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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "These Caribbean crabs will tear each other limb from limb. Luckily, they molt and regrow lost legs. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovo_T0KqdYg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of zombies, it’s usually in a fictional context or in connection with Halloween. But science writer Matt Simon, whose spent an awful lot of time studying parasites, says that the concept of brain control is not entirely far-fetched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites are nature’s body snatchers. They latch on to their host and manipulate the organism’s behavior, according to Simon, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/553657/plight-of-the-living-dead-by-matt-simon/9780143131410/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plight of the Living Dead: What Real-Life Zombies Reveal About Our World — and Ourselves\u003c/a>.”[contextly_sidebar id=”sySsxX0TNpCyTcjs0WjKuNkHvdAWB9pa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of the jewel wasp, who injects a mind-altering substance into a cockroach’s brain and then guides it into a burrow. Here, the roach allows itself to be used as shelter and food for the wasp’s larvae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1933916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the jewel wasp on a brown branch. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Or consider the horsehair worm, which grows inside a cricket’s stomach, persuading it to hurl itself into a body of water, where the worm can find other parasites to mate with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are humans, about a third of whom may carry a parasite known as Toxoplasma that’s been linked to risky behavior and schizophrenia. Pregnant women are typically told not to handle cat litter, where this parasite usually shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxoplasma is actually meant to work on rodents, making them attracted to cat urine and thereby bringing them closer to their prey. The cat can then easily pounce on the infected rodent, which then ends up in the cat’s stomach, where the parasite can complete its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because our brain structure is similar to a rodent’s, the parasite can influence our behavior as well. And while those behaviors are not as pronounced as in infected rodents, Simon says some studies show that risk-taking behavior in men goes up, while in women, the parasite has been linked to suicide rates and schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the rabies virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve ever seen videos of people in the throes of an infection, it’s really difficult to watch,” Simon said Wednesday on KQED’s program Forum. “Part of the manipulation of the parasite is to […] keep the host from washing out that virus. So the manipulation is don’t drink water. Not only that, be afraid of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says the virus essentially strips people of their humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Free Will\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites take us into frightening realms of biology that raise intriguing questions about human free will and personal autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Simon, it serves as a humbling reminder that we’re not all that different from simpler organisms that share our planet.[contextly_sidebar id=”nyNxzAGwHdPVtG5ZnMrI4yRUIjRMpB1C”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re made of meat, like every other organism,’ says Simon. “We think that we have these great big intellects, these wonderful egos, and consciousness and free will. But at the very base of it is this pure biology that these parasites are manipulating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much of our behavior then can we chalk up to our brains and how much of it might be the manipulations of bad actors in our heads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we’re compelled by forces of nature as well as our own neural patterns, much more than we’d like to recognize or believe,” says Forum host Michael Krasny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon points to the growing debate surrounding social media use and mind control. Former social media executives in recent months have said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they specifically designed \u003c/a>these platforms to be addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to the dopamine chemical, which makes us social. But these pathways are continuing to be exploited,” says Simon. “Is that something you’re really choosing to do or that dopamine ordering you around?”[contextly_sidebar id=”z74gNyv5Njdi4jnUM2vQbJxa2XHN1A1G”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says that, as humans, we need to believe in free will in order for society to function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have society hold people responsible for their actions,” says Simon. “But it’s really interesting to think about these parasites that are manipulating behavior, how they might be turning us into not just humans but something kind of a hybrid in our behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as much as we know about parasites, the ones we haven’t uncovered yet are just as unsettling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could be so many out there that we don’t know about because maybe the parasites are manipulating the smells of their host or the sounds that they make,” says Simon. “And we’re just not equipped as humans, as visual creatures, to understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ovo_T0KqdYg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ovo_T0KqdYg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When people think of zombies, it’s usually in a fictional context or in connection with Halloween. But science writer Matt Simon, whose spent an awful lot of time studying parasites, says that the concept of brain control is not entirely far-fetched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites are nature’s body snatchers. They latch on to their host and manipulate the organism’s behavior, according to Simon, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/553657/plight-of-the-living-dead-by-matt-simon/9780143131410/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plight of the Living Dead: What Real-Life Zombies Reveal About Our World — and Ourselves\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of the jewel wasp, who injects a mind-altering substance into a cockroach’s brain and then guides it into a burrow. Here, the roach allows itself to be used as shelter and food for the wasp’s larvae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1933916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the jewel wasp on a brown branch. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Or consider the horsehair worm, which grows inside a cricket’s stomach, persuading it to hurl itself into a body of water, where the worm can find other parasites to mate with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are humans, about a third of whom may carry a parasite known as Toxoplasma that’s been linked to risky behavior and schizophrenia. Pregnant women are typically told not to handle cat litter, where this parasite usually shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxoplasma is actually meant to work on rodents, making them attracted to cat urine and thereby bringing them closer to their prey. The cat can then easily pounce on the infected rodent, which then ends up in the cat’s stomach, where the parasite can complete its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because our brain structure is similar to a rodent’s, the parasite can influence our behavior as well. And while those behaviors are not as pronounced as in infected rodents, Simon says some studies show that risk-taking behavior in men goes up, while in women, the parasite has been linked to suicide rates and schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the rabies virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve ever seen videos of people in the throes of an infection, it’s really difficult to watch,” Simon said Wednesday on KQED’s program Forum. “Part of the manipulation of the parasite is to […] keep the host from washing out that virus. So the manipulation is don’t drink water. Not only that, be afraid of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says the virus essentially strips people of their humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Free Will\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites take us into frightening realms of biology that raise intriguing questions about human free will and personal autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Simon, it serves as a humbling reminder that we’re not all that different from simpler organisms that share our planet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re made of meat, like every other organism,’ says Simon. “We think that we have these great big intellects, these wonderful egos, and consciousness and free will. But at the very base of it is this pure biology that these parasites are manipulating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much of our behavior then can we chalk up to our brains and how much of it might be the manipulations of bad actors in our heads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we’re compelled by forces of nature as well as our own neural patterns, much more than we’d like to recognize or believe,” says Forum host Michael Krasny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon points to the growing debate surrounding social media use and mind control. Former social media executives in recent months have said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they specifically designed \u003c/a>these platforms to be addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to the dopamine chemical, which makes us social. But these pathways are continuing to be exploited,” says Simon. “Is that something you’re really choosing to do or that dopamine ordering you around?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says that, as humans, we need to believe in free will in order for society to function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have society hold people responsible for their actions,” says Simon. “But it’s really interesting to think about these parasites that are manipulating behavior, how they might be turning us into not just humans but something kind of a hybrid in our behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as much as we know about parasites, the ones we haven’t uncovered yet are just as unsettling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could be so many out there that we don’t know about because maybe the parasites are manipulating the smells of their host or the sounds that they make,” says Simon. “And we’re just not equipped as humans, as visual creatures, to understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The rainbow of hues seen in modern bird eggs probably evolved in birds’ dinosaur ancestors, which had eggs with colorful and speckled shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0646-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of fossil eggs in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. Researchers found that birds’ close dinosaur relatives had eggs with traces of two pigments—a red-brown one and a blue-green one. This same pair of pigments mixes and matches in today’s bird eggs to produce colors ranging from robin’s egg blue to red to yellow to green.[contextly_sidebar id=”dYwN8IzeZkjGTC8EFvbDSnsZto3vse6g”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a huge diversity in egg color and pattern. For a long, long time people have assumed that egg color is a trait that is unique to our modern birds,” says \u003ca href=\"https://people.earth.yale.edu/profile/jasmina-wiemann/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jasmina Wiemann\u003c/a>, a paleontologist at Yale University. She says that assumption was based on the fact that birds’ closest living relative, the crocodiles, “have completely uncolored, unpigmented eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see if colored eggs might actually go further back in history, she and her colleagues started by looking at the eggs of oviraptors– a relative of the velociraptor made famous in the movie Jurassic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This dinosaur is particularly interesting because oviraptors are the first dinosaurs that built open nests,” she says, explaining that earlier dinosaurs buried eggs underground, where color wouldn’t be expected to make any difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you start to build an open nest, your eggs are exposed to the environment,” she notes. Out there, colors and patterns could provide camouflage or help dinosaurs recognize their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside some 66-million-year-old oviraptor egg fossils, her team \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/3706/\">found\u003c/a> small concentrations of both pigments that color modern bird eggs. That was intriguing. Still, it was just one dinosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the researchers have analyzed egg shells from more. “We tried to cover the major branches of dinosaurs to get a good idea for all non-avian dinosaurs,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found no pigments in birds’ distant dinosaur relatives, such as the groups that include triceratops and the long-necked diplodocus.[contextly_sidebar id=”7yFoK9agiDfXhBDNRT8EMxd5Il1xtowT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The red-brown and blue-green pigments were present, however, in eggshells from the group of dinosaurs that includes birds and their close relatives. These pigments were built into the shells in the same sophisticated way that they are in modern birds’ eggs–and Wiemann thinks this can’t be a coincidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have, very likely, a single evolutionary origin of egg color,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the analysis of pigments showed that dinosaur eggs even had spots and speckles. And that surprised \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowbirdlab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Hauber\u003c/a>, an ornithologist and expert on eggs at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We not only know now that dinosaur eggs were colorful, but they were speckled, which is a whole other aspect of diversity,” says Hauber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dinosaurs may have needed these fancy eggs for all the same reasons as birds, suggesting that their behavior could have been just as complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dinosaur eggs could have been camouflaged, they could have been individually recognized, they could have been mimetic,” says Hauber. “So there are all the functions that are associated with spotting patterns on eggs that we did not even consider for dinosaur eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, says Hauber, maybe distinctive colors and markings were linked to some egg-related dinosaur business we haven’t even thought of. A certain egg color might have warned would-be predators of danger, he says, “and that could be that the mama dinosaur comes back, or papa dinosaur comes back, and will beat you up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Birds+Got+Their+Colorful%2C+Speckled+Eggs+From+Dinosaurs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0646-5\">study\u003c/a> found that birds' dinosaur relatives had eggs with traces of two pigments—a red-brown one and a blue-green one. In today's birds that might produce a color such as robin's egg blue.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rainbow of hues seen in modern bird eggs probably evolved in birds’ dinosaur ancestors, which had eggs with colorful and speckled shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0646-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of fossil eggs in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. Researchers found that birds’ close dinosaur relatives had eggs with traces of two pigments—a red-brown one and a blue-green one. This same pair of pigments mixes and matches in today’s bird eggs to produce colors ranging from robin’s egg blue to red to yellow to green.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a huge diversity in egg color and pattern. For a long, long time people have assumed that egg color is a trait that is unique to our modern birds,” says \u003ca href=\"https://people.earth.yale.edu/profile/jasmina-wiemann/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jasmina Wiemann\u003c/a>, a paleontologist at Yale University. She says that assumption was based on the fact that birds’ closest living relative, the crocodiles, “have completely uncolored, unpigmented eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see if colored eggs might actually go further back in history, she and her colleagues started by looking at the eggs of oviraptors– a relative of the velociraptor made famous in the movie Jurassic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This dinosaur is particularly interesting because oviraptors are the first dinosaurs that built open nests,” she says, explaining that earlier dinosaurs buried eggs underground, where color wouldn’t be expected to make any difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you start to build an open nest, your eggs are exposed to the environment,” she notes. Out there, colors and patterns could provide camouflage or help dinosaurs recognize their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside some 66-million-year-old oviraptor egg fossils, her team \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/3706/\">found\u003c/a> small concentrations of both pigments that color modern bird eggs. That was intriguing. Still, it was just one dinosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the researchers have analyzed egg shells from more. “We tried to cover the major branches of dinosaurs to get a good idea for all non-avian dinosaurs,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found no pigments in birds’ distant dinosaur relatives, such as the groups that include triceratops and the long-necked diplodocus.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The red-brown and blue-green pigments were present, however, in eggshells from the group of dinosaurs that includes birds and their close relatives. These pigments were built into the shells in the same sophisticated way that they are in modern birds’ eggs–and Wiemann thinks this can’t be a coincidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have, very likely, a single evolutionary origin of egg color,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the analysis of pigments showed that dinosaur eggs even had spots and speckles. And that surprised \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowbirdlab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Hauber\u003c/a>, an ornithologist and expert on eggs at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We not only know now that dinosaur eggs were colorful, but they were speckled, which is a whole other aspect of diversity,” says Hauber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dinosaurs may have needed these fancy eggs for all the same reasons as birds, suggesting that their behavior could have been just as complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dinosaur eggs could have been camouflaged, they could have been individually recognized, they could have been mimetic,” says Hauber. “So there are all the functions that are associated with spotting patterns on eggs that we did not even consider for dinosaur eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, says Hauber, maybe distinctive colors and markings were linked to some egg-related dinosaur business we haven’t even thought of. A certain egg color might have warned would-be predators of danger, he says, “and that could be that the mama dinosaur comes back, or papa dinosaur comes back, and will beat you up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Birds+Got+Their+Colorful%2C+Speckled+Eggs+From+Dinosaurs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A mountain lion roaming the parking lot of a busy office complex in Pleasanton has been tranquilized and removed with some high-tech help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police in Pleasanton, California, and California Department of Fish and Wildlife officers used a drone with thermal imaging cameras to track the puma, which appears to be about a year old and healthy at about 80 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Puma was first seen roaming the complex on Hopyard Drive on Monday afternoon. Landscapers\u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2018/10/29/police-wildlife-officials-respond-to-pleasanton-mountain-lion-sighting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> working nearby\u003c/a> first spotted the animal and called police, according to a local paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once located, officers used four tranquilizer darts to sedate the puma, which was then removed from area bushes around 8:20 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/pleasantonpd/status/1057109391130845184\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Wildlife Lt. Clayton Garrett said they were in a hurry to get the job done so that the animal could be released in a more suitable wilderness area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said what they didn’t want is for him to wake up while they’re driving him out to a safer spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Air Pollution is 'The New Tobacco,' Warns World Health Organization",
"headTitle": "Air Pollution is ‘The New Tobacco,’ Warns World Health Organization | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.[contextly_sidebar id=”hbedu4oUrO00I6sAXvfWSXYYhIgU5tIP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Mountain Birds Headed to Extinction as Planet Warms",
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"content": "\u003cp>A meticulous re-creation of a 3-decade-old study of birds on a mountainside in Peru has given scientists a rare chance to prove how the changing climate is pushing species out of the places they are best adapted to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys of more than 400 species of birds in 1985 and then in 2017 have found that populations of almost all had declined, as many as eight had disappeared completely, and nearly all had moved to higher elevations in what scientists call “an escalator to extinction.” [contextly_sidebar id=”6gG5vgIlAjF6hOsgaO5jhFk7coUpEZoe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you move up as far as you can go, there’s nowhere else left,” said John W. Fitzpatrick, a study author and director of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. “On this particular mountain, some ridgetop bird populations were literally wiped out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not certain whether the birds shifted ranges because of temperature changes, or indirect impacts, such as shifts in the ranges of insects or seeds that they feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, confirm what biologists had long suspected, but had few opportunities to confirm. The existence of a 1985 survey of birds on the same mountain gave scientists a rare and useful baseline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has documented habitats of birds and other species moving up in elevation or latitude in response to warming temperatures. But Mark Urban, director of the Center of Biological Risk at the University of Connecticut, who was not involved in the study said it was the first to prove what climate change models predicted: that rising temperatures will lead to local extinctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A study like this where you have historical data you can go back to and compare is very rare,” said Urban. “As long as the species can disperse, you will see species marching up the mountain, until that escalator becomes a stairway to heaven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1985, Fitzpatrick established a basecamp alongside a river running down a mountain slope in southeastern Peru, aiming to catalog the habitat ranges of tropical bird species that lived there. His team spent several weeks trekking up and down the Cerro de Pantiacolla, using fine nets called mist nets to catch and release birds, and keeping detailed journals of birds they caught, spotted or heard chirping in the forests.[contextly_sidebar id=”99E6eWIPdLj4fjPWEK5Gm9yVCbnuDmqc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">Two years ago, Fitzpatrick passed his journals, photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman, a postdoctoral fellow at the Biodiversity Research Centre at the University of British Columbia. Freeman, who has been researching tropical birds for more than a decade, set out to recreate the journey in August and September of 2017. Using old photos of mountain views, his team located the same basecamp.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Freeman largely recreated Fitzpatrick’s path and methodology to see what had happened in the intervening years, a period when average mean temperatures on the mountain rose 0.76 degrees Fahrenheit. Because the mountain lies at the edge of a national park, the area hadn’t been disturbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to unfurling 40-foot mist nets on the slopes, Freeman’s team placed 20 microphone boxes on the mountain to record the chirps of birds that might not easily be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the bird communities were moving up the slope to reach the climate conditions to which they were originally adapted,” said Freeman, the lead author of the study. Near the top of the mountain the bird species moved higher by 321 feet, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think temperature is the master-switch in explaining why species live where they do on mountain slopes,” said Freeman. “A huge majority of species in our study were doing the same thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds adapted to live within narrow temperature bands – in regions without wide seasonal variations – may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, Fitzpatrick said. “We should expect that what’s happening on this mountaintop is happening more generally in the Andes, and other tropical mountain ranges,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A meticulous re-creation of a 3-decade-old study of birds on a mountainside in Peru has given scientists a rare chance to prove how the changing climate is pushing species out of the places they are best adapted to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys of more than 400 species of birds in 1985 and then in 2017 have found that populations of almost all had declined, as many as eight had disappeared completely, and nearly all had moved to higher elevations in what scientists call “an escalator to extinction.” \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you move up as far as you can go, there’s nowhere else left,” said John W. Fitzpatrick, a study author and director of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. “On this particular mountain, some ridgetop bird populations were literally wiped out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not certain whether the birds shifted ranges because of temperature changes, or indirect impacts, such as shifts in the ranges of insects or seeds that they feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, confirm what biologists had long suspected, but had few opportunities to confirm. The existence of a 1985 survey of birds on the same mountain gave scientists a rare and useful baseline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has documented habitats of birds and other species moving up in elevation or latitude in response to warming temperatures. But Mark Urban, director of the Center of Biological Risk at the University of Connecticut, who was not involved in the study said it was the first to prove what climate change models predicted: that rising temperatures will lead to local extinctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A study like this where you have historical data you can go back to and compare is very rare,” said Urban. “As long as the species can disperse, you will see species marching up the mountain, until that escalator becomes a stairway to heaven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1985, Fitzpatrick established a basecamp alongside a river running down a mountain slope in southeastern Peru, aiming to catalog the habitat ranges of tropical bird species that lived there. His team spent several weeks trekking up and down the Cerro de Pantiacolla, using fine nets called mist nets to catch and release birds, and keeping detailed journals of birds they caught, spotted or heard chirping in the forests.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">Two years ago, Fitzpatrick passed his journals, photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman, a postdoctoral fellow at the Biodiversity Research Centre at the University of British Columbia. Freeman, who has been researching tropical birds for more than a decade, set out to recreate the journey in August and September of 2017. Using old photos of mountain views, his team located the same basecamp.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Freeman largely recreated Fitzpatrick’s path and methodology to see what had happened in the intervening years, a period when average mean temperatures on the mountain rose 0.76 degrees Fahrenheit. Because the mountain lies at the edge of a national park, the area hadn’t been disturbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to unfurling 40-foot mist nets on the slopes, Freeman’s team placed 20 microphone boxes on the mountain to record the chirps of birds that might not easily be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the bird communities were moving up the slope to reach the climate conditions to which they were originally adapted,” said Freeman, the lead author of the study. Near the top of the mountain the bird species moved higher by 321 feet, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think temperature is the master-switch in explaining why species live where they do on mountain slopes,” said Freeman. “A huge majority of species in our study were doing the same thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds adapted to live within narrow temperature bands – in regions without wide seasonal variations – may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, Fitzpatrick said. “We should expect that what’s happening on this mountaintop is happening more generally in the Andes, and other tropical mountain ranges,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Coastal Pacific Oxygen Levels Now Plummet Once A Year",
"headTitle": "Coastal Pacific Oxygen Levels Now Plummet Once A Year | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists say West Coast waters now have a hypoxia season, or dead-zone season, just like the wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hypoxia is a condition in which the ocean water close to the seafloor has such low levels of dissolved oxygen that the organisms living down there die.[contextly_sidebar id=”jOO7VmRDwpU6NlVL1uXNRpDszuhT4KX4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabber David Bailey, who skippers the Morningstar II, is rattled by the news. He remembers a hypoxia event out of Newport, Oregon, about a decade ago. He says it shows up “like a flip of a switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It shows up like a flip of a switch,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are crabs in the pot, they’re dead. Straight up,” Bailey says. And if you re-bait the pots, “when you go out the next time, they’re blanks, they’re absolutely empty. The crabs have left the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hypoxia event will kill everything that can’t swim away—animals like crabs, sea cucumbers and sea stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can now say that Oregon has a hypoxia season much like the wildfire season,” says Francis Chan, co-chair of the California Hypoxia Science Task Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every summer we live on the knife’s edge and during many years we cross the threshold into danger – including the past two years,” Chan says. “When oxygen levels get low enough, many marine organisms who are place-bound, or cannot move away rapidly enough, die of oxygen starvation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hypoxia season hits Oregon, Washington and California waters in the summer and can last from a few of days to a couple of months. Some years it only affects a few square miles of ocean; other years it’s thousands of square miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video taken by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in 2006 showed dead marine life littering the sea floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These reefs that used to be full of rockfish, they were all gone and a lot of the marine life: the sea stars, the sea cucumbers. They were dead,” says Chan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is: Why is this happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the more fundamental reasons is that the ocean is warmer now and warmer water holds less oxygen,” says Chan. “And then the second part is that a warmer surface ocean, it acts as an insulating blanket.”[contextly_sidebar id=”EInLrKVmZ6VprAD9OBYWpUVyooTzxiVK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that blanket stops colder low-oxygen water from rising up and mixing with oxygen in the surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change is behind this. The ocean has been absorbing nearly all the rising heat from greenhouse gas emissions, and it’s projected to grow even warmer in coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors may be contributing too. Oregon State University oceanographer and co-chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregonocean.info/index.php/ocean-acidification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Coordinating Council on Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia\u003c/a> Jack Barth, thinks higher temperatures are also slowing ocean currents. If we could see under the waves, he says, there’d be a lot more concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As an analogy, think about the summer when the skies were filled with smoke. Covered the whole Pacific Northwest,” Barth says. “When we used to think about hypoxia in the ocean, we think about little areas. But now what we’re looking at is…low oxygen all along the coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barth is collecting data to draw the first hypoxia maps of Oregon’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually seeing real interest from the fishing community. They know how to look at our data and say, ‘Where are the layers in the ocean? Where is the high and low oxygen?'” Barth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barth also notes that the crabbing and the oyster industries were ahead of the curve. “They were among the first to notice that the ocean just off our coast is changing and was affecting their livelihoods,” Barth says. “And they have been working with scientists ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep Pacific waters 50 miles off the coast have always been hypoxic. And it’s hardly surprising. The water down there take decades to slowly flow thousands of miles from Japan to the west coast — all the while separated from oxygen in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2002, fishers started to notice hypoxic waters moving closer-in — to just a couple of miles off the coast.[contextly_sidebar id=”yHOTMKH1t8JbqtTDISEv7O6pexOKm1Nd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, Francis Chan had just finished his Ph.D and was looking for a research subject. State fish and wildlife biologists started to call him to say crabbers were calling \u003cem>them\u003c/em>, saying their crabs were dead. The crabbers also noticed strange behavior, like octopuses climbing up ropes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan went out to sample the water and found extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen across tens of square miles. Four years later it happened again, but across a larger area and with lower oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hypoxia is something we rarely saw throughout the 20th century,” Chan says, “but have seen almost annually since the year 2002.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration just issued a grant for about 40 new oxygen sensors to be distributed among crabbers so they gather data where they put their pots. Crabbers say they’re happy to hand over the data, but they’re not so sure about revealing the locations — favorite crabbing spots are a closely held secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Oregon Public Broadcasting. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.opb.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Public Broadcasting\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Coastal+Pacific+Oxygen+Levels+Now+Plummet+Once+A+Year&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists say West Coast waters now have a hypoxia season, or dead-zone season, just like the wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hypoxia is a condition in which the ocean water close to the seafloor has such low levels of dissolved oxygen that the organisms living down there die.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabber David Bailey, who skippers the Morningstar II, is rattled by the news. He remembers a hypoxia event out of Newport, Oregon, about a decade ago. He says it shows up “like a flip of a switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It shows up like a flip of a switch,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are crabs in the pot, they’re dead. Straight up,” Bailey says. And if you re-bait the pots, “when you go out the next time, they’re blanks, they’re absolutely empty. The crabs have left the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hypoxia event will kill everything that can’t swim away—animals like crabs, sea cucumbers and sea stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can now say that Oregon has a hypoxia season much like the wildfire season,” says Francis Chan, co-chair of the California Hypoxia Science Task Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every summer we live on the knife’s edge and during many years we cross the threshold into danger – including the past two years,” Chan says. “When oxygen levels get low enough, many marine organisms who are place-bound, or cannot move away rapidly enough, die of oxygen starvation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hypoxia season hits Oregon, Washington and California waters in the summer and can last from a few of days to a couple of months. Some years it only affects a few square miles of ocean; other years it’s thousands of square miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video taken by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in 2006 showed dead marine life littering the sea floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These reefs that used to be full of rockfish, they were all gone and a lot of the marine life: the sea stars, the sea cucumbers. They were dead,” says Chan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is: Why is this happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the more fundamental reasons is that the ocean is warmer now and warmer water holds less oxygen,” says Chan. “And then the second part is that a warmer surface ocean, it acts as an insulating blanket.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that blanket stops colder low-oxygen water from rising up and mixing with oxygen in the surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say climate change is behind this. The ocean has been absorbing nearly all the rising heat from greenhouse gas emissions, and it’s projected to grow even warmer in coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors may be contributing too. Oregon State University oceanographer and co-chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregonocean.info/index.php/ocean-acidification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Coordinating Council on Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia\u003c/a> Jack Barth, thinks higher temperatures are also slowing ocean currents. If we could see under the waves, he says, there’d be a lot more concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As an analogy, think about the summer when the skies were filled with smoke. Covered the whole Pacific Northwest,” Barth says. “When we used to think about hypoxia in the ocean, we think about little areas. But now what we’re looking at is…low oxygen all along the coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barth is collecting data to draw the first hypoxia maps of Oregon’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually seeing real interest from the fishing community. They know how to look at our data and say, ‘Where are the layers in the ocean? Where is the high and low oxygen?'” Barth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barth also notes that the crabbing and the oyster industries were ahead of the curve. “They were among the first to notice that the ocean just off our coast is changing and was affecting their livelihoods,” Barth says. “And they have been working with scientists ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep Pacific waters 50 miles off the coast have always been hypoxic. And it’s hardly surprising. The water down there take decades to slowly flow thousands of miles from Japan to the west coast — all the while separated from oxygen in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2002, fishers started to notice hypoxic waters moving closer-in — to just a couple of miles off the coast.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, Francis Chan had just finished his Ph.D and was looking for a research subject. State fish and wildlife biologists started to call him to say crabbers were calling \u003cem>them\u003c/em>, saying their crabs were dead. The crabbers also noticed strange behavior, like octopuses climbing up ropes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan went out to sample the water and found extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen across tens of square miles. Four years later it happened again, but across a larger area and with lower oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hypoxia is something we rarely saw throughout the 20th century,” Chan says, “but have seen almost annually since the year 2002.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration just issued a grant for about 40 new oxygen sensors to be distributed among crabbers so they gather data where they put their pots. Crabbers say they’re happy to hand over the data, but they’re not so sure about revealing the locations — favorite crabbing spots are a closely held secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Oregon Public Broadcasting. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.opb.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon Public Broadcasting\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Coastal+Pacific+Oxygen+Levels+Now+Plummet+Once+A+Year&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Celebrate Halloween With These Spooky Bay Area Science Events",
"headTitle": "Celebrate Halloween With These Spooky Bay Area Science Events | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Get your science thrills on at any one of these special Halloween-themed events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From haunted tours and pumpkin catapults, to creepy crawly bugs and magic tricks, we’ve put together a Halloween guide for science lovers. Put on a costume and head down to any one of these seriously spooky science events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Friday, Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October Night Hike\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. to 9 p.m. (Ages 12+)\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/october-night-hike-tickets-51053165392\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joaquin Miller Park\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"evernote\">\n\u003cp>Face your arachnophobia or bathe in your arachnophilia at this naturalist-led walk at Joaquin Miller Park. Come seek out the park’s many spiders and bats and use UV flashlights to look for fluorescing scorpions. RSVP required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED: \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> Creepy Creature Videos\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. to 9 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/kqed-deep-look/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come meet the producers of\u003cem> Deep Look\u003c/em> and hear harrowing tales of how they captured the fascinating imagery for some of their creepy creature videos including black widows, flesh eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Also enjoy hands-on activities that might test your fear factor!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"detail_left\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturday, Oct. 27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1933654\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"865\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult.jpg 865w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-160x66.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-800x331.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-768x318.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-240x99.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-375x155.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-520x215.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 865px) 100vw, 865px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween: Pumpkin Catapults & Spooky Critters\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/visit/events/happy-creepy-halloween\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Come watch a giant trebuchet send pumpkins flying across the sky and learn about engineering. Use the basics of engineering and physics to design hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your own hydraulic creation. The Hall’s Animal Discovery Room is also getting in the Halloween spirit with a collection of animal skeletons, brains, mealworms and other creepy animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Saturday: Bats, Spiders, and Snakes\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.pgmuseum.org/museum-events/2018/10/27/bats-spiders-snakes-science-saturday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a showcase of live snakes and lizards. There will also be a special spider workshop. The event is an official stop for the ‘Trick or Treat on Lighthouse’ event in downtown Pacific Grove. Come for the candy and stay for the science fun. Costumes welcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sensory Tricks and Science Treats\u003cbr>\n8 p.m. to 11 p.m., $5\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/sensory-tricks-and-science-treats-tickets-50671027407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Red Victorian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Celebrating the joys of inquiry through illusions, magic tricks, logic puzzles and philosophical exploration, while drinking special concoctions from the cash bar. Guests are invited to bring their own math puzzles, games, illusions, or magic tricks to share! This is a Celebration of Mind Halloween party and fundraiser for the\u003ca href=\"http://www.paradoxlab.org.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Paradox Lab\u003c/a>, a nonprofit startup with the aim of interesting kids in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunday, Oct. 28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine Science Sunday: Creatures of the Deep\u003cbr>\n12 p.m. to 2 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tmmc.marinemammalcenter.org/site/Calendar/366484691?view=Detail&id=107204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring creepy tales about animals that live in the deepest, darkest parts of the ocean, such as the vampire squid and goblin shark. Learn how elephant seals can dive to 5,000 feet and stay underwater for two hours at a time without imploding. Discover how a sperm whale searches for its nemesis, the mysterious giant squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monday, Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing the Devil’s Work: Bay Area Satanism and Political Activism\u003cbr>\nDoors open at 7 p.m.\u003cbr>\n$8 in advance, $10 at the door\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://eastbay.nerdnite.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Club 21 \u003c/a>(Ages 21+)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"evernote\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"PostContent\">Modern Satanism has a long history in the Bay Area, consisting of decades of left wing political work. Far from being baby-eating devil worshipers, modern Satanists act as an adversary against the mainstream, combining occult aesthetics with activism to protect religious pluralism. Learn about the history of Bay Area black masses and Satanism’s non-biblical origins.\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTuesday, Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spooky Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">2 p.m. to \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">6 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join scientists for some fun investigations at the South Berkeley Farmer’s Market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wednesday, Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n\u003ctime>5:30 p.m. to 8 p.m.\u003c/time>\u003cstrong>\u003ctime>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/time>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/link/index.php?tID=1&oID=24109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mission Science Workshop \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mission Science Workshop’s exhibits come to life and take over for one haunted evening. Come explore the scary side of science: walk inside the belly of an actual whale, dissect an eyeball, meet a python, dance with skeletons and more!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Get your science thrills on at any one of these special Halloween-themed events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From haunted tours and pumpkin catapults, to creepy crawly bugs and magic tricks, we’ve put together a Halloween guide for science lovers. Put on a costume and head down to any one of these seriously spooky science events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Friday, Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October Night Hike\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. to 9 p.m. (Ages 12+)\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/october-night-hike-tickets-51053165392\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joaquin Miller Park\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"evernote\">\n\u003cp>Face your arachnophobia or bathe in your arachnophilia at this naturalist-led walk at Joaquin Miller Park. Come seek out the park’s many spiders and bats and use UV flashlights to look for fluorescing scorpions. RSVP required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED: \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> Creepy Creature Videos\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. to 9 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/kqed-deep-look/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come meet the producers of\u003cem> Deep Look\u003c/em> and hear harrowing tales of how they captured the fascinating imagery for some of their creepy creature videos including black widows, flesh eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Also enjoy hands-on activities that might test your fear factor!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"detail_left\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturday, Oct. 27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1933654\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"865\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult.jpg 865w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-160x66.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-800x331.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-768x318.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-240x99.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-375x155.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/pumpkincatapult-520x215.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 865px) 100vw, 865px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween: Pumpkin Catapults & Spooky Critters\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/visit/events/happy-creepy-halloween\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Come watch a giant trebuchet send pumpkins flying across the sky and learn about engineering. Use the basics of engineering and physics to design hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your own hydraulic creation. The Hall’s Animal Discovery Room is also getting in the Halloween spirit with a collection of animal skeletons, brains, mealworms and other creepy animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Saturday: Bats, Spiders, and Snakes\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.pgmuseum.org/museum-events/2018/10/27/bats-spiders-snakes-science-saturday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a showcase of live snakes and lizards. There will also be a special spider workshop. The event is an official stop for the ‘Trick or Treat on Lighthouse’ event in downtown Pacific Grove. Come for the candy and stay for the science fun. Costumes welcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sensory Tricks and Science Treats\u003cbr>\n8 p.m. to 11 p.m., $5\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/sensory-tricks-and-science-treats-tickets-50671027407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Red Victorian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Celebrating the joys of inquiry through illusions, magic tricks, logic puzzles and philosophical exploration, while drinking special concoctions from the cash bar. Guests are invited to bring their own math puzzles, games, illusions, or magic tricks to share! This is a Celebration of Mind Halloween party and fundraiser for the\u003ca href=\"http://www.paradoxlab.org.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Paradox Lab\u003c/a>, a nonprofit startup with the aim of interesting kids in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunday, Oct. 28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine Science Sunday: Creatures of the Deep\u003cbr>\n12 p.m. to 2 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tmmc.marinemammalcenter.org/site/Calendar/366484691?view=Detail&id=107204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring creepy tales about animals that live in the deepest, darkest parts of the ocean, such as the vampire squid and goblin shark. Learn how elephant seals can dive to 5,000 feet and stay underwater for two hours at a time without imploding. Discover how a sperm whale searches for its nemesis, the mysterious giant squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monday, Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing the Devil’s Work: Bay Area Satanism and Political Activism\u003cbr>\nDoors open at 7 p.m.\u003cbr>\n$8 in advance, $10 at the door\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://eastbay.nerdnite.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Club 21 \u003c/a>(Ages 21+)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"evernote\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"PostContent\">Modern Satanism has a long history in the Bay Area, consisting of decades of left wing political work. Far from being baby-eating devil worshipers, modern Satanists act as an adversary against the mainstream, combining occult aesthetics with activism to protect religious pluralism. Learn about the history of Bay Area black masses and Satanism’s non-biblical origins.\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTuesday, Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spooky Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">2 p.m. to \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">6 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join scientists for some fun investigations at the South Berkeley Farmer’s Market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wednesday, Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n\u003ctime>5:30 p.m. to 8 p.m.\u003c/time>\u003cstrong>\u003ctime>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/time>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/link/index.php?tID=1&oID=24109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mission Science Workshop \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mission Science Workshop’s exhibits come to life and take over for one haunted evening. Come explore the scary side of science: walk inside the belly of an actual whale, dissect an eyeball, meet a python, dance with skeletons and more!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Should Self-Driving Cars Have Ethics?",
"headTitle": "Should Self-Driving Cars Have Ethics? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the not-too-distant future, fully autonomous vehicles will drive our streets. These cars will need to make split-second decisions to avoid endangering human lives — both inside and outside of the vehicles.[contextly_sidebar id=”A72R30LrDpzQR8fTZBZlpUjzNz65l8Ib”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine attitudes toward these decisions a group of researchers created a variation on the classic philosophical exercise known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/books/review/would-you-kill-the-fat-man-and-the-trolley-problem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Trolley problem\u003c/a>.” They posed a series of moral dilemmas involving a self-driving car with brakes that suddenly give out: Should the car swerve to avoid a group of pedestrians, killing the driver? Or should it kill the people on foot, but spare the driver? Does it matter if the pedestrians are men or women? Children or older people? Doctors or bank robbers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To pose these questions to a large range of people, the researchers built a website called \u003ca href=\"http://moralmachine.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moral Machine\u003c/a>, where anyone could click through the scenarios and say what the car should do. “Help us learn how to make machines moral,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=44&v=XCO8ET66xE4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a video\u003c/a> implores on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grim game went viral, multiple times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really beyond our wildest expectations,” says Iyad Rahwan, an associate professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, who was one of the researchers. “At some point we were getting 300 decisions per second.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found was a series of near-universal preferences, regardless of where someone was taking the quiz. On aggregate, people everywhere believed the moral thing for the car to do was to spare the young over the old, spare humans over animals, and spare the lives of many over the few. Their findings, led by by MIT’s Edmond Awad, were \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0637-6.epdf?referrer_access_token=uU4x-rhlVAN5T3IHKOMA49RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OR8PKa5Kws8ZzsJ9c7-2Qp8nbIwouAM66OQiCFCUYXQcLjiRp8hq1Mu0OOkJm9KQNIIgiR_QnHTgfkYXdiYutiyp5ICo21HAmgq0VHt9U28RB0yiBu-JbVZDOiCsUlIOEq0rzBQzY3TMkqbs2JWr1fd2DaznfOPEMcs85CSUlgLHsk8py2Ok2vXJZM6-1e2Wo%3D&tracking_referrer=seamus.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.[contextly_sidebar id=”5UDJZzcQefNHiXDmvuIEJ4VrY3JR2DLV”]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using geolocation, researchers found that the 130 countries with more than 100 respondents could be grouped into three clusters that showed similar moral preferences. Here, they found some variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the preference for sparing younger people over older ones was much stronger in the Southern cluster (which includes Latin America, as well as France, Hungary, and the Czech Republic) than it was in the Eastern cluster (which includes many Asian and Middle Eastern nations). And the preference for sparing humans over pets was weaker in the Southern cluster than in the Eastern or Western clusters (the latter includes, for instance, the U.S., Canada, Kenya, and much of Europe).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they found that those variations seemed to correlate with other observed cultural differences. Respondents from collectivistic cultures, which “emphasize the respect that is due to older members of the community,” showed a weaker preference for sparing younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rawhan emphasized that the study’s results should be used with extreme caution, and they shouldn’t be considered the final word on societal preferences — especially since respondents were not a representative sample. (Though the researchers did conduct statistical correction for demographic distortions, reweighing the responses to match a country’s demographics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does this add up to? The paper’s authors argue that if we’re going to let these vehicles on our streets, their operating systems should take moral preferences into account. “Before we allow our cars to make ethical decisions, we need to have a global conversation to express our preferences to the companies that will design moral algorithms, and to the policymakers that will regulate them,” they write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s just say, for a moment, that a society \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have general moral preferences on these scenarios. Should automakers or regulators actually take those into account?[contextly_sidebar id=”F0nDLEzm6wiL5JufuTONw4pUFNCemFGB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Germany’s Ethics Commission on Automated Driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/EN/PressRelease/2017/084-ethic-commission-report-automated-driving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created initial guidelines\u003c/a> for automated vehicles. One of their key dictates? A prohibition against such decision-making by a car’s operating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the event of unavoidable accident situations, any distinction between individuals based on personal features (age, gender, physical or mental constitution) is strictly prohibited,” the report says. “General programming to reduce the number of personal injuries may be justifiable. Those parties involved in the generation of mobility risks must not sacrifice non-involved parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Daniel Sperling, founding director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at University of California – Davis and author of \u003ca href=\"https://islandpress.org/books/three-revolutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a book on autonomous and shared vehicles\u003c/a>, these moral dilemmas are far from the most pressing questions about these cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important problem is just making them safe,” he tells NPR. “They’re going to be much safer than human drivers: They don’t drink, they don’t smoke, they don’t sleep, they aren’t distracted.” So then the question is: How safe do they need to be before we let them on our roads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Self-Driving+Cars+Have+Ethics%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found was a series of near-universal preferences, regardless of where someone was taking the quiz. On aggregate, people everywhere believed the moral thing for the car to do was to spare the young over the old, spare humans over animals, and spare the lives of many over the few. Their findings, led by by MIT’s Edmond Awad, were \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0637-6.epdf?referrer_access_token=uU4x-rhlVAN5T3IHKOMA49RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OR8PKa5Kws8ZzsJ9c7-2Qp8nbIwouAM66OQiCFCUYXQcLjiRp8hq1Mu0OOkJm9KQNIIgiR_QnHTgfkYXdiYutiyp5ICo21HAmgq0VHt9U28RB0yiBu-JbVZDOiCsUlIOEq0rzBQzY3TMkqbs2JWr1fd2DaznfOPEMcs85CSUlgLHsk8py2Ok2vXJZM6-1e2Wo%3D&tracking_referrer=seamus.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using geolocation, researchers found that the 130 countries with more than 100 respondents could be grouped into three clusters that showed similar moral preferences. Here, they found some variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the preference for sparing younger people over older ones was much stronger in the Southern cluster (which includes Latin America, as well as France, Hungary, and the Czech Republic) than it was in the Eastern cluster (which includes many Asian and Middle Eastern nations). And the preference for sparing humans over pets was weaker in the Southern cluster than in the Eastern or Western clusters (the latter includes, for instance, the U.S., Canada, Kenya, and much of Europe).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they found that those variations seemed to correlate with other observed cultural differences. Respondents from collectivistic cultures, which “emphasize the respect that is due to older members of the community,” showed a weaker preference for sparing younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rawhan emphasized that the study’s results should be used with extreme caution, and they shouldn’t be considered the final word on societal preferences — especially since respondents were not a representative sample. (Though the researchers did conduct statistical correction for demographic distortions, reweighing the responses to match a country’s demographics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does this add up to? The paper’s authors argue that if we’re going to let these vehicles on our streets, their operating systems should take moral preferences into account. “Before we allow our cars to make ethical decisions, we need to have a global conversation to express our preferences to the companies that will design moral algorithms, and to the policymakers that will regulate them,” they write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let’s just say, for a moment, that a society \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have general moral preferences on these scenarios. Should automakers or regulators actually take those into account?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Germany’s Ethics Commission on Automated Driving \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/EN/PressRelease/2017/084-ethic-commission-report-automated-driving.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created initial guidelines\u003c/a> for automated vehicles. One of their key dictates? A prohibition against such decision-making by a car’s operating system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the event of unavoidable accident situations, any distinction between individuals based on personal features (age, gender, physical or mental constitution) is strictly prohibited,” the report says. “General programming to reduce the number of personal injuries may be justifiable. Those parties involved in the generation of mobility risks must not sacrifice non-involved parties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Daniel Sperling, founding director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at University of California – Davis and author of \u003ca href=\"https://islandpress.org/books/three-revolutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a book on autonomous and shared vehicles\u003c/a>, these moral dilemmas are far from the most pressing questions about these cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important problem is just making them safe,” he tells NPR. “They’re going to be much safer than human drivers: They don’t drink, they don’t smoke, they don’t sleep, they aren’t distracted.” So then the question is: How safe do they need to be before we let them on our roads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Self-Driving+Cars+Have+Ethics%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, flanked by his attorney general and air quality chief, issued another demand on Friday that the Trump administration abandon its plan to freeze auto emission standards and revoke California’s right to set its own rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to shout it out,” said state Attorney General Xavier Becerra, raising his voice against the backdrop of Interstate 5 in Sacramento, “that this is high-stakes poker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calling President Donald Trump a “one-man demolition derby,” Brown told reporters that the future is in electric vehicles, a development race the U.S. risks losing if the Trump proposal goes through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This Trump administration attack on innovative technology jeopardizes the health of millions,” shouted Brown, as 18-wheelers roared past, spewing diesel exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, along with attorneys general from 20 other states, also released their \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/carbs-comments-safe-proposal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">415 pages of comments\u003c/a> on the proposal, which Trump appointees have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dubbed the SAFE Rule\u003c/a>, for Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient Vehicles, calling it “riddled with errors and based on faulty assumptions, incorrect modeling, cherry-picked data and a fundamental misunderstanding of consumer behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s announcement was hardly the first shot fired in this battle. California and 17 other jurisdictions have had a \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/XZ5PCmZEBgFjRABYCQSdj-?domain=cert1.mail-west.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lawsuit pending\u003c/a> against the SAFE proposal since May. The plan would freeze fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks in model years 2021-26, rather than the current schedule that calls for a gradual increase in fleet average economy, nominally to about 50 miles per gallon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re prepared to do everything, including a lawsuit, to make sure we defend the nation’s clean-car standards, not just California’s,” state Attorney General Xavier Becerra told KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrarchive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report\u003c/a>. “Just because they’ve decided to ignore facts and science, doesn’t mean we’re going to stand by and let the federal government have its way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have supposedly been in negotiations with EPA over the plan, but Mary Nichols, who heads California’s Air Resources Board, told reporters that federal officials have not moved at all off their intent to revamp the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which has set its own standards for auto emissions since the 1970s, negotiated a compromise with the Obama administration that created a single national standard, something that automakers much prefer. Most carmakers have backed off of their initial support for the Trump rule, prompting Nichols to call it the rule that “nobody’s asking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is counting on the current escalating standard for auto emissions and fuel economy to meet its ambitious goals for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Cars and trucks are the single largest source of global warming gases in the state, and those emissions have been on the rise of late, despite the tightest restrictions in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/DxwWC680k4srGMxDHmpcGt?domain=nhtsa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Draft Environmental Impact Statement\u003c/a> for the proposal, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which is jointly drafting the rule with EPA, acknowledged that the climate is warming rapidly. The draft \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/jV4yC73Al2SAWy9qUNZk16?domain=apps.washingtonpost.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected a rise\u003c/a> of about 7 degrees Fahrenheit in global temperature by 2100, but justified relaxing emissions rules by claiming it would make little difference in the pace of warming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California officials decry the Trump auto emissions plan once again, calling it \"riddled with errors and based on faulty assumptions...and a fundamental misunderstanding of consumer behavior.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, flanked by his attorney general and air quality chief, issued another demand on Friday that the Trump administration abandon its plan to freeze auto emission standards and revoke California’s right to set its own rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to shout it out,” said state Attorney General Xavier Becerra, raising his voice against the backdrop of Interstate 5 in Sacramento, “that this is high-stakes poker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calling President Donald Trump a “one-man demolition derby,” Brown told reporters that the future is in electric vehicles, a development race the U.S. risks losing if the Trump proposal goes through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This Trump administration attack on innovative technology jeopardizes the health of millions,” shouted Brown, as 18-wheelers roared past, spewing diesel exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, along with attorneys general from 20 other states, also released their \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/carbs-comments-safe-proposal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">415 pages of comments\u003c/a> on the proposal, which Trump appointees have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dubbed the SAFE Rule\u003c/a>, for Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient Vehicles, calling it “riddled with errors and based on faulty assumptions, incorrect modeling, cherry-picked data and a fundamental misunderstanding of consumer behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s announcement was hardly the first shot fired in this battle. California and 17 other jurisdictions have had a \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/XZ5PCmZEBgFjRABYCQSdj-?domain=cert1.mail-west.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lawsuit pending\u003c/a> against the SAFE proposal since May. The plan would freeze fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks in model years 2021-26, rather than the current schedule that calls for a gradual increase in fleet average economy, nominally to about 50 miles per gallon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re prepared to do everything, including a lawsuit, to make sure we defend the nation’s clean-car standards, not just California’s,” state Attorney General Xavier Becerra told KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrarchive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report\u003c/a>. “Just because they’ve decided to ignore facts and science, doesn’t mean we’re going to stand by and let the federal government have its way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have supposedly been in negotiations with EPA over the plan, but Mary Nichols, who heads California’s Air Resources Board, told reporters that federal officials have not moved at all off their intent to revamp the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which has set its own standards for auto emissions since the 1970s, negotiated a compromise with the Obama administration that created a single national standard, something that automakers much prefer. Most carmakers have backed off of their initial support for the Trump rule, prompting Nichols to call it the rule that “nobody’s asking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is counting on the current escalating standard for auto emissions and fuel economy to meet its ambitious goals for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Cars and trucks are the single largest source of global warming gases in the state, and those emissions have been on the rise of late, despite the tightest restrictions in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/DxwWC680k4srGMxDHmpcGt?domain=nhtsa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Draft Environmental Impact Statement\u003c/a> for the proposal, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which is jointly drafting the rule with EPA, acknowledged that the climate is warming rapidly. The draft \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/jV4yC73Al2SAWy9qUNZk16?domain=apps.washingtonpost.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected a rise\u003c/a> of about 7 degrees Fahrenheit in global temperature by 2100, but justified relaxing emissions rules by claiming it would make little difference in the pace of warming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival",
"headTitle": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Curious minds of all ages can rejoice: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organized by UCSF, in collaboration with dozens of science and cultural institutions, the festival is brimming with hands-on programs and workshops designed for people of all ages. Whether it’s an intimate lecture at an Emeryville coffee shop, a haunted spook-shop in San Francisco, or a workshop that allows you to turn cells into cancer-killing superheroes, the nine-day affair promises something for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science is kicking off the event, which runs from Oct. 26 to Nov. 3, with a special screening of its award-winning science series Deep Look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a brief list of some of this year’s offerings. For more information, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/schedule/\">check out the festival’s schedule. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants at the BASF. (Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fri., Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. – 9 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a special screening of KQED’s award-winning science series, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Meet the producers and hear how they captured the stunning imagery for some of \u003cem>Deep Look‘s\u003c/em> creepy creature videos, including flesh-eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Plus, you’ll meet some of the researchers behind the videos and enjoy hands-on activities that might reveal your fear factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grounds for Science\u003cbr>\n6:30 p.m. – 8 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/scarlet-city-espresso-bar/\">Scarlet City Espresso Bar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cutting-edge science talks featuring UC Berkeley graduate students, science trivia, locally roasted coffee, pinball and more. Join Micah Brush (physics) and Wren Suess (astronomy) to learn more about the cosmic secrets of dark matter and galaxy formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg 425w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Playing with robots at BASF. (Image courtesy: BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sat., Oct.27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m.- 2 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/csu-east-bay-concord-campus/\">CSU East Bay Concord Campus\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring more than 25 interactive exhibits showcasing science, technology and engineering from local businesses, museums and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Bay Science Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/sonoma-county-fairgrounds/\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring family-friendly interactive workshops designed to get kids excited about STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Participate in fun activities like formula racing engineering, where you can race your own gravity-powered model. Or discover what it’s like to be a heart surgeon using the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expand Her Potential in Science\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/2040-valley-life-sciences-building/\">2040 Valley Life Sciences Building (UC Berkeley)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) have been around for generations and will continue to shape our world in the years to come. This program explores how adults can give young girls the tools they need to succeed in a STEM career. In this discussion with women STEM professionals, the program will explore popular media perception of STEM, the parent or guardian’s role in empowering their child to pursue a STEM career, and inspiring STEM resources for girls and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 3 p.m., Free with museum admission\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/lawrence-hall-of-science-2/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Pumpkins will fly during this annual outdoor event. In the Ingenuity Lab, use the basics of engineering to design your own hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your hydraulic creation in this Halloween-themed activity for all ages. The event will also feature a collection of animal skeletons and brains along with the science behind their unique characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sun., Oct.28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imagine yourself on different planets at BASF. \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Interact with your imagination: Learn, Experience Holographic AR\u003cbr>\n1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/los-altos-library/\">Los Altos Library\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how to create your own holographic augmented reality experiences in this introductory workshop hosted by Integem Inc. Come create your own fantasy world with Holographic Augmented Reality (HAR). This event is suitable for K-12 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mon., Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SciComm Studio 012: Beneath the Sea\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/swissnex-san-francisco/\">swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can artists, scientists, and designers collaborate to create new methods of public engagement around marine conservation? swissnex San Francisco will host a conversation with Marie Griesmar, artist, diver, and science communicator. Marie will provide insights into her artistic process and her strategies for increasing awareness around coral reefs and environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitarium and CA Trail Tour\u003cbr>\n2:45 p.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\nOakland Zoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a special guided tour of the newly opened Habitarium and CA Trail exhibits. Guests will learn all about the new resident animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tue., Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933306 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n2 p.m. – 6 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join Cal scientists for some fun, food-related (and spooky!) investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning Cells into Superheroes\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 7 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/ucsf-mission-bay-campus-genentech-hall/\">UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how UCSF scientists are turning cells into superheroes by engineering immune cells to kill cancer. Scientists will lead you through an interactive experience to design, build, and test a personalized cell therapy to treat a hypothetical cancer patient who has failed conventional treatment. Participants will also engineer immune T cells with the therapy they designed and use microscopy to test their ability to specifically kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wed., Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy BASF.) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n5:30 p.m. – 8 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/mission-science-workshop-2/\">Mission Science Workshop\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring exhibits that come to life and take over the workshop for one haunted evening! Come if you dare and explore the spooky side of science. Walk inside the belly of a (real!) whale, dissect an eyeball, meet the Mission’s friendliest python, dance with real animal calaveras and skeletons, and light up your costume with LEDs or get it moving with a motor at our tinkering table of terror. All ages are welcome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Thurs., Nov. 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-800x304.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-768x292.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-240x91.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-375x142.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-520x198.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brains on Video Games\u003cbr>\n4 p.m. – 5 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/neuroscape-ucsf/\">Neuroscape UCSF\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Showcasing a cutting-edge approach to improving brain function by building a bridge between neuroscience and fun technologies. Discover how video games are being developed to support treatment of brain disorders such as ADHD, autism, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscape Research Labs are state-of-the-art programs designed to study novel, therapeutic approaches, with the primary goal of driving the rapid translation of neuroscience to real-world solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Stephen Hawking: A Celebration of His Life and Work\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">6 p.m.-7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/san-francisco-public-library-koret-auditorium/\">San Francisco Public Library, Koret Auditorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Scientists and science enthusiasts are mourning the passing of Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds and spirits of our time. In this introductory, nontechnical talk, Andrew Fraknoi will briefly summarize Hawking’s life, and talk about the importance of his scientific work. No background in science or math will be required, but be prepared to have your mind boggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Astronomy Night @ UC Berkeley\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m.\u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9:30 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/uc-berkeley-campbell-hall/\">UC Berkeley, Campbell Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come enjoy the final Astronomy Night of 2018! Featuring an astronomy talk and stargazing on the roof of Campbell Hall with a fleet of telescopes. Learn all about the search for extraterrestrial life, and how you can help search for ET too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg 426w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Fri., Nov. 2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Most Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m. \u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Most Unknown” is an epic documentary film that sends nine scientists to extraordinary parts of the world to uncover unexpected answers to some of humanity’s biggest questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Sat., Nov. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Day at AT&T Park\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">11 p.m.-\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">4:30 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Come experience tons of dynamic demonstrations, engaging experiments, and geeky games led by Bay Area scientists and engineers. The entire ballpark will be packed with science content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Possible Self STEM Expo\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">8:30 p.m. \u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">3:30 p.m., \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-events-cost\">Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/foothill-college-sunnyvale-campue/\">Foothill College – Sunnyvale Campue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a daylong program, middle-school aged students will take part in multiple Science-, Technology-, Engineering-, and Math- oriented sessions. Students will sign up for activities at the beginning of the day. There will also be an event connecting students with mentoring programs in the Bay Area. This will allow students to follow up with their STEM experiences throughout the year. This opportunity is open to all students. Youth from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM are especially encouraged to attend!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Curious minds of all ages can rejoice: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organized by UCSF, in collaboration with dozens of science and cultural institutions, the festival is brimming with hands-on programs and workshops designed for people of all ages. Whether it’s an intimate lecture at an Emeryville coffee shop, a haunted spook-shop in San Francisco, or a workshop that allows you to turn cells into cancer-killing superheroes, the nine-day affair promises something for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science is kicking off the event, which runs from Oct. 26 to Nov. 3, with a special screening of its award-winning science series Deep Look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a brief list of some of this year’s offerings. For more information, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/schedule/\">check out the festival’s schedule. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants at the BASF. (Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fri., Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. – 9 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a special screening of KQED’s award-winning science series, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Meet the producers and hear how they captured the stunning imagery for some of \u003cem>Deep Look‘s\u003c/em> creepy creature videos, including flesh-eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Plus, you’ll meet some of the researchers behind the videos and enjoy hands-on activities that might reveal your fear factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grounds for Science\u003cbr>\n6:30 p.m. – 8 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/scarlet-city-espresso-bar/\">Scarlet City Espresso Bar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cutting-edge science talks featuring UC Berkeley graduate students, science trivia, locally roasted coffee, pinball and more. Join Micah Brush (physics) and Wren Suess (astronomy) to learn more about the cosmic secrets of dark matter and galaxy formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg 425w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Playing with robots at BASF. (Image courtesy: BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sat., Oct.27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m.- 2 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/csu-east-bay-concord-campus/\">CSU East Bay Concord Campus\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring more than 25 interactive exhibits showcasing science, technology and engineering from local businesses, museums and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Bay Science Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/sonoma-county-fairgrounds/\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring family-friendly interactive workshops designed to get kids excited about STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Participate in fun activities like formula racing engineering, where you can race your own gravity-powered model. Or discover what it’s like to be a heart surgeon using the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expand Her Potential in Science\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/2040-valley-life-sciences-building/\">2040 Valley Life Sciences Building (UC Berkeley)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) have been around for generations and will continue to shape our world in the years to come. This program explores how adults can give young girls the tools they need to succeed in a STEM career. In this discussion with women STEM professionals, the program will explore popular media perception of STEM, the parent or guardian’s role in empowering their child to pursue a STEM career, and inspiring STEM resources for girls and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 3 p.m., Free with museum admission\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/lawrence-hall-of-science-2/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Pumpkins will fly during this annual outdoor event. In the Ingenuity Lab, use the basics of engineering to design your own hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your hydraulic creation in this Halloween-themed activity for all ages. The event will also feature a collection of animal skeletons and brains along with the science behind their unique characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sun., Oct.28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imagine yourself on different planets at BASF. \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Interact with your imagination: Learn, Experience Holographic AR\u003cbr>\n1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/los-altos-library/\">Los Altos Library\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how to create your own holographic augmented reality experiences in this introductory workshop hosted by Integem Inc. Come create your own fantasy world with Holographic Augmented Reality (HAR). This event is suitable for K-12 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mon., Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SciComm Studio 012: Beneath the Sea\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/swissnex-san-francisco/\">swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can artists, scientists, and designers collaborate to create new methods of public engagement around marine conservation? swissnex San Francisco will host a conversation with Marie Griesmar, artist, diver, and science communicator. Marie will provide insights into her artistic process and her strategies for increasing awareness around coral reefs and environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitarium and CA Trail Tour\u003cbr>\n2:45 p.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\nOakland Zoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a special guided tour of the newly opened Habitarium and CA Trail exhibits. Guests will learn all about the new resident animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tue., Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933306 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n2 p.m. – 6 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join Cal scientists for some fun, food-related (and spooky!) investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning Cells into Superheroes\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 7 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/ucsf-mission-bay-campus-genentech-hall/\">UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how UCSF scientists are turning cells into superheroes by engineering immune cells to kill cancer. Scientists will lead you through an interactive experience to design, build, and test a personalized cell therapy to treat a hypothetical cancer patient who has failed conventional treatment. Participants will also engineer immune T cells with the therapy they designed and use microscopy to test their ability to specifically kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wed., Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy BASF.) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n5:30 p.m. – 8 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/mission-science-workshop-2/\">Mission Science Workshop\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring exhibits that come to life and take over the workshop for one haunted evening! Come if you dare and explore the spooky side of science. Walk inside the belly of a (real!) whale, dissect an eyeball, meet the Mission’s friendliest python, dance with real animal calaveras and skeletons, and light up your costume with LEDs or get it moving with a motor at our tinkering table of terror. All ages are welcome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Thurs., Nov. 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-800x304.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-768x292.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-240x91.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-375x142.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-520x198.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brains on Video Games\u003cbr>\n4 p.m. – 5 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/neuroscape-ucsf/\">Neuroscape UCSF\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Showcasing a cutting-edge approach to improving brain function by building a bridge between neuroscience and fun technologies. Discover how video games are being developed to support treatment of brain disorders such as ADHD, autism, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscape Research Labs are state-of-the-art programs designed to study novel, therapeutic approaches, with the primary goal of driving the rapid translation of neuroscience to real-world solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Stephen Hawking: A Celebration of His Life and Work\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">6 p.m.-7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/san-francisco-public-library-koret-auditorium/\">San Francisco Public Library, Koret Auditorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Scientists and science enthusiasts are mourning the passing of Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds and spirits of our time. In this introductory, nontechnical talk, Andrew Fraknoi will briefly summarize Hawking’s life, and talk about the importance of his scientific work. No background in science or math will be required, but be prepared to have your mind boggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Astronomy Night @ UC Berkeley\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m.\u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9:30 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/uc-berkeley-campbell-hall/\">UC Berkeley, Campbell Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come enjoy the final Astronomy Night of 2018! Featuring an astronomy talk and stargazing on the roof of Campbell Hall with a fleet of telescopes. Learn all about the search for extraterrestrial life, and how you can help search for ET too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg 426w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Fri., Nov. 2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Most Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m. \u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Most Unknown” is an epic documentary film that sends nine scientists to extraordinary parts of the world to uncover unexpected answers to some of humanity’s biggest questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Sat., Nov. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Day at AT&T Park\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">11 p.m.-\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">4:30 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Come experience tons of dynamic demonstrations, engaging experiments, and geeky games led by Bay Area scientists and engineers. The entire ballpark will be packed with science content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Possible Self STEM Expo\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">8:30 p.m. \u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">3:30 p.m., \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-events-cost\">Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/foothill-college-sunnyvale-campue/\">Foothill College – Sunnyvale Campue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a daylong program, middle-school aged students will take part in multiple Science-, Technology-, Engineering-, and Math- oriented sessions. Students will sign up for activities at the beginning of the day. There will also be an event connecting students with mentoring programs in the Bay Area. This will allow students to follow up with their STEM experiences throughout the year. This opportunity is open to all students. Youth from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM are especially encouraged to attend!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What's Burning",
"headTitle": "Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What’s Burning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In his latest attack on California’s forest management policies, President Donald Trump claimed on Tuesday that the solution to the state’s punishing wildfire season should be a no-brainer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re tired of giving California hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars, all the time for their forest fires,” Trump told the White House State Leadership Day Conference, “when you wouldn’t have them if they managed their forests properly. They don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving aside the fact that nearly 60 percent of California’s forestland is managed by the federal government, most scientists agree that the buildup of fuels is a factor in fire severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not nearly that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters on the ground know that fire behaves very differently depending on whether the flames are spreading in grass, chaparral, forest, or a mix. And according to fire scientists, property owners and policymakers should be paying more attention to these differences, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building the Campfire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever built a campfire, you know that you need different kinds of fuel to get a fire going: paper, small twigs, or pine needles to ignite the fire, then small sticks to keep it going, and finally big logs that keep the fire going and produce the big flames that keep you warm all night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires work the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters categorize plants based on their size and how quickly they dry out — and consequently, how easily they will ignite and burn. Grasses are 1-hour fuels, sometimes called light fuels, or flashy fuels. If the weather becomes hot and dry, they become just as dry as the surrounding atmosphere in about an hour. Trees and dead logs and are usually 100 or 1000-hour fuels; it takes much longer before they’re ready to burn, but when they get going they can give off bigger flames, more intense heat, and can burn for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930109\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-768x543.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1020x721.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1200x849.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1920x1358.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1180x834.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-960x679.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-240x170.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-520x368.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Mendocino Complex had burned over 370,000 acres. The larger Ranch Fire has burned in a mix of forest and shubland, while the smaller River Fire has burned mostly in shrubland. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Multiplying Threat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this range of fuel types, you get different kinds of fires at different times of year, according to Jonathan Cox, a battalion chief with Cal Fire. Earlier in the season, blazes tend to be grass fires that are easier to get under control, though extreme weather can make it harder. The County Fire, which started at the end of June in Yolo County, burned mostly in grasses and shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the summer wears on, the big stuff dries out, too. The Carr Fire, which began in late July and has driven the destruction around Redding, has burned through a lot of heavily forested land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930036\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Carr Fire had burned over 200,000 acres. A lot of that land was forest, unlike in many earlier season fires, or fires in other parts of the state.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In mid-July, Cox noted that heavier fuels were already starting to be receptive to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a problem,” he told KQED, “because it takes more resources, and it takes more time to suppress those types of fuels. That’s why, as the fire season progresses, it’s kind of a continuing threat that kind of multiplies as those heavier fuels dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Trouble with Grasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like light fuels — like grasses — are preferable to heavy forest fuels or dense shrublands. In general, they are easier to manage because the flames are smaller and it’s easier for firefighters to maneuver. But grass fires have their own challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easier it is for fuels to dry out, the faster the rate of spread. According to Cox, fire spreads twice as fast in grass as it does in brush, and twice as fast in brush as it does in timber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ferguson Fire, burning near Yosemite National Park, burned first in areas of grass and shrubs but has expanded into forested areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because of their faster spread, grass fires are often the deadliest. Cox says a common denominator among some of the most destructive fires is that they started in light, flashy fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned.”\u003ccite>Jonathan Cox, Cal Fire Battalion Chief\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Size Fits All\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s not just firefighters who need to be aware of fuel types. There are implications for land managers and homeowners, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, it offers clues to future fire patterns in any given area, points out \u003ca href=\"https://consbio.org/people/staff/alexandra-syphard\">Alexandra Syphard\u003c/a>, a fire specialist at the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area and coastal Southern California, shrublands, grasslands, and forests come together in a patchwork of fuel types. Managing these lands for wildfire hazard, ecology, and resource value can be a challenge. When it comes to managing fire in the coast ranges, “there’s no one-size-fits-all,” said UC Berkeley fire scientist Scott Stephens at a symposium in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930035\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2017 Tubbs Fire burned in an area with a patchwork of land types, including forest, shrubland, grassland, agriculture, and urban Santa Rosa.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because fire behaves differently in different types of fuels, if you change the fuel type, you change the fire you get there. The reverse is also true: if you change the amount of fire, you can change the type of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, native grasslands and woodlands \u003ca href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/wf/WF05003\">once flourished in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, maintained by regular cultural burns by Native Americans and by grazing. A reduction in grazing, as well as the end of these traditional burns, led to the conversion of grassland to shrubland and an increase in heavy fuels in some areas. Indigenous groups and conservation organizations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.hcn.org/issues/49.21/wildfire-what-fire-researchers-learned-from-northern-california-blazes\">working to return fire\u003c/a> to the land in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grass Versus Shrub In Southern California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, coastal Southern California and some chaparral areas in other parts of the state actually have as much or more frequent fire today than they did historically, explains Syphard. The result is \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-68303-4_12\">a widespread conversion of chaparral\u003c/a> to non-native grassland. This process may be accelerated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard and other researchers who focus on chaparral \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Halsey_and_Syphard_High_Severity_Fire_in_Chaparral_20151.pdf\">caution against\u003c/a> the indiscriminate application of fire management practices that work for forests or other regions — like prescribed fire or cutting fuel breaks — to Southern California shrublands. \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005/pdf\">Research shows\u003c/a> that these tools aren’t that effective during big chaparral fires driven by Santa Ana winds, like the Thomas Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those light flashy fuels might make it easier to fight the fire, but they also increase the risk of ignition in the first place. Syphard’s \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Comparingtheroleoffuelbreaks.pdf\">research\u003c/a> has shown that fuel breaks are mostly effective as an access point for firefighters and not so much as a hazard reduction, because exotic grasses fill in the gaps. The same conclusion might apply to management around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re removing shrubland or woody vegetation that has pretty high fuel moisture and replacing it with grasslands that you’re not going to irrigate, you could unknowingly be putting yourself in an even worse position than you were before, ” Syphard cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last winter’s Thomas Fire, the second-largest fire on record in California, burned mostly in shrubland. Some areas within the perimeter have burned so many times in recent years that shrubland has converted to grassland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not an easy story, says Syphard, and managing fuels means balancing safety, cultural, and ecological concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things to understand is that it’s very geographically variable and the relationships that might be true in one region are likely to be really different than others,” says Syphard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Dahl Aldern, an environmental historian, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the whole southern California region is a distinct place with its own characteristics as compared to, for instance, the Sierra Nevada, ” he says. “So the key is to collaborate with local experts, including tribes who have some experience and some idea with how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Fire behaves differently depending on whether it burns in grasses, shrubs or forest. Firefighters know this well -- but scientists say that land managers and homeowners should think about it, too.",
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"description": "Fire behaves differently depending on whether it burns in grasses, shrubs or forest. Firefighters know this well -- but scientists say that land managers and homeowners should think about it, too.",
"title": "Fuel Matters: Why Wildfire Behavior Depends on What's Burning | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In his latest attack on California’s forest management policies, President Donald Trump claimed on Tuesday that the solution to the state’s punishing wildfire season should be a no-brainer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re tired of giving California hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars, all the time for their forest fires,” Trump told the White House State Leadership Day Conference, “when you wouldn’t have them if they managed their forests properly. They don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving aside the fact that nearly 60 percent of California’s forestland is managed by the federal government, most scientists agree that the buildup of fuels is a factor in fire severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not nearly that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters on the ground know that fire behaves very differently depending on whether the flames are spreading in grass, chaparral, forest, or a mix. And according to fire scientists, property owners and policymakers should be paying more attention to these differences, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building the Campfire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever built a campfire, you know that you need different kinds of fuel to get a fire going: paper, small twigs, or pine needles to ignite the fire, then small sticks to keep it going, and finally big logs that keep the fire going and produce the big flames that keep you warm all night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires work the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters categorize plants based on their size and how quickly they dry out — and consequently, how easily they will ignite and burn. Grasses are 1-hour fuels, sometimes called light fuels, or flashy fuels. If the weather becomes hot and dry, they become just as dry as the surrounding atmosphere in about an hour. Trees and dead logs and are usually 100 or 1000-hour fuels; it takes much longer before they’re ready to burn, but when they get going they can give off bigger flames, more intense heat, and can burn for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930109\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-800x566.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-768x543.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1020x721.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1200x849.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1920x1358.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-1180x834.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-960x679.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-240x170.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Mendocino_768-520x368.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Mendocino Complex had burned over 370,000 acres. The larger Ranch Fire has burned in a mix of forest and shubland, while the smaller River Fire has burned mostly in shrubland. \u003ccite>(Allie Weill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Multiplying Threat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this range of fuel types, you get different kinds of fires at different times of year, according to Jonathan Cox, a battalion chief with Cal Fire. Earlier in the season, blazes tend to be grass fires that are easier to get under control, though extreme weather can make it harder. The County Fire, which started at the end of June in Yolo County, burned mostly in grasses and shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the summer wears on, the big stuff dries out, too. The Carr Fire, which began in late July and has driven the destruction around Redding, has burned through a lot of heavily forested land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930036\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Carr-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As of August 16, the Carr Fire had burned over 200,000 acres. A lot of that land was forest, unlike in many earlier season fires, or fires in other parts of the state.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In mid-July, Cox noted that heavier fuels were already starting to be receptive to fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a problem,” he told KQED, “because it takes more resources, and it takes more time to suppress those types of fuels. That’s why, as the fire season progresses, it’s kind of a continuing threat that kind of multiplies as those heavier fuels dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Trouble with Grasses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like light fuels — like grasses — are preferable to heavy forest fuels or dense shrublands. In general, they are easier to manage because the flames are smaller and it’s easier for firefighters to maneuver. But grass fires have their own challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easier it is for fuels to dry out, the faster the rate of spread. According to Cox, fire spreads twice as fast in grass as it does in brush, and twice as fast in brush as it does in timber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Ferguson-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ferguson Fire, burning near Yosemite National Park, burned first in areas of grass and shrubs but has expanded into forested areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because of their faster spread, grass fires are often the deadliest. Cox says a common denominator among some of the most destructive fires is that they started in light, flashy fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It is a very big kind of watch-out factor for firefighters as far as their safety is concerned.”\u003ccite>Jonathan Cox, Cal Fire Battalion Chief\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Size Fits All\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s not just firefighters who need to be aware of fuel types. There are implications for land managers and homeowners, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, it offers clues to future fire patterns in any given area, points out \u003ca href=\"https://consbio.org/people/staff/alexandra-syphard\">Alexandra Syphard\u003c/a>, a fire specialist at the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area and coastal Southern California, shrublands, grasslands, and forests come together in a patchwork of fuel types. Managing these lands for wildfire hazard, ecology, and resource value can be a challenge. When it comes to managing fire in the coast ranges, “there’s no one-size-fits-all,” said UC Berkeley fire scientist Scott Stephens at a symposium in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930035\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Tubbs-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2017 Tubbs Fire burned in an area with a patchwork of land types, including forest, shrubland, grassland, agriculture, and urban Santa Rosa.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because fire behaves differently in different types of fuels, if you change the fuel type, you change the fire you get there. The reverse is also true: if you change the amount of fire, you can change the type of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, native grasslands and woodlands \u003ca href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/wf/WF05003\">once flourished in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, maintained by regular cultural burns by Native Americans and by grazing. A reduction in grazing, as well as the end of these traditional burns, led to the conversion of grassland to shrubland and an increase in heavy fuels in some areas. Indigenous groups and conservation organizations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.hcn.org/issues/49.21/wildfire-what-fire-researchers-learned-from-northern-california-blazes\">working to return fire\u003c/a> to the land in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grass Versus Shrub In Southern California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, coastal Southern California and some chaparral areas in other parts of the state actually have as much or more frequent fire today than they did historically, explains Syphard. The result is \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-68303-4_12\">a widespread conversion of chaparral\u003c/a> to non-native grassland. This process may be accelerated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard and other researchers who focus on chaparral \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Halsey_and_Syphard_High_Severity_Fire_in_Chaparral_20151.pdf\">caution against\u003c/a> the indiscriminate application of fire management practices that work for forests or other regions — like prescribed fire or cutting fuel breaks — to Southern California shrublands. \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005/pdf\">Research shows\u003c/a> that these tools aren’t that effective during big chaparral fires driven by Santa Ana winds, like the Thomas Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those light flashy fuels might make it easier to fight the fire, but they also increase the risk of ignition in the first place. Syphard’s \u003ca href=\"https://d2k78bk4kdhbpr.cloudfront.net/media/publications/files/Comparingtheroleoffuelbreaks.pdf\">research\u003c/a> has shown that fuel breaks are mostly effective as an access point for firefighters and not so much as a hazard reduction, because exotic grasses fill in the gaps. The same conclusion might apply to management around homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re removing shrubland or woody vegetation that has pretty high fuel moisture and replacing it with grasslands that you’re not going to irrigate, you could unknowingly be putting yourself in an even worse position than you were before, ” Syphard cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-800x566.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-768x543.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1020x721.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1200x849.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-960x679.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/KQEDScience_Thomas-520x368.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last winter’s Thomas Fire, the second-largest fire on record in California, burned mostly in shrubland. Some areas within the perimeter have burned so many times in recent years that shrubland has converted to grassland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not an easy story, says Syphard, and managing fuels means balancing safety, cultural, and ecological concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things to understand is that it’s very geographically variable and the relationships that might be true in one region are likely to be really different than others,” says Syphard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Dahl Aldern, an environmental historian, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the whole southern California region is a distinct place with its own characteristics as compared to, for instance, the Sierra Nevada, ” he says. “So the key is to collaborate with local experts, including tribes who have some experience and some idea with how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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