Recovery Enhancement and Treatment program (GREAT). The system includes tertiary-level wastewater treatment through an advanced water-purification facility and then groundwater injection to help replenish the aquifers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The GREAT plan calls for making recycled water available for both groundwater replenishment and irrigating agricultural fields. Although the program has had hiccups, farmers are on board and already using this water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The efforts around management in the Oxnard groundwater basin appear to be shaping up as a very detailed and advanced example of how California’s groundwater sustainability agencies are developing long-term sustainability plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Agriculture is a mainstay of the economy here and careful management of water resources through SGMA implementation is key to keeping it this way, while ensuring the needs of the community and environment are maintained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Other groundwater sustainability agencies could pull ideas and strategies from the Oxnard Basin’s playbook – not only the content in the plan but also the lessons learned on how to reach this stage successfully.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/07/in-berry-country-california-farmers-get-innovative-to-save-groundwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list. The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Water Deeply.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, given the increased evaporation of surface water in a warming climate, some area farmers now use micro sprinklers – tiny, precise sprinklers that deliver water to a part of the plant near its roots to establish transplants. Other farmers are moving berry growing to substrate farming or tabletop planters in controlled settings such as high tunnel greenhouses.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent visit to Driscoll’s research station, I listened as James duBois, senior manager of Global Environmental Impact for Driscoll’s, explained how substrate farming has environmental and water-saving benefits. Substrate farming reduces water needs by 30 percent and often allows for lower pesticide and fertilizer use, he said. I was visiting because Driscoll’s is a member of Ceres’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/campaigns/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Connect the Drops campaign\u003c/a>, a group of 35 companies that advocate for smart water management policies in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_131960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> Water has long been top-of-mind for Driscoll’s and Ventura County growers. In fact, area farmers established a groundwater management plan for the Oxnard Plain in the early 1990s, long before SGMA was passed in 2014.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Still, during the recent drought that left many farmers in Ventura and around the state with reduced water supplies, they realized the Oxnard basin was still in severe overdraft and more needed to be done. Many in the community, including Driscoll’s and its largest grower in the area, Reiter Affiliated Companies, welcomed SGMA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Water management within the Oxnard basin is very complex. This is one of the reasons we supported SGMA,” duBois said, adding that because local users have the most knowledge of a water basin, Driscoll’s and its growers particularly “supported the local control and consensus-building spirit of SGMA.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">With SGMA guidelines, the farmers and communities in the region started on the path to formalize and fortify their groundwater management plan. The Oxnard Plain and Pleasant Valley Agricultural Overliers Group, of which duBois is an advisory member, has developed a draft proposal that calls for allocations based on growers’ historical needs over the past three years, as well as replenishment of the groundwater basin and the development of lower-impact, recycled water supplies. They hope the proposal will be approved by the governing body for SGMA implementation, the Groundwater Sustainability Agency, in the near future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We want the allocation to be real and relevant,” duBois said. In accordance with SGMA – and the spirit of sharing in the community – they also hope their groundwater management plan will address the environmental and water scarcity issues that could threaten the way of life in this region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">And the proposed plan allows water districts to enter water transfer and pumping agreements with each other. DuBois estimates there are currently eight to 10 such transfer transactions in the works in Ventura County at any one time, and this could increase under the new proposal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Beyond Managing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The growers realize, however, that allocating and trading finite amounts of water from an overdrafted groundwater basin isn’t going to solve their water shortage problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">So the Oxnard groundwater management plan integrates groundwater allocation with a plan to develop “new” water resources through recycling water. Oxnard’s water recycling plan was christened the Oxnard Groundwater Recovery Enhancement and Treatment program (GREAT). The system includes tertiary-level wastewater treatment through an advanced water-purification facility and then groundwater injection to help replenish the aquifers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The GREAT plan calls for making recycled water available for both groundwater replenishment and irrigating agricultural fields. Although the program has had hiccups, farmers are on board and already using this water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The efforts around management in the Oxnard groundwater basin appear to be shaping up as a very detailed and advanced example of how California’s groundwater sustainability agencies are developing long-term sustainability plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Agriculture is a mainstay of the economy here and careful management of water resources through SGMA implementation is key to keeping it this way, while ensuring the needs of the community and environment are maintained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Other groundwater sustainability agencies could pull ideas and strategies from the Oxnard Basin’s playbook – not only the content in the plan but also the lessons learned on how to reach this stage successfully.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/07/in-berry-country-california-farmers-get-innovative-to-save-groundwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list. The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Water Deeply.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Mars Discoveries Advance Case For Possible Life",
"headTitle": "New Mars Discoveries Advance Case For Possible Life | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>New Mars discoveries are advancing the case for possible life on the red planet, past or even present.[contextly_sidebar id=”3ycREm0JKq3dV8pFA3Uuz9DSNCbBxceS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reported Thursday that NASA’s Curiosity rover has found potential building blocks of life in an ancient Martian lakebed. Hints have been found before, but this is the best evidence yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organic molecules preserved in 3.5 billion-year-old bedrock in Gale Crater — believed to once contain a shallow lake the size of Florida’s Lake Okeechobee — suggest conditions back then may have been conducive to life. That leaves open the possibility that microorganisms once populated our planetary neighbor and might still exist there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The chances of being able to find signs of ancient life with future missions, if life ever was present, just went up,” said Curiosity’s project scientist, Ashwin Vasavada of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> also has confirmed sharp seasonal increases of methane in the Martian atmosphere. Researchers said they can’t rule out a biological source. Most of Earth’s atmospheric methane comes from animal and plant life, and the environment itself.[contextly_sidebar id=”6pCZYxbM9Ux8ZCrMgjBcSwCxqees46SI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaas.org/science-journals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> . In a companion article, an outside expert describes the findings as “breakthroughs in astrobiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question of whether life might have originated or existed on Mars is a lot more opportune now that we know that organic molecules were present on its surface at the time,” wrote Utrecht University astrobiologist Inge Loes ten Kate of the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten Siebach, a Rice University geologist who also was not involved in the studies, is equally excited. She said the discoveries break down some of the strongest arguments put forward by life-on-Mars skeptics, herself included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that we can find evidence. We can find organic matter preserved in mudstones that are more than 3 billion years old,” Siebach said. “And we see releases of gas today that could be related to life in the subsurface or at the very least are probably related to warm water or environments where Earth life would be happy living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane observations provide “one of the most compelling” cases for present-day life, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree more powerful spacecraft — and, ideally, rocks returned to Earth from Mars — are needed to prove whether tiny organisms like bacteria ever existed on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity’s methane measurements occurred over 4 ½ Earth years, covering parts of three Martian years. Seasonal peaks were detected in late summer in the northern hemisphere and late winter in the southern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JPL’s Christopher Webster, lead author on the study, said it’s the first time Martian methane has shown a repeated pattern. The magnitude of these seasonal peaks — by a factor of three — was far more than scientists expected. “We were just blown away,” he said. “It’s tripling … that’s a huge, huge difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webster theorizes the methane created either now or long ago is seeping from deep underground reservoirs up through cracks and fissures in the crust. Once at the surface, the methane sticks to dirt and rocks, with more released into the atmosphere when it’s hotter.[contextly_sidebar id=”zd5AxKa01nb4W4BM44jiB0UuaJNMEk7t”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no proof that the methane is formed biologically, but we cannot rule it out, even with this new data set,” Webster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been seeking organic molecules on Mars ever since the 1976 Viking landers. The twin Vikings came up pretty much empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arriving at Mars in 2012 with a drill and its own onboard labs, Curiosity confirmed the presence of organics in rocks in 2013, but the molecules weren’t exactly what scientists expected. So they looked elsewhere. The key samples in the latest findings came from a spot 4 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with methane, there could well be non-biological explanations for the presence of carbon-containing molecules on Mars, such as geologic processes or impacts by asteroids, comet, meteors and interplanetary dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Eigenbrode, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland who led the organics study, said she’s intrigued by the possibility that life might have existed and adapted on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m equally as fascinated by the idea that life never got started on Mars in the first place. That’s a harder question to address scientifically, but I think that we need to give the search for life on Mars due diligence. We need to go to places that we think are the most likely places to find it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New Mars discoveries are advancing the case for possible life on the red planet, past or even present.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reported Thursday that NASA’s Curiosity rover has found potential building blocks of life in an ancient Martian lakebed. Hints have been found before, but this is the best evidence yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organic molecules preserved in 3.5 billion-year-old bedrock in Gale Crater — believed to once contain a shallow lake the size of Florida’s Lake Okeechobee — suggest conditions back then may have been conducive to life. That leaves open the possibility that microorganisms once populated our planetary neighbor and might still exist there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The chances of being able to find signs of ancient life with future missions, if life ever was present, just went up,” said Curiosity’s project scientist, Ashwin Vasavada of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> also has confirmed sharp seasonal increases of methane in the Martian atmosphere. Researchers said they can’t rule out a biological source. Most of Earth’s atmospheric methane comes from animal and plant life, and the environment itself.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaas.org/science-journals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> . In a companion article, an outside expert describes the findings as “breakthroughs in astrobiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question of whether life might have originated or existed on Mars is a lot more opportune now that we know that organic molecules were present on its surface at the time,” wrote Utrecht University astrobiologist Inge Loes ten Kate of the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten Siebach, a Rice University geologist who also was not involved in the studies, is equally excited. She said the discoveries break down some of the strongest arguments put forward by life-on-Mars skeptics, herself included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that we can find evidence. We can find organic matter preserved in mudstones that are more than 3 billion years old,” Siebach said. “And we see releases of gas today that could be related to life in the subsurface or at the very least are probably related to warm water or environments where Earth life would be happy living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane observations provide “one of the most compelling” cases for present-day life, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree more powerful spacecraft — and, ideally, rocks returned to Earth from Mars — are needed to prove whether tiny organisms like bacteria ever existed on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity’s methane measurements occurred over 4 ½ Earth years, covering parts of three Martian years. Seasonal peaks were detected in late summer in the northern hemisphere and late winter in the southern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JPL’s Christopher Webster, lead author on the study, said it’s the first time Martian methane has shown a repeated pattern. The magnitude of these seasonal peaks — by a factor of three — was far more than scientists expected. “We were just blown away,” he said. “It’s tripling … that’s a huge, huge difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webster theorizes the methane created either now or long ago is seeping from deep underground reservoirs up through cracks and fissures in the crust. Once at the surface, the methane sticks to dirt and rocks, with more released into the atmosphere when it’s hotter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no proof that the methane is formed biologically, but we cannot rule it out, even with this new data set,” Webster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been seeking organic molecules on Mars ever since the 1976 Viking landers. The twin Vikings came up pretty much empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arriving at Mars in 2012 with a drill and its own onboard labs, Curiosity confirmed the presence of organics in rocks in 2013, but the molecules weren’t exactly what scientists expected. So they looked elsewhere. The key samples in the latest findings came from a spot 4 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with methane, there could well be non-biological explanations for the presence of carbon-containing molecules on Mars, such as geologic processes or impacts by asteroids, comet, meteors and interplanetary dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Eigenbrode, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland who led the organics study, said she’s intrigued by the possibility that life might have existed and adapted on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m equally as fascinated by the idea that life never got started on Mars in the first place. That’s a harder question to address scientifically, but I think that we need to give the search for life on Mars due diligence. We need to go to places that we think are the most likely places to find it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Report Finds Record-Breaking Coastal Flooding Around the U.S.",
"headTitle": "Report Finds Record-Breaking Coastal Flooding Around the U.S. | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/coastal-communities-saw-record-number-of-high-tide-flooding-days-last-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High-tide flooding\u003c/a> driven by climate change is breaking records on all coasts of the United States, occurring at twice the rate from just 30 years ago, according to a new federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/sotc/national/2018/may/2017_State_of_US_High_Tide_Flooding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report. [contextly_sidebar id=”lcEC3bZenOqJwJnQ5s5KmWNuUYubI0yv”]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as sea levels rise, coastal flooding will continue to break records over the next few decades at an accelerated rate, according to the \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. average high tide flood frequency is now 50 percent greater since 2000 and 100 percent greater than it was 30 years ago,” the NOAA report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several cities faced more than 20 days of coastal flooding over the last year even outside of big storms. The top five cities that saw the highest number of flood days and broke records are Boston; Atlantic City, New Jersey; Sandy Hook, New Jersey; Sabine Pass, Texas; and Galveston, Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, Sa\u003cspan class=\"highlight selected\">n Die\u003c/span>go established itself as the state’s coastal flooding hotspot with a record‐breaking 13 days of coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency measured rates of high-tide flooding at 98 locations along the U.S. coastline. More than a quarter of the locations tied or broke their previous records, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As relative sea level increases, it no longer takes a strong storm or a hurricane to cause coastal high tide flooding,” the report said. “High tide flooding causes frequent road closures, overwhelmed storm drains, and compromised infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As noted in recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports by KQED, \u003c/a>global warming could cause San Francisco Bay to rise 5 feet by 2100:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Now the state of California is warning nine Bay Area counties that climate change means the bay is rising faster. Extreme tides, whipped by storms, have become both more frequent and more extreme. California’s latest and best word on sea levels, a report issued last spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/OST-Sea-Level-Rising-Report-Final_Amended.pdf\">predicts\u003c/a> that San Francisco Bay could rise from five to 15 times faster this century than the last one.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite all this, the NOAA report finds that some cities are ill-prepared for what’s to come. In Boston for instance, a recent city-backed study criticized a plan to protect the city from rising sea levels. From \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Another proposal envisions a harbor-wide barrier system that would close during major storms and cost billions of dollars. But last week, a city-backed study \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/news/2018/05/30/boston-harbor-barrier-flooding-umass-study\">recommended against building a barrier\u003c/a>, saying the money would be better spent on smaller-scale measures, such as flood walls or green infrastructure.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And in New York City, a major coastal barrier that was planned for lower Manhattan has run into significant obstacles. Also from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>New York, which also tied its record of 15 days of tidal flooding, has launched various initiatives…But a signature coastal project that would erect berms and walls to protect lower Manhattan—known as “The Big U”—has \u003ca href=\"https://www.wnyc.org/story/five-years-later-sandy-project-grinding/\">faced delays and been scaled back\u003c/a> due to its high costs.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“Across the whole of the U.S. coastline, we are in dire need of action,” Ben Horton, a Rutgers University researcher,\u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/high-tide-flooding-in-the-u-s-is-twice-what-it-was-30-years-ago-noaa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told CBS news.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/06/06/u-s-coastal-areas-flooded-more-than-ever-in-past-year-due-to-sea-level-rise-and-storms/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.027c47d21364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes that nowhere in the NOAA report is the term “climate change” mentioned, something that has become a hallmark of the Trump administration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Neither the announcement of the high-tide flooding record, the accompanying summary nor the technical report mention the words “climate change,” which scientists widely believe is the underlying cause of sea-level rise and the increasing tides.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a conference call this week, report co-author William Sweet of NOAA’s Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, told reporters that a third of sea level rise is currently driven by thermal expansion of ocean water, and two-thirds is now caused by the melting of land-based ice around the world — both processes that are clearly symptoms of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Though you won't find the phrase \"climate change\" in it, a new federal report finds that coastal flooding across the U.S. has doubled in just 30 years.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/coastal-communities-saw-record-number-of-high-tide-flooding-days-last-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High-tide flooding\u003c/a> driven by climate change is breaking records on all coasts of the United States, occurring at twice the rate from just 30 years ago, according to a new federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/sotc/national/2018/may/2017_State_of_US_High_Tide_Flooding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as sea levels rise, coastal flooding will continue to break records over the next few decades at an accelerated rate, according to the \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. average high tide flood frequency is now 50 percent greater since 2000 and 100 percent greater than it was 30 years ago,” the NOAA report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several cities faced more than 20 days of coastal flooding over the last year even outside of big storms. The top five cities that saw the highest number of flood days and broke records are Boston; Atlantic City, New Jersey; Sandy Hook, New Jersey; Sabine Pass, Texas; and Galveston, Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, Sa\u003cspan class=\"highlight selected\">n Die\u003c/span>go established itself as the state’s coastal flooding hotspot with a record‐breaking 13 days of coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency measured rates of high-tide flooding at 98 locations along the U.S. coastline. More than a quarter of the locations tied or broke their previous records, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As relative sea level increases, it no longer takes a strong storm or a hurricane to cause coastal high tide flooding,” the report said. “High tide flooding causes frequent road closures, overwhelmed storm drains, and compromised infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As noted in recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports by KQED, \u003c/a>global warming could cause San Francisco Bay to rise 5 feet by 2100:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Now the state of California is warning nine Bay Area counties that climate change means the bay is rising faster. Extreme tides, whipped by storms, have become both more frequent and more extreme. California’s latest and best word on sea levels, a report issued last spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/OST-Sea-Level-Rising-Report-Final_Amended.pdf\">predicts\u003c/a> that San Francisco Bay could rise from five to 15 times faster this century than the last one.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite all this, the NOAA report finds that some cities are ill-prepared for what’s to come. In Boston for instance, a recent city-backed study criticized a plan to protect the city from rising sea levels. From \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Another proposal envisions a harbor-wide barrier system that would close during major storms and cost billions of dollars. But last week, a city-backed study \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/news/2018/05/30/boston-harbor-barrier-flooding-umass-study\">recommended against building a barrier\u003c/a>, saying the money would be better spent on smaller-scale measures, such as flood walls or green infrastructure.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And in New York City, a major coastal barrier that was planned for lower Manhattan has run into significant obstacles. Also from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>New York, which also tied its record of 15 days of tidal flooding, has launched various initiatives…But a signature coastal project that would erect berms and walls to protect lower Manhattan—known as “The Big U”—has \u003ca href=\"https://www.wnyc.org/story/five-years-later-sandy-project-grinding/\">faced delays and been scaled back\u003c/a> due to its high costs.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“Across the whole of the U.S. coastline, we are in dire need of action,” Ben Horton, a Rutgers University researcher,\u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/high-tide-flooding-in-the-u-s-is-twice-what-it-was-30-years-ago-noaa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told CBS news.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/06/06/u-s-coastal-areas-flooded-more-than-ever-in-past-year-due-to-sea-level-rise-and-storms/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.027c47d21364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes that nowhere in the NOAA report is the term “climate change” mentioned, something that has become a hallmark of the Trump administration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Neither the announcement of the high-tide flooding record, the accompanying summary nor the technical report mention the words “climate change,” which scientists widely believe is the underlying cause of sea-level rise and the increasing tides.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a conference call this week, report co-author William Sweet of NOAA’s Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, told reporters that a third of sea level rise is currently driven by thermal expansion of ocean water, and two-thirds is now caused by the melting of land-based ice around the world — both processes that are clearly symptoms of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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