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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7831\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/john3_KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7831\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/john3_KQED.jpg\" alt='Bug on a Leaf\" by John Magee, Grade 7' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bug on a Leaf” by John Magee, Grade 7\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The insect hangs off a leaf edge, its body in perfect focus but partially obscured. The photo would never serve as an iconic shot of the species; instead, it’s a beautifully realistic moment in nature. The creature wasn’t anesthetized and carefully placed on a contrasting background. It was simply going about its daily business when it caught a seventh-grader’s eye — and his camera lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7833\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/yasmine-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7833\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/yasmine-243x162.jpg\" alt='\"Fading Flowers\" by Yasmine Emami, Grade 8' width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Fading Flowers” by Yasmine Emami, Grade 8\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The photographer, John Magee, was a participant in a pilot after-school program at the \u003ca title=\"Children's Discovery Museum\" href=\"http://www.cdm.org/index.asp?f=1\">Children’s Discovery Museum\u003c/a> that combines media with environmental science education. “Discovery Youth: Science, Community, Identity” (\u003ca title=\"DY-SCI CDM\" href=\"http://www.cdm.org/i/Resources/DY_SCI_Postcard.pdf\">DY-SCI\u003c/a>) introduced seventh, eighth and ninth graders to digital SLR cameras and principles of photography such as focus, contrast and framing. It was also a first-time science experience for many students. At the Guadalupe River, which runs alongside the museum, they spent the year taking water samples as well as photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magee’s “Bug on a Leaf” is part of the DY-SCI science photography showcase currently on display at the museum. Like the other images, it is accompanied by a statement from the photographer:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I chose focus for my principle of design. I liked this photo because it had an interesting insect on it. I noticed that the bug may have tried blending in with the leaf. I wonder what kind of bug that is. If you really pay attention to nature you may find things you don’t expect to see there.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Witchs-fingers-and-twin-trees-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Witchs-fingers-and-twin-trees-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"“Witch’s fingers and twin trees” by McKenna Conners\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Witch’s fingers and twin trees” by McKenna Conners\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s frankly a lot more coherent than many another artist’s statement I’ve read. And it’s chock full of sciencey goodness. Magee noticed not only the animal, but its behavior, and he formed a hypothesis about that behavior. He also referred to it as an insect \u003cem>and\u003c/em> a bug. Usually, conflating those terms is one of my pet peeves, but in this case, both are actually correct! The specimen is a \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Southern Green Stinkbug\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezara_viridula\">southern green stinkbug\u003c/a> of the order Hemiptera–the “true bugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DY-SCI students’ statements all follow a similar format, as they were inspired by \u003ca title=\"John Muir Laws - Observation Prompts\" href=\"http://www.johnmuirlaws.com/natural-history/deep-observation\">John Muir Laws\u003c/a> to explicitly “notice” and “wonder” something about their photos. From this uniform prompt, the photographers headed off in surprisingly different directions: “I wonder if anyone has walked on the pointy part of the building.” “I wonder if the landscape was always this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answers to those questions lie in the memories of museum staff, but I can help 7th-grader Arran Robinson, who looked at his “Lemons” and wondered, “Why are there even leaves in winter on this tree?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7830\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Arran-3-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7830\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Arran-3-243x162.jpg\" alt='\"Lemons\" by Arran Robinson, Grade 7' width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Lemons” by Arran Robinson, Grade 7\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Winter is a time when all but evergreen trees lose their leaves. \u003cem>Evergreen\u003c/em> is sometimes carelessly used as a synonym for \u003cem>pine\u003c/em>, but just as with bugs and insects, pines are only one kind of evergreen. Citrus is one of the many “broadleaf” evergreens, which can only survive in tropical or warm temperate winters like in balmy San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DY-SCI Photography Showcase is on display on the second floor of the Children’s Discovery Museum until the end of September. \u003ca title=\"DY-SCI CDM\" href=\"http://www.cdm.org/i/Resources/DY_SCI_Postcard.pdf\">DY-SCI\u003c/a> will begin its second year in October and is still accepting applications.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answers to those questions lie in the memories of museum staff, but I can help 7th-grader Arran Robinson, who looked at his “Lemons” and wondered, “Why are there even leaves in winter on this tree?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7830\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Arran-3-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7830\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Arran-3-243x162.jpg\" alt='\"Lemons\" by Arran Robinson, Grade 7' width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Lemons” by Arran Robinson, Grade 7\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Winter is a time when all but evergreen trees lose their leaves. \u003cem>Evergreen\u003c/em> is sometimes carelessly used as a synonym for \u003cem>pine\u003c/em>, but just as with bugs and insects, pines are only one kind of evergreen. Citrus is one of the many “broadleaf” evergreens, which can only survive in tropical or warm temperate winters like in balmy San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DY-SCI Photography Showcase is on display on the second floor of the Children’s Discovery Museum until the end of September. \u003ca title=\"DY-SCI CDM\" href=\"http://www.cdm.org/i/Resources/DY_SCI_Postcard.pdf\">DY-SCI\u003c/a> will begin its second year in October and is still accepting applications.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\nFire crews work to clean up after the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/109027/Rim-Fire-Yosemite\" rel=\"noopener\">Rim Fire raging\u003c/a> in Yosemite \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/27/berkeley-tuolomne-camp/\" rel=\"noopener\">burned Berkeley Tuolumne Family Camp\u003c/a>. The camp has been operated by the city of Berkeley under a special use permit since 1922. Berkeley residents were given priority to register for the camp over the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/news-pix-rim-fire-clean-up-bay-bridge-closure-and-berkeley-mourns-family-camp/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/news-pix-rim-fire-clean-up-bay-bridge-closure-and-berkeley-mourns-family-camp/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"News Pix: Fire Crews Clean Up After Rim Fire, Bay Bridge Closes and Berkeley Mourns Family Camp\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\nFire crews work to clean up after the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/109027/Rim-Fire-Yosemite\" rel=\"noopener\">Rim Fire raging\u003c/a> in Yosemite \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/27/berkeley-tuolomne-camp/\" rel=\"noopener\">burned Berkeley Tuolumne Family Camp\u003c/a>. The camp has been operated by the city of Berkeley under a special use permit since 1922. Berkeley residents were given priority to register for the camp over the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/news-pix-rim-fire-clean-up-bay-bridge-closure-and-berkeley-mourns-family-camp/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/news-pix-rim-fire-clean-up-bay-bridge-closure-and-berkeley-mourns-family-camp/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"News Pix: Fire Crews Clean Up After Rim Fire, Bay Bridge Closes and Berkeley Mourns Family Camp\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Sand Mining in San Francisco Bay to Replenish Alameda's Crown Beach",
"headTitle": "Sand Mining in San Francisco Bay to Replenish Alameda’s Crown Beach | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/800px-Sanddab_Citharichthys_spp._01-e1377810295317.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7728\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/800px-Sanddab_Citharichthys_spp._01-e1377810295317.jpg\" alt=\"Sand provides habitat for bottom fish such as the sand dab hiding in this photo. Photo by Tewy, Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand provides habitat for bottom fish such as the sand dab hiding in this photo. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanddab_(Citharichthys_spp.)_01.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tewy / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The longest beach on San Francisco Bay is about to get a long-needed infusion of sand — 82,600 cubic yards of it, to be exact. That’s enough sand to fill dump trucks that would stretch end-to-end for 10 miles from Alameda across the bay into San Francisco. Engineered and completed in 1987, the 2-1/2 mile-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda attracts thousands of visitors in summertime and nearly as many shorebirds in winter. Alameda has been a popular seaside destination since the late 1800s when Neptune Beach and other amusement parks operated along the shoreline, attracting San Franciscans to the relatively sunnier \u003cem>contra costa\u003c/em> (or “opposite coast”) across the bay. The beach helps protect homes and businesses along the shore with a recreation-friendly substrate, which is much more attractive than rip-rap or a seawall. It also provides resting habitat for overwintering shorebirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beach began noticeably eroding from the 1960s and, prior to the engineering project, put Alameda’s Shoreline Drive at risk. Streetlights were overhanging the bay and the road was being undermined by the power of the tides until a clever engineering project was undertaken. A series of dunes was designed to slow and capture windblown sand, and at both ends of the beach, sand catchments and a concrete wall, called a groin, helped keep sand from being swept out to the bay. Maintenance crews from the East Bay Regional Parks move the sand from the catchments back to the central nodal point at Shoreline and Constitution Way. There’s an expected loss of approximately 1% of sand per year, according to the engineered beach model. Data shows that this has matched expectations, except for heavy storm years in 1995 and 2006-7 when much more sand was lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7729\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 136px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Angel-Island-Sand-Mining-USGS-edited-136x162.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Angel-Island-Sand-Mining-USGS-edited-136x162.png\" alt=\"This 3-D map shows the sandy shoals off Angel Island. Bedrock knobs are noted with red dots. Image courtesy of USGS.\" width=\"136\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7729\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 3-D map shows the sandy shoals off Angel Island. Bedrock knobs are noted with red dots. Image courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The replacement sand will come from the San Francisco Bay. Point Knox Shoal, just south of Angel Island, has sand extraction plots managed by the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission and other state agencies. The sand is mined for construction materials such as concrete and asphalt, as well as restoration projects like at Crown Beach. There’s a fascinating document from United States Geographic Survey (USGS), \u003ca title=\"Shifting Shoals and Shattered Rocks document, USGS\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1259/c1259_tagged.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Shifting Shoals and Shattered Rocks – How Man Has Transformed the Floor of West-Central San Francisco Bay,”\u003c/a> describing the bay’s bathymetry and geology — from the sandy shoals to bedrock knobs — and how it’s been altered over time. The knobs have mostly been blasted away, but a few remain below the surface such as Blossom Rock and Arch Rock. The sandy shoals aren’t well-known and speculation arises as to their origin. Were rocks carried down the \u003ca title=\"Waterways of the Largest Estuary on the West Coast of North America, KQED QUEST\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">watershed\u003c/a> and ground up on their way from the Sierra and the Delta, or was sand swept in from the Pacific Coast on incoming tides? Even the quantity available for extraction is unknown, according to the report, as well as whether the amount of sand in the shoals is stable, replenished or depleted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about the \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach Sand Project, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/news/Crown_Memorial_State_Beach_to_Get_New_Sand_s1_p1392\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crown Beach project\u003c/a> on the East Bay Regional Parks website. It’s scheduled to get underway in September and finish in December. And they won’t be using dump trucks; the sand will be barged in directly from the sandy shoals off of Angel Island and pumped ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Related links from QUEST:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Sand Waves and the Golden Gate, KQED QUEST\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sand Waves and the Golden Gate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Geological Outings: Rodeo Beach, KQED QUEST\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geological Outings Around the Bay: Rodeo Beach\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/800px-Sanddab_Citharichthys_spp._01-e1377810295317.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7728\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/800px-Sanddab_Citharichthys_spp._01-e1377810295317.jpg\" alt=\"Sand provides habitat for bottom fish such as the sand dab hiding in this photo. Photo by Tewy, Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand provides habitat for bottom fish such as the sand dab hiding in this photo. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanddab_(Citharichthys_spp.)_01.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tewy / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The longest beach on San Francisco Bay is about to get a long-needed infusion of sand — 82,600 cubic yards of it, to be exact. That’s enough sand to fill dump trucks that would stretch end-to-end for 10 miles from Alameda across the bay into San Francisco. Engineered and completed in 1987, the 2-1/2 mile-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda attracts thousands of visitors in summertime and nearly as many shorebirds in winter. Alameda has been a popular seaside destination since the late 1800s when Neptune Beach and other amusement parks operated along the shoreline, attracting San Franciscans to the relatively sunnier \u003cem>contra costa\u003c/em> (or “opposite coast”) across the bay. The beach helps protect homes and businesses along the shore with a recreation-friendly substrate, which is much more attractive than rip-rap or a seawall. It also provides resting habitat for overwintering shorebirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beach began noticeably eroding from the 1960s and, prior to the engineering project, put Alameda’s Shoreline Drive at risk. Streetlights were overhanging the bay and the road was being undermined by the power of the tides until a clever engineering project was undertaken. A series of dunes was designed to slow and capture windblown sand, and at both ends of the beach, sand catchments and a concrete wall, called a groin, helped keep sand from being swept out to the bay. Maintenance crews from the East Bay Regional Parks move the sand from the catchments back to the central nodal point at Shoreline and Constitution Way. There’s an expected loss of approximately 1% of sand per year, according to the engineered beach model. Data shows that this has matched expectations, except for heavy storm years in 1995 and 2006-7 when much more sand was lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7729\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 136px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Angel-Island-Sand-Mining-USGS-edited-136x162.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Angel-Island-Sand-Mining-USGS-edited-136x162.png\" alt=\"This 3-D map shows the sandy shoals off Angel Island. Bedrock knobs are noted with red dots. Image courtesy of USGS.\" width=\"136\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7729\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 3-D map shows the sandy shoals off Angel Island. Bedrock knobs are noted with red dots. Image courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The replacement sand will come from the San Francisco Bay. Point Knox Shoal, just south of Angel Island, has sand extraction plots managed by the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission and other state agencies. The sand is mined for construction materials such as concrete and asphalt, as well as restoration projects like at Crown Beach. There’s a fascinating document from United States Geographic Survey (USGS), \u003ca title=\"Shifting Shoals and Shattered Rocks document, USGS\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1259/c1259_tagged.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Shifting Shoals and Shattered Rocks – How Man Has Transformed the Floor of West-Central San Francisco Bay,”\u003c/a> describing the bay’s bathymetry and geology — from the sandy shoals to bedrock knobs — and how it’s been altered over time. The knobs have mostly been blasted away, but a few remain below the surface such as Blossom Rock and Arch Rock. The sandy shoals aren’t well-known and speculation arises as to their origin. Were rocks carried down the \u003ca title=\"Waterways of the Largest Estuary on the West Coast of North America, KQED QUEST\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/31/waterways-of-the-largest-estuary-on-the-west-coast/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">watershed\u003c/a> and ground up on their way from the Sierra and the Delta, or was sand swept in from the Pacific Coast on incoming tides? Even the quantity available for extraction is unknown, according to the report, as well as whether the amount of sand in the shoals is stable, replenished or depleted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about the \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach Sand Project, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/news/Crown_Memorial_State_Beach_to_Get_New_Sand_s1_p1392\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crown Beach project\u003c/a> on the East Bay Regional Parks website. It’s scheduled to get underway in September and finish in December. And they won’t be using dump trucks; the sand will be barged in directly from the sandy shoals off of Angel Island and pumped ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Related links from QUEST:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Rim Fire Still Growing, But Not As Much",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_108421\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 650px\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rim Fire near Yosemite. (California National Guard/Flickr)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Groveland (AP) – Officials say a giant wildfire around Yosemite National Park grew by several hundred acres overnight, a relatively small increase compared to recent days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire had burned about 301 square miles and remained 30 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/109027/Rim-Fire-Yosemite\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/29/109027/Rim-Fire-Yosemite\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Rim Fire Still Growing, But Not As Much\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Fire officials say crews are making steady progress against the Rim Fire on the western boundary of Yosemite National Park. They say a California Air National Guard drone is playing a key role in helping firefighters respond to new outbreaks around the edge of the giant blaze, which has now consumed 192,737 acres, or 301 square miles.",
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"content": "\u003cp>As KQED Science’s Craig Miller \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/08/26/wildfires-a-growing-air-quality-issue/\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> the other day, “Where there’s fire, there’s smoke. And when the fire is more than 200 square miles and growing like California’s Rim Fire, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/23/rim-fire-update-smoke-spreads-from/\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s a lot of it\u003c/a>. And in that smoke is quite the witch’s brew \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/28/rim-fire-air-quality/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/28/rim-fire-air-quality/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Air Quality and Smoke Alerts From Rim Fire\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cp>As KQED Science's Craig Miller \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/08/26/wildfires-a-growing-air-quality-issue/\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> the other day, \"Where there’s fire, there’s smoke. And when the fire is more than 200 square miles and growing like California’s Rim Fire, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/23/rim-fire-update-smoke-spreads-from/\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s a lot of it\u003c/a>. And in that smoke is quite the witch’s brew \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/28/rim-fire-air-quality/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">...Read More\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As KQED Science’s Craig Miller \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/08/26/wildfires-a-growing-air-quality-issue/\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> the other day, “Where there’s fire, there’s smoke. And when the fire is more than 200 square miles and growing like California’s Rim Fire, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/23/rim-fire-update-smoke-spreads-from/\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s a lot of it\u003c/a>. And in that smoke is quite the witch’s brew \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/28/rim-fire-air-quality/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/28/rim-fire-air-quality/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Air Quality and Smoke Alerts From Rim Fire\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Baby Arboreal Salamanders Make Their Annual Appearance in California",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7612\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/baby-arboreal-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7612\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7612\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/baby-arboreal-1.jpg\" alt=\"A baby arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris) at CuriOdyssey in San Mateo. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A baby arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris) at CuriOdyssey in San Mateo. Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most common salamanders throughout California is about to become even more abundant this month. Baby arboreal salamanders (\u003cem>Aneides lugubris\u003c/em>) have been hatching during the past few weeks and will be making appearances in backyards, parks and hiking trails. They can be identified by a gray-brown body that is covered in creamy yellow spots. There is no larval stage for this salamander and young emerge from eggs fully-formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Females can lay roughly 20 eggs, most often in tree cavities. Although some females have been seen guarding their eggs, there is no parental care. Babies and adults are carnivorous, eating a wide array of invertebrates and other salamanders- especially slender salamanders (Batrachoseps attenuatus). A little known fact about arboreal salamanders is that they can vocalize. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernsoundscape.org\">Western Soundscape Archive\u003c/a> has a brief video of a \u003ca href=\"http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/wss/id/2709\">salamander chirping\u003c/a>. The name “arboreal” comes from these slimy amphibians being excellent climbers. Individuals have been known to climb 50 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7593\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Arboreal-Salamander.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7593\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7593\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Arboreal-Salamander.jpg\" alt=\"An arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris) at CuriOdyssey at Coyote Point, in San Mateo. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris) at CuriOdyssey at Coyote Point, in San Mateo. Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like all amphibians, arboreal salamanders are great indicators of a healthy environment. Amphibian skin is moist and porous, meant for absorbing water. Unfortunately, this porous skin can also absorb heavy metals and toxins such as pesticides, which can be deadly. The presence of healthy arboreal salamanders in a habitat indicates good water and soil quality so it’s always a good sign to see them thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the country’s 49 states are missing out because arboreal salamanders are endemic to California; they are only found in this state. Despite their small geographic range, they are found in a wide variety of habitats — from dry costal areas to moist woodlands, so keep an eye out!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Found only in California within the U.S., one of the most common salamanders throughout the state is about to become even more abundant this month. Baby arboreal salamanders have been hatching during the past few weeks and will be making appearances in backyards, parks and hiking trails.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7612\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/baby-arboreal-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7612\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7612\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/baby-arboreal-1.jpg\" alt=\"A baby arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris) at CuriOdyssey in San Mateo. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A baby arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris) at CuriOdyssey in San Mateo. Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most common salamanders throughout California is about to become even more abundant this month. Baby arboreal salamanders (\u003cem>Aneides lugubris\u003c/em>) have been hatching during the past few weeks and will be making appearances in backyards, parks and hiking trails. They can be identified by a gray-brown body that is covered in creamy yellow spots. There is no larval stage for this salamander and young emerge from eggs fully-formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Females can lay roughly 20 eggs, most often in tree cavities. Although some females have been seen guarding their eggs, there is no parental care. Babies and adults are carnivorous, eating a wide array of invertebrates and other salamanders- especially slender salamanders (Batrachoseps attenuatus). A little known fact about arboreal salamanders is that they can vocalize. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernsoundscape.org\">Western Soundscape Archive\u003c/a> has a brief video of a \u003ca href=\"http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/wss/id/2709\">salamander chirping\u003c/a>. The name “arboreal” comes from these slimy amphibians being excellent climbers. Individuals have been known to climb 50 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7593\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Arboreal-Salamander.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7593\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7593\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Arboreal-Salamander.jpg\" alt=\"An arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris) at CuriOdyssey at Coyote Point, in San Mateo. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris) at CuriOdyssey at Coyote Point, in San Mateo. Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like all amphibians, arboreal salamanders are great indicators of a healthy environment. Amphibian skin is moist and porous, meant for absorbing water. Unfortunately, this porous skin can also absorb heavy metals and toxins such as pesticides, which can be deadly. The presence of healthy arboreal salamanders in a habitat indicates good water and soil quality so it’s always a good sign to see them thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the country’s 49 states are missing out because arboreal salamanders are endemic to California; they are only found in this state. Despite their small geographic range, they are found in a wide variety of habitats — from dry costal areas to moist woodlands, so keep an eye out!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Yosemite Fire Threatens Key Forest Research Site",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7639\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Tuolumne_Pinecrest_shorter.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7639\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7639\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Tuolumne_Pinecrest_shorter.jpg\" alt=\"A federal experimental forest lies perilously close to one of California's biggest, most voracious wildland fires ever.\" width=\"640\" height=\"343\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A federal experimental forest lies perilously close to one of California’s biggest, most voracious wildland fires ever. (Photo: USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 250-square-mile \u003ca title=\"Inciweb - Rim\" href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/3660/\">Rim Fire\u003c/a> has been burning perilously close to a longstanding experimental forest near Sonora. Losing it would be a setback for forestry and as fate would have it, fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 80 years, the \u003ca title=\"USFS - STEF\" href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/ef/stanislaus_tuolumne/\">Stanislaus-Tuolumne Experimental Forest\u003c/a> has been a trove of data for foresters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of what we’re doing is trying to understand how forests have changed over time,” Eric Knapp told me in an interview at his lab in Redding. Knapp is a research ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service and the “STEF” is sort of “his baby.” He says research there has shed light on why forests are burning with more intensity now than before the modern era of logging and fire suppression. These forests looked a lot different then, Knapp told me. Trees were fewer and bigger, and even though they burned more often, they tended to survive fires better than today’s woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These forests used to have kind of a group-and-gap arrangement, so in a sense they had little mini-fuel breaks within the stands,” he explained. The same areas today have about three times as many trees and more fuel on the ground. “A lot of those gaps have filled in with trees, so that when fires burn today, they just burn more intensely. The fuels are more continuous and it really can get a head of steam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CH3BBYZsK5A\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knapp and other foresters are hoping that this fire — already approaching California’s all-time top-10 list in size — will spare the research site, so the data can keep coming out of it. The work could help foresters fine-tune their management of the land for fire as well as biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE:\u003c/strong> Last word from the Forest Service (8/27) was that the leading edge of the Rim Fire was moving away from STEF, though the American Fire burning to the north appears to have claimed at least part of a UC Berkeley forestry research site, known as the \u003ca title=\"UCB - SNAMP\" href=\"http://snamp.cnr.berkeley.edu/news/2013/aug/27/update-american-fire-and-snamp/\">Sierra Nevada Adaptive Management Project\u003c/a> (SNAMP).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the research is not to try to recreate what was there, according to Knapp — not exactly anyway. “Climate has changed, and we don’t necessarily want to go back to what it was in a different climate,” he explained, but “the structure gives us an idea for a type of structure that was more resilient to fire.” By studying the record in tree rings from old conifers, Knapp and his colleagues have concluded that the same stands would burn about every six years, on average, and survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knapp says one goal of the experimental forest is to learn how to better manage forests for fire control — if, that is, this fire doesn’t claim it. And if it does, Knapp is philosophical about that. “You learn things from that, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knapp and other foresters are hoping that this fire — already approaching California’s all-time top-10 list in size — will spare the research site, so the data can keep coming out of it. The work could help foresters fine-tune their management of the land for fire as well as biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE:\u003c/strong> Last word from the Forest Service (8/27) was that the leading edge of the Rim Fire was moving away from STEF, though the American Fire burning to the north appears to have claimed at least part of a UC Berkeley forestry research site, known as the \u003ca title=\"UCB - SNAMP\" href=\"http://snamp.cnr.berkeley.edu/news/2013/aug/27/update-american-fire-and-snamp/\">Sierra Nevada Adaptive Management Project\u003c/a> (SNAMP).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the research is not to try to recreate what was there, according to Knapp — not exactly anyway. “Climate has changed, and we don’t necessarily want to go back to what it was in a different climate,” he explained, but “the structure gives us an idea for a type of structure that was more resilient to fire.” By studying the record in tree rings from old conifers, Knapp and his colleagues have concluded that the same stands would burn about every six years, on average, and survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knapp says one goal of the experimental forest is to learn how to better manage forests for fire control — if, that is, this fire doesn’t claim it. And if it does, Knapp is philosophical about that. “You learn things from that, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>by Andrew Stelzer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose is poised to become the largest city in the country to ban Polystyrene, better known as Styrofoam food containers, which often end up in landfill, unable to be recycled. The City Council will be voting Tuesday afternoon on the ban, which would take effect on Jan \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/27/san-jose-styrofoam/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/27/san-jose-styrofoam/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"San Jose Votes Today on Banning Styrofoam Containers\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7566\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/1_mobile_ynp_1-1344_rimfire-e1377565966237.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7566\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/1_mobile_ynp_1-1344_rimfire-e1377565966237.jpeg\" alt=\"Smoke plume from the Rim Fire, as it intensified last week. Photo: USFS\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke plume from the Rim Fire, as it intensified last week. Photo: USFS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Where there’s fire, there’s smoke. And when the fire is more than 200 square miles and growing like California’s Rim Fire, \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/23/rim-fire-update-smoke-spreads-from/\">there’s a lot of it\u003c/a>. And in that smoke is quite the witch’s brew of air pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NCAR - Pfister\" href=\"https://www2.ucar.edu/news/experts/gabriele-pfister\">Gabriele Pfister\u003c/a> runs down just some of the list: “You have carbon monoxide, you have mercury, you have nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide.” Pfister studies the air quality impacts of wildfires, at the \u003ca title=\"NCAR - main\" href=\"http://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)\u003c/a>. And then of course, you have all kinds of particulate matter, which is what we tend to notice — the large particles that we see and smell and commonly think of as smoke. But Pfister says, “Size matters.” The human body is fairly efficient at filtering the big stuff, by coughing or sneezing it out. It’s the smaller stuff that’s more insidious.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a local issue.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The smaller they get, the more likely you breathe them in,” says Pfister, “deeper into our lungs and all the way into the bloodstream they can go.” That, she says, can contribute to respiratory and heart ailments later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca title=\"NCAR - post\" href=\"http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2005/wildfires.shtml\">these things get around\u003c/a>. Pfister says the pollutants can rise six miles into the air and there, driven by high winds in the upper atmosphere, can end up contributing to air pollution hundreds of miles away. “It’s not infrequent that we here in Colorado see smoke from wildfires in California,” she noted. “This is not just a local issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the contrary, it’s “global” in the literal sense when you account for the greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and black carbon, though fires remain a relatively small contributor to global warming, compared to the more intentional burning of fossil fuels. And Pfister notes, perhaps searching for something positive in all this, that at least when the forest grows back, it will resume siphoning CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it again. And she adds that some of the particle emissions, or aerosols, tend to “scatter sunlight” and create at least a short-term cooling effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the generally accepted forecast of more intense fires driven by climate disruption, however, Pfister expects wildfires to become a larger share of the overall air pollution problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for calculating exactly how much gunk is going up there, Pfister says that gets complicated. She says part of the problem is in how you define “smoke,” and when it’s heavy enough to constitute a plume. “Then it depends on how big the fire is, how much biomass is burned, how active is the fire (is it flaming and strongly convective, is it laying down and smoldering), how fast and slow the winds move the smoke,” and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger “fallout” can cause different types of problems. Early this week, officials were grappling with how to respond to the ash raining down on San Francisco’s Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, near the fire’s eastern front in Yosemite. The fast-growing blaze posed potential problems for both the water supply and hydropower output. Monday, city power officials had idled two of the dam’s three hydropower units as the fire advanced.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7566\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/1_mobile_ynp_1-1344_rimfire-e1377565966237.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7566\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/1_mobile_ynp_1-1344_rimfire-e1377565966237.jpeg\" alt=\"Smoke plume from the Rim Fire, as it intensified last week. Photo: USFS\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke plume from the Rim Fire, as it intensified last week. Photo: USFS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Where there’s fire, there’s smoke. And when the fire is more than 200 square miles and growing like California’s Rim Fire, \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/23/rim-fire-update-smoke-spreads-from/\">there’s a lot of it\u003c/a>. And in that smoke is quite the witch’s brew of air pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NCAR - Pfister\" href=\"https://www2.ucar.edu/news/experts/gabriele-pfister\">Gabriele Pfister\u003c/a> runs down just some of the list: “You have carbon monoxide, you have mercury, you have nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide.” Pfister studies the air quality impacts of wildfires, at the \u003ca title=\"NCAR - main\" href=\"http://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)\u003c/a>. And then of course, you have all kinds of particulate matter, which is what we tend to notice — the large particles that we see and smell and commonly think of as smoke. But Pfister says, “Size matters.” The human body is fairly efficient at filtering the big stuff, by coughing or sneezing it out. It’s the smaller stuff that’s more insidious.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a local issue.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The smaller they get, the more likely you breathe them in,” says Pfister, “deeper into our lungs and all the way into the bloodstream they can go.” That, she says, can contribute to respiratory and heart ailments later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca title=\"NCAR - post\" href=\"http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2005/wildfires.shtml\">these things get around\u003c/a>. Pfister says the pollutants can rise six miles into the air and there, driven by high winds in the upper atmosphere, can end up contributing to air pollution hundreds of miles away. “It’s not infrequent that we here in Colorado see smoke from wildfires in California,” she noted. “This is not just a local issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the contrary, it’s “global” in the literal sense when you account for the greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and black carbon, though fires remain a relatively small contributor to global warming, compared to the more intentional burning of fossil fuels. And Pfister notes, perhaps searching for something positive in all this, that at least when the forest grows back, it will resume siphoning CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it again. And she adds that some of the particle emissions, or aerosols, tend to “scatter sunlight” and create at least a short-term cooling effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the generally accepted forecast of more intense fires driven by climate disruption, however, Pfister expects wildfires to become a larger share of the overall air pollution problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for calculating exactly how much gunk is going up there, Pfister says that gets complicated. She says part of the problem is in how you define “smoke,” and when it’s heavy enough to constitute a plume. “Then it depends on how big the fire is, how much biomass is burned, how active is the fire (is it flaming and strongly convective, is it laying down and smoldering), how fast and slow the winds move the smoke,” and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger “fallout” can cause different types of problems. Early this week, officials were grappling with how to respond to the ash raining down on San Francisco’s Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, near the fire’s eastern front in Yosemite. The fast-growing blaze posed potential problems for both the water supply and hydropower output. Monday, city power officials had idled two of the dam’s three hydropower units as the fire advanced.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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