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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of the problem in the Bay Area is affordable housing,” said Dr. John Balmes, a professor of environmental medicine at UCSF. “The people who have to drive the furthest and therefore create the most transportation-related pollution are the workers who can’t afford to live in San Francisco and, increasingly, Oakland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that over the last two decades, pollution, especially ozone, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-area-trends.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decreased considerably. \u003c/a>Ozone is the main component in “smog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the climate changes, Bay Area residents can probably expect the grade deflation on these annual report cards to continue. Next year, for instance, the assessment will take into account the pollution generated by the Carr Fire, which had a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/air-quality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disastrous effect\u003c/a> on Bay Area air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "California’s New Enviro Chief Talks Alternative Pesticides, Recycling Reform and Trump ‘Upside-Down Days’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In a wide-ranging interview with KQED, California’s newly confirmed top environmental regulator says ensuring safe, affordable drinking water for all Californians is one of his top priorities; China’s rejection of previously accepted waste materials is a “crisis” that requires reforming the recycling process; and that the same innovation the state has brought to addressing climate change needs to be applied to developing alternative, safer pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he also had a thing or two to say about the Trump adminisration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jared Blumenfeld, \u003c/strong>California’s new secretary for environmental protection, has a long environmental resume. Earlier in his career he worked for the National Resources Defense Council, headed San Francisco’s Department of the Environment, and was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-region-9-pacific-southwest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Southwest\u003c/a> regional administrator for the federal EPA under President Obama. Blumenfeld spoke this week with KQED Science’s Craig Miller. The following excerpts from the interview have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller: What are your top priorities right now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Blumenfeld: A million Californians don’t have access to safe and affordable drinking water. It’s shocking. That’s partly because of pollution from things like pesticides, all the way through naturally occurring arsenic and even things like uranium. So we’re working very hard with the Legislature to make sure we get the money needed to start addressing this in a systematic way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously climate change remains a very, very singular and large focus of this administration. Whether it’s drought or forest fire, it’s not some far-off projection of what might happen in the future; we’re facing the consequences of climate change right now. And so I think how we build communities that are resilient to fires, and how we think about rising sea levels is something top of mind for this governor, [though we’re also] spending as much time looking at how to continue reducing greenhouse gas emissions, how to increase the sale of electric vehicles, how to make sure we get more renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The state has a very ambitious goal of getting to carbon neutrality by 2045. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931644/jerry-brown-has-directed-california-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2045-is-that-even-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Is that doable\u003c/a>? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has to be doable. Not only have we set very ambitious targets and goals, but we have incredible professionals across the board that are working to implement these strategies up and down the state. So the mechanics of making sure that our climate goals become reality are really powerful, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carbon trade\u003c/a> would be an example of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s ability to regulate the auto manufacturers for tailpipe emissions is the kind of things that really sets California apart, and as the governor recently said, we’re kind of implementing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/109/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Green New Deal\u003c/a> already. There’s a huge upside for our businesses when you look at the number of solar installers, when you look at the number of folks who are doing conservation, and even, in the San Francisco Bay, people who are doing things like wetland restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the biggest obstacle?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the biggest obstacle we have is in Washington, D.C., because I think California has set a marker that has threatened many industries that don’t want to transform. So the Trump administration is pushing back very hard, rolling back environmental standards left, right and center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One particular \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concern\u003c/a> relates to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rule\u003c/a>. In the Obama Administration, there was a goal to get 54 miles to the gallon [by 2025]. The Trump Administration said we should just freeze it at around 2020 levels. That would have a huge impact on California reaching its \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/pillars/pillars.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2030 climate goals\u003c/a>. Most of our greenhouse gas emissions — as well as air pollution, we can’t forget — comes from automobiles and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you now consider yourself a soldier in the so-called resistance against your old organization, the federal EPA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created by President Nixon. CalEPA was signed into law by Republican Pete Wilson. The \u003ca href=\"http://opr.ca.gov/ceqa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Environmental Quality Act\u003c/a> was signed into law by Gov. Reagan. So, this is an important bipartisan issue, and we’ve got in this kind of crazy binary that Democrats care about the environment and Republicans don’t. That’s simply not true, when I go around the state and talk to people of all political persuasions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone cares if their kids have asthma, everyone cares if the air isn’t clean enough to breathe. Just this last summer, wildfires aside, L.A. had 80 days when they did not meet the federal Clean Air Act standards. So it’s a concern to everyone and yet it’s been overly politicized. Our goal is to find areas of collaboration and cooperation where they exist, but at the same time if our standards and our environmental protections are attacked, we’re going to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defend\u003c/a> them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Trump Administration comes in and makes a mockery of the laws that we have and says today’s Upside Down Day, it’s kind of absurd. I think the thing that reassures me the most is that most of the things the Trump Administration has done on the environment that are kind of re-imagining what the law actually says get overturned by the courts pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In terms of recycling, China has said, basically, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/4/2/18290956/recycling-crisis-china-plastic-operation-national-sword\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">don’t want all the stuff\u003c/a> we’ve been shipping from our blue bins. What does that do to California’s recycling program?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has the highest recycling rate of any city in the nation. But some of that recycling was built on the back of sending exports to China that really weren’t that recyclable; the law in California is a bit odd in that it says anything that’s exported can be counted as recycled, even if we don’t know what happens to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this [action by China] is helping us clean up our act. It is a real crisis, because the financial model that we had of sending stuff to China that we then hoped would be recycled has come to an end, and it means that we need cleaner recycled products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the issues is that they will still take paper or metal or plastic if the recycled material is clean, but what they’re finding is the paper actually includes glass, which makes it unrecyclable, or the metal contains plastic. They’re saying no more of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, we did a really poor job of is buying products that have recycled content in them. We’re really good at saying, yeah, let’s put all that stuff in the blue bin; we’re much less good at saying let’s make sure that water bottle or piece of paper has a high recycled content, which then would allow us to have a market for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re working closely with different legislators and talking about ideas on packaging and minimum recycled content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We recently saw the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11718616/californias-top-pesticide-regulator-resigns-without-offering-explanation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resignation\u003c/a> of the state’s top pesticide regulator. Does that signal a change in direction for an agency that’s come under fire for being too lax?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think a lot of people in our cities forget just how important agriculture is to the state, how many crops are grown and consumed all over the country. I spend a lot of time in the Central Valley and the farmers I meet care deeply about the environment. They’re out getting their hands dirty every day, and on climate change, they’re really the first responders, seeing the seasons change and different pests coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So pesticides need to be managed properly because farmworkers and communities around them are really impacted by some very toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Department of Pesticide Regulation, we’re getting to a stage where we understand we need to invest more in healthier alternatives. We can’t simply be in the process of just hearing that the pesticide that we thought was safe is actually harming communities, harming pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think in the same way that we have being innovators in everything from recycling to climate change, we haven’t been with pesticides. This is an area we’re going to spend time looking at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So you’re saying DPR needs to take a more aggressive stance?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s less about an aggressive stance and it’s more about changing the frame that we look at pesticides, saying what alternatives exist? How long does it take for an alternative to get through the system? It can take 10 years for a pesticide to get approved, and communities and farmers can’t wait that long. How do we work with farmers and environmental justice communities to get less harmful solutions quicker to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a wide-ranging interview with KQED, California’s newly confirmed top environmental regulator says ensuring safe, affordable drinking water for all Californians is one of his top priorities; China’s rejection of previously accepted waste materials is a “crisis” that requires reforming the recycling process; and that the same innovation the state has brought to addressing climate change needs to be applied to developing alternative, safer pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he also had a thing or two to say about the Trump adminisration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jared Blumenfeld, \u003c/strong>California’s new secretary for environmental protection, has a long environmental resume. Earlier in his career he worked for the National Resources Defense Council, headed San Francisco’s Department of the Environment, and was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-region-9-pacific-southwest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Southwest\u003c/a> regional administrator for the federal EPA under President Obama. Blumenfeld spoke this week with KQED Science’s Craig Miller. The following excerpts from the interview have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller: What are your top priorities right now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Blumenfeld: A million Californians don’t have access to safe and affordable drinking water. It’s shocking. That’s partly because of pollution from things like pesticides, all the way through naturally occurring arsenic and even things like uranium. So we’re working very hard with the Legislature to make sure we get the money needed to start addressing this in a systematic way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously climate change remains a very, very singular and large focus of this administration. Whether it’s drought or forest fire, it’s not some far-off projection of what might happen in the future; we’re facing the consequences of climate change right now. And so I think how we build communities that are resilient to fires, and how we think about rising sea levels is something top of mind for this governor, [though we’re also] spending as much time looking at how to continue reducing greenhouse gas emissions, how to increase the sale of electric vehicles, how to make sure we get more renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The state has a very ambitious goal of getting to carbon neutrality by 2045. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931644/jerry-brown-has-directed-california-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2045-is-that-even-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Is that doable\u003c/a>? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has to be doable. Not only have we set very ambitious targets and goals, but we have incredible professionals across the board that are working to implement these strategies up and down the state. So the mechanics of making sure that our climate goals become reality are really powerful, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carbon trade\u003c/a> would be an example of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s ability to regulate the auto manufacturers for tailpipe emissions is the kind of things that really sets California apart, and as the governor recently said, we’re kind of implementing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/109/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Green New Deal\u003c/a> already. There’s a huge upside for our businesses when you look at the number of solar installers, when you look at the number of folks who are doing conservation, and even, in the San Francisco Bay, people who are doing things like wetland restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the biggest obstacle?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the biggest obstacle we have is in Washington, D.C., because I think California has set a marker that has threatened many industries that don’t want to transform. So the Trump administration is pushing back very hard, rolling back environmental standards left, right and center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One particular \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concern\u003c/a> relates to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927865/trump-epa-ready-to-throw-down-gauntlet-on-calif-auto-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rule\u003c/a>. In the Obama Administration, there was a goal to get 54 miles to the gallon [by 2025]. The Trump Administration said we should just freeze it at around 2020 levels. That would have a huge impact on California reaching its \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/pillars/pillars.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2030 climate goals\u003c/a>. Most of our greenhouse gas emissions — as well as air pollution, we can’t forget — comes from automobiles and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you now consider yourself a soldier in the so-called resistance against your old organization, the federal EPA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created by President Nixon. CalEPA was signed into law by Republican Pete Wilson. The \u003ca href=\"http://opr.ca.gov/ceqa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Environmental Quality Act\u003c/a> was signed into law by Gov. Reagan. So, this is an important bipartisan issue, and we’ve got in this kind of crazy binary that Democrats care about the environment and Republicans don’t. That’s simply not true, when I go around the state and talk to people of all political persuasions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone cares if their kids have asthma, everyone cares if the air isn’t clean enough to breathe. Just this last summer, wildfires aside, L.A. had 80 days when they did not meet the federal Clean Air Act standards. So it’s a concern to everyone and yet it’s been overly politicized. Our goal is to find areas of collaboration and cooperation where they exist, but at the same time if our standards and our environmental protections are attacked, we’re going to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defend\u003c/a> them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Trump Administration comes in and makes a mockery of the laws that we have and says today’s Upside Down Day, it’s kind of absurd. I think the thing that reassures me the most is that most of the things the Trump Administration has done on the environment that are kind of re-imagining what the law actually says get overturned by the courts pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In terms of recycling, China has said, basically, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/4/2/18290956/recycling-crisis-china-plastic-operation-national-sword\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">don’t want all the stuff\u003c/a> we’ve been shipping from our blue bins. What does that do to California’s recycling program?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has the highest recycling rate of any city in the nation. But some of that recycling was built on the back of sending exports to China that really weren’t that recyclable; the law in California is a bit odd in that it says anything that’s exported can be counted as recycled, even if we don’t know what happens to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this [action by China] is helping us clean up our act. It is a real crisis, because the financial model that we had of sending stuff to China that we then hoped would be recycled has come to an end, and it means that we need cleaner recycled products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the issues is that they will still take paper or metal or plastic if the recycled material is clean, but what they’re finding is the paper actually includes glass, which makes it unrecyclable, or the metal contains plastic. They’re saying no more of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, we did a really poor job of is buying products that have recycled content in them. We’re really good at saying, yeah, let’s put all that stuff in the blue bin; we’re much less good at saying let’s make sure that water bottle or piece of paper has a high recycled content, which then would allow us to have a market for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re working closely with different legislators and talking about ideas on packaging and minimum recycled content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We recently saw the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11718616/californias-top-pesticide-regulator-resigns-without-offering-explanation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resignation\u003c/a> of the state’s top pesticide regulator. Does that signal a change in direction for an agency that’s come under fire for being too lax?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think a lot of people in our cities forget just how important agriculture is to the state, how many crops are grown and consumed all over the country. I spend a lot of time in the Central Valley and the farmers I meet care deeply about the environment. They’re out getting their hands dirty every day, and on climate change, they’re really the first responders, seeing the seasons change and different pests coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So pesticides need to be managed properly because farmworkers and communities around them are really impacted by some very toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Department of Pesticide Regulation, we’re getting to a stage where we understand we need to invest more in healthier alternatives. We can’t simply be in the process of just hearing that the pesticide that we thought was safe is actually harming communities, harming pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think in the same way that we have being innovators in everything from recycling to climate change, we haven’t been with pesticides. This is an area we’re going to spend time looking at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So you’re saying DPR needs to take a more aggressive stance?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s less about an aggressive stance and it’s more about changing the frame that we look at pesticides, saying what alternatives exist? How long does it take for an alternative to get through the system? It can take 10 years for a pesticide to get approved, and communities and farmers can’t wait that long. How do we work with farmers and environmental justice communities to get less harmful solutions quicker to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Both Sides of California Fracking Debate Await Newsom's Next Move",
"headTitle": "Both Sides of California Fracking Debate Await Newsom’s Next Move | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has been deeply involved with the oil and gas business since the first wooden derricks were erected in sleepy Kern County in the 19th century. But these days California is flush with laws, regulations and goals that will likely cause the state to eventually sever its long relationship with fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the flashpoints in that still-evolving association is hydraulic fracturing—or fracking—the controversial high-pressure pumping of chemicals and water into underground rock to crack it open and release oil. Former Gov. Jerry Brown declined to ban fracking despite intense pressure from anti-oil activists but signed into law a requirement that all chemicals used in the process be disclosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom, while campaigning for his new job, said he supported a ban. As lieutenant governor and a member of the State Lands Commission, Newsom signed a letter last year to the Trump administration, pushing back against a federal intent to reopen drilling off California’s coast. The commission said it would not approve permits for new pipelines or facilities that enabled offshore oil production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fossil fuel era is ending, and California is not interested in the boom-or-bust oil economy,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should the governor want to do away with fracking, he could issue an emergency order placing a moratorium on it. But the public hasn’t heard from Newsom on the issue as he has laid out his initial priorities, and his staff did not answer questions from CALmatters about his current leanings. He has made priorities of environmental justice, public health and other issues critical to the Central Valley, which is also the hub of California’s oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about 20% of California’s oil is produced from fracked wells, according to the state. Still, opposition remains intense, with activists arguing that fracking endangers drinking water supplies, air quality and public health and imperils our oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of California counties and cities seem to agree, having passed ordinances banning the procedure, even where there is no oil drilling. And fracking has become a proxy for environmentalists’ push to ramp down new oil production, which has been declining in California for the last four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi said he would support a fracking ban but preferred to come at the issue more broadly, with legislation to address “all oil and gas development that [threatens] the health of children and families or our national monuments and other protected lands.” A Democrat from Torrance, he wants to bar any new construction of oil infrastructure on state land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate proposal, he would require that other new oil development, which could include fracking, be sited at least a half-mile from child care facilities, hospitals and residences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript id=\"infogram_0_1d754c82-efa5-4bc2-8882-3eb50ba5773e\" title=\"fracking\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/js/dist/embed.js?rCT\" type=\"text/javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I continue to believe … that the evidence is clear about the potential harmful impacts of fracking,” the legislator said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other pending bills would subject the oil industry to more regulation, including a severance tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the oil and gas industry, fracking bans are a thinly veiled assault on fossil fuels that could cripple California’s economy, throw thousands out of work and drive up the cost of gas at the pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be irresponsible to ban hydraulic fracturing and other safe well-stimulation techniques in California,” said Catherine Reheis-Boyd, president of the Western States Petroleum Association, an industry group. “Californians consume all of the oil we produce under the strictest environmental protections on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern fracking has been practiced in oil fields since the 1940s, but it burst into the national spotlight in the last decade when companies began unlocking troves of natural gas in underground shale. The technique for restarting decades-old wells has brought new life to the aging oil fields around Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking created a boom that made the United States the world’s biggest oil producer. The procedure is exempted from the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, which otherwise requires myriad testing and safety measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some parts of the country, evidence has emerged that waste fluids from fracking have contaminated drinking water, and swarms of earthquakes from fracking and other high-pressure injections—frackquakes—have bedeviled Oklahoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s unique geology—fracking occurs at shallower depths and probes a different type of strata—means the state has not experienced such problems on the same scale. And fracking in California requires much less water than in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabe Garcia runs the Bakersfield office of the federal Bureau of Land Management and oversees the U.S. government’s oil holdings in California, leasing about 200,000 acres for energy development. The Trump administration rescinded Obama-era federal fracking regulations; Garcia said that operators on federal leases in California get permits from the state and abide by California’s rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia said the persistent intense criticism of fracking is unfounded. “A lot of it comes from people who are not experts in the field,” Garcia said. “They make their determinations based on what’s going on elsewhere in the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s relatively strict fracking regulations, set in 2013, call for more scientific study of fracking and related practices and more careful permitting of well operations, in addition to requiring disclosure of chemicals. Even with that reporting requirement, public health officials say they have difficulty gauging the potential impact of fracking’s chemical stews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most comprehensive analysis of fracking in the state was conducted by the California Council on Science and Technology in 2015, as part of an examination of well-stimulation techniques. One of the report’s conclusions was that scientists were unable to determine fracking’s full effects on human health, the environment or groundwater because they don’t fully understand all the chemicals used or how they interact with one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Operators have unrestricted use of many hazardous … chemicals in hydraulic fracturing,” the report found. Some of the same chemicals are used in other oilfield procedures as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of understanding the hazards and risk to human health and the environment, we have not gotten much further in our understanding of chemicals used in oil and gas in California,” added Seth Shonkoff, a public health scientist and one of the report’s lead authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New state rules took effect this month governing a routine and, to some, more troubling category of operations that includes high-pressure injections of steam or acid to rework or stimulate oil production or during maintenance. Those practices, according to Shonkoff and others, use more dangerous chemicals than routine hydraulic fracking, are more polluting and merit more attention from groups focused on fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parties on all sides of the issue say they have had discussions with Newsom’s staff since he took office. Leaders of the anti-drilling Leave It In The Ground campaign, who dogged Brown, and other groups are arguing that a fracking ban should be part of California’s overall strategy to reduce carbon emissions and improve public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are big-picture things, like stop approving new fossil-fuel projects and phase out oil and gas production,” said Kassie Siegel, a senior attorney at the environmental group Center for Biological Diversity. She said weaning California off fossil fuels should include retraining and re-employment of oil workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The powerful State Building and Construction Trades Council also has weighed in, swarming legislators in the Capitol this week, airing their concerns about job loss if California’s lawmakers “over-regulate” the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All sides are waiting for a clear message to emerge, but they won’t wait forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic,” Siegel said, “that the Newsom administration will start protecting Californians instead of oil companies.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "During his campaign, Gov. Gavin Newsom said he supported a ban on fracking, the controversial oil extraction technique that pumps chemicals and water into underground rock. But since taking office and laying out his initial priorities, Newsom's been silent on the issue.",
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"description": "During his campaign, Gov. Gavin Newsom said he supported a ban on fracking, the controversial oil extraction technique that pumps chemicals and water into underground rock. But since taking office and laying out his initial priorities, Newsom's been silent on the issue.",
"title": "Both Sides of California Fracking Debate Await Newsom's Next Move | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has been deeply involved with the oil and gas business since the first wooden derricks were erected in sleepy Kern County in the 19th century. But these days California is flush with laws, regulations and goals that will likely cause the state to eventually sever its long relationship with fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the flashpoints in that still-evolving association is hydraulic fracturing—or fracking—the controversial high-pressure pumping of chemicals and water into underground rock to crack it open and release oil. Former Gov. Jerry Brown declined to ban fracking despite intense pressure from anti-oil activists but signed into law a requirement that all chemicals used in the process be disclosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom, while campaigning for his new job, said he supported a ban. As lieutenant governor and a member of the State Lands Commission, Newsom signed a letter last year to the Trump administration, pushing back against a federal intent to reopen drilling off California’s coast. The commission said it would not approve permits for new pipelines or facilities that enabled offshore oil production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fossil fuel era is ending, and California is not interested in the boom-or-bust oil economy,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should the governor want to do away with fracking, he could issue an emergency order placing a moratorium on it. But the public hasn’t heard from Newsom on the issue as he has laid out his initial priorities, and his staff did not answer questions from CALmatters about his current leanings. He has made priorities of environmental justice, public health and other issues critical to the Central Valley, which is also the hub of California’s oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about 20% of California’s oil is produced from fracked wells, according to the state. Still, opposition remains intense, with activists arguing that fracking endangers drinking water supplies, air quality and public health and imperils our oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of California counties and cities seem to agree, having passed ordinances banning the procedure, even where there is no oil drilling. And fracking has become a proxy for environmentalists’ push to ramp down new oil production, which has been declining in California for the last four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi said he would support a fracking ban but preferred to come at the issue more broadly, with legislation to address “all oil and gas development that [threatens] the health of children and families or our national monuments and other protected lands.” A Democrat from Torrance, he wants to bar any new construction of oil infrastructure on state land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate proposal, he would require that other new oil development, which could include fracking, be sited at least a half-mile from child care facilities, hospitals and residences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript id=\"infogram_0_1d754c82-efa5-4bc2-8882-3eb50ba5773e\" title=\"fracking\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/js/dist/embed.js?rCT\" type=\"text/javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I continue to believe … that the evidence is clear about the potential harmful impacts of fracking,” the legislator said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other pending bills would subject the oil industry to more regulation, including a severance tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the oil and gas industry, fracking bans are a thinly veiled assault on fossil fuels that could cripple California’s economy, throw thousands out of work and drive up the cost of gas at the pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be irresponsible to ban hydraulic fracturing and other safe well-stimulation techniques in California,” said Catherine Reheis-Boyd, president of the Western States Petroleum Association, an industry group. “Californians consume all of the oil we produce under the strictest environmental protections on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern fracking has been practiced in oil fields since the 1940s, but it burst into the national spotlight in the last decade when companies began unlocking troves of natural gas in underground shale. The technique for restarting decades-old wells has brought new life to the aging oil fields around Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking created a boom that made the United States the world’s biggest oil producer. The procedure is exempted from the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, which otherwise requires myriad testing and safety measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some parts of the country, evidence has emerged that waste fluids from fracking have contaminated drinking water, and swarms of earthquakes from fracking and other high-pressure injections—frackquakes—have bedeviled Oklahoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s unique geology—fracking occurs at shallower depths and probes a different type of strata—means the state has not experienced such problems on the same scale. And fracking in California requires much less water than in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabe Garcia runs the Bakersfield office of the federal Bureau of Land Management and oversees the U.S. government’s oil holdings in California, leasing about 200,000 acres for energy development. The Trump administration rescinded Obama-era federal fracking regulations; Garcia said that operators on federal leases in California get permits from the state and abide by California’s rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia said the persistent intense criticism of fracking is unfounded. “A lot of it comes from people who are not experts in the field,” Garcia said. “They make their determinations based on what’s going on elsewhere in the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s relatively strict fracking regulations, set in 2013, call for more scientific study of fracking and related practices and more careful permitting of well operations, in addition to requiring disclosure of chemicals. Even with that reporting requirement, public health officials say they have difficulty gauging the potential impact of fracking’s chemical stews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most comprehensive analysis of fracking in the state was conducted by the California Council on Science and Technology in 2015, as part of an examination of well-stimulation techniques. One of the report’s conclusions was that scientists were unable to determine fracking’s full effects on human health, the environment or groundwater because they don’t fully understand all the chemicals used or how they interact with one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Operators have unrestricted use of many hazardous … chemicals in hydraulic fracturing,” the report found. Some of the same chemicals are used in other oilfield procedures as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of understanding the hazards and risk to human health and the environment, we have not gotten much further in our understanding of chemicals used in oil and gas in California,” added Seth Shonkoff, a public health scientist and one of the report’s lead authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New state rules took effect this month governing a routine and, to some, more troubling category of operations that includes high-pressure injections of steam or acid to rework or stimulate oil production or during maintenance. Those practices, according to Shonkoff and others, use more dangerous chemicals than routine hydraulic fracking, are more polluting and merit more attention from groups focused on fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parties on all sides of the issue say they have had discussions with Newsom’s staff since he took office. Leaders of the anti-drilling Leave It In The Ground campaign, who dogged Brown, and other groups are arguing that a fracking ban should be part of California’s overall strategy to reduce carbon emissions and improve public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are big-picture things, like stop approving new fossil-fuel projects and phase out oil and gas production,” said Kassie Siegel, a senior attorney at the environmental group Center for Biological Diversity. She said weaning California off fossil fuels should include retraining and re-employment of oil workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The powerful State Building and Construction Trades Council also has weighed in, swarming legislators in the Capitol this week, airing their concerns about job loss if California’s lawmakers “over-regulate” the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All sides are waiting for a clear message to emerge, but they won’t wait forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic,” Siegel said, “that the Newsom administration will start protecting Californians instead of oil companies.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "North Bay's Highway 37 Is Going to Be a Serious Climate Mess",
"headTitle": "North Bay’s Highway 37 Is Going to Be a Serious Climate Mess | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he rainy season is winding down, ending a difficult winter for many North Bay commuters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day, 46,000 people drive Highway 37, the scenic route that connects Marin County with Vallejo, Napa and just about everywhere east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This thread, though essential, is also tenuous in that it’s strung atop a berm barely above sea level. Traversing the vast salt marshes known as the \u003ca href=\"http://scc.ca.gov/climate-change/climate-change-projects/highway37/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Pablo Baylands\u003c/a>, the 21-mile stretch is emerging as an early challenge to planners confronting California’s changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='right' citation='Steve Page, CEO Sonoma Raceway']‘You walk out of there after four hours borderline suicidal, when you listen to presentations by the staff of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, who sketch out a timeline saying that we might be able to adopt a final plan in 2055.’[/pullquote]In the drenching winter of 2016-17, flooding from winter storms shut down portions of the road for a total of 28 days. Then, last February, a levee broke on the Marin side, shutting down westbound lanes for five days while crews pumped water off the road and trucks hauled in loads of rock to shore it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It calls into question: How much longer can we have Highway 37 in the way that it is, without preparing for sea level rise?” wonders Assemblyman Marc Levine, D-San Rafael. He commutes on 37, from Marin to Sacramento, and was frustrated when the road was underwater again two years after Caltrans raised a section to prevent it from flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We paved a couple of parts of it, and the part that we didn’t pave was the one that got flooded — of course, it’s the bottom of the bathtub,” he said, referring to the unelevated portions of the highway. “So we can’t pat ourselves on the back on these Band-Aids and quick fixes; we need to think a little bit bigger and think for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940219\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/h37_02.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940219 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/h37_02.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>A recent USGS study projects that Highway 37 would be frequently underwater with about 10 inches of sea rise, which could occur between 2040 and 2050. Twenty inches of rise, likely by 2070, would permanently overwhelm the roadway.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Time Running Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That future is coming at us fast, with rising sea levels, high tides and extreme weather events. At the current pace of global warming, in little more than 20 years, Highway 37 could be underwater “multiple times per month,” based on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939059/the-ocean-is-not-a-bathtub-so-sea-level-rise-will-be-more-damaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent projections\u003c/a> by the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say it could be sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re noticing that the water is getting higher and higher near the highway,” notes \u003ca href=\"https://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/people/fraser-shilling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fraser Shilling\u003c/a>, who co-directs the \u003ca href=\"https://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/research/programs/sea-level-rise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re increasing the baseline, the level of water around it, which increases the risk, with every storm, of the highway closing again,” says Shilling. “So I would say we’re in that window where any given year, the highway could close potentially indefinitely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes Steve Page really nervous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Page is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomaraceway.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma Raceway\u003c/a>. He depends on Highway 37 to get a half-million visitors a year to his track. He’s been to some meetings of the four-county task force, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tam.ca.gov/sr-37-policy-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Highway 37 Policy Committee\u003c/a>, that has been working on a solution for more than three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You walk out of there after four hours borderline suicidal,” says Page, “when you listen to presentations by the staff of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, who sketch out a timeline saying that we might be able to adopt a final plan in 2055.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What to Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most potential solutions fall into three buckets: Raise the berm that supports the road; put the road on stilts and make it a causeway; reroute it entirely, skirting the marsh by \u003ca href=\"https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/route-highway-through-american-canyon-napans-shudder/article_578ffbd6-ac4d-534e-92df-ca02b1c122f3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looping it north\u003c/a> along higher ground. All three would also widen the road, much of which is one lane in either direction and often choked with traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter which plan is eventually chosen, it’s certain to be a multibillion-dollar project. And since there’s currently no money for that, there’s growing sentiment that the new 37 will need to be a toll crossing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any proposal to elevate the highway through the marsh is a proposal to build a new road,” says Shilling. “Because they’re not going to build it over the footprint of the existing road; it’s going to be alongside. So you’re talking about a whole new road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding urgency to the issue is that even as the bay is rising, the land itself is sinking. On the north side of the highway are thousands of acres of marshes. Much of that land is undergoing restoration, and these wetlands could provide a buffer against rising seas if it weren’t for Highway 37 itself, which in its present form acts as a kind of dam between the marsh and the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1940209\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1097\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized.jpg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elevating Highway 37 to a causeway would protect the roadway and allow the marsh to move and interact with the bay — but it won’t come cheap. \u003ccite>(Common Ground/TLS Landscape Architecture)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t let the marsh do what it needs to do,” says Susan Schwartzenberg. She studies the interaction of human and natural forces as head of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/gallery-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fisher Bay Observatory\u003c/a> at San Francisco’s Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartzenberg says making the road an elevated causeway, like most of the Dumbarton Bridge, for instance, would allow the wetlands to do their job: delivering sediment to the Bay, re-establishing plants, and providing animal habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see these swarms of birds, the gray, the brown hills in the background; it’s a vista that everyone should love.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Schwarzenberg has been working with a world-class design team on a whole new vision for the highway, in the shape of an undulating ribbon that would accommodate cars, bikes and pedestrians. It would even have elevated observation decks and floating campgrounds, to reconnect people with the natural beauty of the North Bay marshes. They even have a name for their grand vision …\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940211\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940211 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized.jpg\" alt=\"Image: Grand Bayway design\" width=\"750\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized-160x284.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized-675x1200.jpg 675w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rendering of a possible Grand Bayway, stretching from the Napa River at Vallejo (foreground) to Sears Point in the distance, with bike-and-pedestrian loop and observation tower. \u003ccite>(Common Ground/TLS Landscape Architecture)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Grand Bayway\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/grand-bayway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grand Bayway\u003c/a> “connotes movement,” says Tom Leader, who heads TLS Landscape Architecture in Berkeley. He led one of the teams in the recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a> Bay Area Challenge and envisions the north end of the bay as an “ecological Central Park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would include the needs of transportation for people trying to get to work, but in a more elegant interesting way, and people to have access and develop the whole cultural life that’s embedded here … and, you know, living with water into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means, among other things, looking for ways to let the rising waters in, rather than pushing them back with seawalls and levees. Wetlands are a living example of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some short-term measures already partly funded and in the pipeline, including conversion of the intersection at Sears Point into a roundabout, and possibly adding a reversible commute lane to the eastern leg of the roadway. But those are interim measures designed to relieve traffic congestion. Caltrans says settling on a long-term design to address the threat from rising seas could be years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says one reason for that is that four counties and dozens of agencies are involved in the planning. And while he likes the idea of a Grand Bayway, he’s skeptical that it will happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Institutions are the barrier,” he says. “It’s institutions not having the mechanisms for creative thinking for new ways of doing things to adapt to this new kind of condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This “new condition” of rising waters means that the “old” Highway 37 — the one we still count on — could be the first major thoroughfare that the Bay Area loses, completely, to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "After flood closures in two of the last three winters, Highway 37 is already a challenge for commuters and planners, with no long-term solution in sight.",
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"description": "After flood closures in two of the last three winters, Highway 37 is already a challenge for commuters and planners, with no long-term solution in sight.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he rainy season is winding down, ending a difficult winter for many North Bay commuters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day, 46,000 people drive Highway 37, the scenic route that connects Marin County with Vallejo, Napa and just about everywhere east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This thread, though essential, is also tenuous in that it’s strung atop a berm barely above sea level. Traversing the vast salt marshes known as the \u003ca href=\"http://scc.ca.gov/climate-change/climate-change-projects/highway37/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Pablo Baylands\u003c/a>, the 21-mile stretch is emerging as an early challenge to planners confronting California’s changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘You walk out of there after four hours borderline suicidal, when you listen to presentations by the staff of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, who sketch out a timeline saying that we might be able to adopt a final plan in 2055.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In the drenching winter of 2016-17, flooding from winter storms shut down portions of the road for a total of 28 days. Then, last February, a levee broke on the Marin side, shutting down westbound lanes for five days while crews pumped water off the road and trucks hauled in loads of rock to shore it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It calls into question: How much longer can we have Highway 37 in the way that it is, without preparing for sea level rise?” wonders Assemblyman Marc Levine, D-San Rafael. He commutes on 37, from Marin to Sacramento, and was frustrated when the road was underwater again two years after Caltrans raised a section to prevent it from flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We paved a couple of parts of it, and the part that we didn’t pave was the one that got flooded — of course, it’s the bottom of the bathtub,” he said, referring to the unelevated portions of the highway. “So we can’t pat ourselves on the back on these Band-Aids and quick fixes; we need to think a little bit bigger and think for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940219\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/h37_02.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940219 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/h37_02.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>A recent USGS study projects that Highway 37 would be frequently underwater with about 10 inches of sea rise, which could occur between 2040 and 2050. Twenty inches of rise, likely by 2070, would permanently overwhelm the roadway.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Time Running Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That future is coming at us fast, with rising sea levels, high tides and extreme weather events. At the current pace of global warming, in little more than 20 years, Highway 37 could be underwater “multiple times per month,” based on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939059/the-ocean-is-not-a-bathtub-so-sea-level-rise-will-be-more-damaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent projections\u003c/a> by the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say it could be sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re noticing that the water is getting higher and higher near the highway,” notes \u003ca href=\"https://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/people/fraser-shilling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fraser Shilling\u003c/a>, who co-directs the \u003ca href=\"https://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/research/programs/sea-level-rise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re increasing the baseline, the level of water around it, which increases the risk, with every storm, of the highway closing again,” says Shilling. “So I would say we’re in that window where any given year, the highway could close potentially indefinitely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes Steve Page really nervous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Page is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomaraceway.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma Raceway\u003c/a>. He depends on Highway 37 to get a half-million visitors a year to his track. He’s been to some meetings of the four-county task force, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tam.ca.gov/sr-37-policy-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Highway 37 Policy Committee\u003c/a>, that has been working on a solution for more than three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You walk out of there after four hours borderline suicidal,” says Page, “when you listen to presentations by the staff of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, who sketch out a timeline saying that we might be able to adopt a final plan in 2055.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What to Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most potential solutions fall into three buckets: Raise the berm that supports the road; put the road on stilts and make it a causeway; reroute it entirely, skirting the marsh by \u003ca href=\"https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/route-highway-through-american-canyon-napans-shudder/article_578ffbd6-ac4d-534e-92df-ca02b1c122f3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looping it north\u003c/a> along higher ground. All three would also widen the road, much of which is one lane in either direction and often choked with traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter which plan is eventually chosen, it’s certain to be a multibillion-dollar project. And since there’s currently no money for that, there’s growing sentiment that the new 37 will need to be a toll crossing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any proposal to elevate the highway through the marsh is a proposal to build a new road,” says Shilling. “Because they’re not going to build it over the footprint of the existing road; it’s going to be alongside. So you’re talking about a whole new road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding urgency to the issue is that even as the bay is rising, the land itself is sinking. On the north side of the highway are thousands of acres of marshes. Much of that land is undergoing restoration, and these wetlands could provide a buffer against rising seas if it weren’t for Highway 37 itself, which in its present form acts as a kind of dam between the marsh and the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1940209\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1097\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized.jpg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Causeway-View_R.5_sized-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elevating Highway 37 to a causeway would protect the roadway and allow the marsh to move and interact with the bay — but it won’t come cheap. \u003ccite>(Common Ground/TLS Landscape Architecture)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t let the marsh do what it needs to do,” says Susan Schwartzenberg. She studies the interaction of human and natural forces as head of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/gallery-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fisher Bay Observatory\u003c/a> at San Francisco’s Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartzenberg says making the road an elevated causeway, like most of the Dumbarton Bridge, for instance, would allow the wetlands to do their job: delivering sediment to the Bay, re-establishing plants, and providing animal habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see these swarms of birds, the gray, the brown hills in the background; it’s a vista that everyone should love.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Schwarzenberg has been working with a world-class design team on a whole new vision for the highway, in the shape of an undulating ribbon that would accommodate cars, bikes and pedestrians. It would even have elevated observation decks and floating campgrounds, to reconnect people with the natural beauty of the North Bay marshes. They even have a name for their grand vision …\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940211\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940211 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized.jpg\" alt=\"Image: Grand Bayway design\" width=\"750\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized-160x284.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/CULLINAN_SUNSET_sized-675x1200.jpg 675w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rendering of a possible Grand Bayway, stretching from the Napa River at Vallejo (foreground) to Sears Point in the distance, with bike-and-pedestrian loop and observation tower. \u003ccite>(Common Ground/TLS Landscape Architecture)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Grand Bayway\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/grand-bayway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grand Bayway\u003c/a> “connotes movement,” says Tom Leader, who heads TLS Landscape Architecture in Berkeley. He led one of the teams in the recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a> Bay Area Challenge and envisions the north end of the bay as an “ecological Central Park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would include the needs of transportation for people trying to get to work, but in a more elegant interesting way, and people to have access and develop the whole cultural life that’s embedded here … and, you know, living with water into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means, among other things, looking for ways to let the rising waters in, rather than pushing them back with seawalls and levees. Wetlands are a living example of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some short-term measures already partly funded and in the pipeline, including conversion of the intersection at Sears Point into a roundabout, and possibly adding a reversible commute lane to the eastern leg of the roadway. But those are interim measures designed to relieve traffic congestion. Caltrans says settling on a long-term design to address the threat from rising seas could be years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says one reason for that is that four counties and dozens of agencies are involved in the planning. And while he likes the idea of a Grand Bayway, he’s skeptical that it will happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Institutions are the barrier,” he says. “It’s institutions not having the mechanisms for creative thinking for new ways of doing things to adapt to this new kind of condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This “new condition” of rising waters means that the “old” Highway 37 — the one we still count on — could be the first major thoroughfare that the Bay Area loses, completely, to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What the Science Says About Monsanto's Beleaguered Weedkiller 'Roundup'",
"headTitle": "What the Science Says About Monsanto’s Beleaguered Weedkiller ‘Roundup’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to allegations that the weedkiller Roundup causes cancer, the law is making up its mind faster than science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of lawsuits have been brought in state and federal courts against the product’s manufacturer, Monsanto, and its parent company, Bayer, which last year bought the agrochemical giant for around $63 billion. The suits claim that Roundup’s active ingredient, glyphosate, contributes to or causes cancer in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right']Does glyphosate cause cancer? Scientifically, the evidence is mixed.[/pullquote]In San Francisco Superior Court last year, a jury sided with Dewayne Johnson, a Bay Area groundskeeper with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma who’d used Roundup extensively in his work. The jury \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/10/637722786/jury-awards-terminally-ill-man-289-million-in-lawsuit-against-monsanto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">awarded\u003c/a> Johnson $289 million, an amount later \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/01/662812333/groundskeeper-accepts-reduced-78-million-in-monsanto-cancer-suit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduced\u003c/a> by a judge to about $78 million. In a federal district court last month, another jury concluded that glyphosate significantly contributed to Edwin Hardeman’s cancer diagnosis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">awarding\u003c/a> him about $80 million. In both cases, Monsanto and Bayer’s lawyers announced they would appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way that the legal process handles the science around glyphosate reveals a tension between the way judges and juries deliberate, and the way scientists do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Roundup?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roundup is the most widely used agricultural chemical in history. It’s an effective broad-spectrum weedkiller used on both large farms and in suburban backyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right']\u003ca href=\"mailto:mpeterson@kqed.org\">Email the reporter\u003c/a>[/pullquote]Monsanto has marketed the herbicide since the 1970s. When the company’s exclusive patent ran out in 2000, other companies also began spreading glyphosate, Roundup’s active ingredient, in their own Roundup-style products. So the use of glyphosate has been skyrocketing, and the chemical has been found in common grocery items. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">According\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Food and Drug Administration, glyphosate residue levels don’t violate standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency. But the weed killer has been found in almost half of corn, soybean, milk and egg samples, according to the FDA, which last fall \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/pesticides/ucm583713.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">said \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the results of testing for glyphosate in those foods would eventually be posted \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Pesticides/ucm2006797.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monsanto likes to say that glyphosate is less toxic than table salt. That’s technically true. Toxicologists measure the point (known as LD50) at which half or more of the people exposed to a substance die from it. Glyphosate has a higher LD50 value than table salt, which means it would take more glyphosate than salt to kill someone in a lab test. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that’s not the issue at stake in these court cases, which revolve around whether or not long-term exposure to glyphosate causes cancer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So \u003cem>does\u003c/em> glyphosate cause cancer?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientifically, the evidence is mixed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Animal-based lab studies have shown that rats and mice exposed to glyphosate sometimes get tumors, which can be cancerous. But the tumors that rats and mice got weren’t consistent: They didn’t appear in the same place on every rat; some rats never got them; and the tumors didn’t seem to be dose-dependent. These studies haven’t yet told a clear story about the mechanism for why the tumors, and cancer, show up.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In humans, research has yet to find a statistically significant connection between cancer and glyphosate — possibly because there isn’t any or maybe because people are exposed to a lot of carcinogens, and generally it’s hard to tease out the effects of just one. So this is an area where opposing experts in court spend a lot of time debating.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, oversight bodies around the world have come down on different sides of the issue. The World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/\">decided\u003c/a> glyphosate was a probable human carcinogen. The European Food Safety Authority \u003ca href=\"https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4302\">concluded\u003c/a> that it probably isn’t. In the U.S., the EPA \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/glyphosate\">says\u003c/a> glyphosate “has low toxicity for humans.” But California has \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/chemicals/glyphosate\">listed\u003c/a> glyphosate as a known cancer-causing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What do the people who claim Roundup gave them cancer need to prove to win? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lawsuits that courts are considering, in California, in federal courts, and in other states, are civil claims, focused on questions of product liability. The plaintiffs assert that Roundup had a design defect that made them sick, and that its manufacturer had a responsibility to warn them about it. They also claim Monsanto was negligent in selling the weed killer, and that the company violated an implied warranty that the product is safe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prove that, plaintiff’s lawyers focus on two questions of causation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>General causation — the idea that glyphosate causes or contributes to cancer\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Specific causation — the idea that the glyphosate in Roundup caused or significantly contributed to cancer for each person who says they were wronged.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Well, can the plaintiffs prove that?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In terms of the law, maybe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The way courts and juries look for proof of causation is different from the way scientific research does. Dr. Steven Goodman, who heads the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, say that “in science you want to make claims that have the appropriate caveats and limitations and cautions and uncertainties, and things move up and down the scale of certainty depending on evidence as it comes in or out.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in the U.S. legal system, decisions are made according to an understanding of science at one moment in time, even though that understanding may evolve. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another difference is that in civil cases, the legal standard for liability is a “preponderance of the evidence,” which you can shorthand as a greater than 50 percent chance that something is true. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Effectively, then, scientific certainty isn’t necessary for legal decisions finding Roundup responsible for cancers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The human studies are not very supportive of the conclusion of causation right now,” says David Faigman, chancellor and dean of the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. \u003c/span>“That’s not to say that they won’t be in the future, but we’re allowing these hundred-million-dollar verdicts on the basis of animal studies for the most part and cell studies, and maybe a little bit with what’s called biological plausibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who decides what science to use in courtrooms?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In federal courts, judges are gatekeepers for scientific and expert testimony. In deciding what to allow, they use the Federal Rules of Evidence and something called a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Daubert\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> test, established in \u003ca href=\"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/509/579/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Daubert\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> test uses several factors in assessing scientific evidence, including whether it has “attracted widespread acceptance within a relevant scientific community.”\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“[Judges] have to examine whether the scientific basis for the offered expert testimony is valid or not valid,” says UC Hastings’ David Faigman. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, judges may decide to interpret that responsibility differently. Federal district Judge Vince Chhabria is overseeing close to 400 cases, and presided over the Hardeman trial that recently wrapped up. During the proceedings, he held a “science week,” in which experts in cancer, toxicology, epidemiology and other specialties \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscourts.gov/cameras-courts/re-roundup-products-liability-litigation\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">testified\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and faced cross examination. In the end, Judge Chhabria divided the civil trial into two parts, asking the jury to first decide whether glyphosate contributed to Hardeman’s cancer, and then to decide on penalties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some state courts follow a similar analysis for expert testimony, but in California the standard is based on older case law, which is more favorable to plaintiffs. That is one reason, says Faigman, that plaintiffs’ attorneys may seek to bring cases here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who’s winning?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So far, not Monsanto, though it’s still early.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More cases are getting underway. In Alameda County Superior Court, lawyers are presenting evidence about the claims of Alva and Alma Pilliod, who used Roundup on multiple residential properties for nearly 40 years. Next month, another case heads to federal court, and that will also be tried by Judge Chhabria.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s too early to assess the significance of just two jury trials. Still, there’s something to be said for momentum. “There’s no question that this accumulation of judgments matter as a group,” says Faigman. “I think if they were splitting in different directions, then Monsanto might have greater faith that things could turn around for them also, as a group. But right now it doesn’t seem to be going that way.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "When it comes to allegations that the weedkiller Roundup causes cancer, the law is making up its mind faster than science.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to allegations that the weedkiller Roundup causes cancer, the law is making up its mind faster than science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of lawsuits have been brought in state and federal courts against the product’s manufacturer, Monsanto, and its parent company, Bayer, which last year bought the agrochemical giant for around $63 billion. The suits claim that Roundup’s active ingredient, glyphosate, contributes to or causes cancer in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In San Francisco Superior Court last year, a jury sided with Dewayne Johnson, a Bay Area groundskeeper with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma who’d used Roundup extensively in his work. The jury \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/10/637722786/jury-awards-terminally-ill-man-289-million-in-lawsuit-against-monsanto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">awarded\u003c/a> Johnson $289 million, an amount later \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/01/662812333/groundskeeper-accepts-reduced-78-million-in-monsanto-cancer-suit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduced\u003c/a> by a judge to about $78 million. In a federal district court last month, another jury concluded that glyphosate significantly contributed to Edwin Hardeman’s cancer diagnosis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">awarding\u003c/a> him about $80 million. In both cases, Monsanto and Bayer’s lawyers announced they would appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way that the legal process handles the science around glyphosate reveals a tension between the way judges and juries deliberate, and the way scientists do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s Roundup?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roundup is the most widely used agricultural chemical in history. It’s an effective broad-spectrum weedkiller used on both large farms and in suburban backyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Monsanto has marketed the herbicide since the 1970s. When the company’s exclusive patent ran out in 2000, other companies also began spreading glyphosate, Roundup’s active ingredient, in their own Roundup-style products. So the use of glyphosate has been skyrocketing, and the chemical has been found in common grocery items. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">According\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Food and Drug Administration, glyphosate residue levels don’t violate standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency. But the weed killer has been found in almost half of corn, soybean, milk and egg samples, according to the FDA, which last fall \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/pesticides/ucm583713.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">said \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the results of testing for glyphosate in those foods would eventually be posted \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Pesticides/ucm2006797.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monsanto likes to say that glyphosate is less toxic than table salt. That’s technically true. Toxicologists measure the point (known as LD50) at which half or more of the people exposed to a substance die from it. Glyphosate has a higher LD50 value than table salt, which means it would take more glyphosate than salt to kill someone in a lab test. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that’s not the issue at stake in these court cases, which revolve around whether or not long-term exposure to glyphosate causes cancer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So \u003cem>does\u003c/em> glyphosate cause cancer?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientifically, the evidence is mixed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Animal-based lab studies have shown that rats and mice exposed to glyphosate sometimes get tumors, which can be cancerous. But the tumors that rats and mice got weren’t consistent: They didn’t appear in the same place on every rat; some rats never got them; and the tumors didn’t seem to be dose-dependent. These studies haven’t yet told a clear story about the mechanism for why the tumors, and cancer, show up.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In humans, research has yet to find a statistically significant connection between cancer and glyphosate — possibly because there isn’t any or maybe because people are exposed to a lot of carcinogens, and generally it’s hard to tease out the effects of just one. So this is an area where opposing experts in court spend a lot of time debating.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, oversight bodies around the world have come down on different sides of the issue. The World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/\">decided\u003c/a> glyphosate was a probable human carcinogen. The European Food Safety Authority \u003ca href=\"https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4302\">concluded\u003c/a> that it probably isn’t. In the U.S., the EPA \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/glyphosate\">says\u003c/a> glyphosate “has low toxicity for humans.” But California has \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/chemicals/glyphosate\">listed\u003c/a> glyphosate as a known cancer-causing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What do the people who claim Roundup gave them cancer need to prove to win? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lawsuits that courts are considering, in California, in federal courts, and in other states, are civil claims, focused on questions of product liability. The plaintiffs assert that Roundup had a design defect that made them sick, and that its manufacturer had a responsibility to warn them about it. They also claim Monsanto was negligent in selling the weed killer, and that the company violated an implied warranty that the product is safe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prove that, plaintiff’s lawyers focus on two questions of causation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>General causation — the idea that glyphosate causes or contributes to cancer\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Specific causation — the idea that the glyphosate in Roundup caused or significantly contributed to cancer for each person who says they were wronged.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Well, can the plaintiffs prove that?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In terms of the law, maybe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The way courts and juries look for proof of causation is different from the way scientific research does. Dr. Steven Goodman, who heads the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, say that “in science you want to make claims that have the appropriate caveats and limitations and cautions and uncertainties, and things move up and down the scale of certainty depending on evidence as it comes in or out.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in the U.S. legal system, decisions are made according to an understanding of science at one moment in time, even though that understanding may evolve. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another difference is that in civil cases, the legal standard for liability is a “preponderance of the evidence,” which you can shorthand as a greater than 50 percent chance that something is true. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Effectively, then, scientific certainty isn’t necessary for legal decisions finding Roundup responsible for cancers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The human studies are not very supportive of the conclusion of causation right now,” says David Faigman, chancellor and dean of the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. \u003c/span>“That’s not to say that they won’t be in the future, but we’re allowing these hundred-million-dollar verdicts on the basis of animal studies for the most part and cell studies, and maybe a little bit with what’s called biological plausibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who decides what science to use in courtrooms?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In federal courts, judges are gatekeepers for scientific and expert testimony. In deciding what to allow, they use the Federal Rules of Evidence and something called a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Daubert\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> test, established in \u003ca href=\"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/509/579/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Daubert\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> test uses several factors in assessing scientific evidence, including whether it has “attracted widespread acceptance within a relevant scientific community.”\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“[Judges] have to examine whether the scientific basis for the offered expert testimony is valid or not valid,” says UC Hastings’ David Faigman. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, judges may decide to interpret that responsibility differently. Federal district Judge Vince Chhabria is overseeing close to 400 cases, and presided over the Hardeman trial that recently wrapped up. During the proceedings, he held a “science week,” in which experts in cancer, toxicology, epidemiology and other specialties \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscourts.gov/cameras-courts/re-roundup-products-liability-litigation\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">testified\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and faced cross examination. In the end, Judge Chhabria divided the civil trial into two parts, asking the jury to first decide whether glyphosate contributed to Hardeman’s cancer, and then to decide on penalties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some state courts follow a similar analysis for expert testimony, but in California the standard is based on older case law, which is more favorable to plaintiffs. That is one reason, says Faigman, that plaintiffs’ attorneys may seek to bring cases here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who’s winning?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So far, not Monsanto, though it’s still early.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More cases are getting underway. In Alameda County Superior Court, lawyers are presenting evidence about the claims of Alva and Alma Pilliod, who used Roundup on multiple residential properties for nearly 40 years. Next month, another case heads to federal court, and that will also be tried by Judge Chhabria.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s too early to assess the significance of just two jury trials. Still, there’s something to be said for momentum. “There’s no question that this accumulation of judgments matter as a group,” says Faigman. “I think if they were splitting in different directions, then Monsanto might have greater faith that things could turn around for them also, as a group. But right now it doesn’t seem to be going that way.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Karl Birkeland got his start on the snow early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always interested in snow. My parents started me skiing when I was just a year or two old.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Avalanche Accident Facts\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/SierraSnowpack_1901.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In the majority of avalanche deaths, the slide is triggered by the victim or someone in the victim’s party. The more you know, the safer you can be.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Most avalanches in the U.S. happen December to April. January, February and March are the \u003ca href=\"https://avalanche.state.co.us/accidents/statistics-and-reporting/\">most fatal months\u003c/a>, although avalanche fatalities have been recorded for every month of the year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In the U.S., about 30 people die each year in avalanches. At the beginning of April, 24 people had died in avalanches this winter.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Birkeland got older, he joined the ski patrol and became interested in science. Perhaps it was inevitable that he would become fascinated by avalanches and how they work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a ski patroller,” he says, “I was always asking senior ski patrollers and other experts that knew about avalanches different questions that I had and they’d say, ‘Well, that’s a really good question. We don’t know.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Birkeland is the director of the Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://avalanche.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Avalanche Center\u003c/a> in Bozeman, Montana and one of the leading researchers into the dynamics of snow on a slope. He also knows what it’s like to be in an avalanche. It was very early in his career, when he was in his early 20s working ski patrol outside the boundary of the resort where he was employed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made some real fundamental mistakes that I can recognize now and those led me to trigger a slide,” he says. “Luckily I was caught in the slide but I was able to work myself to the edge of it and eventually ski out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the job of Birkeland and others who work at the Forest Service’s network of backcountry avalanche centers to help backcountry skiiers, snowboarders, snowshoers and snowmobilers know how to move safely and prevent their own close calls or worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no quick and dirty tips for learning back country safety. Most avalanches happen on slopes of 30 degrees or more and occur during cycles of snow instability, such as after a large storm. Local \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education/providers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">training courses\u003c/a> and books such as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1924.Staying_Alive_in_Avalanche_Terrain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain\u003c/a>” or “\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/383763.Snow_Sense\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snow Sense: A Guide to Evaluating Snow Avalanche Hazard\u003c/a>” teach how to recognize and avoid dangerous terrain and conditions. Once you have some foundational knowledge, forecasts from local avalanche centers become more useful, altering travelers to current problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent day the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a> was warning of two main problems: “loose wet” and “wind slab” avalanches. Avalanches come in \u003ca href=\"https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encylopedia/#avalanche\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other varieties too\u003c/a>, including dry slab, wet, loose, icefall, cornice fall, glide, and slush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basics, however, are fairly easy. An avalanche occurs when a relatively stronger layer of snow is on top of a relatively weaker layer on a slope generally of 30 degrees or more, and the layers begin breaking apart and start sliding downhill. In an imprecise (and unscientific) analogy, imagine tilting a layered cake on its side: If the frosting separating two layers is slippery, it’ll be the sliding point that makes the cake come apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_-KpOu7tbA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing typically needed for avalanche is formation of a crack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A crack starts to form in the weak layer and that crack tends to be very small,” Birkeland says, “it might only be on the order of centimeters or less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If conditions are right, that crack can grow. Once it grows to a critical size, it begins to propagate on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’ll grow really rapidly,” says Birkeland. The growth can cause the snow to shatter like pane of glass and begin flowing downhill. “Some of the recent advances are just being able to better understand how that whole process works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birkeland has been at the forefront of this research, as well as studying how snow varies across a slope. Even snow that might look the same on the surface, he says, can vary widely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s areas that are going to be thinner, areas that are going to be thicker. The weak layer is going to be a little bit weaker in one spot and a little bit stronger another spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practical terms, that means in some areas a skier could trigger an avalanche by skiing across a slope, but in other areas they could travel safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly where those spots exist. We have ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birkeland has worked on\u003ca href=\"https://avalanche.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/96_stuffblock_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> developing a stability tests\u003c/a> to help forecasters and trained recreationalists asses the stability of a slope. (Avalanche advisories are helpful, but tend to be general and cover a large area.) The process involves cutting out a block of snow of certain dimensions and tapping it in a certain way to determine if the weak snow layer is weak enough to fracture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite advancements in the field, such as Birkeland and colleagues understanding of fracture and release dynamics, prediction remains tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one has yet developed a computer model that can accurately predict the complexities of an avalanche. Folks are getting closer and better,”says Brandon Scwartz, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, which services the back country around Tahoe. “But it’s not like weather modeling or the stock market or so many other things that are very accurately computer-modeled at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A promising tool is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.slf.ch/en/services-and-products/snowpack.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open source SNOWPACK model\u003c/a>, out of Switzerland, where it is used in some forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Safe Travels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939733\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939733\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A backcountry telemark skier in in Yosemite National Park. Back country recreationalists are at the greatest risk of avalanche accidents. \u003ccite>(stshank/iStockphoto)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you are venturing into avalanche territory, and you’re already caught up on your local center’s predictions and warnings, there are still a number of steps you can take to increase your safety. Birkeland recommends everyone in a party carry rescue gear: including a transceiver (which sends a signal to rescuers, marking your location), a shovel and a probe. Another tool are avalanche airbags, which can float people to the top of a debris flow\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, if you’re actually caught in an avalanche there are steps you can take to try to get out of it or minimize injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanches don’t always happen like they do in movies, where a person may be swept away in a river of white. Sometimes they begin slowly and can be escaped before they pick up speed. If you trigger one, move to the edge of the slab and try to get out of the slide, if possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re not able to do that, and you start to get tumbled around, you want to get rid of your equipment—like skis,” says Birkeland, to avoid being dragged down further into the debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then you’re going to try and swim,” he says, “whatever you can do to try and stay near the surface of the snow and towards the back of the avalanche, if you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might mean the backstroke. If you’re not moving very fast and you find yourself near a tree, try to grab onto it while the snow goes by. If it’s a large and fast slide, your survival chances decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, just try and survive,” says Birkeland. “And as the avalanche starts to come to a stop, you want to take one hand and quickly move it back and forth really rapidly in front of your face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can create a bit of an air pocket to give you some breathing space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then take your other hand and push it toward wherever you think the surfaces is. Because if someone can see your hand they can come dig a whole lot faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the avalanche comes to a stop, you are encased in snow and it will be difficult-to-impossible to move. At that point, there’s little you can do, Birkeland says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Try to relax and wait for your partners to come and get you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "If you thought rocket science was complex, try your hand at avalanche science. For starters, there's the dry slab, the wet avalanche, and the loose types. Then there's the icefalls, cornice falls, glides and slushes. ",
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"title": "We Can Send a Robot to Mars, But We Can't Predict an Avalanche | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Karl Birkeland got his start on the snow early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was always interested in snow. My parents started me skiing when I was just a year or two old.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Avalanche Accident Facts\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/SierraSnowpack_1901.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In the majority of avalanche deaths, the slide is triggered by the victim or someone in the victim’s party. The more you know, the safer you can be.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Most avalanches in the U.S. happen December to April. January, February and March are the \u003ca href=\"https://avalanche.state.co.us/accidents/statistics-and-reporting/\">most fatal months\u003c/a>, although avalanche fatalities have been recorded for every month of the year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In the U.S., about 30 people die each year in avalanches. At the beginning of April, 24 people had died in avalanches this winter.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Birkeland got older, he joined the ski patrol and became interested in science. Perhaps it was inevitable that he would become fascinated by avalanches and how they work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a ski patroller,” he says, “I was always asking senior ski patrollers and other experts that knew about avalanches different questions that I had and they’d say, ‘Well, that’s a really good question. We don’t know.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Birkeland is the director of the Forest Service \u003ca href=\"https://avalanche.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Avalanche Center\u003c/a> in Bozeman, Montana and one of the leading researchers into the dynamics of snow on a slope. He also knows what it’s like to be in an avalanche. It was very early in his career, when he was in his early 20s working ski patrol outside the boundary of the resort where he was employed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made some real fundamental mistakes that I can recognize now and those led me to trigger a slide,” he says. “Luckily I was caught in the slide but I was able to work myself to the edge of it and eventually ski out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the job of Birkeland and others who work at the Forest Service’s network of backcountry avalanche centers to help backcountry skiiers, snowboarders, snowshoers and snowmobilers know how to move safely and prevent their own close calls or worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no quick and dirty tips for learning back country safety. Most avalanches happen on slopes of 30 degrees or more and occur during cycles of snow instability, such as after a large storm. Local \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education/providers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">training courses\u003c/a> and books such as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1924.Staying_Alive_in_Avalanche_Terrain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain\u003c/a>” or “\u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/383763.Snow_Sense\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snow Sense: A Guide to Evaluating Snow Avalanche Hazard\u003c/a>” teach how to recognize and avoid dangerous terrain and conditions. Once you have some foundational knowledge, forecasts from local avalanche centers become more useful, altering travelers to current problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent day the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a> was warning of two main problems: “loose wet” and “wind slab” avalanches. Avalanches come in \u003ca href=\"https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encylopedia/#avalanche\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other varieties too\u003c/a>, including dry slab, wet, loose, icefall, cornice fall, glide, and slush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basics, however, are fairly easy. An avalanche occurs when a relatively stronger layer of snow is on top of a relatively weaker layer on a slope generally of 30 degrees or more, and the layers begin breaking apart and start sliding downhill. In an imprecise (and unscientific) analogy, imagine tilting a layered cake on its side: If the frosting separating two layers is slippery, it’ll be the sliding point that makes the cake come apart.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/r_-KpOu7tbA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/r_-KpOu7tbA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The first thing typically needed for avalanche is formation of a crack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A crack starts to form in the weak layer and that crack tends to be very small,” Birkeland says, “it might only be on the order of centimeters or less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If conditions are right, that crack can grow. Once it grows to a critical size, it begins to propagate on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’ll grow really rapidly,” says Birkeland. The growth can cause the snow to shatter like pane of glass and begin flowing downhill. “Some of the recent advances are just being able to better understand how that whole process works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birkeland has been at the forefront of this research, as well as studying how snow varies across a slope. Even snow that might look the same on the surface, he says, can vary widely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s areas that are going to be thinner, areas that are going to be thicker. The weak layer is going to be a little bit weaker in one spot and a little bit stronger another spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practical terms, that means in some areas a skier could trigger an avalanche by skiing across a slope, but in other areas they could travel safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly where those spots exist. We have ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birkeland has worked on\u003ca href=\"https://avalanche.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/96_stuffblock_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> developing a stability tests\u003c/a> to help forecasters and trained recreationalists asses the stability of a slope. (Avalanche advisories are helpful, but tend to be general and cover a large area.) The process involves cutting out a block of snow of certain dimensions and tapping it in a certain way to determine if the weak snow layer is weak enough to fracture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite advancements in the field, such as Birkeland and colleagues understanding of fracture and release dynamics, prediction remains tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one has yet developed a computer model that can accurately predict the complexities of an avalanche. Folks are getting closer and better,”says Brandon Scwartz, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, which services the back country around Tahoe. “But it’s not like weather modeling or the stock market or so many other things that are very accurately computer-modeled at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A promising tool is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.slf.ch/en/services-and-products/snowpack.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open source SNOWPACK model\u003c/a>, out of Switzerland, where it is used in some forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Safe Travels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939733\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939733\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/iStock-178966502.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A backcountry telemark skier in in Yosemite National Park. Back country recreationalists are at the greatest risk of avalanche accidents. \u003ccite>(stshank/iStockphoto)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you are venturing into avalanche territory, and you’re already caught up on your local center’s predictions and warnings, there are still a number of steps you can take to increase your safety. Birkeland recommends everyone in a party carry rescue gear: including a transceiver (which sends a signal to rescuers, marking your location), a shovel and a probe. Another tool are avalanche airbags, which can float people to the top of a debris flow\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, if you’re actually caught in an avalanche there are steps you can take to try to get out of it or minimize injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanches don’t always happen like they do in movies, where a person may be swept away in a river of white. Sometimes they begin slowly and can be escaped before they pick up speed. If you trigger one, move to the edge of the slab and try to get out of the slide, if possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re not able to do that, and you start to get tumbled around, you want to get rid of your equipment—like skis,” says Birkeland, to avoid being dragged down further into the debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then you’re going to try and swim,” he says, “whatever you can do to try and stay near the surface of the snow and towards the back of the avalanche, if you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might mean the backstroke. If you’re not moving very fast and you find yourself near a tree, try to grab onto it while the snow goes by. If it’s a large and fast slide, your survival chances decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, just try and survive,” says Birkeland. “And as the avalanche starts to come to a stop, you want to take one hand and quickly move it back and forth really rapidly in front of your face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can create a bit of an air pocket to give you some breathing space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then take your other hand and push it toward wherever you think the surfaces is. Because if someone can see your hand they can come dig a whole lot faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the avalanche comes to a stop, you are encased in snow and it will be difficult-to-impossible to move. At that point, there’s little you can do, Birkeland says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Try to relax and wait for your partners to come and get you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lions once prevalent over two Southern California mountain ranges could disappear entirely within 50 years, risking local extinction because of conditions both environmental and genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em> that uses 15 years of observational data, modeling and DNA analysis to analyze how cougar populations are changing in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastal Santa Monica range is home to about 15 mountain lions; 30 more survive in the Santa Anas, straddling Orange and Riverside counties. They’re penned in by a century of development, ranch and agricultural land, and freeways – U.S. 101 in the Santa Monicas, Interstate 15 in the Santa Anas – that are two of the busiest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are often to blame for mountain lion deaths: cars and rat poison are two common killers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research has shown that the mountain lions in the coastal Santa Ana Mountain Range are primarily put at risk by restriction of their movement across I-15,” says T. Winston Vickers, an associate veterinarian at UC Davis who co-authored the report, “and their high mortality rates from vehicle collisions and being killed after they have killed unprotected pets or livestock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study pegs the chance of local extinction for the two lion populations at between 16 and 21 percent on the basis of geographic factors alone. And authors say inbreeding caused by the tiny available genetic pool could itself cause rapid extinction. Seth Riley, a co-author on the study and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/learn/nature/pumapage.htm\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist\u003c/a>, called that result “sobering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the report’s lead author says the group’s modeling offers reason for optimism, too, in that enabling lions to cross freeways could minimize risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t actually take a whole lot more movement of mountain lions,” said John Benson, an ecologist at the University of Nebraska. “Just one every couple of years maybe, where these populations could maintain their genetic diversity and decrease their extinction probability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineered wildlife crossings carry steep price tags. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/d7/projects/libertycanyon/\">proposed at Liberty Canyon\u003c/a>, near the 101 freeway in Agoura Hills, could cost $60 million. If funded, it could break ground within three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson says it would offer permanent benefits and an example to other communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re able to do it here in Los Angeles, we can probably do it anywhere,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lions once prevalent over two Southern California mountain ranges could disappear entirely within 50 years, risking local extinction because of conditions both environmental and genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em> that uses 15 years of observational data, modeling and DNA analysis to analyze how cougar populations are changing in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastal Santa Monica range is home to about 15 mountain lions; 30 more survive in the Santa Anas, straddling Orange and Riverside counties. They’re penned in by a century of development, ranch and agricultural land, and freeways – U.S. 101 in the Santa Monicas, Interstate 15 in the Santa Anas – that are two of the busiest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are often to blame for mountain lion deaths: cars and rat poison are two common killers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research has shown that the mountain lions in the coastal Santa Ana Mountain Range are primarily put at risk by restriction of their movement across I-15,” says T. Winston Vickers, an associate veterinarian at UC Davis who co-authored the report, “and their high mortality rates from vehicle collisions and being killed after they have killed unprotected pets or livestock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study pegs the chance of local extinction for the two lion populations at between 16 and 21 percent on the basis of geographic factors alone. And authors say inbreeding caused by the tiny available genetic pool could itself cause rapid extinction. Seth Riley, a co-author on the study and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/learn/nature/pumapage.htm\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist\u003c/a>, called that result “sobering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the report’s lead author says the group’s modeling offers reason for optimism, too, in that enabling lions to cross freeways could minimize risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t actually take a whole lot more movement of mountain lions,” said John Benson, an ecologist at the University of Nebraska. “Just one every couple of years maybe, where these populations could maintain their genetic diversity and decrease their extinction probability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineered wildlife crossings carry steep price tags. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/d7/projects/libertycanyon/\">proposed at Liberty Canyon\u003c/a>, near the 101 freeway in Agoura Hills, could cost $60 million. If funded, it could break ground within three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson says it would offer permanent benefits and an example to other communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re able to do it here in Los Angeles, we can probably do it anywhere,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Now that the sun is finally shining on California, the state’s flora is in full bloom — super bloom, that is. Platoons of poppy enthusiasts and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939331/super-bloom-selfie-quest-overwhelms-lake-elsinore-as-100000-descend-on-poppypalooza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smartphone-wielding Instagrammers\u003c/a> have flocked to deserts, mountains and meadows to experience the kaleidoscope of colors (and pollen) \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11733926/where-to-see-a-superbloom-in-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for themselves\u003c/a>. But here’s what they look like from space via satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Move the sliders below to watch California’s super blooms emerge from February to March of this year.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lake Matthews Estelle Mountain Reserve\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Riverside County\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 18, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 15, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"640\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"640\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=64625d8c-4b41-11e9-8106-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>North of San Rafael Wilderness\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Santa Barbara County\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 24, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 17, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"640\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"640\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=e8b4afe4-4b42-11e9-8106-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Carrizo Plain National Monument\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>San Luis Obispo County\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 11, 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 13, 2019\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=d4990240-4b41-11e9-8106-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Super Bloom Selfie-Quest Overwhelms Lake Elsinore as 100,000 Descend on 'Poppypalooza'",
"headTitle": "Super Bloom Selfie-Quest Overwhelms Lake Elsinore as 100,000 Descend on ‘Poppypalooza’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As the barren California desert sprang to life, they descended. With their selfie sticks, their smartphones and their gee-whiz-look-at-all-the-flowers smiles, they seemed blissfully unconcerned that they were causing something close to a panic at the highest levels of local government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roads backed up for miles. Parking spaces were gone. Wait times for the city’s shuttle service were measured in hours. To help cope with the surge of traffic, the city of Lake Elsinore brought in all available staff, asked county agencies for help, reached out to the California Highway Patrol. On Facebook, the city pleaded with visitors to stay away: “Our City is not made for Disneyland size crowds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of all this consternation? Poppies. Specifically, a \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/03/california-desert-anza-borrego-super-bloom/\">super bloom\u003c/a>, often seen after a particularly wet winter. Super blooms happen about once a decade in the region, but this bloom was different. “This is something unlike anything we have ever experienced in our City and may never again,” the city wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The super bloom of 2019 goes by many names. Mayor Steve Manos has alternatively dubbed it “Poppypalooza” and the “poppy apocalypse.” By Saturday night, Manos had estimated 50,000 visitors had come to the city, population 60,000, about a 90-minute drive from either Los Angeles or San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most tourists gathered in Walker Canyon, which offered the most glorious sights of poppies on rolling hillsides. By the end of the weekend, Lake Elsinore had been tromped through by as many as 150,000 people. “Interstate 15 was a parking lot,” The Associate Press wrote. “People fainted in the heat; a dog romping through the fields was bitten by a rattlesnake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conditions sometimes made for perilous poppy posing. “Wildflower-seekers slid and fell down the side of Walker Canyon that was never meant to be hiked on, though some managed to do so anyways — even in very chic wedge heels,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2019/03/17/walker-canyon-poppy-fields-lake-elsinore-shut-down-public/3198609002/\">Palm Springs Desert Sun\u003c/a>. “Families and Instagram-influencer wannabes alike attempted feats of free-climbing and scrambling as large boulders toppled down behind them as every step kicked more rocks loose, threatening to squish children or seniors who couldn’t lunge out of the way fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city said that all available staff mobilized. Council members waved flags to direct traffic. One city employee was hit by a car, Manos said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2309002696012751\">video\u003c/a>. “The guy that got hit by the car got up, limped off and worked a 12-hour day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">California poppies were dreamy!! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/californiapoppies?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#californiapoppies\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/canyonwalker?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#canyonwalker\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/lakeelsinore?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#lakeelsinore\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1vhXVebr81\">pic.twitter.com/1vhXVebr81\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kelsey Roberts (@KelseyRobertsSD) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KelseyRobertsSD/status/1107338502738341888?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 17, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By Sunday night, the city had made a decision, and it came with its own hashtag: #PoppyShutdown. “The situation has escalated beyond our available resources,” the office of City Hall wrote, explaining that no additional shuttles or visitors would be allowed into Walker Canyon. “This weekend has been unbearable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they tried to close the roads, people found a way. They pulled off onto the shoulder. They parked on the freeways. Anything to get to the poppies. “We don’t have the resources to keep it closed,” Manos said. “It’s an entire mountain. Please be patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Monday, the roads were open again. The great #PoppyShutdown had ended as quickly as it began. With more rain expected for this week, that can only mean one thing, Manos said: The poppies will continue to bloom. And the people, with their selfie sticks, will continue to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hang in there!” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Poppy+Apocalypse%27%3A+A+California+City+Swarmed+By+Selfie+Stick-Toting+Tourists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "More than 100,000 people descended on the Lake Elsinsore, California over the weekend for a chance to frolic among the flowers. City officials strained to keep up.",
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"title": "Super Bloom Selfie-Quest Overwhelms Lake Elsinore as 100,000 Descend on 'Poppypalooza' | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the barren California desert sprang to life, they descended. With their selfie sticks, their smartphones and their gee-whiz-look-at-all-the-flowers smiles, they seemed blissfully unconcerned that they were causing something close to a panic at the highest levels of local government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roads backed up for miles. Parking spaces were gone. Wait times for the city’s shuttle service were measured in hours. To help cope with the surge of traffic, the city of Lake Elsinore brought in all available staff, asked county agencies for help, reached out to the California Highway Patrol. On Facebook, the city pleaded with visitors to stay away: “Our City is not made for Disneyland size crowds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of all this consternation? Poppies. Specifically, a \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/03/california-desert-anza-borrego-super-bloom/\">super bloom\u003c/a>, often seen after a particularly wet winter. Super blooms happen about once a decade in the region, but this bloom was different. “This is something unlike anything we have ever experienced in our City and may never again,” the city wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The super bloom of 2019 goes by many names. Mayor Steve Manos has alternatively dubbed it “Poppypalooza” and the “poppy apocalypse.” By Saturday night, Manos had estimated 50,000 visitors had come to the city, population 60,000, about a 90-minute drive from either Los Angeles or San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most tourists gathered in Walker Canyon, which offered the most glorious sights of poppies on rolling hillsides. By the end of the weekend, Lake Elsinore had been tromped through by as many as 150,000 people. “Interstate 15 was a parking lot,” The Associate Press wrote. “People fainted in the heat; a dog romping through the fields was bitten by a rattlesnake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conditions sometimes made for perilous poppy posing. “Wildflower-seekers slid and fell down the side of Walker Canyon that was never meant to be hiked on, though some managed to do so anyways — even in very chic wedge heels,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2019/03/17/walker-canyon-poppy-fields-lake-elsinore-shut-down-public/3198609002/\">Palm Springs Desert Sun\u003c/a>. “Families and Instagram-influencer wannabes alike attempted feats of free-climbing and scrambling as large boulders toppled down behind them as every step kicked more rocks loose, threatening to squish children or seniors who couldn’t lunge out of the way fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city said that all available staff mobilized. Council members waved flags to direct traffic. One city employee was hit by a car, Manos said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2309002696012751\">video\u003c/a>. “The guy that got hit by the car got up, limped off and worked a 12-hour day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">California poppies were dreamy!! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/californiapoppies?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#californiapoppies\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/canyonwalker?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#canyonwalker\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/lakeelsinore?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#lakeelsinore\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1vhXVebr81\">pic.twitter.com/1vhXVebr81\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Kelsey Roberts (@KelseyRobertsSD) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KelseyRobertsSD/status/1107338502738341888?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 17, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By Sunday night, the city had made a decision, and it came with its own hashtag: #PoppyShutdown. “The situation has escalated beyond our available resources,” the office of City Hall wrote, explaining that no additional shuttles or visitors would be allowed into Walker Canyon. “This weekend has been unbearable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they tried to close the roads, people found a way. They pulled off onto the shoulder. They parked on the freeways. Anything to get to the poppies. “We don’t have the resources to keep it closed,” Manos said. “It’s an entire mountain. Please be patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Monday, the roads were open again. The great #PoppyShutdown had ended as quickly as it began. With more rain expected for this week, that can only mean one thing, Manos said: The poppies will continue to bloom. And the people, with their selfie sticks, will continue to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hang in there!” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Poppy+Apocalypse%27%3A+A+California+City+Swarmed+By+Selfie+Stick-Toting+Tourists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Increasingly Popular Way to Control Floods: Let the Water Come",
"headTitle": "One Increasingly Popular Way to Control Floods: Let the Water Come | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, 100 miles east of San Francisco, the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers meet. Their waters mingle amid a wide flat plain of shrubs, cottonwood and oak trees. The Dos Rios Ranch Preserve, 1,600 acres of wetlands, river habitat and rolling hills, sits at the site of this juncture. On clear days, the Sierra Nevada rises in the east and the Coast Range to the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Promoting floodplains as a way to refill aquifers, reduce risk from flood damage, re-create wildlife habitat and filter pollutants.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Jason Faridi surveys the scene on a recent early morning, the sun’s rays reflect off the river, turning the water the color of egg yolks. A cacophony of bird calls fill the air. Near the water’s margin, waxy milk cartons — cut in half to hold seedling plants — bob up and down. They contain young elderberry and cottonwood plants, stretching their roots toward the clay river bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take a couple more years for these replanted natives to reach maturity at Dos Rios, the largest floodplain restoration project in the state. After six years of work and $40 million in funding, the riparian habitat flooded for the first time this winter, after strong February storms and the waters could sustain all the way through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The natural trees and shrubs that we’re putting in here want the floodwaters to come in,” says Faridi, a restoration ecologist, looking out onto a riparian forest at the water’s edge. Not only do these plants thrive under floodwaters, he says, “the river itself and the animals in it benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faridi is with River Partners, an environmental nonprofit based in Chico that focuses on restoring floodplains and wetlands. After years of battling the frequently flooded land, the Lyons Family, previous owners of the Dos Rios Ranch, decided to sell the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For as long as the agriculture has been here, they’ve been dealing with flood damage,” says Fairidi. “They were always fighting that so they could protect their property. Now we’ve kind of reversed that. … We’re reducing flood damage, because there’s no more ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners and the Tuolumne River Trust raised funds to buy the ranch over a period of 10 years. The nonprofit took down agricultural berms — raised barriers of land engineered to prevent flooding — to reconnect the floodplain to the river. River Partners has planted over 200,000 native plants, which naturally store floodwaters and release them slowly back into the river, protecting nearby communities. So far the group has restored 600 acres of Dos Rios Ranch, and are currently working on 700 more acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit points to floodplains as a key way to refill long-tapped aquifers, reduce risk from flood damage, re-create wildlife habitat and filter pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939175\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939175\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-1020x666.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-1200x784.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One portion of the ranch that has not yet been restored at Dos Rios Ranch in Modesto. The Coast Range sits to the west of the property on Friday Feb. 22, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Going With the Flow\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wild river floods, water and sediment spills over its banks onto adjacent land, it builds up a natural floodplain. Floodplains allow a river’s high flows to spread out and slow down, forming temporary reservoirs that pool over the rainy season. That means more water percolating down into underlying aquifers — a layer of permeable rock, sand, gravel and silt that stores water — and less floodwaters barreling toward cities. Low points on a floodplain, or swales, also serve as food chambers for fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For much of the last century, standard practice in California has been to channelize rivers, choking off high flows from their natural floodplains, in an effort to protect crops and cities. But that \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/10/10/a-landmark-california-plan-puts-floodplains-back-in-business\">convention is evolving.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his state-of-the state address this February, Governor Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxmuo8MhOgk\">vowed to expand floodplain habitat\u003c/a> in the Central Valley. This is one approach California is investing in to increase groundwater storage and reduce flood damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1938969/it-took-a-while-but-california-is-now-almost-completely-out-of-drought\">wiped out California’s recent drought. \u003c/a>But, even if surface waters are aplenty, in many parts of the state groundwater levels are still at all-time lows. About 85 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://www.watereducation.org/photo-gallery/california-water-101\">Californians depend on \u003c/a>these underground water-storage chambers for some portion of their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flood Now, Use Later\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although floodplains take land out of commission for growing crops or raising livestock, some people hope restored floodplains will benefit agriculture in the long run as a natural water storage system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win for the environment and it’s a win for agriculture because that means you’re maintaining more water for those drought years,” says Jake Wenger, a Modesto farmer of more than 40 years and a former irrigation district board member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A floodplain’s layer-cake of clay, sand and gravel may also prove effective in filtering water pollutants. In the San Joaquin Valley, more than 1 million people \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/environment/how-water-contamination-is-putting-this-california-town-at-risk\">cannot access clean drinking water\u003c/a> owing to agricultural pollutants, such as nitrates and pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To be able to create areas where we are adding to freshwater supplies is one of the goals of our projects,” says Terrel Hutton, of River Partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dos Rios operations manager, Stephen Sheppard, estimates that when the restored plains flood, the waters are anywhere from 1 to 10 feet deep. Quantifying how much of these floodwaters enters the underlying aquifer will be the aim of a research project River Partners is working on with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939176\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939176\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-1200x783.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A swollen floodplain at the Dos Rios Ranch in Modesto on Friday Feb. 22, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, Jeffrey Mount, former director of the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences, expects the amount of water seeping into the aquifer will be low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Natural floodplains have clay rich soils,” says Mount, currently a senior fellow with the Public Policy Institute of California. “You often don’t get really good recharge in those areas, because you have to let water sit for a very long time.” The Central Valley is riddled with “boom and bust” cycles of rainfall and drought, and Mount says sustaining floodplain habitat may be challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the area is prime real estate for this restoration. “Because we have not urbanized those floodplains,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners has \u003ca href=\"https://www.riverpartners.org/projects/\">completed four riparian habitat restorations\u003c/a> in the Sacramento Valley, and Mount says that is another area ripe for further floodplain renourishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the state about 25 restoration projects are currently underway, estimates Julie Rentner, who leads project development at River Partners. Dozens more are in the pipeline, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term impact that restored floodplains could have on bolstering California’s water supply is, for now, unclear. And it’s not a water-storage solution that’s viable in every part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal of these projects could “allow people to ignore the harder question which is, how will you reduce water usage?” Mount said. “That’s how you will increase groundwater storage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Welcoming Back Native Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring floodplains won’t solve all of California’s water security issues, Mount says, but the projects have many benefits. They’re “good for water supply, good for water quality and it’s good for habitat from everything from birds to fishes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 130,000 native plants such as California wild rose, blackberry bush, and trees like willows and oaks have grown at the ranch since the floodplain restoration began six years ago. This newly created habitat provides shade on the river, lowering its temperature and allowing fish, such as steelhead trout and Chinook salmon, to fatten up before making their way to the ocean. Dos Rios has even welcomed back federally endangered species, such as the riparian brush rabbit, whose habitat was wiped out when the land was used for farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of engineering California’s rivers, Faridi thinks reconnecting them with floodplains may be a way California can “move forward managing our waterways, managing species, and managing flood damage reduction to communities along the river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flooding is always termed as a bad word,” says Faridi. But in the case of these plains, “it’s actually a good word.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, 100 miles east of San Francisco, the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers meet. Their waters mingle amid a wide flat plain of shrubs, cottonwood and oak trees. The Dos Rios Ranch Preserve, 1,600 acres of wetlands, river habitat and rolling hills, sits at the site of this juncture. On clear days, the Sierra Nevada rises in the east and the Coast Range to the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Promoting floodplains as a way to refill aquifers, reduce risk from flood damage, re-create wildlife habitat and filter pollutants.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Jason Faridi surveys the scene on a recent early morning, the sun’s rays reflect off the river, turning the water the color of egg yolks. A cacophony of bird calls fill the air. Near the water’s margin, waxy milk cartons — cut in half to hold seedling plants — bob up and down. They contain young elderberry and cottonwood plants, stretching their roots toward the clay river bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take a couple more years for these replanted natives to reach maturity at Dos Rios, the largest floodplain restoration project in the state. After six years of work and $40 million in funding, the riparian habitat flooded for the first time this winter, after strong February storms and the waters could sustain all the way through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The natural trees and shrubs that we’re putting in here want the floodwaters to come in,” says Faridi, a restoration ecologist, looking out onto a riparian forest at the water’s edge. Not only do these plants thrive under floodwaters, he says, “the river itself and the animals in it benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faridi is with River Partners, an environmental nonprofit based in Chico that focuses on restoring floodplains and wetlands. After years of battling the frequently flooded land, the Lyons Family, previous owners of the Dos Rios Ranch, decided to sell the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For as long as the agriculture has been here, they’ve been dealing with flood damage,” says Fairidi. “They were always fighting that so they could protect their property. Now we’ve kind of reversed that. … We’re reducing flood damage, because there’s no more ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners and the Tuolumne River Trust raised funds to buy the ranch over a period of 10 years. The nonprofit took down agricultural berms — raised barriers of land engineered to prevent flooding — to reconnect the floodplain to the river. River Partners has planted over 200,000 native plants, which naturally store floodwaters and release them slowly back into the river, protecting nearby communities. So far the group has restored 600 acres of Dos Rios Ranch, and are currently working on 700 more acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit points to floodplains as a key way to refill long-tapped aquifers, reduce risk from flood damage, re-create wildlife habitat and filter pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939175\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939175\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-1020x666.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022-1200x784.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35470_DosRios_022.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One portion of the ranch that has not yet been restored at Dos Rios Ranch in Modesto. The Coast Range sits to the west of the property on Friday Feb. 22, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Going With the Flow\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wild river floods, water and sediment spills over its banks onto adjacent land, it builds up a natural floodplain. Floodplains allow a river’s high flows to spread out and slow down, forming temporary reservoirs that pool over the rainy season. That means more water percolating down into underlying aquifers — a layer of permeable rock, sand, gravel and silt that stores water — and less floodwaters barreling toward cities. Low points on a floodplain, or swales, also serve as food chambers for fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For much of the last century, standard practice in California has been to channelize rivers, choking off high flows from their natural floodplains, in an effort to protect crops and cities. But that \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/10/10/a-landmark-california-plan-puts-floodplains-back-in-business\">convention is evolving.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his state-of-the state address this February, Governor Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxmuo8MhOgk\">vowed to expand floodplain habitat\u003c/a> in the Central Valley. This is one approach California is investing in to increase groundwater storage and reduce flood damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1938969/it-took-a-while-but-california-is-now-almost-completely-out-of-drought\">wiped out California’s recent drought. \u003c/a>But, even if surface waters are aplenty, in many parts of the state groundwater levels are still at all-time lows. About 85 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://www.watereducation.org/photo-gallery/california-water-101\">Californians depend on \u003c/a>these underground water-storage chambers for some portion of their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flood Now, Use Later\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although floodplains take land out of commission for growing crops or raising livestock, some people hope restored floodplains will benefit agriculture in the long run as a natural water storage system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win for the environment and it’s a win for agriculture because that means you’re maintaining more water for those drought years,” says Jake Wenger, a Modesto farmer of more than 40 years and a former irrigation district board member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A floodplain’s layer-cake of clay, sand and gravel may also prove effective in filtering water pollutants. In the San Joaquin Valley, more than 1 million people \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/environment/how-water-contamination-is-putting-this-california-town-at-risk\">cannot access clean drinking water\u003c/a> owing to agricultural pollutants, such as nitrates and pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To be able to create areas where we are adding to freshwater supplies is one of the goals of our projects,” says Terrel Hutton, of River Partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dos Rios operations manager, Stephen Sheppard, estimates that when the restored plains flood, the waters are anywhere from 1 to 10 feet deep. Quantifying how much of these floodwaters enters the underlying aquifer will be the aim of a research project River Partners is working on with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939176\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1939176\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013-1200x783.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS35461_DosRios_013.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A swollen floodplain at the Dos Rios Ranch in Modesto on Friday Feb. 22, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, Jeffrey Mount, former director of the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences, expects the amount of water seeping into the aquifer will be low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Natural floodplains have clay rich soils,” says Mount, currently a senior fellow with the Public Policy Institute of California. “You often don’t get really good recharge in those areas, because you have to let water sit for a very long time.” The Central Valley is riddled with “boom and bust” cycles of rainfall and drought, and Mount says sustaining floodplain habitat may be challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the area is prime real estate for this restoration. “Because we have not urbanized those floodplains,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners has \u003ca href=\"https://www.riverpartners.org/projects/\">completed four riparian habitat restorations\u003c/a> in the Sacramento Valley, and Mount says that is another area ripe for further floodplain renourishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the state about 25 restoration projects are currently underway, estimates Julie Rentner, who leads project development at River Partners. Dozens more are in the pipeline, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term impact that restored floodplains could have on bolstering California’s water supply is, for now, unclear. And it’s not a water-storage solution that’s viable in every part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal of these projects could “allow people to ignore the harder question which is, how will you reduce water usage?” Mount said. “That’s how you will increase groundwater storage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Welcoming Back Native Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring floodplains won’t solve all of California’s water security issues, Mount says, but the projects have many benefits. They’re “good for water supply, good for water quality and it’s good for habitat from everything from birds to fishes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 130,000 native plants such as California wild rose, blackberry bush, and trees like willows and oaks have grown at the ranch since the floodplain restoration began six years ago. This newly created habitat provides shade on the river, lowering its temperature and allowing fish, such as steelhead trout and Chinook salmon, to fatten up before making their way to the ocean. Dos Rios has even welcomed back federally endangered species, such as the riparian brush rabbit, whose habitat was wiped out when the land was used for farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of engineering California’s rivers, Faridi thinks reconnecting them with floodplains may be a way California can “move forward managing our waterways, managing species, and managing flood damage reduction to communities along the river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flooding is always termed as a bad word,” says Faridi. But in the case of these plains, “it’s actually a good word.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s no easy task keeping track of the disagreements between Californians and the current version of the United States federal government when it comes to environmental policy. Now, here’s another one …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A move by the Environmental Protection Agency could revive the contentious plan to develop 1,400 acres of Redwood City shoreline owned by Cargill Salt, which operates an industrial plant there. The EPA removed one barrier to development earlier this month by \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404/2019-redwood-city-salt-plant-jurisdictional-determination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruling\u003c/a> that the area is not subject to restrictions in the federal Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1939231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-800x567.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-800x567.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-768x544.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01.jpg 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">That puts the EPA at loggerheads with environmentalists, who want to convert the land back to tidal wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peninsula Congresswoman Jackie Speier, for one, was outraged at the EPA’s new stance. She claims that Cargill executives and lawyers have worked behind the scenes with the Trump Administration to push the decision in violation of environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not willing to let this happen. This administration has completely hijacked the jurisdictional process away from the experts on the ground, putting politics ahead of science,” she said on the floor of the House of Representatives. “No surprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers\u003c/strong>, managing editor of KQED Science, has been covering the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/11/san-francisco-bay-trump-administration-gives-new-life-to-development-on-huge-cargill-salt-property-in-redwood-city/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> for the Mercury News. He spoke about the latest development and the history of the Redwood City site with KQED’s Brian Watt on Friday. Some key points …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the history of this big tract of land?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area, which sits east of Highway 101 right up against the bay, is one-and-a-half times the size of Golden Gate Park. A century ago, it was underwater as part of San Francisco Bay. But it was diked and filled in decades ago, before modern environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then 10 years ago, Cargill announced plans to build 12,000 houses for up to 25,000 new residents on the site. That proposal sparked one of the biggest battles over bayside development in a generation. Amid opposition from environmental groups and local residents worried about traffic, Cargill withdrew the plan in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now environmentalists say the levees should be breached and the area restored as wetlands for wildlife and flood control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939269\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 528px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1939269 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi.jpg 528w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi-160x109.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cargill Salt Property, seen from near Highway 101. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does the Clean Water Act come into this? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act prohibits the filling of waterways, and environmentalists have argued that developing the land would violate this part of the law. Obama’s EPA agreed, but it did not finalize the paperwork before the new administration came in. So now the Trump EPA has reversed that finding, announcing on March 1 that the site is not bound by the Clean Water Act. And that removes the main federal hurdle to development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But what about climate change and sea level rise? This land is right on the water …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cargill and its development partner, a company called DMB Associates, from Arizona, maintain that levees and other engineering can address concerns about flood control, and that housing can be built next to an area where Redwood City is planning a ferry terminal. But note that even though Cargill says its old development plan is dead, it has yet to propose a new one. The company says that it will hold public hearings in the coming weeks and months to gather input from local residents, followed by a formal proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If Redwood City really wants to stop this, can it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is yes. The project needs a permit from the Redwood City Council. Right now, the land is not zoned for housing, and the mayor says he doesn’t support building residences there. Of course, any company that owns land can sue if they feel its property rights have been violated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other possibility is that Cargill could be working to drive the value of the land up, since land you can develop is worth more than land you can’t. So potentially they want to boost the price for an eventual sale — to the federal government, the state government or environmental groups that want to create a wildlife refuge on the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s no easy task keeping track of the disagreements between Californians and the current version of the United States federal government when it comes to environmental policy. Now, here’s another one …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A move by the Environmental Protection Agency could revive the contentious plan to develop 1,400 acres of Redwood City shoreline owned by Cargill Salt, which operates an industrial plant there. The EPA removed one barrier to development earlier this month by \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404/2019-redwood-city-salt-plant-jurisdictional-determination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruling\u003c/a> that the area is not subject to restrictions in the federal Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1939231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-800x567.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-800x567.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01-768x544.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/Cargill_190315_V01.jpg 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">That puts the EPA at loggerheads with environmentalists, who want to convert the land back to tidal wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peninsula Congresswoman Jackie Speier, for one, was outraged at the EPA’s new stance. She claims that Cargill executives and lawyers have worked behind the scenes with the Trump Administration to push the decision in violation of environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not willing to let this happen. This administration has completely hijacked the jurisdictional process away from the experts on the ground, putting politics ahead of science,” she said on the floor of the House of Representatives. “No surprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers\u003c/strong>, managing editor of KQED Science, has been covering the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/11/san-francisco-bay-trump-administration-gives-new-life-to-development-on-huge-cargill-salt-property-in-redwood-city/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> for the Mercury News. He spoke about the latest development and the history of the Redwood City site with KQED’s Brian Watt on Friday. Some key points …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the history of this big tract of land?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area, which sits east of Highway 101 right up against the bay, is one-and-a-half times the size of Golden Gate Park. A century ago, it was underwater as part of San Francisco Bay. But it was diked and filled in decades ago, before modern environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then 10 years ago, Cargill announced plans to build 12,000 houses for up to 25,000 new residents on the site. That proposal sparked one of the biggest battles over bayside development in a generation. Amid opposition from environmental groups and local residents worried about traffic, Cargill withdrew the plan in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now environmentalists say the levees should be breached and the area restored as wetlands for wildlife and flood control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939269\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 528px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1939269 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi.jpg 528w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/RS35910_CARGILL_006-sfi-160x109.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cargill Salt Property, seen from near Highway 101. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does the Clean Water Act come into this? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act prohibits the filling of waterways, and environmentalists have argued that developing the land would violate this part of the law. Obama’s EPA agreed, but it did not finalize the paperwork before the new administration came in. So now the Trump EPA has reversed that finding, announcing on March 1 that the site is not bound by the Clean Water Act. And that removes the main federal hurdle to development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But what about climate change and sea level rise? This land is right on the water …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cargill and its development partner, a company called DMB Associates, from Arizona, maintain that levees and other engineering can address concerns about flood control, and that housing can be built next to an area where Redwood City is planning a ferry terminal. But note that even though Cargill says its old development plan is dead, it has yet to propose a new one. The company says that it will hold public hearings in the coming weeks and months to gather input from local residents, followed by a formal proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If Redwood City really wants to stop this, can it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is yes. The project needs a permit from the Redwood City Council. Right now, the land is not zoned for housing, and the mayor says he doesn’t support building residences there. Of course, any company that owns land can sue if they feel its property rights have been violated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other possibility is that Cargill could be working to drive the value of the land up, since land you can develop is worth more than land you can’t. So potentially they want to boost the price for an eventual sale — to the federal government, the state government or environmental groups that want to create a wildlife refuge on the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Guess What, California? Now You Need to Prepare for Erupting Volcanoes",
"headTitle": "Guess What, California? Now You Need to Prepare for Erupting Volcanoes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZD9K4q55jk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, wildfires, floods. If you live in California, you’re likely aware of these natural hazards and the dangers associated with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to a U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20185159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> released last week, California is also home to eight volcanic areas, posing threats categorized from moderate to very high. Seven of these areas are considered active, with molten rock bubbling underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These volcanic hotpots span the length of California from Medicine Lake in the far northern region of the state down to Salton Buttes near the U.S.-Mexico border. Clear Lake volcanic field, in Lake County, is roughly 100 miles from both San Francisco and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other active sites include Mount Shasta and Lassen Volcanic Center in Northern California, as well as Long Valley Volcanic Region near Mammoth Lakes, and Coso Volcanic Field, east of a string of unincorporated communities along Highway 395.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938836\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938836\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6940.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6940.png 604w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6940-160x177.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sites of California’s eight volcanic hotspots. \u003ccite>(USGS California Volcano Observatory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5159/sir20185159.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, titled “California’s Exposure to Volcanic Hazards,” was compiled by the USGS \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/calvo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Volcano Observatory\u003c/a> in collaboration with the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services and the California Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on records of volcanic history, geologists calculate the chance of an eruption in California over the next 30 years at 16 percent. For comparison, scientists have pegged the 30-year probability of a major earthquake in the Bay Area along the San Andreas Fault at about 22 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Ball, a geologist with the California Volcano Observatory and a co-author on the report, says many Californians aren’t aware of the possibilities of a volcanic eruption in the state. Volcanoes operate over longer timescales, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, earthquakes tend to take front and center. We have had more of them in the 20th century and 21st century than we have had volcanic activity. So it’s sort of out of people’s memories that we’ve got active volcanoes in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/30444/four-days-in-may-mount-lassen-erupted-100-years-ago\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series of eruptions\u003c/a> in California occurred from 1914 to 1917 within the Lassen Volcanic Center, with an explosive eruption of Lassen Peak on May 22, 1915. Lava flows, hot ash, mudslides and avalanches resulting from the eruptions had major impacts on the surrounding region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvmInz9TgMw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The purpose of the report, which was requested by the Office of Emergency Services, was to compile scientific knowledge about volcanoes in California and outline the major hazards that could result should one erupt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each volcano has its own hazards,” Ball said. Medicine Lake, for example, could face lava flows. Whereas the Lassen region should be more concerned with lahars (mudslides) or high-speed “pyroclastic flows” of ash and lava powered by pressurized gas, which are a main cause of eruption-related fatalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938839\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938839\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-800x767.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"767\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-800x767.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-160x153.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-768x736.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The possible hazards of a volcanic eruption in California. \u003ccite>(USGS California Volcano Observatory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ball says the focus of the work was to home in on “populations, resources and infrastructure that are potentially in harm’s way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urban areas that stand to be most affected are around Mount Shasta, where over 100,000 people live, work or travel within the hazard zone daily. Redding, in particular, lies relatively close to all three of the active volcanoes in far-northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Shasta last erupted in 1786. An eruption of Shasta, according to Ball, could result in a range of hazards with varying severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic ash clouds, for example, might pose a threat to air quality, flight patterns, road conditions, and water supply. Depending on the location and nature of the eruption, lava or pyroclastic flows could warrant evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re hoping is that our partners — land managers and emergency managers and decision-makers in the state — will take the information that we provided and start making their own plans for how to help people deal with these hazards,” Ball said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public Information Officer Shawn Boyd of the Office of Emergency Services says the agency incorporates the threat of California’s volcanoes into their emergency response planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports from USGS and the California Volcano Observatory are used to inform the state’s Volcano Preparedness Plan, which is part of California’s greater \u003ca href=\"https://www.caloes.ca.gov/PlanningPreparednessSite/Documents/California_State_Emergency_Plan_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emergency plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look at the volcanic hazards in California the same way we do at any other disaster,” Boyd said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cynthia Pridmore, a geologist with the California Geological Survey who also contributed to the new USGS report, says it’s key for local agencies to stay informed about volcanic activity the same way they do for earthquakes, tsunamis and other dangers. For the general public, she says, the report is a chance to get prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re in one of these regions, it’s just another reason you need to have one of those to-go kits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic activity in California is monitored by the Volcano Observatory n Menlo Park. Up-to-date information on all seven of California’s active volcanoes is available on its \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/calvo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the event of an eruption, observatory will \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/index.html\">issue alerts\u003c/a> and report to Cal OES to initiate emergency protocols along with local counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want [people] to get scared,” Ball says. “We’re not talking doomsday scenarios. We just want them to know that these hazards could happen sometime in the future and that they might be called on to make decisions about their safety and their livelihood.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California could see a significant volcanic eruption sometime in the next 30 years, according to a report by the U.S. Geological Survey.",
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"description": "California could see a significant volcanic eruption sometime in the next 30 years, according to a report by the U.S. Geological Survey.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nZD9K4q55jk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nZD9K4q55jk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Earthquakes, wildfires, floods. If you live in California, you’re likely aware of these natural hazards and the dangers associated with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to a U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20185159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> released last week, California is also home to eight volcanic areas, posing threats categorized from moderate to very high. Seven of these areas are considered active, with molten rock bubbling underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These volcanic hotpots span the length of California from Medicine Lake in the far northern region of the state down to Salton Buttes near the U.S.-Mexico border. Clear Lake volcanic field, in Lake County, is roughly 100 miles from both San Francisco and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other active sites include Mount Shasta and Lassen Volcanic Center in Northern California, as well as Long Valley Volcanic Region near Mammoth Lakes, and Coso Volcanic Field, east of a string of unincorporated communities along Highway 395.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938836\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938836\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6940.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6940.png 604w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6940-160x177.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sites of California’s eight volcanic hotspots. \u003ccite>(USGS California Volcano Observatory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5159/sir20185159.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, titled “California’s Exposure to Volcanic Hazards,” was compiled by the USGS \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/calvo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Volcano Observatory\u003c/a> in collaboration with the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services and the California Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on records of volcanic history, geologists calculate the chance of an eruption in California over the next 30 years at 16 percent. For comparison, scientists have pegged the 30-year probability of a major earthquake in the Bay Area along the San Andreas Fault at about 22 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Ball, a geologist with the California Volcano Observatory and a co-author on the report, says many Californians aren’t aware of the possibilities of a volcanic eruption in the state. Volcanoes operate over longer timescales, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, earthquakes tend to take front and center. We have had more of them in the 20th century and 21st century than we have had volcanic activity. So it’s sort of out of people’s memories that we’ve got active volcanoes in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/30444/four-days-in-may-mount-lassen-erupted-100-years-ago\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series of eruptions\u003c/a> in California occurred from 1914 to 1917 within the Lassen Volcanic Center, with an explosive eruption of Lassen Peak on May 22, 1915. Lava flows, hot ash, mudslides and avalanches resulting from the eruptions had major impacts on the surrounding region.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/KvmInz9TgMw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/KvmInz9TgMw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The purpose of the report, which was requested by the Office of Emergency Services, was to compile scientific knowledge about volcanoes in California and outline the major hazards that could result should one erupt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each volcano has its own hazards,” Ball said. Medicine Lake, for example, could face lava flows. Whereas the Lassen region should be more concerned with lahars (mudslides) or high-speed “pyroclastic flows” of ash and lava powered by pressurized gas, which are a main cause of eruption-related fatalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938839\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938839\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-800x767.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"767\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-800x767.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-160x153.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-768x736.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/img6941_900w_863h.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The possible hazards of a volcanic eruption in California. \u003ccite>(USGS California Volcano Observatory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ball says the focus of the work was to home in on “populations, resources and infrastructure that are potentially in harm’s way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urban areas that stand to be most affected are around Mount Shasta, where over 100,000 people live, work or travel within the hazard zone daily. Redding, in particular, lies relatively close to all three of the active volcanoes in far-northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Shasta last erupted in 1786. An eruption of Shasta, according to Ball, could result in a range of hazards with varying severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic ash clouds, for example, might pose a threat to air quality, flight patterns, road conditions, and water supply. Depending on the location and nature of the eruption, lava or pyroclastic flows could warrant evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re hoping is that our partners — land managers and emergency managers and decision-makers in the state — will take the information that we provided and start making their own plans for how to help people deal with these hazards,” Ball said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public Information Officer Shawn Boyd of the Office of Emergency Services says the agency incorporates the threat of California’s volcanoes into their emergency response planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports from USGS and the California Volcano Observatory are used to inform the state’s Volcano Preparedness Plan, which is part of California’s greater \u003ca href=\"https://www.caloes.ca.gov/PlanningPreparednessSite/Documents/California_State_Emergency_Plan_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emergency plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look at the volcanic hazards in California the same way we do at any other disaster,” Boyd said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cynthia Pridmore, a geologist with the California Geological Survey who also contributed to the new USGS report, says it’s key for local agencies to stay informed about volcanic activity the same way they do for earthquakes, tsunamis and other dangers. For the general public, she says, the report is a chance to get prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re in one of these regions, it’s just another reason you need to have one of those to-go kits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic activity in California is monitored by the Volcano Observatory n Menlo Park. Up-to-date information on all seven of California’s active volcanoes is available on its \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/calvo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the event of an eruption, observatory will \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/index.html\">issue alerts\u003c/a> and report to Cal OES to initiate emergency protocols along with local counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want [people] to get scared,” Ball says. “We’re not talking doomsday scenarios. We just want them to know that these hazards could happen sometime in the future and that they might be called on to make decisions about their safety and their livelihood.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
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