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"title": "What's the State of the San Francisco Estuary?",
"headTitle": "What’s the State of the San Francisco Estuary? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/640px-Harbor_Seal_pup.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/640px-Harbor_Seal_pup.jpg\" alt=\"Harbor seal pup development could be impacted by chemicals entering the Bay, according to a new study to be released next week. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harbor seal pup development could be impacted by chemicals entering the bay, according to a new study to be released next week. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The estuary provides the backdrop for daily life in the greater Bay Area. It shapes and influences everything from our commute – including bridges, ferries and tunnels – to our very weather. It also supports a vast array of non-human inhabitants: migratory birds that can outnumber the human population every winter, as well as marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. This month celebrates the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> anniversary of a partnership of agencies that developed the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP) for San Francisco Bay, dedicated to monitoring and improving the health of our estuary. The partnership is hosting the 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> biennial \u003ca title=\"State of the Estuary website\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/soe/\">State of the Estuary Conference\u003c/a> (SOE) on October 29 and 30 in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has helped shed light on the bay’s complex ecosystems and threats posed by pollution, development and diminished habitats. Our estuary is radically altered from its condition 150 years ago: over 85% of historical wetlands lost to development, mercury and other contaminants remain as relics in the sediment, and the swell of human inhabitants brings other impacts such as increased atmospheric carbon and imported invasive species. At this month’s SOE conference, scientists, researchers and land managers currently working on projects in the Bay will make over 50 presentations. At the previous gathering in 2011, a \u003cem>State of the Bay\u003c/em> report was released which indicated the mixed health of the bay. A different report, \u003cem>The Bay Pulse,\u003c/em> will be released this year on the second day of the conference and will highlight two major new trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10282\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 213px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-22-at-4.22.18-PM1-213x162.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10282\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-22-at-4.22.18-PM1-213x162.png\" alt=\"This report card from the 2011 State of the Estuary document shows the complexity of monitoring the Bay.\" width=\"213\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This report card from the 2011 State of the Estuary document shows the complexity of monitoring the Bay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Jay Davis from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> and one of the co-organizers of the SOE. “One of the trends the report examines,” he said, “is the rise of ‘contaminants of concern’ in the bay including flame retardants, stain repellents and pesticides. These contaminants enter the bay from a variety of sources that are difficult to control. Treated sewage releases, urban stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff and the atmosphere are all pathways for chemicals to enter the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay added, “The levels of these chemicals need to be monitored as they can affect the reproduction and development of apex predators like harbor seals, cormorants and sharks as the chemicals accumulate up the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10283\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/EBRPD-Tidewater-PHOTO-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10283\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/EBRPD-Tidewater-PHOTO-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Students in Oakland get an opportunity to explore their waterways and Bay connections in programs at East Bay Regional Park District's Tidewater Boating Center. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students in Oakland get an opportunity to explore their waterways and Bay connections in programs at East Bay Regional Park District’s Tidewater Boating Center. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second trend is an increase in the amount of algae growth in our formerly resilient estuary. Jay explained, “Historically, higher turbidity decreased algae blooms in the estuary. In 1999, the bay reached a tipping point, becoming less turbid.” Jim Cloern of the US Geological Survey hypothesizes that changes in the clam population in the southern part of the bay, along with changes in fish abundance eating the clams linked with climate oscillations (including El Nino), played into making the bay clearer and ripe for increased, unwanted algae growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can attend the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/soe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Estuary conference\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"@sfei_asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">follow it on Twitter\u003c/a> to learn more about current Bay-Delta research and restoration projects. The East Bay Regional Park District is especially honored to be receiving two Outstanding Environmental Awards for interpretive programs at Tidewater Boating Center in Oakland and the Big Break Visitor Center at the Delta in Oakley.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The 11th biennial \"State of the Estuary\" conference is bringing scientists, researchers and resource managers together to share their latest projects and findings next week. ",
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"title": "What's the State of the San Francisco Estuary? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/640px-Harbor_Seal_pup.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/640px-Harbor_Seal_pup.jpg\" alt=\"Harbor seal pup development could be impacted by chemicals entering the Bay, according to a new study to be released next week. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harbor seal pup development could be impacted by chemicals entering the bay, according to a new study to be released next week. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The estuary provides the backdrop for daily life in the greater Bay Area. It shapes and influences everything from our commute – including bridges, ferries and tunnels – to our very weather. It also supports a vast array of non-human inhabitants: migratory birds that can outnumber the human population every winter, as well as marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. This month celebrates the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> anniversary of a partnership of agencies that developed the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP) for San Francisco Bay, dedicated to monitoring and improving the health of our estuary. The partnership is hosting the 11\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> biennial \u003ca title=\"State of the Estuary website\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/soe/\">State of the Estuary Conference\u003c/a> (SOE) on October 29 and 30 in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has helped shed light on the bay’s complex ecosystems and threats posed by pollution, development and diminished habitats. Our estuary is radically altered from its condition 150 years ago: over 85% of historical wetlands lost to development, mercury and other contaminants remain as relics in the sediment, and the swell of human inhabitants brings other impacts such as increased atmospheric carbon and imported invasive species. At this month’s SOE conference, scientists, researchers and land managers currently working on projects in the Bay will make over 50 presentations. At the previous gathering in 2011, a \u003cem>State of the Bay\u003c/em> report was released which indicated the mixed health of the bay. A different report, \u003cem>The Bay Pulse,\u003c/em> will be released this year on the second day of the conference and will highlight two major new trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10282\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 213px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-22-at-4.22.18-PM1-213x162.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10282\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-22-at-4.22.18-PM1-213x162.png\" alt=\"This report card from the 2011 State of the Estuary document shows the complexity of monitoring the Bay.\" width=\"213\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This report card from the 2011 State of the Estuary document shows the complexity of monitoring the Bay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Jay Davis from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> and one of the co-organizers of the SOE. “One of the trends the report examines,” he said, “is the rise of ‘contaminants of concern’ in the bay including flame retardants, stain repellents and pesticides. These contaminants enter the bay from a variety of sources that are difficult to control. Treated sewage releases, urban stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff and the atmosphere are all pathways for chemicals to enter the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay added, “The levels of these chemicals need to be monitored as they can affect the reproduction and development of apex predators like harbor seals, cormorants and sharks as the chemicals accumulate up the food chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10283\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/EBRPD-Tidewater-PHOTO-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10283\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/EBRPD-Tidewater-PHOTO-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Students in Oakland get an opportunity to explore their waterways and Bay connections in programs at East Bay Regional Park District's Tidewater Boating Center. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students in Oakland get an opportunity to explore their waterways and Bay connections in programs at East Bay Regional Park District’s Tidewater Boating Center. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second trend is an increase in the amount of algae growth in our formerly resilient estuary. Jay explained, “Historically, higher turbidity decreased algae blooms in the estuary. In 1999, the bay reached a tipping point, becoming less turbid.” Jim Cloern of the US Geological Survey hypothesizes that changes in the clam population in the southern part of the bay, along with changes in fish abundance eating the clams linked with climate oscillations (including El Nino), played into making the bay clearer and ripe for increased, unwanted algae growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can attend the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/soe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Estuary conference\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"@sfei_asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">follow it on Twitter\u003c/a> to learn more about current Bay-Delta research and restoration projects. The East Bay Regional Park District is especially honored to be receiving two Outstanding Environmental Awards for interpretive programs at Tidewater Boating Center in Oakland and the Big Break Visitor Center at the Delta in Oakley.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Joins Eight-State Roadmap To More Electric Cars",
"headTitle": "California Joins Eight-State Roadmap To More Electric Cars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10229\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" alt='An electric car \"fuels up\" at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electric car “fuels up” at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Transportation wonks prefer to call them ZEVs, or \u003ca title=\"OPR - ZEVs\" href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/s_zero-emissionvehicles.php\">zero-emission-vehicles\u003c/a>. Eight governors, including California Governor Jerry Brown want more of them on the road. So the group has signed a “memorandum” in which they pledge to “join forces to revolutionize the automobile market by promoting zero-emission vehicles.” In a joint statement, Brown called the move, “a serious and profoundly important commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The goal is to get 3.3 million of them on the road by 2025 and along the way, “to help build a \u003ca title=\"Autoblog - post\" href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2013/10/11/global-electric-vehicle-sales-will-jump-48-each-year-through-20/\">robust national market\u003c/a> for electric and hydrogen-powered cars,” according to the multi-state news release. Exactly how they’ll go about that will be mapped out over the next six months. Specific actions are likely to include revamping building codes to standardize vehicle charging stations, and “developing streamlined metering options for homes equipped with electric vehicle chargers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also mean more rebates or other perks for those who buy ZEVs, though it’s up to each state to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…evaluate the need for, and effectiveness of, monetary incentives to reduce the upfront purchase price of ZEVs and non-monetary incentives, such as HOV lane access, reduced tolls and preferential parking, and to pursue such incentives as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California already has a rebate program in place, freshly re-funded by lawmakers. California also has the majority of ZEVs already on the road — about 50,000, compared to 15,000 for all of the other states in the pact combined. Most of the other states are back east — Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont. But combined, the eight states represent about a quarter of the US car market. All of them have adopted targets for 15% of new car sales to be ZEVs by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Broadly defined, zero-emission vehicles can be battery-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid-electrics, or hydrogen fuel-cell-electric vehicles. But hydrogen models and infrastructure are \u003ca title=\"Wired - post\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/10/elon-musk-hydrogen/\">running far behind\u003c/a> electrics in ramping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states argue that they’re not rushing the technology, citing the 16 zero-emission vehicle models currently available from eight manufacturers. They also point to recent sales figures showing that “U.S. electric car sales in 2012 more than tripled to about 52,000 from 17,000 in 2011,” and that 40,000 plug-ins were sold in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that electric cars are being sold at about three times the rate of where I understand the Prius was at this point in its rollout,” says Dave Clegern of the California Air Resources Board. “The market is definitely taking off. It’s just a question of getting it in place in a way that makes it easier for expansion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The eight states that account for about a quarter of the U.S. car market band together to get more electric cars and other \"ZEVs\" on the road.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10229\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" alt='An electric car \"fuels up\" at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electric car “fuels up” at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Transportation wonks prefer to call them ZEVs, or \u003ca title=\"OPR - ZEVs\" href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/s_zero-emissionvehicles.php\">zero-emission-vehicles\u003c/a>. Eight governors, including California Governor Jerry Brown want more of them on the road. So the group has signed a “memorandum” in which they pledge to “join forces to revolutionize the automobile market by promoting zero-emission vehicles.” In a joint statement, Brown called the move, “a serious and profoundly important commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The goal is to get 3.3 million of them on the road by 2025 and along the way, “to help build a \u003ca title=\"Autoblog - post\" href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2013/10/11/global-electric-vehicle-sales-will-jump-48-each-year-through-20/\">robust national market\u003c/a> for electric and hydrogen-powered cars,” according to the multi-state news release. Exactly how they’ll go about that will be mapped out over the next six months. Specific actions are likely to include revamping building codes to standardize vehicle charging stations, and “developing streamlined metering options for homes equipped with electric vehicle chargers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also mean more rebates or other perks for those who buy ZEVs, though it’s up to each state to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…evaluate the need for, and effectiveness of, monetary incentives to reduce the upfront purchase price of ZEVs and non-monetary incentives, such as HOV lane access, reduced tolls and preferential parking, and to pursue such incentives as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California already has a rebate program in place, freshly re-funded by lawmakers. California also has the majority of ZEVs already on the road — about 50,000, compared to 15,000 for all of the other states in the pact combined. Most of the other states are back east — Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont. But combined, the eight states represent about a quarter of the US car market. All of them have adopted targets for 15% of new car sales to be ZEVs by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Broadly defined, zero-emission vehicles can be battery-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid-electrics, or hydrogen fuel-cell-electric vehicles. But hydrogen models and infrastructure are \u003ca title=\"Wired - post\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/10/elon-musk-hydrogen/\">running far behind\u003c/a> electrics in ramping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states argue that they’re not rushing the technology, citing the 16 zero-emission vehicle models currently available from eight manufacturers. They also point to recent sales figures showing that “U.S. electric car sales in 2012 more than tripled to about 52,000 from 17,000 in 2011,” and that 40,000 plug-ins were sold in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that electric cars are being sold at about three times the rate of where I understand the Prius was at this point in its rollout,” says Dave Clegern of the California Air Resources Board. “The market is definitely taking off. It’s just a question of getting it in place in a way that makes it easier for expansion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "New State Laws on Fracking and Toxics: A Mixed Bag for Environmentalists",
"headTitle": "New State Laws on Fracking and Toxics: A Mixed Bag for Environmentalists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>By Amy Standen and Molly Samuel\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10027\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at KQED, like a lot of news outfits, we tend to cover bills before they pass, during the often fiery debates over whether they deserve the Governor’s signature. On Sunday, those debates (at least some of them) came to an end with the winding down of the legislative season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the press went to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/12/californias-minimum-wage/\">minimum wage boost\u003c/a> (raising workers’ hourly minimum from $8 to $10 an hour by January 2016) and a law granting \u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/driver%27s+licenses/\">driver’s licenses\u003c/a> to undocumented immigrants. But there were a number of science and environment bills in the mix. Among California’s new environmental laws:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hunters will be banned from using lead bullets. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/\">This law\u003c/a>, the first of its kind in the country, was inspired largely by efforts to protect the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">endangered California condor\u003c/a>. Scientists say condors suffer from lead poisoning when they eat carcasses left behind by hunters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 532px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9941 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"532\" height=\"297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Renters will be able to choose to buy more renewable energy.\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydemocrat.com/breakingnews/ci_24094654/wolks-community-green-energy-legislation-sent-governor\">The bill\u003c/a> makes it possible for customers of PG&E and the other big investor-owned utilities in California to buy up to 100% of their electricity from renewable sources. So if you’re a renter — or maybe your roof is just too shady for solar panels — you’ll have more access to solar and wind power.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Electricity rates will be overhauled. \u003c/strong>The law requires utilities to continue buying electricity generated by rooftop solar panels on people’s homes, an incentive known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">net metering\u003c/a>. It also allows a fixed charge on some people’s bills to help maintain the grid, creates a\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-brown-energy-bills-20131008,0,6466305.story\"> new formula\u003c/a> which is intended to lower rates for people in hotter parts of the state and allows regulators to require that utilities \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Law-to-change-energy-rates-aid-renewable-power-4876504.php\">generate more power from renewable sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>California and Nevada bury the hatchet over Tahoe. \u003c/strong>The bi-state Tahoe Regional Planning Agency was created by Congress in 1969 to end the rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. Nevada threatened to leave the agency, but now \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/14/new-rules-for-lake-tahoe-development-give-locals-more-leverage/\">both Brown\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://gov.nv.gov/News-and-Media/Press/2013/Sandoval-Signs-TRPA-Bill/\">Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval\u003c/a> have signed on to continue working together.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 518px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"518\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pregnant women will be warned about toxic chemicals. \u003c/strong>Medical providers already give pregnant women a pamphlet on prenatal testing. Now they’ll also provide information about the dangers of chemical exposures.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Fire safety officials will weigh whether to use flame retardants in buildings. \u003c/strong>Previous laws required the use of chemical flame retardants in buildings but studies have shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/03/28/118491/epa_asks_are_flame_retardants_safe?category=bay+area\">chemicals themselves could be dangerous\u003c/a>. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Law-may-cut-use-of-flame-retardants-in-buildings-4879854.php\">new law doesn’t ban their use\u003c/a>, but it does ask regulators to consider their options.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/16/111444/environmental-bills-failing-california\">suffered some setbacks\u003c/a>, too:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A bill that regulates fracking in California passed, \u003c/strong>but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">environmentalists aren’t happy\u003c/a> about it — they say it’s a “half measure.” The law requires drillers to report what chemicals they’re using and how much water they withdraw, but it does not introduce a moratorium on fracking, which some environmental groups wanted to see until more research is done on the impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10038 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\" alt=\"The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown's San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown’s San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The California Coastal Commission will not be given the ability to issue fines.\u003c/strong> A bill would have \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23653226/california-coastal-commission-bill-could-give-commission-teeth\">allowed the Coastal Commission to issue fines\u003c/a> for building illegal structures, blocking beach access or damaging habitat (as it is now, the Commission can’t fine people for violating the law), but it \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/10/local/la-me-coastal-bill-20130911\">didn’t make it past the State Assembly\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A probe into whether California refineries are manipulating gas production and prices won’t happen. \u003c/strong>Gas prices in California are some of the highest in the country. That’s due at least in part to California’s strict \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">air quality laws\u003c/a>. This bill would have assigned the California Energy Commission the task of tracking oil prices to find out if there is any price manipulation happening. Brown \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_448_2013_Veto_Message.pdf\">vetoed the bill\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plastic bags won’t be banned statewide. \u003c/strong>California cities from \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/issues/plastic_campaign/plastic_bags/local\">Ukiah to West Hollywood\u003c/a> have banned plastic bags, but an effort to introduce a statewide ban \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/30/local/la-me-pc-plastic-bag-ban-20130530\">died in the State Senate\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And one new law that we don’t see landing squarely either in the environmentalists’ “wins” or “losses” list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Prop. 65 will be slightly revised.\u003c/strong> The source of all those warning signs in businesses, Prop. 65 was passed by voters to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, and it’s lead to a host of lawsuits — but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">some say many of them are frivolous\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/Prop-65-lawsuit-bill-helps-businesses-4876499.php\">new law\u003c/a> allows small businesses that are in violation of Prop. 65 to avoid an expensive lawsuit by putting up a sign and paying a fine.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Now that California's legislative session is now over, here's a roundup of the environmental bills that passed -- and a review of some big ones that didn't.",
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"description": "Now that California's legislative session is now over, here's a roundup of the environmental bills that passed -- and a review of some big ones that didn't.",
"title": "New State Laws on Fracking and Toxics: A Mixed Bag for Environmentalists | KQED",
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"headline": "New State Laws on Fracking and Toxics: A Mixed Bag for Environmentalists",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>By Amy Standen and Molly Samuel\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10027\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at KQED, like a lot of news outfits, we tend to cover bills before they pass, during the often fiery debates over whether they deserve the Governor’s signature. On Sunday, those debates (at least some of them) came to an end with the winding down of the legislative season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the press went to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/12/californias-minimum-wage/\">minimum wage boost\u003c/a> (raising workers’ hourly minimum from $8 to $10 an hour by January 2016) and a law granting \u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/driver%27s+licenses/\">driver’s licenses\u003c/a> to undocumented immigrants. But there were a number of science and environment bills in the mix. Among California’s new environmental laws:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hunters will be banned from using lead bullets. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/\">This law\u003c/a>, the first of its kind in the country, was inspired largely by efforts to protect the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">endangered California condor\u003c/a>. Scientists say condors suffer from lead poisoning when they eat carcasses left behind by hunters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 532px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9941 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"532\" height=\"297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Renters will be able to choose to buy more renewable energy.\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydemocrat.com/breakingnews/ci_24094654/wolks-community-green-energy-legislation-sent-governor\">The bill\u003c/a> makes it possible for customers of PG&E and the other big investor-owned utilities in California to buy up to 100% of their electricity from renewable sources. So if you’re a renter — or maybe your roof is just too shady for solar panels — you’ll have more access to solar and wind power.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Electricity rates will be overhauled. \u003c/strong>The law requires utilities to continue buying electricity generated by rooftop solar panels on people’s homes, an incentive known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">net metering\u003c/a>. It also allows a fixed charge on some people’s bills to help maintain the grid, creates a\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-brown-energy-bills-20131008,0,6466305.story\"> new formula\u003c/a> which is intended to lower rates for people in hotter parts of the state and allows regulators to require that utilities \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Law-to-change-energy-rates-aid-renewable-power-4876504.php\">generate more power from renewable sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>California and Nevada bury the hatchet over Tahoe. \u003c/strong>The bi-state Tahoe Regional Planning Agency was created by Congress in 1969 to end the rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. Nevada threatened to leave the agency, but now \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/14/new-rules-for-lake-tahoe-development-give-locals-more-leverage/\">both Brown\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://gov.nv.gov/News-and-Media/Press/2013/Sandoval-Signs-TRPA-Bill/\">Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval\u003c/a> have signed on to continue working together.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 518px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"518\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pregnant women will be warned about toxic chemicals. \u003c/strong>Medical providers already give pregnant women a pamphlet on prenatal testing. Now they’ll also provide information about the dangers of chemical exposures.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Fire safety officials will weigh whether to use flame retardants in buildings. \u003c/strong>Previous laws required the use of chemical flame retardants in buildings but studies have shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/03/28/118491/epa_asks_are_flame_retardants_safe?category=bay+area\">chemicals themselves could be dangerous\u003c/a>. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Law-may-cut-use-of-flame-retardants-in-buildings-4879854.php\">new law doesn’t ban their use\u003c/a>, but it does ask regulators to consider their options.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/16/111444/environmental-bills-failing-california\">suffered some setbacks\u003c/a>, too:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A bill that regulates fracking in California passed, \u003c/strong>but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">environmentalists aren’t happy\u003c/a> about it — they say it’s a “half measure.” The law requires drillers to report what chemicals they’re using and how much water they withdraw, but it does not introduce a moratorium on fracking, which some environmental groups wanted to see until more research is done on the impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10038 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\" alt=\"The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown's San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown’s San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The California Coastal Commission will not be given the ability to issue fines.\u003c/strong> A bill would have \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23653226/california-coastal-commission-bill-could-give-commission-teeth\">allowed the Coastal Commission to issue fines\u003c/a> for building illegal structures, blocking beach access or damaging habitat (as it is now, the Commission can’t fine people for violating the law), but it \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/10/local/la-me-coastal-bill-20130911\">didn’t make it past the State Assembly\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A probe into whether California refineries are manipulating gas production and prices won’t happen. \u003c/strong>Gas prices in California are some of the highest in the country. That’s due at least in part to California’s strict \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">air quality laws\u003c/a>. This bill would have assigned the California Energy Commission the task of tracking oil prices to find out if there is any price manipulation happening. Brown \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_448_2013_Veto_Message.pdf\">vetoed the bill\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plastic bags won’t be banned statewide. \u003c/strong>California cities from \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/issues/plastic_campaign/plastic_bags/local\">Ukiah to West Hollywood\u003c/a> have banned plastic bags, but an effort to introduce a statewide ban \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/30/local/la-me-pc-plastic-bag-ban-20130530\">died in the State Senate\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And one new law that we don’t see landing squarely either in the environmentalists’ “wins” or “losses” list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Prop. 65 will be slightly revised.\u003c/strong> The source of all those warning signs in businesses, Prop. 65 was passed by voters to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, and it’s lead to a host of lawsuits — but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">some say many of them are frivolous\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/Prop-65-lawsuit-bill-helps-businesses-4876499.php\">new law\u003c/a> allows small businesses that are in violation of Prop. 65 to avoid an expensive lawsuit by putting up a sign and paying a fine.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "New Rules for Lake Tahoe Development Give Locals More Leverage",
"headTitle": "New Rules for Lake Tahoe Development Give Locals More Leverage | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca title=\"Gov Brown - release\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18267\">signed legislation\u003c/a> over the weekend that reaffirms the state’s commitment to working with Nevada to preserve Lake Tahoe. Nevada had threatened to quit the bi-state agency that has controlled development around the lake for more than 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"TRPA - main\" href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a> (TRPA), created by Congress in 1969, reined in rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. TRPA determines everything from the number of private residences that can be built (only 130 per year), to the color they can be painted (browns and greens are preferred). Nevada had threatened to pull out of the partnership by 2015, arguing that rules were too stringent and TRPA unresponsive to the needs of developers and homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Casinos_7-12-13_0005_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Casinos_7-12-13_0005_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Four big casinos in Stateline, Nevada, Harvey’s, Harrah’s, Horizon and MontBleu, are examples of the urban development that coexists with the lake’s natural beauty. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10016\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four big casinos in Stateline, Nevada, Harvey’s, Harrah’s, Horizon and MontBleu, are examples of the urban development that coexists with the lake’s natural beauty. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"TRPA - release\" href=\"http://www.trpa.org/renewing-lake-tahoe-partnership-increases-protections/\">new regional plan\u003c/a> approved by TRPA in 2012 has helped address Nevada’s complaints. The plan gives more control to local governments, allows for higher density of buildings in city centers and encourages developers to buy old buildings in exchange for allowances to expand newer construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old buildings lack modern systems to keep stormwater runoff out of the lake, and are a continuous source of the microscopic dirt particles that scientists have found reduce the lake’s clarity. New construction is required to have modern filtration systems that intercept the flow of sediment on its way to the lake. TRPA also hopes to encourage developers to tear down old buildings and restore them to meadows that can filter storm runoff before it reaches the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Edgewood_7-12-13_0167_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Edgewood_7-12-13_0167_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Regulators hope the new regional plan for Lake Tahoe will encourage property owners to tear out parking lots near the lake. Hard surfaces allow for dirt to run into the lake and cloud it up. This parking lot at the Edgewood golf course, in Stateline, Nevada, is already scheduled for removal. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10018\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Regulators hope the new regional plan for Lake Tahoe will encourage property owners to tear out parking lots near the lake. Hard surfaces allow for dirt to run into the lake and cloud it up. This parking lot at the Edgewood golf course, in Stateline, Nevada, is already scheduled for removal. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the Sierra Club is dubious about the TRPA’s claims and is \u003ca title=\"Lk Tahoe News - post\" href=\"http://www.laketahoenews.net/2013/06/partial-ruling-favors-trpa-in-regional-plan-lawsuit/\">suing the agency\u003c/a> over the new plan. The environmental group argues that delegating more control to local governments could lead to more construction, which would cause more sediment to flow into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments see development as providing the local tax base. And that’s their incentive,” said Laurel Ames of the Sierra Club. “And that’s why local governments should not be in charge of protecting the lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown’s signing of SB 630 follows Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval’s approval of a companion law in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new half-hour documentary by KQED Science explains the science involved in keeping the lake clear, and explores the region’s history and politics. \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it/\">Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?\u003c/a> airs on KQED 9 this Wednesday (10/16), at 7:30 pm. Or watch it here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"512\" height=\"376\" src=\"http://video.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365096192\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California governor Jerry Brown signed legislation over the weekend that reaffirms the state’s commitment to working with Nevada to preserve Lake Tahoe. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca title=\"Gov Brown - release\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18267\">signed legislation\u003c/a> over the weekend that reaffirms the state’s commitment to working with Nevada to preserve Lake Tahoe. Nevada had threatened to quit the bi-state agency that has controlled development around the lake for more than 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"TRPA - main\" href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a> (TRPA), created by Congress in 1969, reined in rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. TRPA determines everything from the number of private residences that can be built (only 130 per year), to the color they can be painted (browns and greens are preferred). Nevada had threatened to pull out of the partnership by 2015, arguing that rules were too stringent and TRPA unresponsive to the needs of developers and homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Casinos_7-12-13_0005_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Casinos_7-12-13_0005_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Four big casinos in Stateline, Nevada, Harvey’s, Harrah’s, Horizon and MontBleu, are examples of the urban development that coexists with the lake’s natural beauty. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10016\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four big casinos in Stateline, Nevada, Harvey’s, Harrah’s, Horizon and MontBleu, are examples of the urban development that coexists with the lake’s natural beauty. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"TRPA - release\" href=\"http://www.trpa.org/renewing-lake-tahoe-partnership-increases-protections/\">new regional plan\u003c/a> approved by TRPA in 2012 has helped address Nevada’s complaints. The plan gives more control to local governments, allows for higher density of buildings in city centers and encourages developers to buy old buildings in exchange for allowances to expand newer construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old buildings lack modern systems to keep stormwater runoff out of the lake, and are a continuous source of the microscopic dirt particles that scientists have found reduce the lake’s clarity. New construction is required to have modern filtration systems that intercept the flow of sediment on its way to the lake. TRPA also hopes to encourage developers to tear down old buildings and restore them to meadows that can filter storm runoff before it reaches the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Edgewood_7-12-13_0167_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Edgewood_7-12-13_0167_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Regulators hope the new regional plan for Lake Tahoe will encourage property owners to tear out parking lots near the lake. Hard surfaces allow for dirt to run into the lake and cloud it up. This parking lot at the Edgewood golf course, in Stateline, Nevada, is already scheduled for removal. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10018\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Regulators hope the new regional plan for Lake Tahoe will encourage property owners to tear out parking lots near the lake. Hard surfaces allow for dirt to run into the lake and cloud it up. This parking lot at the Edgewood golf course, in Stateline, Nevada, is already scheduled for removal. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the Sierra Club is dubious about the TRPA’s claims and is \u003ca title=\"Lk Tahoe News - post\" href=\"http://www.laketahoenews.net/2013/06/partial-ruling-favors-trpa-in-regional-plan-lawsuit/\">suing the agency\u003c/a> over the new plan. The environmental group argues that delegating more control to local governments could lead to more construction, which would cause more sediment to flow into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments see development as providing the local tax base. And that’s their incentive,” said Laurel Ames of the Sierra Club. “And that’s why local governments should not be in charge of protecting the lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown’s signing of SB 630 follows Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval’s approval of a companion law in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new half-hour documentary by KQED Science explains the science involved in keeping the lake clear, and explores the region’s history and politics. \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it/\">Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?\u003c/a> airs on KQED 9 this Wednesday (10/16), at 7:30 pm. Or watch it here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"512\" height=\"376\" src=\"http://video.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365096192\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "To Protect Wildlife, California Bans Hunting With Lead Bullets",
"headTitle": "To Protect Wildlife, California Bans Hunting With Lead Bullets | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9941\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife that can die from eating lead bullets left in carrion, according to scientific studies. (Tim Huntington/Courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill Friday that bans hunters from using lead ammunition across the state. The law, the first of its kind in the country, was spearheaded in large part to protect the threatened California condor. Scientists say their recovery is being hampered by lead poisoning, because the scavengers ingest lead bullet fragments in carcasses or gut piles left behind by hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a fabulous, fabulous day,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society. “We certainly do hope that California is just the first state to take this step of protecting wildlife from toxic lead ammunition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun and hunting groups were strongly opposed to the bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 711\u003c/a>, saying that copper bullets and other lead-alternatives are often twice as expensive. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” said National Rifle Association attorney Chuck Michel, in June. [contextly_sidebar id=”NWWWPWKzpGLbON0eUh2iSCWHwUuReThc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NRA and others also challenged peer-reviewed studies pointing to lead bullets as the source of lead in condors, as we covered in\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> this KQED QUEST story\u003c/a> earlier this year:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor. “This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The 70 free-flying condors on California’s central coast are routinely tested for lead poisoning. Those with high lead levels are brought to the Los Angeles Zoo for chelation treatment. The condor population has risen from just 22 condors in 1982 with the help of an intensive captive breeding program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_711_2013_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signing statement\u003c/a>, Governor Brown said the lead bullets pose a danger to wildlife, adding, “I am concerned, however, the impression left from this bill is that hunters and sportsmen and women in California are not conservationists. I know that is not the case. Hunters and anglers are the original conservationists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/condor-population/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9925\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/condor-population.jpg\" alt=\"condor-population\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\">\u003c/a>Gun groups had expressed concerns that copper ammunition supplies are limited because the bullets are considered to be “armor-piercing.” Governor Brown pointed to a special provision that would suspend the lead ban in the event that other bullets are banned by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead bullets will still be available in stores for use in non-hunting activities, like at shooting ranges. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife has until July 1, 2015 to write the lead ammunition regulations and the ban must be fully in place by July 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Governor Jerry Brown has approved the first statewide lead bullet ban for hunters, in the hope of helping endangered California condors.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9941\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife that can die from eating lead bullets left in carrion, according to scientific studies. (Tim Huntington/Courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill Friday that bans hunters from using lead ammunition across the state. The law, the first of its kind in the country, was spearheaded in large part to protect the threatened California condor. Scientists say their recovery is being hampered by lead poisoning, because the scavengers ingest lead bullet fragments in carcasses or gut piles left behind by hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a fabulous, fabulous day,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society. “We certainly do hope that California is just the first state to take this step of protecting wildlife from toxic lead ammunition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun and hunting groups were strongly opposed to the bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 711\u003c/a>, saying that copper bullets and other lead-alternatives are often twice as expensive. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” said National Rifle Association attorney Chuck Michel, in June. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NRA and others also challenged peer-reviewed studies pointing to lead bullets as the source of lead in condors, as we covered in\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> this KQED QUEST story\u003c/a> earlier this year:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor. “This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The 70 free-flying condors on California’s central coast are routinely tested for lead poisoning. Those with high lead levels are brought to the Los Angeles Zoo for chelation treatment. The condor population has risen from just 22 condors in 1982 with the help of an intensive captive breeding program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_711_2013_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signing statement\u003c/a>, Governor Brown said the lead bullets pose a danger to wildlife, adding, “I am concerned, however, the impression left from this bill is that hunters and sportsmen and women in California are not conservationists. I know that is not the case. Hunters and anglers are the original conservationists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/condor-population/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9925\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/condor-population.jpg\" alt=\"condor-population\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\">\u003c/a>Gun groups had expressed concerns that copper ammunition supplies are limited because the bullets are considered to be “armor-piercing.” Governor Brown pointed to a special provision that would suspend the lead ban in the event that other bullets are banned by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead bullets will still be available in stores for use in non-hunting activities, like at shooting ranges. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife has until July 1, 2015 to write the lead ammunition regulations and the ban must be fully in place by July 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Your Car Could Run On Gasoline Made From Bacteria in the Future",
"headTitle": "Your Car Could Run On Gasoline Made From Bacteria in the Future | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/GasPump.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9684\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/GasPump.jpg\" alt=\"Maybe someday the gas in these pumps will come from bacteria instead of out of the ground.\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maybe someday the gas in these pumps will come from bacteria instead of out of the ground. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas-pump-Indiana-USA.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine if instead of digging oil up out of the ground and refining it into gasoline, we could just have bacteria make it for us in a big vat somewhere. Since we would grow the food that the bacteria turn into gasoline, this would be a very low carbon fuel option that lets us keep the current internal combustion technology and the vast distribution system already in place. In other words, this approach would greatly decrease our carbon footprint with minimal retooling of the existing infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The downside is that for now, the bacteria need the food we eat to make the gasoline. We got a taste back in 2008 and 2011 for what happens when we try to lower carbon emissions by using food to make biofuels—\u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2012/07/28/the-coming-food-crisis-blame-ethanol/\">food price spikes and their accompanying riots\u003c/a>. Ideally, we will want to be able to feed the bacteria stuff we can’t eat so that making gas doesn’t cause starvation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all relevant because researchers from South Korea have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24077097\">engineered bacteria to make gasoline\u003c/a>. Through a series of genetic tweaks and add-ons, they have coaxed the laboratory workhorse, \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, to make around 580 milligrams (mg) of gasoline per liter of culture. While this is an amazing bioengineering feat, 580 mg is as little as it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecalculatorsite.com/conversions/substances/oil.php\">handy calculator\u003c/a>, it looks like there are 2.9 million or so mg per gallon of gas. A little algebra shows that we would need around 5000 liters of bacterial culture to get a gallon of gas. Even with the best gas mileage, this wouldn’t be competitive. And these researchers know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/BioReactor.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9689\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9689\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/BioReactor.jpg\" alt=\"Gas might come from here one day instead of a hole in the ground. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas might come from here one day instead of a hole in the ground. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jninternational4.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/09/30/south-korean-research-team-turns-e-coli-into-gasoline/\">They claim\u003c/a> that if they can boost the bacteria so that it makes 10 or 20 grams of gasoline per liter, then it will become competitive with gasoline obtained the old-fashioned way. They can get away with this still relatively low level of production because unlike oil or tar sands, the bacterial gasoline doesn’t need any refining. The bacteria produce it ready-to-go!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting from half a gram to ten or twenty grams will not be trivial and will probably need some significant breakthrough. These are hard to predict which means we can’t know if they can get bacteria to this level in a year, a decade or a century. But if it happens, it may be one piece of the puzzle in dealing with global warming while maintaining our current standard of living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important to note that bacterial production of biofuels is not the only game in town. One of the most viable alternatives currently is biodiesel. It isn’t great in the cold but at around $2.00-2.50 per gallon to produce, it is getting pretty competitive with petroleum based diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now large scale production of biodiesel suffers from the same issues as bacterially made gasoline—food has to be used to make it. The numbers I have seen are that it takes something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.card.iastate.edu/iowa_ag_review/winter_08/article3.aspx\">7.6 pounds of soybeans to make a single gallon of biodiesel\u003c/a>. Given that the U.S. uses around 60 billion gallons of diesel each year, it would take a whole lot of soybeans just to match our current needs. Keep in mind this number doesn’t include any increased diesel needs as more and more cars are converted to diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how this compares to the bacterially produced gasoline is no picnic! I tried a back of the napkin calculation to figure out how much food it takes for these bacteria to make a gallon of gas but it may be a bit off. Still, it does give a number that is probably in the right ballpark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9692\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/LotsOfCorn.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9692\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9692\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/LotsOfCorn.jpg\" alt=\"Right now it takes a lot of corn to make a gallon of gas. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Right now it takes a lot of corn to make a gallon of gas. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornheap.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A little digging found that \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_syrup\">3,360 pounds of corn can yield about 2000 pounds of a 90% glucose solution\u003c/a> or about 1800 pounds of glucose. Since the researchers used 5000 liters of a 20 gram per liter culture to get one gallon of gas, that means each gallon of gas would take 100,000 grams of glucose. A little algebra and we come up with 220 pounds of glucose per gallon of gas which translates to a mind boggling 411 or so pounds of corn. Suddenly biodiesel is looking pretty reasonable!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they can really get the bacteria to produce 20 grams of gasoline per liter of culture, the amount of corn needed for each gallon of gas falls to 11.9 pounds. This is getting pretty close to the ball park of biodiesel but is still an awful lot of corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the soybean based biodiesel and the bacterial based gasoline simply need too much food to be useful as a substitute for petroleum based diesel and gasoline. Scientists need to find ways to use inedible plants to make biodiesel or to feed these bacteria. This is obviously an active area of research with great strides being made in turning cellulose into the gasoline additive ethanol. If scientists can get similar results with a cellulose to glucose conversion, then this bacterially produced gasoline may yet let us live happily ever after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more in this g\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/06/130626-drop-in-biofuels-making-gasoline-from-plants/\">reat article on other fuels that will not require a change in infrastructure.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Imagine if instead of digging oil up out of the ground and refining it into gasoline, we could just have bacteria make it for us in a big vat somewhere. Researchers from South Korea have done just that -- engineered bacteria to make gasoline -- but many challenges remain before large scale production becomes viable.",
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"title": "Your Car Could Run On Gasoline Made From Bacteria in the Future | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/GasPump.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9684\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/GasPump.jpg\" alt=\"Maybe someday the gas in these pumps will come from bacteria instead of out of the ground.\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maybe someday the gas in these pumps will come from bacteria instead of out of the ground. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas-pump-Indiana-USA.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine if instead of digging oil up out of the ground and refining it into gasoline, we could just have bacteria make it for us in a big vat somewhere. Since we would grow the food that the bacteria turn into gasoline, this would be a very low carbon fuel option that lets us keep the current internal combustion technology and the vast distribution system already in place. In other words, this approach would greatly decrease our carbon footprint with minimal retooling of the existing infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The downside is that for now, the bacteria need the food we eat to make the gasoline. We got a taste back in 2008 and 2011 for what happens when we try to lower carbon emissions by using food to make biofuels—\u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2012/07/28/the-coming-food-crisis-blame-ethanol/\">food price spikes and their accompanying riots\u003c/a>. Ideally, we will want to be able to feed the bacteria stuff we can’t eat so that making gas doesn’t cause starvation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all relevant because researchers from South Korea have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24077097\">engineered bacteria to make gasoline\u003c/a>. Through a series of genetic tweaks and add-ons, they have coaxed the laboratory workhorse, \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, to make around 580 milligrams (mg) of gasoline per liter of culture. While this is an amazing bioengineering feat, 580 mg is as little as it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecalculatorsite.com/conversions/substances/oil.php\">handy calculator\u003c/a>, it looks like there are 2.9 million or so mg per gallon of gas. A little algebra shows that we would need around 5000 liters of bacterial culture to get a gallon of gas. Even with the best gas mileage, this wouldn’t be competitive. And these researchers know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/BioReactor.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9689\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9689\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/BioReactor.jpg\" alt=\"Gas might come from here one day instead of a hole in the ground. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas might come from here one day instead of a hole in the ground. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jninternational4.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/09/30/south-korean-research-team-turns-e-coli-into-gasoline/\">They claim\u003c/a> that if they can boost the bacteria so that it makes 10 or 20 grams of gasoline per liter, then it will become competitive with gasoline obtained the old-fashioned way. They can get away with this still relatively low level of production because unlike oil or tar sands, the bacterial gasoline doesn’t need any refining. The bacteria produce it ready-to-go!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting from half a gram to ten or twenty grams will not be trivial and will probably need some significant breakthrough. These are hard to predict which means we can’t know if they can get bacteria to this level in a year, a decade or a century. But if it happens, it may be one piece of the puzzle in dealing with global warming while maintaining our current standard of living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important to note that bacterial production of biofuels is not the only game in town. One of the most viable alternatives currently is biodiesel. It isn’t great in the cold but at around $2.00-2.50 per gallon to produce, it is getting pretty competitive with petroleum based diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now large scale production of biodiesel suffers from the same issues as bacterially made gasoline—food has to be used to make it. The numbers I have seen are that it takes something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.card.iastate.edu/iowa_ag_review/winter_08/article3.aspx\">7.6 pounds of soybeans to make a single gallon of biodiesel\u003c/a>. Given that the U.S. uses around 60 billion gallons of diesel each year, it would take a whole lot of soybeans just to match our current needs. Keep in mind this number doesn’t include any increased diesel needs as more and more cars are converted to diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how this compares to the bacterially produced gasoline is no picnic! I tried a back of the napkin calculation to figure out how much food it takes for these bacteria to make a gallon of gas but it may be a bit off. Still, it does give a number that is probably in the right ballpark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9692\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/LotsOfCorn.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9692\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9692\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/LotsOfCorn.jpg\" alt=\"Right now it takes a lot of corn to make a gallon of gas. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Right now it takes a lot of corn to make a gallon of gas. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornheap.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A little digging found that \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_syrup\">3,360 pounds of corn can yield about 2000 pounds of a 90% glucose solution\u003c/a> or about 1800 pounds of glucose. Since the researchers used 5000 liters of a 20 gram per liter culture to get one gallon of gas, that means each gallon of gas would take 100,000 grams of glucose. A little algebra and we come up with 220 pounds of glucose per gallon of gas which translates to a mind boggling 411 or so pounds of corn. Suddenly biodiesel is looking pretty reasonable!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they can really get the bacteria to produce 20 grams of gasoline per liter of culture, the amount of corn needed for each gallon of gas falls to 11.9 pounds. This is getting pretty close to the ball park of biodiesel but is still an awful lot of corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the soybean based biodiesel and the bacterial based gasoline simply need too much food to be useful as a substitute for petroleum based diesel and gasoline. Scientists need to find ways to use inedible plants to make biodiesel or to feed these bacteria. This is obviously an active area of research with great strides being made in turning cellulose into the gasoline additive ethanol. If scientists can get similar results with a cellulose to glucose conversion, then this bacterially produced gasoline may yet let us live happily ever after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more in this g\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/06/130626-drop-in-biofuels-making-gasoline-from-plants/\">reat article on other fuels that will not require a change in infrastructure.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Solano County Fire Spreads Smoke, Prompts Health Alert for Bay Area ",
"title": "Solano County Fire Spreads Smoke, Prompts Health Alert for Bay Area ",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_113937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/04/solano-county-fire-spreads-smoke-over-bay-area/sfsmoke/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-113937\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-113937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/10/sfsmoke-e1380928720491.jpg\" alt=\"Heavy smoke as seen Friday afternoon in San Francisco. The source of the plume is a wind-driven wildfire in Solano County (David He via Berkeleyside). \" width=\"640\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy smoke as seen Friday afternoon in San Francisco. The source of the plume: a wind-driven wildfire in Solano County (David He via \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2013/10/04/solano-county-fire-blankets-berkeley-with-smoke/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bay Area air officials have issued a smoke advisory because of a large grass fire burning near the Solano County town of Suisun City, about 40 miles northeast of downtown San Francisco. Cal Fire says the blaze, which has been dubbed the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=%23BranscombeFire&src=hash\" target=\"_blank\">Branscombe Fire\u003c/a>, has consumed about 1,000 acres and is 70 percent contained. Residents throughout the Bay Area are reporting heavy smoke in the air — a repeat of last night's experience when a wind-driven fire near Lake Berryessa in Napa County spread a plume of smoke over the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check current air quality through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/The-Air-District/AQ-Ratings.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>. Cal Fire is assisting with the Branscombe fire, and is \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CAL_FIRE/\">posting containment updates\u003c/a> on Twitter. \u003ca href=\"http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/local/north_bay&id=9274820\" target=\"_blank\">KGO\u003c/a> is also following the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a view tweeted by KCBS:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>Solano County 8-alarm vegetation fire from Sky5 Kathy Coates off Hwy 12 blowing a lot of smoke into East Bay. \u003ca href=\"http://t.co/NhkkmitVg3\">pic.twitter.com/NhkkmitVg3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— KCBS Traffic (@kcbstraffic) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kcbstraffic/statuses/386244683686359040\">October 4, 2013\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->The heavy smoke prompted the Bay Area Air Quality Management District to advise residents throughout the region to take precautions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Reduce exposure to smoky air by remaining indoors with windows and doors closed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Set air conditioning units and car vent systems to re-circulate\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If air smells of smoke, limit outdoor activities to avoid unnecessary exposure\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you have asthma or other lung disease, make sure you follow your doctor's directions about taking your medicines and following your asthma management plan. Call your doctor if your symptoms worsen.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you have heart or lung disease, if you are an older adult, or if you have children, talk with your doctor about whether and when you should leave the area.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Solano County fire broke out as the Bay Area continues under a National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/wwatxtget.php?cwa=mtr&wwa=red%20flag%20warning\" target=\"_blank\">Red Flag Warning\u003c/a>. High winds, low humidity and extremely dry vegetation have created a critical fire risk for most of the region from the northern Sacramento Valley down to the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the latest Bay City News summary on the Solano County blaze:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>At least one structure has been destroyed by the fire, and around five to 10 others were threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire, which is being driven south by strong winds, triggered evacuations and road closures in the Grizzly Island Wildlife Area, according to Dixon Fire Chief Aaron McAlister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant said the large fire is one of several in the North Bay being fanned by strong winds today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hot, dry windy conditions have triggered red flag warnings in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This fire is evidence of what these gusty offshore winds can do and why it's so important everyone be careful out there today,\" Berlant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire has caused reports of smoke throughout the East Bay and even as far away as San Francisco and the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District this afternoon issued a smoke advisory warning Bay Area residents, especially those with asthma and other respiratory issues, to stay inside with the windows and doors closed as much as possible.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_113937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/04/solano-county-fire-spreads-smoke-over-bay-area/sfsmoke/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-113937\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-113937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/10/sfsmoke-e1380928720491.jpg\" alt=\"Heavy smoke as seen Friday afternoon in San Francisco. The source of the plume is a wind-driven wildfire in Solano County (David He via Berkeleyside). \" width=\"640\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy smoke as seen Friday afternoon in San Francisco. The source of the plume: a wind-driven wildfire in Solano County (David He via \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2013/10/04/solano-county-fire-blankets-berkeley-with-smoke/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bay Area air officials have issued a smoke advisory because of a large grass fire burning near the Solano County town of Suisun City, about 40 miles northeast of downtown San Francisco. Cal Fire says the blaze, which has been dubbed the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=%23BranscombeFire&src=hash\" target=\"_blank\">Branscombe Fire\u003c/a>, has consumed about 1,000 acres and is 70 percent contained. Residents throughout the Bay Area are reporting heavy smoke in the air — a repeat of last night's experience when a wind-driven fire near Lake Berryessa in Napa County spread a plume of smoke over the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check current air quality through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/The-Air-District/AQ-Ratings.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>. Cal Fire is assisting with the Branscombe fire, and is \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CAL_FIRE/\">posting containment updates\u003c/a> on Twitter. \u003ca href=\"http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/local/north_bay&id=9274820\" target=\"_blank\">KGO\u003c/a> is also following the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a view tweeted by KCBS:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>Solano County 8-alarm vegetation fire from Sky5 Kathy Coates off Hwy 12 blowing a lot of smoke into East Bay. \u003ca href=\"http://t.co/NhkkmitVg3\">pic.twitter.com/NhkkmitVg3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— KCBS Traffic (@kcbstraffic) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kcbstraffic/statuses/386244683686359040\">October 4, 2013\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->The heavy smoke prompted the Bay Area Air Quality Management District to advise residents throughout the region to take precautions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Reduce exposure to smoky air by remaining indoors with windows and doors closed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Set air conditioning units and car vent systems to re-circulate\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If air smells of smoke, limit outdoor activities to avoid unnecessary exposure\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you have asthma or other lung disease, make sure you follow your doctor's directions about taking your medicines and following your asthma management plan. Call your doctor if your symptoms worsen.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you have heart or lung disease, if you are an older adult, or if you have children, talk with your doctor about whether and when you should leave the area.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Solano County fire broke out as the Bay Area continues under a National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/wwatxtget.php?cwa=mtr&wwa=red%20flag%20warning\" target=\"_blank\">Red Flag Warning\u003c/a>. High winds, low humidity and extremely dry vegetation have created a critical fire risk for most of the region from the northern Sacramento Valley down to the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the latest Bay City News summary on the Solano County blaze:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>At least one structure has been destroyed by the fire, and around five to 10 others were threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire, which is being driven south by strong winds, triggered evacuations and road closures in the Grizzly Island Wildlife Area, according to Dixon Fire Chief Aaron McAlister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant said the large fire is one of several in the North Bay being fanned by strong winds today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hot, dry windy conditions have triggered red flag warnings in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This fire is evidence of what these gusty offshore winds can do and why it's so important everyone be careful out there today,\" Berlant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire has caused reports of smoke throughout the East Bay and even as far away as San Francisco and the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District this afternoon issued a smoke advisory warning Bay Area residents, especially those with asthma and other respiratory issues, to stay inside with the windows and doors closed as much as possible.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Watsonville Lacks Funds to Control Toxic Algae, Threatening Wildlife",
"headTitle": "Watsonville Lacks Funds to Control Toxic Algae, Threatening Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/10/2013-10-07-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>By Krista Almanzan\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO1_KA_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9661\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO1_KA_crop.jpg\" alt=\"The menace lurking in Pinto Lake isn't always obvious. (Krista Almanzan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The menace lurking in Pinto Lake isn’t always obvious. (Krista Almanzan/KAZU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Central Coast town of Watsonville, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pintolakepark.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pinto Lake City Park\u003c/a> is a fixture in the life of many locals, including 20-year-old Juan Perez. He’s been fishing off the jetty at the southern end of the lake since he was 8 years old. “I come out here whenever I can,” Perez said. He usually fishes for sport–catch and release–except late this summer when he caught more than 100 pounds of carp, winning Watsonville’s “Carpageddon” competition. The monthly $50 prize to the angler who removes the most carp from the lake is about all Watsonville can afford, to address the lake’s big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nasty stuff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/24/california-lakes-toxic-algae-among-worst-in-u-s/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plagued with chronic blooms\u003c/a> of a toxic blue-green algae called cyanobacteria. The algae feed on phosphorus from decades-old deposits of sediment in the lake. Farm fertilizers and leaky septic systems are also contributors, and the bottom-feeding carp stir that phosphorus up into the lake waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-3-e1380900507238.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9662\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9662\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-3-e1380900507238.jpg\" alt=\"Blue green algae near the shore of Pinto Lake in Watsonville. (Krista Almanzan)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue green algae near the shore of Pinto Lake in Watsonville. (Krista Almanzan/KAZU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So if we can reduce the amount of carp in the lake we can reduce the amount of phosphorus in the water column,” said Robert Ketley, a senior utilities engineer with the city of Watsonville. The algae stay green while they’re floating on the surface of the water and then turn blue where they’ve dried on shore. “The problem really manifests in the fall months, and that’s when you come down here and the lake will look luminescent green and will have an odor that you will either distinguish as ‘gym bag’ or ‘manure,’” Ketley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors may not always notice the small patches of algae floating on the lake but it’s hard to miss the signs along the shore warning people to avoid direct contact with the water. When it gets really bad, the lake has to be roped off. Patricia McQuade, who manages Pinto Lake City Park, including its RV campground and boat rentals, says she’s had to make changes to keep people from getting sick. For example, she no longer rents boats to families with kids. “Can’t do that,” McQuade told me on a recent visit. “We can’t let them on the water because a kid \u003cem>has\u003c/em> to put their hands over the side of the boat, right? Then they’re going to have to put their hands in their mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Spiking the meter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9665\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9665\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9665\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-4.jpg\" alt=\"Signs warn of the blue green algae at Watsonville's Pinto Lake. (Krista Almanzan)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Signs warn of the blue green algae at Watsonville’s Pinto Lake. (Krista Almanzan/KAZU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The algae produce a toxin called \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/topics/bluegreenalgae.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a> that when touched or ingested can cause effects ranging from nausea to liver damage. The California health limit for the toxin is 0.8 parts-per-billion. Between 2009 and 2012, Pinto Lake averaged 84 ppb: 100 times the health limit. And one sample back in 2007 showed nearly 2.9 million ppb of microcystin. That’s the highest level of that toxin ever recorded in California: more than 3 million times the health limit. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.toxicalgaenews.com/toxic-algae-report-2013.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Wildlife Federation\u003c/a> ranks Pinto Lake’s algae among the worst in the nation. The blooms have been linked to the deaths of birds, fish and even sea otters in nearby Monterey Bay. That’s because the lake’s waters eventually flow into the Pajaro River, which empties into the bay. Once Ketley and a researcher showed symptoms of exposure themselves. Otherwise there are no documented cases of people getting sick from the slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ketley says the algae will get worse when the rainy season kicks in. That’s when runoff from nearby agricultural fields and neighborhoods gives the biggest boost to phosphorus levels in the lake. The city plans to educate homeowners and businesses in the watershed about the effects of runoff, but that will only go so far. It’s also considering treating the lake with a chemical compound called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alum\u003c/a>. “You put alum into the lake,” Ketley said, “it binds up the phosphorus in the water column, and you create a barrier on the bottom of the lake, over the sediment, so that the phosphorus from the sediments can’t get up in the water column.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9671\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9671\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-2.jpg\" alt=\"Watsonville engineer Robert Ketley wants Pinto Lake to be a successful laboratory for countering algae. (Krista Almanzan) \" width=\"450\" height=\"338\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watsonville engineer Robert Ketley wants Pinto Lake to be a successful laboratory for countering algae. (Krista Almanzan/KAZU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says the alum treatment will cost several hundred thousand dollars. It’s money Watsonville does not have. The city hasn’t recovered from the economic downturn, when it had to cut staff and services. So Ketley applied for a grant from the State Water Resources Control Board. He says Pinto is the perfect-sized laboratory lake for other California communities. “One of the things I really feel strongly about,” Ketley said, “is I want to make sure people see this as an opportunity to have a success story rather than doom and gloom–‘Oh no, toxic lake, bad situation.’ We can fix this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McQuade and other community members say it must be fixed. They recently formed a group called \u003ca href=\"http://friendsofpintolake.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of Pinto Lake\u003c/a>. “When you think of how hard we work to save a redwood, maybe 300 years old,” McQuade offers for perspective, “this is 8,000 years old, so we have to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be months before Watsonville knows if it will get any state money to help clean up the algae and preserve this treasured lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003cem>Krista Almanzan reports for public radio station KAZU in the Monterey Bay Area. She has also produced stories for NPR and KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The city of Watsonville has an expensive problem on its hands: toxic algae stirred up from the bottom of Pinto Lake makes the lake poisonous to humans and deadly to birds, fish, and even the otters in Monterey Bay, where the lake water eventually empties into the sea. Knowing how to clean it is one thing; paying for it is another.\r\n",
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"description": "The city of Watsonville has an expensive problem on its hands: toxic algae stirred up from the bottom of Pinto Lake makes the lake poisonous to humans and deadly to birds, fish, and even the otters in Monterey Bay, where the lake water eventually empties into the sea. Knowing how to clean it is one thing; paying for it is another.\r\n",
"title": "Watsonville Lacks Funds to Control Toxic Algae, Threatening Wildlife | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/10/2013-10-07-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>By Krista Almanzan\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO1_KA_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9661\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO1_KA_crop.jpg\" alt=\"The menace lurking in Pinto Lake isn't always obvious. (Krista Almanzan)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The menace lurking in Pinto Lake isn’t always obvious. (Krista Almanzan/KAZU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Central Coast town of Watsonville, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pintolakepark.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pinto Lake City Park\u003c/a> is a fixture in the life of many locals, including 20-year-old Juan Perez. He’s been fishing off the jetty at the southern end of the lake since he was 8 years old. “I come out here whenever I can,” Perez said. He usually fishes for sport–catch and release–except late this summer when he caught more than 100 pounds of carp, winning Watsonville’s “Carpageddon” competition. The monthly $50 prize to the angler who removes the most carp from the lake is about all Watsonville can afford, to address the lake’s big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nasty stuff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/24/california-lakes-toxic-algae-among-worst-in-u-s/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plagued with chronic blooms\u003c/a> of a toxic blue-green algae called cyanobacteria. The algae feed on phosphorus from decades-old deposits of sediment in the lake. Farm fertilizers and leaky septic systems are also contributors, and the bottom-feeding carp stir that phosphorus up into the lake waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9662\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-3-e1380900507238.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9662\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9662\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-3-e1380900507238.jpg\" alt=\"Blue green algae near the shore of Pinto Lake in Watsonville. (Krista Almanzan)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue green algae near the shore of Pinto Lake in Watsonville. (Krista Almanzan/KAZU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So if we can reduce the amount of carp in the lake we can reduce the amount of phosphorus in the water column,” said Robert Ketley, a senior utilities engineer with the city of Watsonville. The algae stay green while they’re floating on the surface of the water and then turn blue where they’ve dried on shore. “The problem really manifests in the fall months, and that’s when you come down here and the lake will look luminescent green and will have an odor that you will either distinguish as ‘gym bag’ or ‘manure,’” Ketley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors may not always notice the small patches of algae floating on the lake but it’s hard to miss the signs along the shore warning people to avoid direct contact with the water. When it gets really bad, the lake has to be roped off. Patricia McQuade, who manages Pinto Lake City Park, including its RV campground and boat rentals, says she’s had to make changes to keep people from getting sick. For example, she no longer rents boats to families with kids. “Can’t do that,” McQuade told me on a recent visit. “We can’t let them on the water because a kid \u003cem>has\u003c/em> to put their hands over the side of the boat, right? Then they’re going to have to put their hands in their mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Spiking the meter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9665\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9665\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9665\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-4.jpg\" alt=\"Signs warn of the blue green algae at Watsonville's Pinto Lake. (Krista Almanzan)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Signs warn of the blue green algae at Watsonville’s Pinto Lake. (Krista Almanzan/KAZU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The algae produce a toxin called \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/topics/bluegreenalgae.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a> that when touched or ingested can cause effects ranging from nausea to liver damage. The California health limit for the toxin is 0.8 parts-per-billion. Between 2009 and 2012, Pinto Lake averaged 84 ppb: 100 times the health limit. And one sample back in 2007 showed nearly 2.9 million ppb of microcystin. That’s the highest level of that toxin ever recorded in California: more than 3 million times the health limit. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.toxicalgaenews.com/toxic-algae-report-2013.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Wildlife Federation\u003c/a> ranks Pinto Lake’s algae among the worst in the nation. The blooms have been linked to the deaths of birds, fish and even sea otters in nearby Monterey Bay. That’s because the lake’s waters eventually flow into the Pajaro River, which empties into the bay. Once Ketley and a researcher showed symptoms of exposure themselves. Otherwise there are no documented cases of people getting sick from the slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ketley says the algae will get worse when the rainy season kicks in. That’s when runoff from nearby agricultural fields and neighborhoods gives the biggest boost to phosphorus levels in the lake. The city plans to educate homeowners and businesses in the watershed about the effects of runoff, but that will only go so far. It’s also considering treating the lake with a chemical compound called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alum\u003c/a>. “You put alum into the lake,” Ketley said, “it binds up the phosphorus in the water column, and you create a barrier on the bottom of the lake, over the sediment, so that the phosphorus from the sediments can’t get up in the water column.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9671\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9671\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/PINTO-2.jpg\" alt=\"Watsonville engineer Robert Ketley wants Pinto Lake to be a successful laboratory for countering algae. (Krista Almanzan) \" width=\"450\" height=\"338\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watsonville engineer Robert Ketley wants Pinto Lake to be a successful laboratory for countering algae. (Krista Almanzan/KAZU)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says the alum treatment will cost several hundred thousand dollars. It’s money Watsonville does not have. The city hasn’t recovered from the economic downturn, when it had to cut staff and services. So Ketley applied for a grant from the State Water Resources Control Board. He says Pinto is the perfect-sized laboratory lake for other California communities. “One of the things I really feel strongly about,” Ketley said, “is I want to make sure people see this as an opportunity to have a success story rather than doom and gloom–‘Oh no, toxic lake, bad situation.’ We can fix this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McQuade and other community members say it must be fixed. They recently formed a group called \u003ca href=\"http://friendsofpintolake.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of Pinto Lake\u003c/a>. “When you think of how hard we work to save a redwood, maybe 300 years old,” McQuade offers for perspective, “this is 8,000 years old, so we have to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be months before Watsonville knows if it will get any state money to help clean up the algae and preserve this treasured lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003cem>Krista Almanzan reports for public radio station KAZU in the Monterey Bay Area. She has also produced stories for NPR and KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Could Hamper Forest Recovery After Rim Fire",
"headTitle": "Drought Could Hamper Forest Recovery After Rim Fire | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9628\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Rim-fire2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9628\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Rim-fire2.jpg\" alt=\"California's dry weather could make it tough for young trees to get established after the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s dry soil could make it tough for young trees to get established after the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fire ecologists say it will take decades for forests to recover from the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park, given the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/19/rim-fire-draft/\">extent of the high-severity burn\u003c/a>. Now they’re adding another concern to that list: California’s dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprawling stands of dead trees, an estimated 40 percent of the burned area, are reminiscent of another major national park fire: \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94126845\">Yellowstone in 1998\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3112b44fa131a811d44c7bbb13b64918″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initial response was that Yellowstone had been destroyed and it was a disaster,” says Malcolm North, a Forest Service ecologist. “We’ve come to understand that fire was actually very characteristic for Yellowstone and did a lot of ecological benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here, not so much. Forests in Yellowstone adapted to high-intensity fires, as seen in the lodgepole pines commonly found there. “The cones on the tree are actually sealed with pitch and only open up and release new seeds under high-intensity fire,” says North. “We have lodgepole pine in California but in almost all of it, the cones do not open and release seeds the same way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9700\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Yellowstone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9700\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Yellowstone.jpg\" alt=\"Lodgepole pines regrowing 15 years after the Yellowstone fire. (Photo: Monica Turner)\" width=\"350\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lodgepole pines regrowing 15 years after the Yellowstone fire. (Photo: Monica Turner)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9630\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/North-fire.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9630\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/North-fire.jpg\" alt=\"A California forest burned 10 years ago in the Cone Fire is replaced with shrubland. (Photo; Malcolm North/USFS)\" width=\"351\" height=\"231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California forest burned 10 years ago in the Cone Fire is now shrub land. (Photo: Malcolm North/USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mid-elevation forests, like the area of the Rim Fire, have historically seen frequent, low-intensity fires where most of the large trees survive and seed the next generation. “You need to have live trees nearby an area for the seed to be blown in on the wind,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a challenge in the Rim Fire’s largest swath of dead trees, estimated to be 63,000 acres. “It’s very unlikely that seed is going to be able to get into the interior of that high-severity patch,” says North.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when young trees get established, drought could hamper the recovery, as North and other fire ecologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/41.summary\">published in the journal Science\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most susceptible stage of forests throughout their 400-year life is really the first 10 years,” he says. “There’s a much higher likelihood that they’re going to die within that period until they get large enough that they get deep enough root systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a record-dry year in California so far, something that could aid shrubs and bushes – the quick-colonizers that could potentially take over historically forested areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The shrubs are really strong competitors for soil moisture,” North says. “Not only do you have the influence of the climate drying and making the overall soil moisture lower, the shrubs are much better at picking up and using the soil moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is currently considering whether to plant trees in badly-burned areas to give shrubs some competition and the forest a head start.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Ferns and new shoots from oak trees are already appearing in the ashes of the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park. But fire ecologists say the long-term recovery of the forest could be hampered if California’s dry weather continues",
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"description": "Ferns and new shoots from oak trees are already appearing in the ashes of the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park. But fire ecologists say the long-term recovery of the forest could be hampered if California’s dry weather continues",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9628\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Rim-fire2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9628\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Rim-fire2.jpg\" alt=\"California's dry weather could make it tough for young trees to get established after the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s dry soil could make it tough for young trees to get established after the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fire ecologists say it will take decades for forests to recover from the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park, given the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/19/rim-fire-draft/\">extent of the high-severity burn\u003c/a>. Now they’re adding another concern to that list: California’s dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprawling stands of dead trees, an estimated 40 percent of the burned area, are reminiscent of another major national park fire: \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94126845\">Yellowstone in 1998\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initial response was that Yellowstone had been destroyed and it was a disaster,” says Malcolm North, a Forest Service ecologist. “We’ve come to understand that fire was actually very characteristic for Yellowstone and did a lot of ecological benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here, not so much. Forests in Yellowstone adapted to high-intensity fires, as seen in the lodgepole pines commonly found there. “The cones on the tree are actually sealed with pitch and only open up and release new seeds under high-intensity fire,” says North. “We have lodgepole pine in California but in almost all of it, the cones do not open and release seeds the same way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9700\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Yellowstone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9700\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Yellowstone.jpg\" alt=\"Lodgepole pines regrowing 15 years after the Yellowstone fire. (Photo: Monica Turner)\" width=\"350\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lodgepole pines regrowing 15 years after the Yellowstone fire. (Photo: Monica Turner)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9630\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/North-fire.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9630\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/North-fire.jpg\" alt=\"A California forest burned 10 years ago in the Cone Fire is replaced with shrubland. (Photo; Malcolm North/USFS)\" width=\"351\" height=\"231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California forest burned 10 years ago in the Cone Fire is now shrub land. (Photo: Malcolm North/USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mid-elevation forests, like the area of the Rim Fire, have historically seen frequent, low-intensity fires where most of the large trees survive and seed the next generation. “You need to have live trees nearby an area for the seed to be blown in on the wind,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a challenge in the Rim Fire’s largest swath of dead trees, estimated to be 63,000 acres. “It’s very unlikely that seed is going to be able to get into the interior of that high-severity patch,” says North.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when young trees get established, drought could hamper the recovery, as North and other fire ecologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/41.summary\">published in the journal Science\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most susceptible stage of forests throughout their 400-year life is really the first 10 years,” he says. “There’s a much higher likelihood that they’re going to die within that period until they get large enough that they get deep enough root systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a record-dry year in California so far, something that could aid shrubs and bushes – the quick-colonizers that could potentially take over historically forested areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The shrubs are really strong competitors for soil moisture,” North says. “Not only do you have the influence of the climate drying and making the overall soil moisture lower, the shrubs are much better at picking up and using the soil moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is currently considering whether to plant trees in badly-burned areas to give shrubs some competition and the forest a head start.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Can Renewable Energy Reduce California's Fire Risk?",
"headTitle": "Can Renewable Energy Reduce California’s Fire Risk? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/09/2013-09-30-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9429\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/DSC01010.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/DSC01010.jpg\" alt=\"A hot spot smolders in the Rim Fire (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hotspot smolders in the burn area of the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.inciweb.org/incident/3660/\">Rim Fire\u003c/a>, still smoldering in Yosemite National Park, is expected to be fully contained on Tuesday, six weeks after it started. The record-breaking blaze is calling attention to California’s overloaded forests, stocked with fuel after a century of aggressively snuffing out fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing the fuel load acre-by-acre is costly and runs headlong into a decades-old environmental debate over forest management. Now, California is making a new push to use forest fuels in biomass energy power plants, part of the state’s ambitious renewable energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For U.S. Forest Service scientists assessing the Rim Fire damage on the ground, the case for tackling the fuel problem is becoming increasingly clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests Like a “Teenager’s Room”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9425\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rimfire-compare.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rimfire-compare.jpg\" alt=\"CAPTION\" width=\"350\" height=\"547\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dense tree stand \u003cstrong>(above)\u003c/strong> after the Rim Fire. A tree stand just across the road \u003cstrong>(below)\u003c/strong> was previously thinned out and still has green pine needles. (Photos: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The trees we see here today aren’t going to make it,” says Forest Service Ecologist Carol Ewell, slogging through a foot of powdery, white ash amid seemingly endless stands of blackened tree trunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees in this part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/stanislaus/\">Stanislaus National Forest\u003c/a> are bare, with no pine needles and few branches remaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use the word, it was ‘torched,” Ewell says. “The fire went all the way up the crown.” About 40 percent of the vegetation in the fire burned at this kind of “high severity” and is unlikely to survive, according to Forest Service estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ewell and Stanislaus National Forest fire planner Shelly Crook are doing some “fire forensics,” cataloging the damage to assess how past fuel reduction projects fared in the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dense trees in this stand, just three and four feet apart, remind Crook of a teenager’s bedroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happens if you let him go three years without cleaning their room,” she offers. “You know what the room is going to look like. So that’s what the forest is — and the vacuum cleaner out here is fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, the Sierra Nevada saw more low-intensity burns that cleared out the understory every 5-to-20 years. Ewell says that stopped nearly a century ago, when the Service instituted its legendary “10 ‘clock” policy, the goal of putting out any fire by 10 a.m. on the day after it was reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service dropped that policy 30 years ago, but the legacy is still visible on the landscape. The Rim Fire used small trees like ladders, climbing upwards to create high-intensity crown fires that commonly leave just charred trunks behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, right across the road, it’s an entirely different scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">All the climate change modeling, everything predicts this kind of stuff to happen, and we have to do something about it.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can see some really bright green, healthy needles showing through this canopy,” Crook says, peering upward. The needles at the base of the trees are brown, but green becomes increasingly dense farther on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference between two the plots, Crook says, is that one side of the road had been thinned out. The small trees were removed, leaving 10 to 20 feet of space between the larger trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s painfully obvious to me when you look at this,” she says. “This makes sense; the fire didn’t do as much here. The forest is in better condition here and it might survive it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger, Hotter Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Rim Fire is like a wake-up call,” says Hugh Safford, regional ecologist for the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is only the latest of a series of really big fires that we’ve been seeing, bigger and bigger and bigger over the last 25, 30 years,” he says. “All the climate change modeling, everything predicts this kind of stuff to happen, and we have to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safford says the best way to reduce forest fuels is to restore fire as a natural process. Forest managers have the option to allow some naturally caused fires to burn in remote areas or if they pose little threat of spreading. Fire officials saw the benefit of so-called “wildland fire use” when the Rim Fire slowed down as it hit areas inside the park boundary that had recently burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9418\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/RimFuels-1024x787.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/RimFuels-1024x787.jpg\" alt=\"CAPTION\" width=\"324\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>Click to Enlarge\u003c/strong> – Map showing previous fuel treatment projects around Rim Fire over past 12 years by the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service. Includes prescribed fire, thinning (mechanical) and naturally caused fires allowed to burn (wildland fire use). (Source: Stanislaus National Forest)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Making the decision to let it burn is often more challenging for the Forest Service than for the National Park Service. National forests are often closer to developed areas and the agency juggles a number of internal priorities, including recreation, timber sales and hunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have all the towns,” says Safford. “We have all the utility corridors. We have all the private inholdings. We’re a multiple-use agency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to development, the Forest Service focuses on prescribed burns and forest thinning, where small trees are taken out with machinery. It’s expensive work, running in the hundreds to thousands of dollars per acre. Only about 8 percent of national forest land within the Rim Fire perimeter had been treated in some way over the last 12 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just simply that the federal government dumps a whole bunch of money on a landscape and we do the work,” says Safford. “It’s done by private contractors almost always. They have to make some kind of a profit or the work doesn’t get done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contractors make their profit on the few trees that are big enough to use for lumber. But most of the material is too small, so it’s usually piled up and burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Renewable Energy in the Forest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People like Brett Storey say there’s a better way to handle forest material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re seeing right here, this is where the facility would be,” he says, pointing to a lot next to Placer County’s recycling facility, about ten miles northwest of Lake Tahoe. His hope is that next year, it will be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/news/2012/july/cabin%20creek\">Cabin Creek Biomass Facility\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whole towns get heated like this in Scandinavian counties,” he says. The power plant would be small compared to its fossil-fuel cousins, around 2 megawatts, enough electricity for about 1,500 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facility would run on wood and scrap that’s normally piled and burned during forest thinning operations in the area. Storey says the Forest Service produces a ready supply within 30 miles of where we stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9440\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mike-McMillan-USFS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mike-McMillan-USFS.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Mike McMillan, USFS)\" width=\"326\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At more than a quarter-million acres, the Rim Fire is the largest Sierra Nevada fire in recorded history. (Photo: Mike McMillan, USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I kind of joke around – they have this ten-year plan and I call it my super-size menu because it shows what years, how much acreage and how much material they’re going to be taking out,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storey calls it a win-win: the local utility gets renewable energy and the money helps the Forest Service reduce fuels on more land. “It has the potential to solve multiple issues,” he says. “It can help with the fire. It can help with renewable energy. It can help with the air emissions from burning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is trying to jump-start the market for similar projects. Last year, the legislature passed \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Renewables/hot/SB_1122_Bioenergy_Feed-in_Tariff.htm\">SB 1122\u003c/a>, a bill that requires the state’s largest electric utilities to purchase 50 megawatts of power from small biomass plants that run on forestry material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could add 15 to 20 new biomass projects in the state. The electricity is likely to be much more expensive than solar and wind power, but unlike those sources, provides a constant “baseload” supply. The California Public Utilities Commission is currently setting up conditions for the power contracts, which must be approved by the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps us do more with the same amount of money,” says Larry Swan, a biomass utilization specialist with the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a market for small forest materials could help the Forest Service treat 10-20 percent more acres, he says, if the power plant is within 30 miles. Beyond that radius, the cost of transporting and trucking materials often makes biomass projects uneconomical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biomass Opposition Emerges\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Because [biomass plants] are relatively new, people are a little afraid of them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You know it’s funny, renewable energy – everyone says they like it,” Storey says. “But because [biomass plants] are relatively new, people are a little afraid of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cabin Creek project was originally proposed for a site in Kings Beach, closer to Lake Tahoe, but the local community was fiercely opposed. Environmental groups also took a stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can call it thinning, but thinning is really logging,” says Kevin Bundy of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to build roads and skid trails and landings,” he says. “There can be a fair amount of environmental damage associated with thinning operations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bundy says biomass power plants would only add pressure to thin, when fire should be used to reduce the fuel load instead. “When you install brand new energy infrastructure that requires a continuous 24/7 supply of fuel, that creates a demand,” he says. “That demand is going to affect the management of the forest in the immediately surrounding areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 311px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Ewell.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9441\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Ewell.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Service ecologist Carol Ewell surveys the Rim Fire damage. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"311\" height=\"353\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service ecologist Carol Ewell surveys the Rim Fire damage. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there’s question of climate change – whether the carbon currently stored in the forest goes into the atmosphere or stays in the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As they grow, they will continue to take carbon out of the atmosphere,” he says. “When you cut those trees down and burn them for bioenergy, you put all that carbon into the atmosphere where it warms the climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New trees will eventually reabsorb that carbon, but Bundy says the climate can’t afford even a short-term increase in emissions. The Center for Biological Diversity opposed the Cabin Creek project, though the group entered into negotiations with Placer County. Bundy is currently opposing a similar project proposed for North Fork in Madera County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the remains of the Rim Fire, signs of life are appearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ants survive!” exclaims Shelly Crook, spotting an ant colony emerging through the layer of ash. Recovery will take decades, she says, but she’s hoping the lessons from the Rim Fire will be taken to heart long before then.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Rim Fire is calling attention to a big problem: California’s forests are overloaded with fuel after a century of putting out fires. There’s a new push to use that fuel to make renewable energy, but it's sparked a heated debate. ",
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"description": "The Rim Fire is calling attention to a big problem: California’s forests are overloaded with fuel after a century of putting out fires. There’s a new push to use that fuel to make renewable energy, but it's sparked a heated debate. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/09/2013-09-30-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9429\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/DSC01010.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/DSC01010.jpg\" alt=\"A hot spot smolders in the Rim Fire (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hotspot smolders in the burn area of the Rim Fire. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.inciweb.org/incident/3660/\">Rim Fire\u003c/a>, still smoldering in Yosemite National Park, is expected to be fully contained on Tuesday, six weeks after it started. The record-breaking blaze is calling attention to California’s overloaded forests, stocked with fuel after a century of aggressively snuffing out fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing the fuel load acre-by-acre is costly and runs headlong into a decades-old environmental debate over forest management. Now, California is making a new push to use forest fuels in biomass energy power plants, part of the state’s ambitious renewable energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For U.S. Forest Service scientists assessing the Rim Fire damage on the ground, the case for tackling the fuel problem is becoming increasingly clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forests Like a “Teenager’s Room”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9425\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rimfire-compare.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/rimfire-compare.jpg\" alt=\"CAPTION\" width=\"350\" height=\"547\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dense tree stand \u003cstrong>(above)\u003c/strong> after the Rim Fire. A tree stand just across the road \u003cstrong>(below)\u003c/strong> was previously thinned out and still has green pine needles. (Photos: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The trees we see here today aren’t going to make it,” says Forest Service Ecologist Carol Ewell, slogging through a foot of powdery, white ash amid seemingly endless stands of blackened tree trunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees in this part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/stanislaus/\">Stanislaus National Forest\u003c/a> are bare, with no pine needles and few branches remaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use the word, it was ‘torched,” Ewell says. “The fire went all the way up the crown.” About 40 percent of the vegetation in the fire burned at this kind of “high severity” and is unlikely to survive, according to Forest Service estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ewell and Stanislaus National Forest fire planner Shelly Crook are doing some “fire forensics,” cataloging the damage to assess how past fuel reduction projects fared in the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dense trees in this stand, just three and four feet apart, remind Crook of a teenager’s bedroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happens if you let him go three years without cleaning their room,” she offers. “You know what the room is going to look like. So that’s what the forest is — and the vacuum cleaner out here is fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, the Sierra Nevada saw more low-intensity burns that cleared out the understory every 5-to-20 years. Ewell says that stopped nearly a century ago, when the Service instituted its legendary “10 ‘clock” policy, the goal of putting out any fire by 10 a.m. on the day after it was reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service dropped that policy 30 years ago, but the legacy is still visible on the landscape. The Rim Fire used small trees like ladders, climbing upwards to create high-intensity crown fires that commonly leave just charred trunks behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, right across the road, it’s an entirely different scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">All the climate change modeling, everything predicts this kind of stuff to happen, and we have to do something about it.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I can see some really bright green, healthy needles showing through this canopy,” Crook says, peering upward. The needles at the base of the trees are brown, but green becomes increasingly dense farther on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference between two the plots, Crook says, is that one side of the road had been thinned out. The small trees were removed, leaving 10 to 20 feet of space between the larger trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s painfully obvious to me when you look at this,” she says. “This makes sense; the fire didn’t do as much here. The forest is in better condition here and it might survive it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger, Hotter Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Rim Fire is like a wake-up call,” says Hugh Safford, regional ecologist for the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is only the latest of a series of really big fires that we’ve been seeing, bigger and bigger and bigger over the last 25, 30 years,” he says. “All the climate change modeling, everything predicts this kind of stuff to happen, and we have to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safford says the best way to reduce forest fuels is to restore fire as a natural process. Forest managers have the option to allow some naturally caused fires to burn in remote areas or if they pose little threat of spreading. Fire officials saw the benefit of so-called “wildland fire use” when the Rim Fire slowed down as it hit areas inside the park boundary that had recently burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9418\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/RimFuels-1024x787.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/RimFuels-1024x787.jpg\" alt=\"CAPTION\" width=\"324\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>Click to Enlarge\u003c/strong> – Map showing previous fuel treatment projects around Rim Fire over past 12 years by the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service. Includes prescribed fire, thinning (mechanical) and naturally caused fires allowed to burn (wildland fire use). (Source: Stanislaus National Forest)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Making the decision to let it burn is often more challenging for the Forest Service than for the National Park Service. National forests are often closer to developed areas and the agency juggles a number of internal priorities, including recreation, timber sales and hunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have all the towns,” says Safford. “We have all the utility corridors. We have all the private inholdings. We’re a multiple-use agency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to development, the Forest Service focuses on prescribed burns and forest thinning, where small trees are taken out with machinery. It’s expensive work, running in the hundreds to thousands of dollars per acre. Only about 8 percent of national forest land within the Rim Fire perimeter had been treated in some way over the last 12 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just simply that the federal government dumps a whole bunch of money on a landscape and we do the work,” says Safford. “It’s done by private contractors almost always. They have to make some kind of a profit or the work doesn’t get done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contractors make their profit on the few trees that are big enough to use for lumber. But most of the material is too small, so it’s usually piled up and burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Renewable Energy in the Forest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People like Brett Storey say there’s a better way to handle forest material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re seeing right here, this is where the facility would be,” he says, pointing to a lot next to Placer County’s recycling facility, about ten miles northwest of Lake Tahoe. His hope is that next year, it will be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/news/2012/july/cabin%20creek\">Cabin Creek Biomass Facility\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whole towns get heated like this in Scandinavian counties,” he says. The power plant would be small compared to its fossil-fuel cousins, around 2 megawatts, enough electricity for about 1,500 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facility would run on wood and scrap that’s normally piled and burned during forest thinning operations in the area. Storey says the Forest Service produces a ready supply within 30 miles of where we stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9440\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mike-McMillan-USFS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Mike-McMillan-USFS.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Mike McMillan, USFS)\" width=\"326\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At more than a quarter-million acres, the Rim Fire is the largest Sierra Nevada fire in recorded history. (Photo: Mike McMillan, USFS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I kind of joke around – they have this ten-year plan and I call it my super-size menu because it shows what years, how much acreage and how much material they’re going to be taking out,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storey calls it a win-win: the local utility gets renewable energy and the money helps the Forest Service reduce fuels on more land. “It has the potential to solve multiple issues,” he says. “It can help with the fire. It can help with renewable energy. It can help with the air emissions from burning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is trying to jump-start the market for similar projects. Last year, the legislature passed \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Renewables/hot/SB_1122_Bioenergy_Feed-in_Tariff.htm\">SB 1122\u003c/a>, a bill that requires the state’s largest electric utilities to purchase 50 megawatts of power from small biomass plants that run on forestry material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could add 15 to 20 new biomass projects in the state. The electricity is likely to be much more expensive than solar and wind power, but unlike those sources, provides a constant “baseload” supply. The California Public Utilities Commission is currently setting up conditions for the power contracts, which must be approved by the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps us do more with the same amount of money,” says Larry Swan, a biomass utilization specialist with the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a market for small forest materials could help the Forest Service treat 10-20 percent more acres, he says, if the power plant is within 30 miles. Beyond that radius, the cost of transporting and trucking materials often makes biomass projects uneconomical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biomass Opposition Emerges\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Because [biomass plants] are relatively new, people are a little afraid of them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“You know it’s funny, renewable energy – everyone says they like it,” Storey says. “But because [biomass plants] are relatively new, people are a little afraid of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cabin Creek project was originally proposed for a site in Kings Beach, closer to Lake Tahoe, but the local community was fiercely opposed. Environmental groups also took a stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can call it thinning, but thinning is really logging,” says Kevin Bundy of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to build roads and skid trails and landings,” he says. “There can be a fair amount of environmental damage associated with thinning operations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bundy says biomass power plants would only add pressure to thin, when fire should be used to reduce the fuel load instead. “When you install brand new energy infrastructure that requires a continuous 24/7 supply of fuel, that creates a demand,” he says. “That demand is going to affect the management of the forest in the immediately surrounding areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 311px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Ewell.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9441\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/Ewell.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Service ecologist Carol Ewell surveys the Rim Fire damage. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"311\" height=\"353\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service ecologist Carol Ewell surveys the Rim Fire damage. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there’s question of climate change – whether the carbon currently stored in the forest goes into the atmosphere or stays in the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As they grow, they will continue to take carbon out of the atmosphere,” he says. “When you cut those trees down and burn them for bioenergy, you put all that carbon into the atmosphere where it warms the climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New trees will eventually reabsorb that carbon, but Bundy says the climate can’t afford even a short-term increase in emissions. The Center for Biological Diversity opposed the Cabin Creek project, though the group entered into negotiations with Placer County. Bundy is currently opposing a similar project proposed for North Fork in Madera County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the remains of the Rim Fire, signs of life are appearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ants survive!” exclaims Shelly Crook, spotting an ant colony emerging through the layer of ash. Recovery will take decades, she says, but she’s hoping the lessons from the Rim Fire will be taken to heart long before then.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Animated Explainer: What's All The Fuss About Fracking in California?",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uti2niW2BRA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation to create California's first set of regulations on hydraulic fracturing. The controversial extraction technique, commonly known as fracking, involves the high-pressure injection of water, sand and chemicals into deep shale formations in order to create fractures that release reserves of oil or natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fracking operations in the Northeast generally extract natural gas, in California, oil is the big prize.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 244px\">\u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323932604579052933974060844.html#project%3DCalOilPRNT%26articleTabs%3Dinteractive\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-9607 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/09/wsj_shalemap.jpg\" alt=\"Source: Wall Street Journal\" width=\"244\" height=\"481\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Wall Street Journal\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until now, there have been no specific regulations on the use of fracking in California. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billVotesClient.xhtml\" target=\"_blank\">Senate Bill 4\u003c/a>, written by Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills), requires drillers to obtain well permits, reveal the chemicals used in the well injection process and notify residents living nearby. The legislation also calls for groundwater testing and an independent study of fracking's impact on the state's environmental quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, which takes effect in January, has been criticized by a host of environmental and public health groups for being far too lax in its regulation of the industry and containing unnecessary loopholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, drillers have long sought ways to access what is believed to be the mother lode of oil reserves, a deep, hard-to-reach swath known as the Monterey Shale that stretches beneath a massive section in the belly of the state. It's estimated to hold roughly two-thirds of the onshore recoverable shale-oil deposits in the continental United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For oil drillers, it means black gold ready for the tapping. But for many environmentalists, particularly those concerned with contamination of the California's major aquifers, a fracking boom means opening the door to potential unmitigated ecological and public heath disasters associated with water and air quality. There is also fear that injecting fluids into wells can stimulate earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several months, The Lowdown will be digging deep (excuse the pun), into the complex and controversial technique of fracking and its potential impact both in California and nationwide. To get started, the animation above -- created by \u003ca href=\"http://philippdettmer.com/en/\" target=\"_blank\">Phillip Dettmer\u003c/a> -- presents an accurate and balanced take on the science, economic potential and environmental and health concerns involved in the debate. (Note that a \u003ca href=\"http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-09-16/politics/42105037_1_natural-gas-methane-texas-study\" target=\"_blank\">recent study\u003c/a> challenges the video's assertion about the significant methane emissions associated with fracking, but other studies have supported the claim).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The video below, while less objective, is a brilliantly entertaining musical animation on the topic, created by \u003ca href=\"http://www.explainermusic.com/\">Explainer Music\u003c/a> for an ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/series/fracking\">ProPublica series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the issue:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>An \u003ca href=\"http://exploreshale.org/#\" target=\"_blank\">excellent interactive fracking primer\u003c/a>, created by \u003ca href=\"http://pspb.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Penn State Public Broadcasting\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/series/fracking\" target=\"_blank\">ProPublica's\u003c/a> investigation of fracking policies and politics\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323932604579052933974060844.html#project%3DCalOilPRNT%26articleTabs%3Dinteractive\" target=\"_blank\">The Wall Street Journal's\u003c/a> series on fracking in California\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=timfvNgr_Q4]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"source": "NPR"
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\" alt=\"Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" />\u003c/a> Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption]\r\n\r\nHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">Monterey Shale\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nIn California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>What is it?\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nFracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">According to the oil industry\u003c/a>, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Concerns\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nEnvironmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">uses large volumes of freshwater\u003c/a>. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Where it Stands\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn November 2013, state regulators \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">released draft rules for fracking\u003c/a> that are now \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/californias-new-fracking-regulations-delayed-half-a-year/\">expected to go into effect in July 2015\u003c/a>. They followed passage of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover.\r\n\r\nUnder the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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