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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/11/20131104science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10591\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/imprint2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/imprint2.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area battery start-up Imprint Energy is developing flexible, thin batteries. (Photo: Imprint Energy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area start-up Imprint Energy is developing flexible, thin batteries. (Photo: Imprint Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Apple released its newest computer operating system a few weeks ago, battery life was the big selling point: one hour more of web-browsing. Laptops, cellphones and electric cars are driving demand for cheaper and more powerful batteries, but battery technology has been slow to evolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is becoming a hub for start-ups and multinational corporations hoping to produce the next big battery breakthrough. Technology like electric cars could depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually in the market for a new car and would love to buy an electric car,” says Venkat Srinivasan, who heads up battery research at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/a>. “But there are practical problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there aren’t many models that would work for Srinivasan’s daily 70-mile commute. The Nissan Leaf goes about 75 miles before it needs to be recharged. The top-of-the-line sedan from \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla\u003c/a> goes 300 miles, but it runs around $70,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want to do is get cars that go 200 miles but you can buy them for the cost of say, a Toyota Corolla or Toyota Camry,” he says. “Where we are today in battery technology, we need a lot more work before we can get there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think we’re aiming for something very big. It’s like a moonshot.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lithium-ion batteries, found in today’s electric cars and cellphones, have improved in the last 20 years, packing twice as much energy in the same amount of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sounds like a big thing, except if you compare it to semiconductors,” says Srinivasan. “The evolution is very, very slow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the decades, computer chips have doubled in speed every 18 months. Srinivasan says today’s lithium-ion batteries have improved about as much as possible with the materials they’re made of. What’s needed is an entirely new battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paper-Thin Batteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here is our special printer,” says Christine Ho, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.imprintenergy.com/\">Imprint Energy\u003c/a>. “We actually call it Megatron.” The two-year-old company’s Alameda lab looks a lot like a screen-printing shop. The batteries are printed in layers, producing cells that are paper-thin and bendable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of our customers and I think consumers in general, they just want things to be thinner,” she says. Lithium-ion batteries don’t perform well when they’re extremely thin, so Ho developed a new type of battery chemistry using zinc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to like to tell investors that the main components in our battery are also found in vitamins,” she says. “But then they used to challenge me to eat my battery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is aiming to put its battery in everything from laptops to electric cars, but the battery’s flexibility makes it attractive for wearable electronics, like a cellphone on your wrist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imprint Energy is just one of about 40 companies working on battery technology in the Bay Area. Many are start-ups that have tapped into millions of dollars of Silicon Valley venture capital. But Ho says building hardware takes longer than building software, and software is what Silicon Valley is accustomed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s been difficult is the investment community has really had a challenge with how long it takes for these technologies to be mature enough that they’ll be accepted,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Players in the Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enticed by the potential payoff of a battery breakthrough, major corporations are also getting in the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10592\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IBM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10592\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IBM.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Bryan McCloskey holds a test lithium-air battery at IBM's San Jose lab. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"350\" height=\"313\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Bryan McCloskey holds a test lithium-air battery at IBM’s San Jose lab. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smart_grid/article/battery500.html\">IBM’s Almaden Research Center\u003c/a> in San Jose, researcher Bryan McCloskey holds up a test battery cell. It uses lithium, but it has two little tubes sticking out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re feeding a gas into your battery on one side,” he says. “This gas just happens to be air, ambient air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are generally self-contained packets of chemistry. IBM is working on lithium-air batteries that use oxygen from the air to create chemical reactions. Getting a battery component from the outside means the battery can be smaller, lighter and more powerful, crucial for electric cars. McCloskey says it could take a decade to develop, but IBM is hoping the battery will take cars 500 miles on a single charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you could envision powering every single car in America with a battery that has IBM stamped on the side of it, that has a huge market,” he says. LG Chem, Bosch and major car companies are also working on batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab is also trying to jump start battery development through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jcesr.org/\">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research\u003c/a>, a research hub organized by the US Department of Energy. Its goal: to make a battery that holds five times more energy at one-fifth of the cost in the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This obviously is very, very challenging,” says Srinivasan. “But I think we’re aiming for something very big. It’s like a moonshot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Srinivasan says getting advanced battery research into the hands of companies quickly is key for reaching the goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do here in the long term is trying to find a way to create battery industry in the United States,” he says. “Today in the United States, we don’t do much battery manufacturing and so we’ve lost all those jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy has committed $2 billion in grants and funding for battery companies and research. But competition from well-established players in Asia has been tough and two US companies with federal support, Ener1 and A123, have already folded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some in the Bay Area are planning for the new jobs the fledgling industry could bring. San Jose State University is launching a new battery course to train workers, beginning this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 1px solid #aaa\" src=\"http://batchgeo.com/map/CalCharge\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"550\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>View \u003ca href=\"http://batchgeo.com/map/CalCharge\">California Battery Companies\u003c/a> in a full screen map\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sounds like a big thing, except if you compare it to semiconductors,” says Srinivasan. “The evolution is very, very slow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the decades, computer chips have doubled in speed every 18 months. Srinivasan says today’s lithium-ion batteries have improved about as much as possible with the materials they’re made of. What’s needed is an entirely new battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paper-Thin Batteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here is our special printer,” says Christine Ho, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.imprintenergy.com/\">Imprint Energy\u003c/a>. “We actually call it Megatron.” The two-year-old company’s Alameda lab looks a lot like a screen-printing shop. The batteries are printed in layers, producing cells that are paper-thin and bendable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of our customers and I think consumers in general, they just want things to be thinner,” she says. Lithium-ion batteries don’t perform well when they’re extremely thin, so Ho developed a new type of battery chemistry using zinc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to like to tell investors that the main components in our battery are also found in vitamins,” she says. “But then they used to challenge me to eat my battery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is aiming to put its battery in everything from laptops to electric cars, but the battery’s flexibility makes it attractive for wearable electronics, like a cellphone on your wrist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imprint Energy is just one of about 40 companies working on battery technology in the Bay Area. Many are start-ups that have tapped into millions of dollars of Silicon Valley venture capital. But Ho says building hardware takes longer than building software, and software is what Silicon Valley is accustomed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s been difficult is the investment community has really had a challenge with how long it takes for these technologies to be mature enough that they’ll be accepted,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Players in the Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enticed by the potential payoff of a battery breakthrough, major corporations are also getting in the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10592\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IBM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10592\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IBM.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Bryan McCloskey holds a test lithium-air battery at IBM's San Jose lab. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"350\" height=\"313\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Bryan McCloskey holds a test lithium-air battery at IBM’s San Jose lab. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smart_grid/article/battery500.html\">IBM’s Almaden Research Center\u003c/a> in San Jose, researcher Bryan McCloskey holds up a test battery cell. It uses lithium, but it has two little tubes sticking out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re feeding a gas into your battery on one side,” he says. “This gas just happens to be air, ambient air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are generally self-contained packets of chemistry. IBM is working on lithium-air batteries that use oxygen from the air to create chemical reactions. Getting a battery component from the outside means the battery can be smaller, lighter and more powerful, crucial for electric cars. McCloskey says it could take a decade to develop, but IBM is hoping the battery will take cars 500 miles on a single charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you could envision powering every single car in America with a battery that has IBM stamped on the side of it, that has a huge market,” he says. LG Chem, Bosch and major car companies are also working on batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab is also trying to jump start battery development through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jcesr.org/\">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research\u003c/a>, a research hub organized by the US Department of Energy. Its goal: to make a battery that holds five times more energy at one-fifth of the cost in the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This obviously is very, very challenging,” says Srinivasan. “But I think we’re aiming for something very big. It’s like a moonshot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Srinivasan says getting advanced battery research into the hands of companies quickly is key for reaching the goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do here in the long term is trying to find a way to create battery industry in the United States,” he says. “Today in the United States, we don’t do much battery manufacturing and so we’ve lost all those jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy has committed $2 billion in grants and funding for battery companies and research. But competition from well-established players in Asia has been tough and two US companies with federal support, Ener1 and A123, have already folded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some in the Bay Area are planning for the new jobs the fledgling industry could bring. San Jose State University is launching a new battery course to train workers, beginning this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 1px solid #aaa\" src=\"http://batchgeo.com/map/CalCharge\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"550\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>View \u003ca href=\"http://batchgeo.com/map/CalCharge\">California Battery Companies\u003c/a> in a full screen map\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water is Running Out in Central California Wine Country",
"headTitle": "Water is Running Out in Central California Wine Country | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s picking time for wine vineyards in the central California community of Paso Robles, and the farmers are bringing in a rich harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paso Robles’ vineyards support a $1.8 billion local economy, and cultivation is up sharply. But as vineyards proliferate around this farm town halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, residential wells are starting to go dry. Some are calling the plight of Paso Robles a good example of what’s wrong with California’s unregulated groundwater supply.[contextly_sidebar id=”f50eafa1a05c1ba36e79fb64708094ab”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: California officials released their “\u003ca title=\"CNRA - Water Action Plan\" href=\"http://bit.ly/1ag7WyA\">Water Action Plan\u003c/a>” toward securing the state’s future water supplies this week. It contains some approaches to better groundwater management–but recommends no specific regulation or legislation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers here irrigate from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/planning/commguidelines/PRgroundwater.htm#groundwater\">Paso Robles Groundwater Basin\u003c/a>, subterranean beds of sand and gravel that hold one of California’s largest water supplies. It contains an estimated 30 million acre-feet of water, enough to supply twice as many households as there are in the entire state for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater4-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater4-large.jpg\" alt=\"Seventh-generation farmer Dana Merrill says grapes have been a “godsend,” because they sell for a high enough price that his family can afford to stay in farming. (Photo: Chris Richard)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seventh-generation farmer Dana Merrill says grapes have been a “godsend,” because they sell for a high enough price that his family can afford to stay in farming. (Photo: Chris Richard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the San Luis Obispo Groundwater Management Plan, the basin can deliver 97,700 acre-feet annually, assuming recharge levels from rain and Sierra snow remain at normal levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they haven’t, and demand on groundwater has continued to climb. According to the GMP, in 1997 the estimated demand was 76,404 acre-feet, or 78 percent of what could safely be withdrawn. Nine years later, it was at 89,473 acre-feet: 92 percent of the safe yield. By 2025, demand is expected to approach 108,000 acre-feet, or 110 percent of the safe yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">You’ve got a combination of less and less effective groundwater replenishment and increased groundwater pumping, which is an ecological train wreck waiting to happen.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Nominally, the basin is still within its safety limits. But with agriculture and development booming, water levels have started dropping. This summer, San Luis Obispo County released a new groundwater map showing that most of the aquifer has fallen at least 70 feet since 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 45-second shower\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at UC Davis, says until California develops coherent groundwater policies, we can expect such surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a natural condition, groundwater aquifers naturally replenish. But with an ever-shrinking available supply of surface water, the opportunities for groundwater replenishment are going to be less and less,” he said. “So you’ve got a combination of less and less effective groundwater replenishment and increased groundwater pumping, which is an ecological train wreck waiting to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denise Smith’s gotten a taste of what that might mean. Her well suddenly went dry in June, and she’s been trucking in water ever since. She’s gotten showers down to 45 seconds. There are plastic buckets in her bathtub and in all the sinks so she can use water twice, and as much as possible, she eats off paper plates. She uses the dishwasher once a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10568\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater-large.jpg\" alt=\"Denise Smith blames excessive water use by Paso Robles vineyards for her dry well. (Photo: Chris Richard)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Denise Smith blames excessive water use by Paso Robles vineyards for her dry well. (Photo: Chris Richard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s been nothing she can do for her garden. She had corn, pumpkins, tomatoes, fruit trees. Now, when she touches the leaves of her plants, they crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Laying blame\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many of her neighbors, Smith’s posted “Save Our Wells” placards along the road by her house. Also like her neighbors, she blames Paso Robles’ wine vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just keep planting more and more, and their wells are going deeper and their water usage is so much that, you know, it’s taken all the water from people,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until fairly recently, cattle ranching, grain and especially almonds dominated the local farm economy. But the energy crisis of the 1970s drove up the cost of pumping irrigation water from the ground. Farmers needed a crop that commanded a high enough price to pay those energy bills. It turned out that Paso Robles, with its warm days and cool nights, is prime wine grape country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Pomar Junction Vineyard and Winery ten miles southwest of Denise Smith’s bone-dry yard, the vines are thriving. With harvest underway, seventh-generation farmer Dana Merrill plucks a bunch of small, deep purple fruit and pops a sample into his mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merrill likes grapes, and he says these Syrah varietals are especially tasty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wine grapes were a godsend. I mean literally, we would not be in agriculture if it wasn’t for wine grapes, because the other crops just aren’t economically viable in this area anymore,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other area farmers, Merrill points out that grapes naturally require far less water than other crops such as alfalfa, and growers are using technology to decrease their needs even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vineyard owner Kathleen Maas has embraced water thrift. She monitors soil moisture with subterranean, computerized sensors that send a message to her iPad when it’s time to water. To minimize pumping, she’s installed a quarter-million-dollar recycling system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she washes her grapes, the system uses gravity to run wastewater through a series of filtration tanks and back into storage for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it hurt her feelings when a neighbor with a dry household well put up a sign blaming the vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t take her water and I wouldn’t want to,” Maas said. “I’m doing everything I can to conserve. I tore out my lawn at home. And we’ll continue to pursue every avenue we can. And yet, there’s just no way it can be one single source who’s responsible for all this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10581\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater1-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10581\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater1-large.jpg\" alt=\"Harvest is underway in the vineyards of Paso Robles. Wine grapes grown there sell for up to $2,000 a ton, three times the state average. (Photo: Chris Richard)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harvest is underway in the vineyards of Paso Robles. Wine grapes grown there sell for up to $2,000 a ton, three times the state average. (Photo: Chris Richard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s true that Paso Robles’ population has tripled in recent years, and a thriving tourist trade draws on the groundwater as well. Still, farms use about two-thirds of the water. The acreage devoted to vineyards has risen sharply since the 1970s. Then, vineyards made up a little more than 500 acres in all San Luis Obispo County. Today, there are more than 36,000 acres, most in the Paso Robles area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep water flowing, a property owner can dig a deeper well. But that can cost at least $30,000, and lots of people say they can’t afford it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Luis Obispo County supervisors have imposed an emergency ban on all kinds of new wells. But right now, they lack legal authority to limit how much owners of existing wells can pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the tragedy of the commons,” said San Luis Obispo County Supervisor County Supervisor Adam Hill, referring to the classic explanation, in economics, of how people use more than their share of a communal resource for short-term gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to “tragedy of the commons” theory, the race for immediate profit ends up devouring the resource, and that hurts everybody in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the problem that we’re faced with now, and that I believe more and more of California counties are going to be faced with if they’re not already,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County authorities, farmers and homeowner representatives are trying to establish a local water management district that could monitor usage, pipe in a new supply and set up water recycling and storage facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank, of the Law and Policy Center, says such districts can be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But that is very hit and miss. And the problem is that hydrology and groundwater don’t follow political boundaries,” he said. “And then it gets difficult, if not impossible, for local jurisdictions to manage groundwater that they share with jurisdictions outside of their own.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Free-for-all\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico, anybody who wants to extract groundwater needs a state permit, and state regulators monitor pumping. Texas has administrative regions that govern entire aquifers. In California, the state Legislative Analyst’s Office has twice recommended similar systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, over-pumping is depleting groundwater throughout the state. Using satellites that track gravitational changes, University of California, Irvine professor Jay Famiglietti is using satellites to track the damage caused by unrestricted pumping in the Central Valley. He said that region is losing about three cubic kilometers of groundwater a year, a rate equal to pumping Lake Mead dry every dozen years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California relies on subterranean aquifers for about a third of its water supply, and even more in drought years. Famiglietti likens California’s current lack of systematic regulation to a family that fails to monitor withdrawals from its bank account. If that goes on too long, he says, the checks will start to bounce.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As vineyards proliferate around this farm town halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, residential wells are starting to go dry. Some are calling the plight of Paso Robles a good example of what's wrong with California's unregulated groundwater supply.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s picking time for wine vineyards in the central California community of Paso Robles, and the farmers are bringing in a rich harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paso Robles’ vineyards support a $1.8 billion local economy, and cultivation is up sharply. But as vineyards proliferate around this farm town halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, residential wells are starting to go dry. Some are calling the plight of Paso Robles a good example of what’s wrong with California’s unregulated groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: California officials released their “\u003ca title=\"CNRA - Water Action Plan\" href=\"http://bit.ly/1ag7WyA\">Water Action Plan\u003c/a>” toward securing the state’s future water supplies this week. It contains some approaches to better groundwater management–but recommends no specific regulation or legislation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers here irrigate from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/planning/commguidelines/PRgroundwater.htm#groundwater\">Paso Robles Groundwater Basin\u003c/a>, subterranean beds of sand and gravel that hold one of California’s largest water supplies. It contains an estimated 30 million acre-feet of water, enough to supply twice as many households as there are in the entire state for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater4-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater4-large.jpg\" alt=\"Seventh-generation farmer Dana Merrill says grapes have been a “godsend,” because they sell for a high enough price that his family can afford to stay in farming. (Photo: Chris Richard)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seventh-generation farmer Dana Merrill says grapes have been a “godsend,” because they sell for a high enough price that his family can afford to stay in farming. (Photo: Chris Richard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the San Luis Obispo Groundwater Management Plan, the basin can deliver 97,700 acre-feet annually, assuming recharge levels from rain and Sierra snow remain at normal levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they haven’t, and demand on groundwater has continued to climb. According to the GMP, in 1997 the estimated demand was 76,404 acre-feet, or 78 percent of what could safely be withdrawn. Nine years later, it was at 89,473 acre-feet: 92 percent of the safe yield. By 2025, demand is expected to approach 108,000 acre-feet, or 110 percent of the safe yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">You’ve got a combination of less and less effective groundwater replenishment and increased groundwater pumping, which is an ecological train wreck waiting to happen.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Nominally, the basin is still within its safety limits. But with agriculture and development booming, water levels have started dropping. This summer, San Luis Obispo County released a new groundwater map showing that most of the aquifer has fallen at least 70 feet since 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 45-second shower\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at UC Davis, says until California develops coherent groundwater policies, we can expect such surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a natural condition, groundwater aquifers naturally replenish. But with an ever-shrinking available supply of surface water, the opportunities for groundwater replenishment are going to be less and less,” he said. “So you’ve got a combination of less and less effective groundwater replenishment and increased groundwater pumping, which is an ecological train wreck waiting to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denise Smith’s gotten a taste of what that might mean. Her well suddenly went dry in June, and she’s been trucking in water ever since. She’s gotten showers down to 45 seconds. There are plastic buckets in her bathtub and in all the sinks so she can use water twice, and as much as possible, she eats off paper plates. She uses the dishwasher once a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10568\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater-large.jpg\" alt=\"Denise Smith blames excessive water use by Paso Robles vineyards for her dry well. (Photo: Chris Richard)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Denise Smith blames excessive water use by Paso Robles vineyards for her dry well. (Photo: Chris Richard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s been nothing she can do for her garden. She had corn, pumpkins, tomatoes, fruit trees. Now, when she touches the leaves of her plants, they crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Laying blame\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many of her neighbors, Smith’s posted “Save Our Wells” placards along the road by her house. Also like her neighbors, she blames Paso Robles’ wine vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just keep planting more and more, and their wells are going deeper and their water usage is so much that, you know, it’s taken all the water from people,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until fairly recently, cattle ranching, grain and especially almonds dominated the local farm economy. But the energy crisis of the 1970s drove up the cost of pumping irrigation water from the ground. Farmers needed a crop that commanded a high enough price to pay those energy bills. It turned out that Paso Robles, with its warm days and cool nights, is prime wine grape country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Pomar Junction Vineyard and Winery ten miles southwest of Denise Smith’s bone-dry yard, the vines are thriving. With harvest underway, seventh-generation farmer Dana Merrill plucks a bunch of small, deep purple fruit and pops a sample into his mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merrill likes grapes, and he says these Syrah varietals are especially tasty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wine grapes were a godsend. I mean literally, we would not be in agriculture if it wasn’t for wine grapes, because the other crops just aren’t economically viable in this area anymore,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other area farmers, Merrill points out that grapes naturally require far less water than other crops such as alfalfa, and growers are using technology to decrease their needs even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vineyard owner Kathleen Maas has embraced water thrift. She monitors soil moisture with subterranean, computerized sensors that send a message to her iPad when it’s time to water. To minimize pumping, she’s installed a quarter-million-dollar recycling system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she washes her grapes, the system uses gravity to run wastewater through a series of filtration tanks and back into storage for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it hurt her feelings when a neighbor with a dry household well put up a sign blaming the vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t take her water and I wouldn’t want to,” Maas said. “I’m doing everything I can to conserve. I tore out my lawn at home. And we’ll continue to pursue every avenue we can. And yet, there’s just no way it can be one single source who’s responsible for all this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10581\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater1-large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10581\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PasoRoblesWater1-large.jpg\" alt=\"Harvest is underway in the vineyards of Paso Robles. Wine grapes grown there sell for up to $2,000 a ton, three times the state average. (Photo: Chris Richard)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harvest is underway in the vineyards of Paso Robles. Wine grapes grown there sell for up to $2,000 a ton, three times the state average. (Photo: Chris Richard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s true that Paso Robles’ population has tripled in recent years, and a thriving tourist trade draws on the groundwater as well. Still, farms use about two-thirds of the water. The acreage devoted to vineyards has risen sharply since the 1970s. Then, vineyards made up a little more than 500 acres in all San Luis Obispo County. Today, there are more than 36,000 acres, most in the Paso Robles area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep water flowing, a property owner can dig a deeper well. But that can cost at least $30,000, and lots of people say they can’t afford it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Luis Obispo County supervisors have imposed an emergency ban on all kinds of new wells. But right now, they lack legal authority to limit how much owners of existing wells can pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the tragedy of the commons,” said San Luis Obispo County Supervisor County Supervisor Adam Hill, referring to the classic explanation, in economics, of how people use more than their share of a communal resource for short-term gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to “tragedy of the commons” theory, the race for immediate profit ends up devouring the resource, and that hurts everybody in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the problem that we’re faced with now, and that I believe more and more of California counties are going to be faced with if they’re not already,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County authorities, farmers and homeowner representatives are trying to establish a local water management district that could monitor usage, pipe in a new supply and set up water recycling and storage facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank, of the Law and Policy Center, says such districts can be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But that is very hit and miss. And the problem is that hydrology and groundwater don’t follow political boundaries,” he said. “And then it gets difficult, if not impossible, for local jurisdictions to manage groundwater that they share with jurisdictions outside of their own.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Free-for-all\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico, anybody who wants to extract groundwater needs a state permit, and state regulators monitor pumping. Texas has administrative regions that govern entire aquifers. In California, the state Legislative Analyst’s Office has twice recommended similar systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, over-pumping is depleting groundwater throughout the state. Using satellites that track gravitational changes, University of California, Irvine professor Jay Famiglietti is using satellites to track the damage caused by unrestricted pumping in the Central Valley. He said that region is losing about three cubic kilometers of groundwater a year, a rate equal to pumping Lake Mead dry every dozen years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California relies on subterranean aquifers for about a third of its water supply, and even more in drought years. Famiglietti likens California’s current lack of systematic regulation to a family that fails to monitor withdrawals from its bank account. If that goes on too long, he says, the checks will start to bounce.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "ZomBees: Flight of the Living Dead",
"headTitle": "ZomBees: Flight of the Living Dead | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Professor John Hafernik of San Francisco State University doesn’t leave home without an empty vial in his pocket. Entomology isn’t just a job; it’s a way of life, and Hafernik never knows when he’ll come across an interesting specimen during his daily travels. It was this personal habit that led to his accidental discovery that Bay Area bees were falling victim to an insidious insect, a parasitic fly that would come to be known as the “Zombie fly”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phorid-on-bee-1Christopher-Quock640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phorid-on-bee-1Christopher-Quock640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"A female Phorid fly injects her eggs between the armored plates on a honeybee's abdomen. Christopher Quock/SFSU\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Phorid fly injects her eggs between the armored plates on a honeybee’s abdomen. Christopher Quock/SFSU\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the school’s entomology museum, Hafernik lifts up a vial full of dead bees surrounded by tiny brown pupae. “This is the stuff of horror movies,” he said, “with maggots eating the insides out of these bees. Altering their behavior, perhaps, and causing their ultimate destruction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made this discovery entirely by accident, walking into the biology building on the San Francisco State campus one morning. I noticed that there were honey bees in front of the building that were on the ground, behaving strangely, walking around in circles.” Hafernik scooped up a few of the honeybees to feed a praying mantis that he was keeping in his office as a pet. “I put them on my desk and forgot about them. When I came back in a week or so and looked at it, that vial was filled with just a large number of these little brown fly pupae. And that’s when I knew that those bees were parasitized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/A.-borealis-female-Jessica-Van-Den-Berg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/A.-borealis-female-Jessica-Van-Den-Berg.jpg\" alt=\"A female Zombie fly (A. borealis). Photo by Jessica Andrieux/SFSU\" width=\"295\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Zombie fly (A. borealis). Photo by Jessica Andrieux/SFSU\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Originally described in the boreal forests of Maine, this Phorid fly, \u003cem>Apocephalon borealis\u003c/em>, is distributed over virtually all of the United States and Canada. “It’s a very small fly, smaller than a fruit fly. It’s the kind of fly that most people would not notice, even entomologists often don’t notice these flies,” said Hafernik. But despite their diminutive size, \u003cem>A. borealis\u003c/em> can have a catastrophic effect on the host organisms that they parasitize. The female fly is equipped with a specialized ova-depositor, a needle-like stinger that she uses to inject her eggs into the abdomen of a hapless insect host. The eggs hatch and the juvenile larvae, or maggots, feed on their living host from the inside. At some point, the host insect dies and the larvae escape their host’s carcass, often through a weak spot in the neck, emerging like the monster in the movie “Alien.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Bees that fly away at night basically are on a flight of the living dead. They’re not coming back.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While this fly has traditionally made use of native bumblebees and paper wasps as hosts, it has begun making use of the European honeybee — a foreign species brought to California by ship. “My graduate students and I, Andy Core and Jonathan Ivers, have been sampling honey bee colonies in collaboration with bee keepers around the San Francisco Bay Area. And what we’ve found is that almost 80 percent of the hives that we’ve worked with are infected or have been infected by this fly. So it’s a very common phenomenon in this part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bees that are parasitized essentially get bee insomnia. They leave their hives at night, which is a really bad time for honey bees to be leaving their hives. Bees that fly away at night basically are on a flight of the living dead. They’re not coming back,” said Hafernik. While on their nocturnal outings, parasitized honeybees also seem to be compelled to seek out light sources. This behavior differentiates them from healthy bees who do not typically show interest in lights at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-RF-chips-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-RF-chips-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"SFSU graduate student Chris Quock outfits captive honeybees with tiny radio frequency chips that allow him to monitor the nocturnal behavior of bees infected by the A. borealis parasite. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SFSU graduate student Chris Quock outfits captive honeybees with tiny radio frequency chips that allow him to monitor the nocturnal behavior of bees infected by the A. borealis parasite. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In order to begin the pursuit of a future cure or treatment for the parasite infection, researchers must first determine what is happening to the honeybees. While SFSU graduate students like Chris Quock study the day and nighttime behavior of infected bees, Hafernik has set up a citizen scientist project in order to analyze the locations where \u003cem>A. borealis\u003c/em> has switched to parasitizing honeybees. \u003ca href=\"https://www.zombeewatch.org/\">ZomBee Watch\u003c/a> provides instructions of finding, collecting and identifying parasitized honeybees using a nighttime light trap. Participants can then upload their findings to the ZomBee Watch website, where Hafernik is able to map the phenomenon and look for trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-bee-in-vial-CU-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10413\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-bee-in-vial-CU-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Professor John Hafernik of SFSU inspects a honeybee that may have been parasitized by A. borealis. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor John Hafernik of SFSU inspects a honeybee that may have been parasitized by A. borealis. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plight of honeybees is of particular importance to humans. “If we lost the bees, we’d end up having to change our diet, because we rely on honey bees for pollinating many of the crops that we put on our table.” Hafernik added, “Most of the fruits and vegetables that we eat are bee pollinated. Bees really are our best friends.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Something strange and unsettling is happening to Bay Area honeybees. Entomologists at San Francisco State University have identified the culprit: a tiny parasitic fly is causing the bees to exhibit bizarre nocturnal behaviors before suffering a gruesome demise. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Professor John Hafernik of San Francisco State University doesn’t leave home without an empty vial in his pocket. Entomology isn’t just a job; it’s a way of life, and Hafernik never knows when he’ll come across an interesting specimen during his daily travels. It was this personal habit that led to his accidental discovery that Bay Area bees were falling victim to an insidious insect, a parasitic fly that would come to be known as the “Zombie fly”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phorid-on-bee-1Christopher-Quock640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phorid-on-bee-1Christopher-Quock640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"A female Phorid fly injects her eggs between the armored plates on a honeybee's abdomen. Christopher Quock/SFSU\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Phorid fly injects her eggs between the armored plates on a honeybee’s abdomen. Christopher Quock/SFSU\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the school’s entomology museum, Hafernik lifts up a vial full of dead bees surrounded by tiny brown pupae. “This is the stuff of horror movies,” he said, “with maggots eating the insides out of these bees. Altering their behavior, perhaps, and causing their ultimate destruction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made this discovery entirely by accident, walking into the biology building on the San Francisco State campus one morning. I noticed that there were honey bees in front of the building that were on the ground, behaving strangely, walking around in circles.” Hafernik scooped up a few of the honeybees to feed a praying mantis that he was keeping in his office as a pet. “I put them on my desk and forgot about them. When I came back in a week or so and looked at it, that vial was filled with just a large number of these little brown fly pupae. And that’s when I knew that those bees were parasitized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/A.-borealis-female-Jessica-Van-Den-Berg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/A.-borealis-female-Jessica-Van-Den-Berg.jpg\" alt=\"A female Zombie fly (A. borealis). Photo by Jessica Andrieux/SFSU\" width=\"295\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Zombie fly (A. borealis). Photo by Jessica Andrieux/SFSU\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Originally described in the boreal forests of Maine, this Phorid fly, \u003cem>Apocephalon borealis\u003c/em>, is distributed over virtually all of the United States and Canada. “It’s a very small fly, smaller than a fruit fly. It’s the kind of fly that most people would not notice, even entomologists often don’t notice these flies,” said Hafernik. But despite their diminutive size, \u003cem>A. borealis\u003c/em> can have a catastrophic effect on the host organisms that they parasitize. The female fly is equipped with a specialized ova-depositor, a needle-like stinger that she uses to inject her eggs into the abdomen of a hapless insect host. The eggs hatch and the juvenile larvae, or maggots, feed on their living host from the inside. At some point, the host insect dies and the larvae escape their host’s carcass, often through a weak spot in the neck, emerging like the monster in the movie “Alien.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Bees that fly away at night basically are on a flight of the living dead. They’re not coming back.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While this fly has traditionally made use of native bumblebees and paper wasps as hosts, it has begun making use of the European honeybee — a foreign species brought to California by ship. “My graduate students and I, Andy Core and Jonathan Ivers, have been sampling honey bee colonies in collaboration with bee keepers around the San Francisco Bay Area. And what we’ve found is that almost 80 percent of the hives that we’ve worked with are infected or have been infected by this fly. So it’s a very common phenomenon in this part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bees that are parasitized essentially get bee insomnia. They leave their hives at night, which is a really bad time for honey bees to be leaving their hives. Bees that fly away at night basically are on a flight of the living dead. They’re not coming back,” said Hafernik. While on their nocturnal outings, parasitized honeybees also seem to be compelled to seek out light sources. This behavior differentiates them from healthy bees who do not typically show interest in lights at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-RF-chips-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-RF-chips-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"SFSU graduate student Chris Quock outfits captive honeybees with tiny radio frequency chips that allow him to monitor the nocturnal behavior of bees infected by the A. borealis parasite. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED \" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SFSU graduate student Chris Quock outfits captive honeybees with tiny radio frequency chips that allow him to monitor the nocturnal behavior of bees infected by the A. borealis parasite. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In order to begin the pursuit of a future cure or treatment for the parasite infection, researchers must first determine what is happening to the honeybees. While SFSU graduate students like Chris Quock study the day and nighttime behavior of infected bees, Hafernik has set up a citizen scientist project in order to analyze the locations where \u003cem>A. borealis\u003c/em> has switched to parasitizing honeybees. \u003ca href=\"https://www.zombeewatch.org/\">ZomBee Watch\u003c/a> provides instructions of finding, collecting and identifying parasitized honeybees using a nighttime light trap. Participants can then upload their findings to the ZomBee Watch website, where Hafernik is able to map the phenomenon and look for trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-bee-in-vial-CU-640x360-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10413\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Zombees-bee-in-vial-CU-640x360-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Professor John Hafernik of SFSU inspects a honeybee that may have been parasitized by A. borealis. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor John Hafernik of SFSU inspects a honeybee that may have been parasitized by A. borealis. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plight of honeybees is of particular importance to humans. “If we lost the bees, we’d end up having to change our diet, because we rely on honey bees for pollinating many of the crops that we put on our table.” Hafernik added, “Most of the fruits and vegetables that we eat are bee pollinated. Bees really are our best friends.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Farming for Cranes: Can Agriculture Save an Ancient Migration?",
"headTitle": "Farming for Cranes: Can Agriculture Save an Ancient Migration? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/kqedcrane-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10454\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-10454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/kqedcrane-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill cranes at dawn, rousing from their nighttime roosting spots at Woodbridge Ecological Reserve. (Photo: Liza Gross)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill cranes at dawn, rousing from their nighttime roosting spots at Woodbridge Ecological Reserve. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Half an hour before sunrise, we turn into the South Unit of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/wa/region3/docs/WhiteSloughWAWoodbridgeER.pdf\">Woodbridge Ecological Reserve\u003c/a>, windows shut against the late October chill. We’re just five miles west of Lodi, but as soon as we open our car doors, all thoughts of civilization fade away as a noisy chorus of otherworldly calls rises from the marsh before us. Hundreds of sandhill cranes greet the day with an avian reveille, rousing the troops in preparation for a day of foraging in the San Joaquin River Delta’s Sycamore Slough with a steady stream of bugle calls, trills, squawks, and honks, just as they have for hundreds of thousands if not millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2.5 million-year-old Pleistocene-era fossil found in Florida makes the sandhill crane (\u003cem>Grus canadensis\u003c/em>) among the oldest bird species still alive. Peering at the bird’s impressive physique through binoculars, it’s easy to see why biologists call them living fossils. Among the largest North American birds, they stand nearly five feet tall with a seven-foot wingspan, improbably skinny legs supporting a well-developed body. (Hunters long coveted the birds for their size, and though overhunting once threatened the birds with extinction, 16 states now allow hunting.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every September, thousands of cranes flock with youngsters in tow to this Central Valley delta from their breeding grounds in Northern California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Joining hundreds of thousands of other migratory birds along the \u003ca href=\"http://conservation.audubon.org/pacific-flyway\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a> (one of four major flyways in the United States), this Central Valley population stays through the winter, bulking up on insects, rodents and leftover grain, before heading back north in March to breed. (A lesser sandhill crane population, called the \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=usgsnpwrc\">Pacific Flyway population\u003c/a>, also migrates here from Alaska.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10464\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 538px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/greategret-768x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10464 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/greategret-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Wildlife-friendly agriculture benefits some 200 species of water-adapted birds, including the great egret. (Photo: Liza Gross)\" width=\"538\" height=\"517\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife-friendly agriculture benefits some 200 species of water-adapted birds, including the great egret. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we first spot the cranes in the misty dawn, they’re stirring from a night of roosting in the open waters of the slough, (mostly) safe from coyotes and other predators. Within a few hours, they’ll head out to forage and rest for the day in nearby corn, rice and wheat fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historic Threats\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThough sandhill cranes are the most abundant and widely distributed of the world’s 15 crane species, ranging from eastern Siberia to Cuba, the Central Valley population dropped precipitously during the early part of the last century, victims of overhunting and widespread habitat loss. The transformation of the valley’s floodplains to accommodate agriculture and development deprived waterfowl, shorebirds and waders of 90-95 percent of their seasonal wetland habitat, historically maintained by late-winter rains. By 1983, \u003ca href=\"http://cosumnes.org/about_crp/Ivy%20Crane%20Assessment.pdf\">California listed\u003c/a> the greater sandhill crane as a threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To re-create lost winter habitats, state wildlife officials and conservation organizations, notably \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/\">Audubon\u003c/a>, started working with rice and corn farmers in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys to identify management practices that would benefit both the farmers and wildlife. For decades, farmers burned their fields after harvest, a cheap way to destroy crop residue and control disease and pests. But the practice, which generated hazardous air pollutants such as hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide, was \u003ca href=\"http://www.calrice.org/pdf/Reduction_Act_1991.pdf\">banned in 1991\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers turned to post-harvest flooding to decompose husks and stubble in their fields with the happy albeit unintentional consequence of creating high-quality habitat for waterbirds like the crane—a result that may explain why millions of water-adapted birds still use the region each year despite the catastrophic loss of wetland habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farming for Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nConcerned about ongoing habitat loss in the region and to show how intentional flooding and managing fields after harvest could benefit migratory birds, The Nature Conservancy bought \u003ca href=\"http://deltarevision.com/2002_docs/2002staten-cranes%5B1%5D.pdf\">Staten Island\u003c/a>, just west of Woodbridge, in 2001. Though crops include corn, tomatoes and wheat (not rice), Staten Island now serves as a working example of what wildlife-friendly agriculture looks like. Some fields are flooded to provide roosting spots safe from coyotes (it’s easier to hear approaching predators when they splash in the water) while others retain leftover grain to feed the overwintering birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well aware that flooding fields can prove expensive for larger farms, a recent study published this month in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880913002557\">Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment\u003c/a> evaluated different water-management practices to find the optimal balance of farmers’ costs and wildlife benefits. Although shorebirds, ducks and waders prefer different water depths for foraging and roosting, the researchers found that even one-time flooding can provide benefits to winter migrants while reducing the costs of more water-intensive management regimes. With climate change models predicting reduced precipitation in the Sierra Nevada and Central Valley, the finding demonstrates that it’s still possible to support water-sensitive wildlife in farming regions in the face of limited water availability. It’s important to note, however, that cranes face a much higher risk of predation if water levels drop too low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We saw scores of cranes foraging in the corn fields in Staten Island last week, an indication that cranes and farms can co-exist. But loss of habitat remains a concern, as the past decade has seen more \u003ca href=\"http://deltarevision.com/2002_docs/2002staten-cranes%5B1%5D.pdf\">vineyards and orchards move into grain fields\u003c/a> historically used by cranes. With most wintering cranes \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/sandhill-crane-0\">concentrating on private lands\u003c/a> in the valley, the future of this Pleistocene throwback will depend on the willingness of landowners to work with biologists to manage the land with wildlife in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNNxGCi3rAw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003cbr>\nLodi celebrates the annual influx of avian visitors with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranefestival.com/\">Sandhill Crane Festival\u003c/a>, November 1-3. You can sign up for \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranefestival.com/tours.php\">guided tours\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"//cosumnes.org/documents/viewing.pdf\">follow this map\u003c/a> to venture out to \u003ca href=\"www.cosumnes.org\">Cosumnes River Preserve\u003c/a>, Staten Island or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/er/region3/woodbridge.html\">Woodbridge Ecological Reserve\u003c/a> (also known as Isenberg Sandhill Crane Preserve) on your own. The best time to see cranes is around dawn and dusk.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every September, the majestic sandhill crane migrates by the thousands from their breeding grounds as far north as British Columbia to the San Joaquin Valley Delta to fatten up for the next breeding season. Their long-term survival depends on innovative collaborations between conservation biologists and farmers to manage agricultural land as high-quality habitat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/kqedcrane-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10454\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-10454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/kqedcrane-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill cranes at dawn, rousing from their nighttime roosting spots at Woodbridge Ecological Reserve. (Photo: Liza Gross)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill cranes at dawn, rousing from their nighttime roosting spots at Woodbridge Ecological Reserve. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Half an hour before sunrise, we turn into the South Unit of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/wa/region3/docs/WhiteSloughWAWoodbridgeER.pdf\">Woodbridge Ecological Reserve\u003c/a>, windows shut against the late October chill. We’re just five miles west of Lodi, but as soon as we open our car doors, all thoughts of civilization fade away as a noisy chorus of otherworldly calls rises from the marsh before us. Hundreds of sandhill cranes greet the day with an avian reveille, rousing the troops in preparation for a day of foraging in the San Joaquin River Delta’s Sycamore Slough with a steady stream of bugle calls, trills, squawks, and honks, just as they have for hundreds of thousands if not millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2.5 million-year-old Pleistocene-era fossil found in Florida makes the sandhill crane (\u003cem>Grus canadensis\u003c/em>) among the oldest bird species still alive. Peering at the bird’s impressive physique through binoculars, it’s easy to see why biologists call them living fossils. Among the largest North American birds, they stand nearly five feet tall with a seven-foot wingspan, improbably skinny legs supporting a well-developed body. (Hunters long coveted the birds for their size, and though overhunting once threatened the birds with extinction, 16 states now allow hunting.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every September, thousands of cranes flock with youngsters in tow to this Central Valley delta from their breeding grounds in Northern California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Joining hundreds of thousands of other migratory birds along the \u003ca href=\"http://conservation.audubon.org/pacific-flyway\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a> (one of four major flyways in the United States), this Central Valley population stays through the winter, bulking up on insects, rodents and leftover grain, before heading back north in March to breed. (A lesser sandhill crane population, called the \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=usgsnpwrc\">Pacific Flyway population\u003c/a>, also migrates here from Alaska.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10464\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 538px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/greategret-768x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10464 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/greategret-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Wildlife-friendly agriculture benefits some 200 species of water-adapted birds, including the great egret. (Photo: Liza Gross)\" width=\"538\" height=\"517\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife-friendly agriculture benefits some 200 species of water-adapted birds, including the great egret. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we first spot the cranes in the misty dawn, they’re stirring from a night of roosting in the open waters of the slough, (mostly) safe from coyotes and other predators. Within a few hours, they’ll head out to forage and rest for the day in nearby corn, rice and wheat fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historic Threats\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThough sandhill cranes are the most abundant and widely distributed of the world’s 15 crane species, ranging from eastern Siberia to Cuba, the Central Valley population dropped precipitously during the early part of the last century, victims of overhunting and widespread habitat loss. The transformation of the valley’s floodplains to accommodate agriculture and development deprived waterfowl, shorebirds and waders of 90-95 percent of their seasonal wetland habitat, historically maintained by late-winter rains. By 1983, \u003ca href=\"http://cosumnes.org/about_crp/Ivy%20Crane%20Assessment.pdf\">California listed\u003c/a> the greater sandhill crane as a threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To re-create lost winter habitats, state wildlife officials and conservation organizations, notably \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/\">Audubon\u003c/a>, started working with rice and corn farmers in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys to identify management practices that would benefit both the farmers and wildlife. For decades, farmers burned their fields after harvest, a cheap way to destroy crop residue and control disease and pests. But the practice, which generated hazardous air pollutants such as hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide, was \u003ca href=\"http://www.calrice.org/pdf/Reduction_Act_1991.pdf\">banned in 1991\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers turned to post-harvest flooding to decompose husks and stubble in their fields with the happy albeit unintentional consequence of creating high-quality habitat for waterbirds like the crane—a result that may explain why millions of water-adapted birds still use the region each year despite the catastrophic loss of wetland habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farming for Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nConcerned about ongoing habitat loss in the region and to show how intentional flooding and managing fields after harvest could benefit migratory birds, The Nature Conservancy bought \u003ca href=\"http://deltarevision.com/2002_docs/2002staten-cranes%5B1%5D.pdf\">Staten Island\u003c/a>, just west of Woodbridge, in 2001. Though crops include corn, tomatoes and wheat (not rice), Staten Island now serves as a working example of what wildlife-friendly agriculture looks like. Some fields are flooded to provide roosting spots safe from coyotes (it’s easier to hear approaching predators when they splash in the water) while others retain leftover grain to feed the overwintering birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well aware that flooding fields can prove expensive for larger farms, a recent study published this month in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880913002557\">Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment\u003c/a> evaluated different water-management practices to find the optimal balance of farmers’ costs and wildlife benefits. Although shorebirds, ducks and waders prefer different water depths for foraging and roosting, the researchers found that even one-time flooding can provide benefits to winter migrants while reducing the costs of more water-intensive management regimes. With climate change models predicting reduced precipitation in the Sierra Nevada and Central Valley, the finding demonstrates that it’s still possible to support water-sensitive wildlife in farming regions in the face of limited water availability. It’s important to note, however, that cranes face a much higher risk of predation if water levels drop too low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We saw scores of cranes foraging in the corn fields in Staten Island last week, an indication that cranes and farms can co-exist. But loss of habitat remains a concern, as the past decade has seen more \u003ca href=\"http://deltarevision.com/2002_docs/2002staten-cranes%5B1%5D.pdf\">vineyards and orchards move into grain fields\u003c/a> historically used by cranes. With most wintering cranes \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/sandhill-crane-0\">concentrating on private lands\u003c/a> in the valley, the future of this Pleistocene throwback will depend on the willingness of landowners to work with biologists to manage the land with wildlife in mind.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/oNNxGCi3rAw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/oNNxGCi3rAw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003cbr>\nLodi celebrates the annual influx of avian visitors with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranefestival.com/\">Sandhill Crane Festival\u003c/a>, November 1-3. You can sign up for \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranefestival.com/tours.php\">guided tours\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"//cosumnes.org/documents/viewing.pdf\">follow this map\u003c/a> to venture out to \u003ca href=\"www.cosumnes.org\">Cosumnes River Preserve\u003c/a>, Staten Island or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/er/region3/woodbridge.html\">Woodbridge Ecological Reserve\u003c/a> (also known as Isenberg Sandhill Crane Preserve) on your own. The best time to see cranes is around dawn and dusk.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lack of data analysis leaves state in the dark as to success of plastic bag law. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/30/california-recyling/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/30/california-recyling/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"California Ignores Oversight of Plastic Bag Recyling Law\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Judge rules that a local VC can block public access to his erstwhile public beach; Mavericks is coming! \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/29/116349/Half-Moon-Bay-Mavericks-Khosla-Martins-Beach\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/29/116349/Half-Moon-Bay-Mavericks-Khosla-Martins-Beach\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Half Moon Bay Makes Big Waves, In and Out of the Water\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "What's the State of the San Francisco Estuary?",
"headTitle": "What’s the State of the San Francisco Estuary? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/640px-Harbor_Seal_pup.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/640px-Harbor_Seal_pup.jpg\" alt=\"Harbor seal pup development could be impacted by chemicals entering the Bay, according to a new study to be released next week. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harbor seal pup development could be impacted by chemicals entering the bay, according to a new study to be released next week. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The estuary provides the backdrop for daily life in the greater Bay Area. It shapes and influences everything from our commute – including bridges, ferries and tunnels – to our very weather. It also supports a vast array of non-human inhabitants: migratory birds that can outnumber the human population every winter, as well as marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. This month celebrates the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> anniversary of a partnership of agencies that developed the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP) for San Francisco Bay, dedicated to monitoring and improving the health of our estuary. The partnership is hosting the 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> biennial \u003ca title=\"State of the Estuary website\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/soe/\">State of the Estuary Conference\u003c/a> (SOE) on October 29 and 30 in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has helped shed light on the bay’s complex ecosystems and threats posed by pollution, development and diminished habitats. Our estuary is radically altered from its condition 150 years ago: over 85% of historical wetlands lost to development, mercury and other contaminants remain as relics in the sediment, and the swell of human inhabitants brings other impacts such as increased atmospheric carbon and imported invasive species. At this month’s SOE conference, scientists, researchers and land managers currently working on projects in the Bay will make over 50 presentations. At the previous gathering in 2011, a \u003cem>State of the Bay\u003c/em> report was released which indicated the mixed health of the bay. A different report, \u003cem>The Bay Pulse,\u003c/em> will be released this year on the second day of the conference and will highlight two major new trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10282\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 213px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-22-at-4.22.18-PM1-213x162.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10282\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-22-at-4.22.18-PM1-213x162.png\" alt=\"This report card from the 2011 State of the Estuary document shows the complexity of monitoring the Bay.\" width=\"213\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This report card from the 2011 State of the Estuary document shows the complexity of monitoring the Bay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Jay Davis from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> and one of the co-organizers of the SOE. “One of the trends the report examines,” he said, “is the rise of ‘contaminants of concern’ in the bay including flame retardants, stain repellents and pesticides. These contaminants enter the bay from a variety of sources that are difficult to control. Treated sewage releases, urban stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff and the atmosphere are all pathways for chemicals to enter the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay added, “The levels of these chemicals need to be monitored as they can affect the reproduction and development of apex predators like harbor seals, cormorants and sharks as the chemicals accumulate up the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10283\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/EBRPD-Tidewater-PHOTO-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10283\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/EBRPD-Tidewater-PHOTO-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Students in Oakland get an opportunity to explore their waterways and Bay connections in programs at East Bay Regional Park District's Tidewater Boating Center. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students in Oakland get an opportunity to explore their waterways and Bay connections in programs at East Bay Regional Park District’s Tidewater Boating Center. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second trend is an increase in the amount of algae growth in our formerly resilient estuary. Jay explained, “Historically, higher turbidity decreased algae blooms in the estuary. In 1999, the bay reached a tipping point, becoming less turbid.” Jim Cloern of the US Geological Survey hypothesizes that changes in the clam population in the southern part of the bay, along with changes in fish abundance eating the clams linked with climate oscillations (including El Nino), played into making the bay clearer and ripe for increased, unwanted algae growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can attend the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/soe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Estuary conference\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"@sfei_asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">follow it on Twitter\u003c/a> to learn more about current Bay-Delta research and restoration projects. The East Bay Regional Park District is especially honored to be receiving two Outstanding Environmental Awards for interpretive programs at Tidewater Boating Center in Oakland and the Big Break Visitor Center at the Delta in Oakley.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/640px-Harbor_Seal_pup.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/640px-Harbor_Seal_pup.jpg\" alt=\"Harbor seal pup development could be impacted by chemicals entering the Bay, according to a new study to be released next week. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harbor seal pup development could be impacted by chemicals entering the bay, according to a new study to be released next week. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The estuary provides the backdrop for daily life in the greater Bay Area. It shapes and influences everything from our commute – including bridges, ferries and tunnels – to our very weather. It also supports a vast array of non-human inhabitants: migratory birds that can outnumber the human population every winter, as well as marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. This month celebrates the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> anniversary of a partnership of agencies that developed the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP) for San Francisco Bay, dedicated to monitoring and improving the health of our estuary. The partnership is hosting the 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> biennial \u003ca title=\"State of the Estuary website\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/soe/\">State of the Estuary Conference\u003c/a> (SOE) on October 29 and 30 in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has helped shed light on the bay’s complex ecosystems and threats posed by pollution, development and diminished habitats. Our estuary is radically altered from its condition 150 years ago: over 85% of historical wetlands lost to development, mercury and other contaminants remain as relics in the sediment, and the swell of human inhabitants brings other impacts such as increased atmospheric carbon and imported invasive species. At this month’s SOE conference, scientists, researchers and land managers currently working on projects in the Bay will make over 50 presentations. At the previous gathering in 2011, a \u003cem>State of the Bay\u003c/em> report was released which indicated the mixed health of the bay. A different report, \u003cem>The Bay Pulse,\u003c/em> will be released this year on the second day of the conference and will highlight two major new trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10282\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 213px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-22-at-4.22.18-PM1-213x162.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10282\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-22-at-4.22.18-PM1-213x162.png\" alt=\"This report card from the 2011 State of the Estuary document shows the complexity of monitoring the Bay.\" width=\"213\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This report card from the 2011 State of the Estuary document shows the complexity of monitoring the Bay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Jay Davis from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> and one of the co-organizers of the SOE. “One of the trends the report examines,” he said, “is the rise of ‘contaminants of concern’ in the bay including flame retardants, stain repellents and pesticides. These contaminants enter the bay from a variety of sources that are difficult to control. Treated sewage releases, urban stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff and the atmosphere are all pathways for chemicals to enter the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay added, “The levels of these chemicals need to be monitored as they can affect the reproduction and development of apex predators like harbor seals, cormorants and sharks as the chemicals accumulate up the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10283\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/EBRPD-Tidewater-PHOTO-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10283\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/EBRPD-Tidewater-PHOTO-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Students in Oakland get an opportunity to explore their waterways and Bay connections in programs at East Bay Regional Park District's Tidewater Boating Center. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students in Oakland get an opportunity to explore their waterways and Bay connections in programs at East Bay Regional Park District’s Tidewater Boating Center. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second trend is an increase in the amount of algae growth in our formerly resilient estuary. Jay explained, “Historically, higher turbidity decreased algae blooms in the estuary. In 1999, the bay reached a tipping point, becoming less turbid.” Jim Cloern of the US Geological Survey hypothesizes that changes in the clam population in the southern part of the bay, along with changes in fish abundance eating the clams linked with climate oscillations (including El Nino), played into making the bay clearer and ripe for increased, unwanted algae growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can attend the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/soe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Estuary conference\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"@sfei_asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">follow it on Twitter\u003c/a> to learn more about current Bay-Delta research and restoration projects. The East Bay Regional Park District is especially honored to be receiving two Outstanding Environmental Awards for interpretive programs at Tidewater Boating Center in Oakland and the Big Break Visitor Center at the Delta in Oakley.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "California Joins Eight-State Roadmap To More Electric Cars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10229\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" alt='An electric car \"fuels up\" at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electric car “fuels up” at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Transportation wonks prefer to call them ZEVs, or \u003ca title=\"OPR - ZEVs\" href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/s_zero-emissionvehicles.php\">zero-emission-vehicles\u003c/a>. Eight governors, including California Governor Jerry Brown want more of them on the road. So the group has signed a “memorandum” in which they pledge to “join forces to revolutionize the automobile market by promoting zero-emission vehicles.” In a joint statement, Brown called the move, “a serious and profoundly important commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The goal is to get 3.3 million of them on the road by 2025 and along the way, “to help build a \u003ca title=\"Autoblog - post\" href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2013/10/11/global-electric-vehicle-sales-will-jump-48-each-year-through-20/\">robust national market\u003c/a> for electric and hydrogen-powered cars,” according to the multi-state news release. Exactly how they’ll go about that will be mapped out over the next six months. Specific actions are likely to include revamping building codes to standardize vehicle charging stations, and “developing streamlined metering options for homes equipped with electric vehicle chargers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also mean more rebates or other perks for those who buy ZEVs, though it’s up to each state to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…evaluate the need for, and effectiveness of, monetary incentives to reduce the upfront purchase price of ZEVs and non-monetary incentives, such as HOV lane access, reduced tolls and preferential parking, and to pursue such incentives as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California already has a rebate program in place, freshly re-funded by lawmakers. California also has the majority of ZEVs already on the road — about 50,000, compared to 15,000 for all of the other states in the pact combined. Most of the other states are back east — Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont. But combined, the eight states represent about a quarter of the US car market. All of them have adopted targets for 15% of new car sales to be ZEVs by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Broadly defined, zero-emission vehicles can be battery-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid-electrics, or hydrogen fuel-cell-electric vehicles. But hydrogen models and infrastructure are \u003ca title=\"Wired - post\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/10/elon-musk-hydrogen/\">running far behind\u003c/a> electrics in ramping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states argue that they’re not rushing the technology, citing the 16 zero-emission vehicle models currently available from eight manufacturers. They also point to recent sales figures showing that “U.S. electric car sales in 2012 more than tripled to about 52,000 from 17,000 in 2011,” and that 40,000 plug-ins were sold in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that electric cars are being sold at about three times the rate of where I understand the Prius was at this point in its rollout,” says Dave Clegern of the California Air Resources Board. “The market is definitely taking off. It’s just a question of getting it in place in a way that makes it easier for expansion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10229\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" alt='An electric car \"fuels up\" at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electric car “fuels up” at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Transportation wonks prefer to call them ZEVs, or \u003ca title=\"OPR - ZEVs\" href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/s_zero-emissionvehicles.php\">zero-emission-vehicles\u003c/a>. Eight governors, including California Governor Jerry Brown want more of them on the road. So the group has signed a “memorandum” in which they pledge to “join forces to revolutionize the automobile market by promoting zero-emission vehicles.” In a joint statement, Brown called the move, “a serious and profoundly important commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The goal is to get 3.3 million of them on the road by 2025 and along the way, “to help build a \u003ca title=\"Autoblog - post\" href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2013/10/11/global-electric-vehicle-sales-will-jump-48-each-year-through-20/\">robust national market\u003c/a> for electric and hydrogen-powered cars,” according to the multi-state news release. Exactly how they’ll go about that will be mapped out over the next six months. Specific actions are likely to include revamping building codes to standardize vehicle charging stations, and “developing streamlined metering options for homes equipped with electric vehicle chargers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also mean more rebates or other perks for those who buy ZEVs, though it’s up to each state to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…evaluate the need for, and effectiveness of, monetary incentives to reduce the upfront purchase price of ZEVs and non-monetary incentives, such as HOV lane access, reduced tolls and preferential parking, and to pursue such incentives as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California already has a rebate program in place, freshly re-funded by lawmakers. California also has the majority of ZEVs already on the road — about 50,000, compared to 15,000 for all of the other states in the pact combined. Most of the other states are back east — Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont. But combined, the eight states represent about a quarter of the US car market. All of them have adopted targets for 15% of new car sales to be ZEVs by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Broadly defined, zero-emission vehicles can be battery-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid-electrics, or hydrogen fuel-cell-electric vehicles. But hydrogen models and infrastructure are \u003ca title=\"Wired - post\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/10/elon-musk-hydrogen/\">running far behind\u003c/a> electrics in ramping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states argue that they’re not rushing the technology, citing the 16 zero-emission vehicle models currently available from eight manufacturers. They also point to recent sales figures showing that “U.S. electric car sales in 2012 more than tripled to about 52,000 from 17,000 in 2011,” and that 40,000 plug-ins were sold in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that electric cars are being sold at about three times the rate of where I understand the Prius was at this point in its rollout,” says Dave Clegern of the California Air Resources Board. “The market is definitely taking off. It’s just a question of getting it in place in a way that makes it easier for expansion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "New State Laws on Fracking and Toxics: A Mixed Bag for Environmentalists",
"headTitle": "New State Laws on Fracking and Toxics: A Mixed Bag for Environmentalists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>By Amy Standen and Molly Samuel\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10027\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at KQED, like a lot of news outfits, we tend to cover bills before they pass, during the often fiery debates over whether they deserve the Governor’s signature. On Sunday, those debates (at least some of them) came to an end with the winding down of the legislative season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the press went to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/12/californias-minimum-wage/\">minimum wage boost\u003c/a> (raising workers’ hourly minimum from $8 to $10 an hour by January 2016) and a law granting \u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/driver%27s+licenses/\">driver’s licenses\u003c/a> to undocumented immigrants. But there were a number of science and environment bills in the mix. Among California’s new environmental laws:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hunters will be banned from using lead bullets. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/\">This law\u003c/a>, the first of its kind in the country, was inspired largely by efforts to protect the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">endangered California condor\u003c/a>. Scientists say condors suffer from lead poisoning when they eat carcasses left behind by hunters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 532px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9941 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"532\" height=\"297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Renters will be able to choose to buy more renewable energy.\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydemocrat.com/breakingnews/ci_24094654/wolks-community-green-energy-legislation-sent-governor\">The bill\u003c/a> makes it possible for customers of PG&E and the other big investor-owned utilities in California to buy up to 100% of their electricity from renewable sources. So if you’re a renter — or maybe your roof is just too shady for solar panels — you’ll have more access to solar and wind power.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Electricity rates will be overhauled. \u003c/strong>The law requires utilities to continue buying electricity generated by rooftop solar panels on people’s homes, an incentive known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">net metering\u003c/a>. It also allows a fixed charge on some people’s bills to help maintain the grid, creates a\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-brown-energy-bills-20131008,0,6466305.story\"> new formula\u003c/a> which is intended to lower rates for people in hotter parts of the state and allows regulators to require that utilities \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Law-to-change-energy-rates-aid-renewable-power-4876504.php\">generate more power from renewable sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>California and Nevada bury the hatchet over Tahoe. \u003c/strong>The bi-state Tahoe Regional Planning Agency was created by Congress in 1969 to end the rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. Nevada threatened to leave the agency, but now \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/14/new-rules-for-lake-tahoe-development-give-locals-more-leverage/\">both Brown\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://gov.nv.gov/News-and-Media/Press/2013/Sandoval-Signs-TRPA-Bill/\">Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval\u003c/a> have signed on to continue working together.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 518px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"518\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pregnant women will be warned about toxic chemicals. \u003c/strong>Medical providers already give pregnant women a pamphlet on prenatal testing. Now they’ll also provide information about the dangers of chemical exposures.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Fire safety officials will weigh whether to use flame retardants in buildings. \u003c/strong>Previous laws required the use of chemical flame retardants in buildings but studies have shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/03/28/118491/epa_asks_are_flame_retardants_safe?category=bay+area\">chemicals themselves could be dangerous\u003c/a>. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Law-may-cut-use-of-flame-retardants-in-buildings-4879854.php\">new law doesn’t ban their use\u003c/a>, but it does ask regulators to consider their options.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/16/111444/environmental-bills-failing-california\">suffered some setbacks\u003c/a>, too:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A bill that regulates fracking in California passed, \u003c/strong>but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">environmentalists aren’t happy\u003c/a> about it — they say it’s a “half measure.” The law requires drillers to report what chemicals they’re using and how much water they withdraw, but it does not introduce a moratorium on fracking, which some environmental groups wanted to see until more research is done on the impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10038 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\" alt=\"The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown's San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown’s San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The California Coastal Commission will not be given the ability to issue fines.\u003c/strong> A bill would have \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23653226/california-coastal-commission-bill-could-give-commission-teeth\">allowed the Coastal Commission to issue fines\u003c/a> for building illegal structures, blocking beach access or damaging habitat (as it is now, the Commission can’t fine people for violating the law), but it \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/10/local/la-me-coastal-bill-20130911\">didn’t make it past the State Assembly\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A probe into whether California refineries are manipulating gas production and prices won’t happen. \u003c/strong>Gas prices in California are some of the highest in the country. That’s due at least in part to California’s strict \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">air quality laws\u003c/a>. This bill would have assigned the California Energy Commission the task of tracking oil prices to find out if there is any price manipulation happening. Brown \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_448_2013_Veto_Message.pdf\">vetoed the bill\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plastic bags won’t be banned statewide. \u003c/strong>California cities from \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/issues/plastic_campaign/plastic_bags/local\">Ukiah to West Hollywood\u003c/a> have banned plastic bags, but an effort to introduce a statewide ban \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/30/local/la-me-pc-plastic-bag-ban-20130530\">died in the State Senate\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And one new law that we don’t see landing squarely either in the environmentalists’ “wins” or “losses” list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Prop. 65 will be slightly revised.\u003c/strong> The source of all those warning signs in businesses, Prop. 65 was passed by voters to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, and it’s lead to a host of lawsuits — but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">some say many of them are frivolous\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/Prop-65-lawsuit-bill-helps-businesses-4876499.php\">new law\u003c/a> allows small businesses that are in violation of Prop. 65 to avoid an expensive lawsuit by putting up a sign and paying a fine.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Now that California's legislative session is now over, here's a roundup of the environmental bills that passed -- and a review of some big ones that didn't.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>By Amy Standen and Molly Samuel\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10027\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at KQED, like a lot of news outfits, we tend to cover bills before they pass, during the often fiery debates over whether they deserve the Governor’s signature. On Sunday, those debates (at least some of them) came to an end with the winding down of the legislative season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the press went to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/12/californias-minimum-wage/\">minimum wage boost\u003c/a> (raising workers’ hourly minimum from $8 to $10 an hour by January 2016) and a law granting \u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/driver%27s+licenses/\">driver’s licenses\u003c/a> to undocumented immigrants. But there were a number of science and environment bills in the mix. Among California’s new environmental laws:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hunters will be banned from using lead bullets. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/\">This law\u003c/a>, the first of its kind in the country, was inspired largely by efforts to protect the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">endangered California condor\u003c/a>. Scientists say condors suffer from lead poisoning when they eat carcasses left behind by hunters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 532px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9941 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"532\" height=\"297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Renters will be able to choose to buy more renewable energy.\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydemocrat.com/breakingnews/ci_24094654/wolks-community-green-energy-legislation-sent-governor\">The bill\u003c/a> makes it possible for customers of PG&E and the other big investor-owned utilities in California to buy up to 100% of their electricity from renewable sources. So if you’re a renter — or maybe your roof is just too shady for solar panels — you’ll have more access to solar and wind power.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Electricity rates will be overhauled. \u003c/strong>The law requires utilities to continue buying electricity generated by rooftop solar panels on people’s homes, an incentive known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">net metering\u003c/a>. It also allows a fixed charge on some people’s bills to help maintain the grid, creates a\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-brown-energy-bills-20131008,0,6466305.story\"> new formula\u003c/a> which is intended to lower rates for people in hotter parts of the state and allows regulators to require that utilities \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Law-to-change-energy-rates-aid-renewable-power-4876504.php\">generate more power from renewable sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>California and Nevada bury the hatchet over Tahoe. \u003c/strong>The bi-state Tahoe Regional Planning Agency was created by Congress in 1969 to end the rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. Nevada threatened to leave the agency, but now \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/14/new-rules-for-lake-tahoe-development-give-locals-more-leverage/\">both Brown\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://gov.nv.gov/News-and-Media/Press/2013/Sandoval-Signs-TRPA-Bill/\">Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval\u003c/a> have signed on to continue working together.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 518px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"518\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pregnant women will be warned about toxic chemicals. \u003c/strong>Medical providers already give pregnant women a pamphlet on prenatal testing. Now they’ll also provide information about the dangers of chemical exposures.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Fire safety officials will weigh whether to use flame retardants in buildings. \u003c/strong>Previous laws required the use of chemical flame retardants in buildings but studies have shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/03/28/118491/epa_asks_are_flame_retardants_safe?category=bay+area\">chemicals themselves could be dangerous\u003c/a>. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Law-may-cut-use-of-flame-retardants-in-buildings-4879854.php\">new law doesn’t ban their use\u003c/a>, but it does ask regulators to consider their options.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/16/111444/environmental-bills-failing-california\">suffered some setbacks\u003c/a>, too:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A bill that regulates fracking in California passed, \u003c/strong>but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">environmentalists aren’t happy\u003c/a> about it — they say it’s a “half measure.” The law requires drillers to report what chemicals they’re using and how much water they withdraw, but it does not introduce a moratorium on fracking, which some environmental groups wanted to see until more research is done on the impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10038 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\" alt=\"The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown's San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown’s San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The California Coastal Commission will not be given the ability to issue fines.\u003c/strong> A bill would have \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23653226/california-coastal-commission-bill-could-give-commission-teeth\">allowed the Coastal Commission to issue fines\u003c/a> for building illegal structures, blocking beach access or damaging habitat (as it is now, the Commission can’t fine people for violating the law), but it \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/10/local/la-me-coastal-bill-20130911\">didn’t make it past the State Assembly\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A probe into whether California refineries are manipulating gas production and prices won’t happen. \u003c/strong>Gas prices in California are some of the highest in the country. That’s due at least in part to California’s strict \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">air quality laws\u003c/a>. This bill would have assigned the California Energy Commission the task of tracking oil prices to find out if there is any price manipulation happening. Brown \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_448_2013_Veto_Message.pdf\">vetoed the bill\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plastic bags won’t be banned statewide. \u003c/strong>California cities from \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/issues/plastic_campaign/plastic_bags/local\">Ukiah to West Hollywood\u003c/a> have banned plastic bags, but an effort to introduce a statewide ban \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/30/local/la-me-pc-plastic-bag-ban-20130530\">died in the State Senate\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And one new law that we don’t see landing squarely either in the environmentalists’ “wins” or “losses” list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Prop. 65 will be slightly revised.\u003c/strong> The source of all those warning signs in businesses, Prop. 65 was passed by voters to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, and it’s lead to a host of lawsuits — but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">some say many of them are frivolous\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/Prop-65-lawsuit-bill-helps-businesses-4876499.php\">new law\u003c/a> allows small businesses that are in violation of Prop. 65 to avoid an expensive lawsuit by putting up a sign and paying a fine.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\" alt=\"Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" />\u003c/a> Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption]\r\n\r\nHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">Monterey Shale\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nIn California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>What is it?\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nFracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">According to the oil industry\u003c/a>, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Concerns\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nEnvironmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">uses large volumes of freshwater\u003c/a>. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Where it Stands\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn November 2013, state regulators \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">released draft rules for fracking\u003c/a> that are now \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/californias-new-fracking-regulations-delayed-half-a-year/\">expected to go into effect in July 2015\u003c/a>. They followed passage of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover.\r\n\r\nUnder the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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