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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/farm-canal-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11885\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/farm-canal-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Proposed water tunnels would supply three million acres of farmland and 25 million Californians.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bend in the California Aqueduct, with orchards behind. Proposed water tunnels would supply three million acres of farmland and 25 million Californians. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seven years in the making, state officials on Monday unveiled the latest version of their ambitious plan for revitalizing the heart of California’s embattled water system and securing supplies for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"BDCP \" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/News/KeyAnnouncements.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a> and its environmental review weigh in at 34,000 pages — that’s before public comments start pouring in next week for a 120-day feedback period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the core of the plan is Governor Brown’s proposal to build 35-mile twin tunnels underneath the sensitive Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, often referred to as the “switching yard” for California’s elaborate freshwater plumbing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the plan will achieve two “co-equal goals” – ensuring a reliable water supply for the state and restoring the Delta’s ecosystem, including populations of threatened Chinook salmon and Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as more details of the plan emerge, meeting both of those goals looks increasingly challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Unavoidable Question: Freshwater Flows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed tunnels are designed to address a chronic trouble spot in the Delta: the pumping facilities at the southern edge, which funnel water to Silicon Valley, Central Valley farms and Southern California cities. Biologists say the powerful pumps alter the natural water flows, harming juvenile salmon and Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect fish, federal wildlife agencies put rules in place that slow the pumps during sensitive times of year. Those restrictions, as well as occasional droughts, have cut water deliveries to districts south of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed tunnels would use state-of-the-art fish screens, though the south Delta pumps would still be in use about half the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/tunnelmap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11892\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/tunnelmap-826x1024.jpg\" alt=\"tunnelmap\" width=\"347\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>While several environmental groups say that would be an improvement for endangered fish, the unresolved question is one that’s dogged the state for years: how much freshwater should be pumped out of the Delta and how much should be left in the ecosystem?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a fish, you can’t get away from flow,” says Jon Rosenfield of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">The Bay Institute\u003c/a>. “We know that increasing flow into, through and out of the Delta will benefit all the fish species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal wildlife agencies stress that species like Delta smelt and longfin smelt rely on freshwater flowing out of the Delta and into San Francisco Bay, especially in the spring and fall. In some years, as much as half of that water is diverted by pumping operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say the tunnels may not leave enough freshwater in the ecosystem, something they say is crucial for Delta smelt and longfin smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Two Freshwater Scenarios\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, an average of 5.2 million acre-feet of water have been pumped out of the Delta each year (one acre-foot is about enough water for an average family for a year). Under the new plan, one scenario would allow 4.7 million acre-feet to be exported each year, leaving more water in the ecosystem. The other would allow 5.6 million acre-feet a year in exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is likely to be crucial for state and federal wildlife agencies, which must evaluate the impact of the plan on endangered fish. Tunnel construction can’t move forward without permits from those agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The people who are being asked to pay for this project are looking at how much water will they get for their money\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is really about creating a reliable supply,” says Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources, the state agency crafting the plan. “It’s not about exporting more water to Southern California. It’s about improving the way that we move the existing amount of water that we move, in a way that’s beneficial for fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supply vs. Cost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving more water in the ecosystem is a major sticking point for water districts that would be paying the tunnel construction costs, around $17 billion. Many say it will be challenging to get people to pay for a project that doesn’t guarantee their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t come out of this planning process with a preferred alternative that provides more water than we’re getting today, I can’t imagine people making decisions to invest,” says Jason Peltier of the Fresno-based Westlands Water District, which relies on Delta water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who are being asked to pay for this project are looking at how much water will they get for their money,” says Jim Beck, general manager of Kern County Water Agency. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see scenarios that reduce the yield of the project, that means the cost per unit goes up and that may push the project toward the range of being unaffordable from a business perspective,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a hard sell for those that would pay for the project,” acknowledges Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The case to be made is that if they don’t make this investment, they will see their water supply reliability plummet to drastic lower levels,” he says. The state estimates that without the plan, water exports would drop to 3.4 to 3.9 million acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Habitat Restoration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”866a899c7fb1c20da6755e965cb9dfdb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help bring back endangered fish and offset the impact of the tunnels themselves, the state is proposing to restore more than 100,000 acres of habitat restoration, including 30,000 acres of aquatic habitat in the next 15 years as tunnel construction is underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a rich web of wetlands and tidal channels, but as California grew, land was converted into farms. About \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">97 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat is gone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If fish show a strong recovery, the plan allows more water to be diverted from the Delta. But according to biologists, the benefits of habitat restoration are highly uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Restoring wetland habitat will do great things for migratory birds and may do great things for certain species,” says the Bay Institute’s Rosenfield. “But it’s very clear that it won’t have much of benefit for some of the endangered species, like longfin smelt or steelhead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also faces opposition from Delta residents concerned about the impact of construction.\u003cbr>\n“We’re being asked to sacrifice family farms that have been in existence for 150 years,” says Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla of Restore the Delta. “We are absolutely determined to fight this every which way to stop the project for the benefit of California and to save the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reviewing public feedback, state officials hope to have a final draft of the plan by the end of 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/124082049&color=ff6600&auto_play=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Unavoidable Question: Freshwater Flows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed tunnels are designed to address a chronic trouble spot in the Delta: the pumping facilities at the southern edge, which funnel water to Silicon Valley, Central Valley farms and Southern California cities. Biologists say the powerful pumps alter the natural water flows, harming juvenile salmon and Delta smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect fish, federal wildlife agencies put rules in place that slow the pumps during sensitive times of year. Those restrictions, as well as occasional droughts, have cut water deliveries to districts south of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed tunnels would use state-of-the-art fish screens, though the south Delta pumps would still be in use about half the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/tunnelmap.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11892\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/tunnelmap-826x1024.jpg\" alt=\"tunnelmap\" width=\"347\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>While several environmental groups say that would be an improvement for endangered fish, the unresolved question is one that’s dogged the state for years: how much freshwater should be pumped out of the Delta and how much should be left in the ecosystem?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a fish, you can’t get away from flow,” says Jon Rosenfield of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">The Bay Institute\u003c/a>. “We know that increasing flow into, through and out of the Delta will benefit all the fish species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal wildlife agencies stress that species like Delta smelt and longfin smelt rely on freshwater flowing out of the Delta and into San Francisco Bay, especially in the spring and fall. In some years, as much as half of that water is diverted by pumping operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say the tunnels may not leave enough freshwater in the ecosystem, something they say is crucial for Delta smelt and longfin smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Two Freshwater Scenarios\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, an average of 5.2 million acre-feet of water have been pumped out of the Delta each year (one acre-foot is about enough water for an average family for a year). Under the new plan, one scenario would allow 4.7 million acre-feet to be exported each year, leaving more water in the ecosystem. The other would allow 5.6 million acre-feet a year in exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is likely to be crucial for state and federal wildlife agencies, which must evaluate the impact of the plan on endangered fish. Tunnel construction can’t move forward without permits from those agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The people who are being asked to pay for this project are looking at how much water will they get for their money\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is really about creating a reliable supply,” says Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources, the state agency crafting the plan. “It’s not about exporting more water to Southern California. It’s about improving the way that we move the existing amount of water that we move, in a way that’s beneficial for fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supply vs. Cost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaving more water in the ecosystem is a major sticking point for water districts that would be paying the tunnel construction costs, around $17 billion. Many say it will be challenging to get people to pay for a project that doesn’t guarantee their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t come out of this planning process with a preferred alternative that provides more water than we’re getting today, I can’t imagine people making decisions to invest,” says Jason Peltier of the Fresno-based Westlands Water District, which relies on Delta water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who are being asked to pay for this project are looking at how much water will they get for their money,” says Jim Beck, general manager of Kern County Water Agency. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see scenarios that reduce the yield of the project, that means the cost per unit goes up and that may push the project toward the range of being unaffordable from a business perspective,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a hard sell for those that would pay for the project,” acknowledges Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The case to be made is that if they don’t make this investment, they will see their water supply reliability plummet to drastic lower levels,” he says. The state estimates that without the plan, water exports would drop to 3.4 to 3.9 million acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Habitat Restoration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help bring back endangered fish and offset the impact of the tunnels themselves, the state is proposing to restore more than 100,000 acres of habitat restoration, including 30,000 acres of aquatic habitat in the next 15 years as tunnel construction is underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a rich web of wetlands and tidal channels, but as California grew, land was converted into farms. About \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">97 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat is gone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If fish show a strong recovery, the plan allows more water to be diverted from the Delta. But according to biologists, the benefits of habitat restoration are highly uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Restoring wetland habitat will do great things for migratory birds and may do great things for certain species,” says the Bay Institute’s Rosenfield. “But it’s very clear that it won’t have much of benefit for some of the endangered species, like longfin smelt or steelhead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also faces opposition from Delta residents concerned about the impact of construction.\u003cbr>\n“We’re being asked to sacrifice family farms that have been in existence for 150 years,” says Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla of Restore the Delta. “We are absolutely determined to fight this every which way to stop the project for the benefit of California and to save the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reviewing public feedback, state officials hope to have a final draft of the plan by the end of 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The week’s news in photos from around the Bay Area. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/06/news-pix-cold-weather-stuns-bay-area-marcus-books-gets-reprieve-and-fast-food-workers-strike/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/06/news-pix-cold-weather-stuns-bay-area-marcus-books-gets-reprieve-and-fast-food-workers-strike/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"News Pix: It’s Cold! Also, Historic Bookstore Gets Reprieve and Fast-Food Workers Strike\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Activists Take Aim at Bay Area Crude Oil Projects",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11741\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\" alt=\"Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally at the Air District in San Francisco says she's concerned about crude oil from the Tar Sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally in San Francisco. She says she’s concerned about local refineries bringing in crude oil from Canadian tar sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Local community and environmental activists are sounding an alarm over four proposed energy projects in the Bay Area. Demonstrators rallied Wednesday morning outside a \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> board meeting, calling on the Air District to put the developments on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the proposals are for crude-by-rail projects. One would be an addition to the Valero refinery in Benicia; the other would be an oil terminal in Pittsburg that would receive crude by pipeline, rail and ship. Activists are concerned about crude-by-rail because, they say, trains would provide a means to bring in what they call “dirty” oil from the Canadian tar sands.[contextly_sidebar id=”e215254f951b640c3ec1b5e5143e9370″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two projects, at Chevron’s Richmond refinery and the Phillips 66 refinery in Rodeo, concern equipment upgrades, which, activists say, will position refiners to process heavier grades of crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really at stake here is the public’s health,” said Andres Soto, an organizer with the East Bay group \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>. “We’re asking the District to not issue any more permits until this issue about the quality of the crude is publicly disclosed, publicly discussed, and either mitigation or a moratorium on its processing here in the Bay Area is established.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil companies have not disclosed where exactly the oil involved in these projects would be coming from. But, as Valero spokesman Bill Day told me for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">previous story\u003c/a>, they’re all looking for ways to get oil out of the middle of the continent and to the refineries on the coasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Air district engineer Jim Karas, who briefed the Board on the projects at Wednesday’s meeting, told me none of the projects can go ahead without its approval, and the Air District won’t allow the refineries to go over the pollution limits already in place. “That is what we do. That’s our business,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also pointed out, that with or without oil from the tar sands, the refineries are processing what the environmentalists might call “dirty” crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that the refiners already process very heavy crude,” he said. “That’s California crude. That’s what they were built to handle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board heard updates but did not make any decisions on the projects at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Track the projects:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">Valero crude-by-rail in Benicia\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chevronrevisedrenewalproject.com/\">Chevron hydrogen plant and sulfur removal in Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ca-contracostacounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/Index/2713\">Phillips 66 propane recovery in Rodeo\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11741\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\" alt=\"Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally at the Air District in San Francisco says she's concerned about crude oil from the Tar Sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally in San Francisco. She says she’s concerned about local refineries bringing in crude oil from Canadian tar sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Local community and environmental activists are sounding an alarm over four proposed energy projects in the Bay Area. Demonstrators rallied Wednesday morning outside a \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> board meeting, calling on the Air District to put the developments on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the proposals are for crude-by-rail projects. One would be an addition to the Valero refinery in Benicia; the other would be an oil terminal in Pittsburg that would receive crude by pipeline, rail and ship. Activists are concerned about crude-by-rail because, they say, trains would provide a means to bring in what they call “dirty” oil from the Canadian tar sands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two projects, at Chevron’s Richmond refinery and the Phillips 66 refinery in Rodeo, concern equipment upgrades, which, activists say, will position refiners to process heavier grades of crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really at stake here is the public’s health,” said Andres Soto, an organizer with the East Bay group \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>. “We’re asking the District to not issue any more permits until this issue about the quality of the crude is publicly disclosed, publicly discussed, and either mitigation or a moratorium on its processing here in the Bay Area is established.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil companies have not disclosed where exactly the oil involved in these projects would be coming from. But, as Valero spokesman Bill Day told me for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">previous story\u003c/a>, they’re all looking for ways to get oil out of the middle of the continent and to the refineries on the coasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Air district engineer Jim Karas, who briefed the Board on the projects at Wednesday’s meeting, told me none of the projects can go ahead without its approval, and the Air District won’t allow the refineries to go over the pollution limits already in place. “That is what we do. That’s our business,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also pointed out, that with or without oil from the tar sands, the refineries are processing what the environmentalists might call “dirty” crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that the refiners already process very heavy crude,” he said. “That’s California crude. That’s what they were built to handle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board heard updates but did not make any decisions on the projects at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Track the projects:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">Valero crude-by-rail in Benicia\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chevronrevisedrenewalproject.com/\">Chevron hydrogen plant and sulfur removal in Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ca-contracostacounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/Index/2713\">Phillips 66 propane recovery in Rodeo\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\" alt=\"Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate over hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to extract oil and gas has largely focused on the chemicals injected underground and their potential impact on public health. Now environmental groups are turning their attention to the waste produced by simply drilling a well in the first place. Water regulators in the Central Valley, home to most of the state’s oil production, will consider the issue at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/1_general_waiver_buff.pdf\">meeting Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, not just oil and gas. After a well is drilled, the mud and other wastes from drilling the well are often stored aside in unlined pits near the drilling site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, the Central Valley Regional Water Board included drilling muds in a broad waiver that exempted drillers from having to report and monitor those muds, saying they posed little threat to water quality. \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/2a_general_waiver_stfrpt_strike.pdf\">Other exemptions\u003c/a> included swimming pool discharge and water from air conditioners.[contextly_sidebar id=”9f3d8e70ddfe05096a04256919fbf9ad”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That waiver is now up for renewal, and environmentalists say when it comes to drilling muds, oil and gas companies should not get a free pass. Especially since the last time the Regional Water Quality Control Board looked at the health effects of drilling muds was back in 1981, before the fracking boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most obvious step is to take a time out and really update our understanding of drilling muds and the risk they pose, especially with the spread of new techniques like fracking,” said Hollin Kretzman, a staff attorney with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>. Kretzman says the waste generated from oil wells could contain harmful chemicals and contaminate groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one’s opposing a study, said Tupper Hull, of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a>. “We have no problem with that,” he said. “But imposing additional regulations that make drilling more costly, more time consuming, energy production more costly for consumers, without evidence of harm, just doesn’t make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after reviewing\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/5_general_waiver_all_com.pdf\"> comments from several environmental groups\u003c/a>, the Water Board’s staff is recommending that regulators revoke the waiver for drilling wastes while they study potential health effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, proposed fracking regulations would require the State Water Quality Control Board to put together a regional groundwater monitoring program for areas where well stimulation, like fracking, takes place. But those rules are largely concerned with chemicals injected into the ground, not drilling muds or the waste from simply digging a well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11722\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/drilling.jpg\" alt=\"Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas well being drilled outside Sacramento. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The debate over hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to extract oil and gas has largely focused on the chemicals injected underground and their potential impact on public health. Now environmental groups are turning their attention to the waste produced by simply drilling a well in the first place. Water regulators in the Central Valley, home to most of the state’s oil production, will consider the issue at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/1_general_waiver_buff.pdf\">meeting Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drilling mud is the slick concoction used to cool and lubricate a drill bit, and it’s used for all kinds of wells, not just oil and gas. After a well is drilled, the mud and other wastes from drilling the well are often stored aside in unlined pits near the drilling site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, the Central Valley Regional Water Board included drilling muds in a broad waiver that exempted drillers from having to report and monitor those muds, saying they posed little threat to water quality. \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1312/10_low_threat_gen_waiv/2a_general_waiver_stfrpt_strike.pdf\">Other exemptions\u003c/a> included swimming pool discharge and water from air conditioners.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That waiver is now up for renewal, and environmentalists say when it comes to drilling muds, oil and gas companies should not get a free pass. Especially since the last time the Regional Water Quality Control Board looked at the health effects of drilling muds was back in 1981, before the fracking boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most obvious step is to take a time out and really update our understanding of drilling muds and the risk they pose, especially with the spread of new techniques like fracking,” said Hollin Kretzman, a staff attorney with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>. Kretzman says the waste generated from oil wells could contain harmful chemicals and contaminate groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Suisun Bay 'Ghost Fleet' a Shadow of its Former Self",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0068_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11253\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0068_web.jpg\" alt=\"After having its hull scoured at Mare Island, retired Navy support ship is under tow, on its way to a Texas scrapyard. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After having its hull scoured at Mare Island, a retired Navy support ship is under tow, on its way to a Texas scrapyard. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the retired \u003ca title=\"Wiki - USS Willamette\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Willamette_%28AO-180%29\">Navy tanker \u003cem>Willamette\u003c/em>\u003c/a> passes under the Carquinez Bridge this week, it’ll be just the latest reminder that we’re drifting toward the end of an era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keepers of the U.S. government’s \u003ca title=\"MARAD - main\" href=\"http://www.marad.dot.gov/ships_shipping_landing_page/national_security/ship_operations/national_defense_reserve_fleet/national_defense_reserve_fleet.htm\">National Defense Reserve Fleet\u003c/a> anchored in Suisun Bay say that they’re about two years ahead of schedule in clearing out ships that no longer have a future on the high seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Willamette’s\u003c/em> final voyage, under tow to a Texas scrapyard, will leave fewer than a dozen ships in Suisun Bay designated for “non-retention,” which means that the government has no plans to use them, even in a crisis. About an equal number of ships that could still be revived will remain behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its peak, in the Cold War environment of the early 1960s, there were more than 500 ships “mothballed” at Suisun, which is just northeast of San Francisco Bay, near the town of Benicia. More than 100 remained as recently as 1999, when the Clinton administration downsized the Navy, according to Joe Pecoraro, who manages the Suisun fleet for the federal Maritime Administration, or MARAD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0693_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11254\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11254\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0693_web.jpg\" alt='Aerial photo from 2005 shows the proximity of the \"mothball fleet\" to Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial photo from 2005 shows the proximity of the “mothball fleet” to Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The anchorage lies cheek-by-jowl with \u003ca title=\"DWR - Suisun Marsh\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest salt marsh on the West Coast. And as lead-based paint began to flake off of the older ships, leaching toxic metals into the water, and they were seen increasingly as a threat to the bay’s water quality, local congressional representatives started putting pressure on MARAD to get rid of the rusting hulks. State regulators and \u003ca title=\"Baykeeper - Suisun\" href=\"http://baykeeper.org/articles/cleaning-ghost-fleet-suisun-bay\">environmental groups sued in federal court\u003c/a> under various environmental laws and in 2010, won a consent decree that accelerated removal of the ships and forced changes in the way they were being maintained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators say that it’s making a difference. Since crews began removing loose paint and growths from above the water lines, stormwater runoff from the ships into the bay is “much cleaner,” according to David Elias, a senior engineering geologist with the Bay Area Water Quality Control Board. Elias says concentrations of toxic metals such as lead, copper and zinc are down 64 to 80 percent in samples coming off the ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push came at an awkward time for MARAD. The scrap metal market was depressed and taxpayers were having to shell out hundreds of thousands of dollars to tow out each ship. Each trip includes a mandatory stop at a Bay Area dry dock, where workers blast off and contain marine growth to comply with the federal Invasive Species Act. That’s followed by a long tow through the Panama Canal, to a recycling yard on the Gulf Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually the scrap market rebounded and now, Pecoraro says recyclers are paying for the ships, rather than taxpayers having to pay the recyclers to take them. That’s a boon to Merchant Marine schools like Vallejo’s \u003ca title=\"Cal Maritime - main\" href=\"https://www.csum.edu/web/mycampus/home;jsessionid=228378E9F0A77957235F32A8151B013A\">California Maritime Academy\u003c/a>, which get a share of the revenues from recyclers. Another tanker, the \u003cem>Mount Washington\u003c/em>, is currently being cleaned at a San Francisco shipyard. MARAD has until 2017 to remove the 12 remaining non-retention vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this KQED video segment from 2008, when there were still more than 70 ships in Suisun Bay:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BHfiaPb5UI\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11253\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0068_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11253\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0068_web.jpg\" alt=\"After having its hull scoured at Mare Island, retired Navy support ship is under tow, on its way to a Texas scrapyard. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After having its hull scoured at Mare Island, a retired Navy support ship is under tow, on its way to a Texas scrapyard. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the retired \u003ca title=\"Wiki - USS Willamette\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Willamette_%28AO-180%29\">Navy tanker \u003cem>Willamette\u003c/em>\u003c/a> passes under the Carquinez Bridge this week, it’ll be just the latest reminder that we’re drifting toward the end of an era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keepers of the U.S. government’s \u003ca title=\"MARAD - main\" href=\"http://www.marad.dot.gov/ships_shipping_landing_page/national_security/ship_operations/national_defense_reserve_fleet/national_defense_reserve_fleet.htm\">National Defense Reserve Fleet\u003c/a> anchored in Suisun Bay say that they’re about two years ahead of schedule in clearing out ships that no longer have a future on the high seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Willamette’s\u003c/em> final voyage, under tow to a Texas scrapyard, will leave fewer than a dozen ships in Suisun Bay designated for “non-retention,” which means that the government has no plans to use them, even in a crisis. About an equal number of ships that could still be revived will remain behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its peak, in the Cold War environment of the early 1960s, there were more than 500 ships “mothballed” at Suisun, which is just northeast of San Francisco Bay, near the town of Benicia. More than 100 remained as recently as 1999, when the Clinton administration downsized the Navy, according to Joe Pecoraro, who manages the Suisun fleet for the federal Maritime Administration, or MARAD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0693_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11254\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11254\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_0693_web.jpg\" alt='Aerial photo from 2005 shows the proximity of the \"mothball fleet\" to Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial photo from 2005 shows the proximity of the “mothball fleet” to Suisun Marsh. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The anchorage lies cheek-by-jowl with \u003ca title=\"DWR - Suisun Marsh\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest salt marsh on the West Coast. And as lead-based paint began to flake off of the older ships, leaching toxic metals into the water, and they were seen increasingly as a threat to the bay’s water quality, local congressional representatives started putting pressure on MARAD to get rid of the rusting hulks. State regulators and \u003ca title=\"Baykeeper - Suisun\" href=\"http://baykeeper.org/articles/cleaning-ghost-fleet-suisun-bay\">environmental groups sued in federal court\u003c/a> under various environmental laws and in 2010, won a consent decree that accelerated removal of the ships and forced changes in the way they were being maintained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators say that it’s making a difference. Since crews began removing loose paint and growths from above the water lines, stormwater runoff from the ships into the bay is “much cleaner,” according to David Elias, a senior engineering geologist with the Bay Area Water Quality Control Board. Elias says concentrations of toxic metals such as lead, copper and zinc are down 64 to 80 percent in samples coming off the ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push came at an awkward time for MARAD. The scrap metal market was depressed and taxpayers were having to shell out hundreds of thousands of dollars to tow out each ship. Each trip includes a mandatory stop at a Bay Area dry dock, where workers blast off and contain marine growth to comply with the federal Invasive Species Act. That’s followed by a long tow through the Panama Canal, to a recycling yard on the Gulf Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eventually the scrap market rebounded and now, Pecoraro says recyclers are paying for the ships, rather than taxpayers having to pay the recyclers to take them. That’s a boon to Merchant Marine schools like Vallejo’s \u003ca title=\"Cal Maritime - main\" href=\"https://www.csum.edu/web/mycampus/home;jsessionid=228378E9F0A77957235F32A8151B013A\">California Maritime Academy\u003c/a>, which get a share of the revenues from recyclers. Another tanker, the \u003cem>Mount Washington\u003c/em>, is currently being cleaned at a San Francisco shipyard. MARAD has until 2017 to remove the 12 remaining non-retention vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this KQED video segment from 2008, when there were still more than 70 ships in Suisun Bay:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1BHfiaPb5UI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1BHfiaPb5UI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rolling Out a 'Clean Diesel' Locomotive",
"headTitle": "Rolling Out a ‘Clean Diesel’ Locomotive | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11280\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" alt=\"Richmond Pacific Railroad's clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richmond Pacific Railroad’s clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta start somewhere. In this case, it’s the BNSF switchyard in Richmond, where the \u003ca title=\"RPR - main\" href=\"http://www.levinterminal.com/facilities-and-services/rail-services/\">Richmond Pacific Railroad\u003c/a> is testing the nation’s first “Tier 4” switch engine for certification. Tier 4 is a standard set by the federal Environmental Protection Agency for ultra-low emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location couldn’t be more appropriate, since Richmond is an industrial town with a major rail hub, a huge oil refinery and with housing right up against it all, a hotspot for air-quality-related health complaints such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even one locomotive can make a big impact in terms of health,” says Damian Breen, who directs “strategic incentives” for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The District provided the railroad with a half-million-dollar grant to roll out and test the new switch engine, a smaller locomotive used to shuffle rail cars around in the yard or move them short distances. Breen says the new switcher will eliminate 6,000 tons of emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, “clean” is a relative term in the railroad biz. Most locomotives are belching volcanoes of black soot, partly because they’re typically powered by a single, huge diesel engine and spend a lot of their time idling. Instead, the new switcher has a series of smaller engines and generators, optimized by computer controls to call up only as much power as the moment demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a new design concept,” says Steve Sonni, California rep for the locomotive builder, \u003ca title=\"NRE - main\" href=\"http://www.nationalrailway.com/\">NRE\u003c/a>. He says the combination reduces noise, fuel consumption and stack emissions. “You’re talking 30 to 40 percent for sure,” he says, and adds that it could be 90 percent cleaner than many “legacy” locomotives that have been on the rails for 40 years or more. “I can assure you that there’s hundreds and hundreds, if not thousands of old locomotives that were designed and built in the ’50s and ’60s operating all over the United States,” says Sonni, many without any restrictions on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11281\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff...\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Schwab starts up the new ultra-quiet, low-emissions switch locomotive.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nobody seems more enthused about the new switcher than the guy in the cab. For one thing, “It’s really quiet,” says Jeff Schwab, the railroad’s chief mechanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a computer monitoring everything, helping the engineer make decisions,” he notes, such as a kind of traction control, where the computer will redistribute power to wheels to avoid wheels slipping, a common occurrence when switchers are hooked up to heavy loads. “It’s just incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breen says he also expects to see climate benefits from the new engine, as a major component of diesel exhaust is black carbon, which Breen calls “a major forcer of climate.” Based on recent science, state regulators are recommending a stronger focus on black carbon as a greenhouse gas. Breen expects the switcher to save two metric tons of soot each year, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and use less fuel overall. But with an estimated 550 switch engines operating in California, there would seem to be a long road ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking to see more of these locomotives deployed by the major railroads,” says Breen, though he concedes that it’s up to them to decide whether to adopt the cleaner engines. The new locomotives will become more widely available in 2015. “We have talked to them quite a bit about reducing risk in these communities,” he added. “We know they are willing to work with us.” At a cost upwards of $1 million for a single locomotive, that can be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11280\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" alt=\"Richmond Pacific Railroad's clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richmond Pacific Railroad’s clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta start somewhere. In this case, it’s the BNSF switchyard in Richmond, where the \u003ca title=\"RPR - main\" href=\"http://www.levinterminal.com/facilities-and-services/rail-services/\">Richmond Pacific Railroad\u003c/a> is testing the nation’s first “Tier 4” switch engine for certification. Tier 4 is a standard set by the federal Environmental Protection Agency for ultra-low emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location couldn’t be more appropriate, since Richmond is an industrial town with a major rail hub, a huge oil refinery and with housing right up against it all, a hotspot for air-quality-related health complaints such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even one locomotive can make a big impact in terms of health,” says Damian Breen, who directs “strategic incentives” for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The District provided the railroad with a half-million-dollar grant to roll out and test the new switch engine, a smaller locomotive used to shuffle rail cars around in the yard or move them short distances. Breen says the new switcher will eliminate 6,000 tons of emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, “clean” is a relative term in the railroad biz. Most locomotives are belching volcanoes of black soot, partly because they’re typically powered by a single, huge diesel engine and spend a lot of their time idling. Instead, the new switcher has a series of smaller engines and generators, optimized by computer controls to call up only as much power as the moment demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a new design concept,” says Steve Sonni, California rep for the locomotive builder, \u003ca title=\"NRE - main\" href=\"http://www.nationalrailway.com/\">NRE\u003c/a>. He says the combination reduces noise, fuel consumption and stack emissions. “You’re talking 30 to 40 percent for sure,” he says, and adds that it could be 90 percent cleaner than many “legacy” locomotives that have been on the rails for 40 years or more. “I can assure you that there’s hundreds and hundreds, if not thousands of old locomotives that were designed and built in the ’50s and ’60s operating all over the United States,” says Sonni, many without any restrictions on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11281\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff...\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Schwab starts up the new ultra-quiet, low-emissions switch locomotive.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nobody seems more enthused about the new switcher than the guy in the cab. For one thing, “It’s really quiet,” says Jeff Schwab, the railroad’s chief mechanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/clathromorphum-compactum.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11310\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11310\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/clathromorphum-compactum.jpg\" alt=\"Clathromorphum compactum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/em> records centuries of climatic data in its thin annual layers. Images courtesy Walter Adey, Smithsonian Institution\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As scientists work on better climate models to help us deal with global warming, there are only two places to gather more data: the present and the past. The present crawls along at its usual pace, producing its daily trickle of information, but the past promises to yield buckets of data in the right archives. A new paper has opened up a long-needed archive for the high northern ocean, recorded in the annual “tree rings” of red coralline algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tropical corals most of us are familar with are stony structures, built out of the dissolved minerals in seawater, that are occupied by colonies of tiny animals. But outside the tropics, coral-like structures are built by various species of algae—colonies of one-celled plants. The red coralline alga \u003cem>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/em> lives on the cold shallow seafloors around the Arctic Ocean and slowly but steadily puts on annual layers as reliably as treetrunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/13/1313775110.abstract\">A paper published this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> reports a record of annual sea ice in northeastern Canada, based on \u003cem>C. compactum\u003c/em> layers, that goes back 646 years. This organism joins a select list of “climate proxy” species that include tropical corals, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge\">sclerosponges\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonic.net/bristlecone/intro.html\">bristlecones\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ltrr.arizona.edu/\">other trees\u003c/a>. Along with annual-scale records from other climate proxies, including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/\">lake sediments\u003c/a> and ice from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/07/where-should-we-look-for-the-worlds-oldest-ice/\">polar ice caps\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/\">tropical glaciers\u003c/a>, we can splice together pictures of prehistoric climate that are accurate enough to use in detailed climate modeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every climate proxy has its own quirks that can be turned into information. Tree rings vary with the species, the region, and the individual seasons of each year. Glacier ice captures dust from the air, and bubbles of the ancient air itself. In the case of \u003cem>C. compactum\u003c/em>, which lives at 20-meter depths all around the northern seas, the red alga grows at a rate that responds closely to water temperature. Not just the growth rate, but the chemistry of its mineral layer correlates with temperature—more magnesium enters the calcium-carbonate material during warmer weather. And then when sea ice forms, the alga shuts down entirely, thus its annual layers are also a sensitive indicator of the icy season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tree rings are usually wide enough to measure with calipers under a low-power microscope, the coralline algae layers are measured in microns. The paper’s authors used electron microscopic techniques to image the layers and analyze their chemistry. They also collected many specimens ranging from Maine to Arctic Bay, at the north end of Baffin Island, and painstakingly assembled a year-by-year record of ice cover in these waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/algaelayers.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11311\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11311\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/algaelayers.gif\" alt=\"annual layers in arctic algae\" width=\"500\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in another coralline alga species. The dots are reproductive structures called conceptacles\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ice record matches what we know and what we suspect from other sources. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/clathromorphum-compactum.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11310\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11310\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/clathromorphum-compactum.jpg\" alt=\"Clathromorphum compactum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/em> records centuries of climatic data in its thin annual layers. Images courtesy Walter Adey, Smithsonian Institution\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As scientists work on better climate models to help us deal with global warming, there are only two places to gather more data: the present and the past. 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The red coralline alga \u003cem>Clathromorphum compactum\u003c/em> lives on the cold shallow seafloors around the Arctic Ocean and slowly but steadily puts on annual layers as reliably as treetrunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/13/1313775110.abstract\">A paper published this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> reports a record of annual sea ice in northeastern Canada, based on \u003cem>C. compactum\u003c/em> layers, that goes back 646 years. This organism joins a select list of “climate proxy” species that include tropical corals, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge\">sclerosponges\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonic.net/bristlecone/intro.html\">bristlecones\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ltrr.arizona.edu/\">other trees\u003c/a>. Along with annual-scale records from other climate proxies, including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/\">lake sediments\u003c/a> and ice from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/07/where-should-we-look-for-the-worlds-oldest-ice/\">polar ice caps\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/\">tropical glaciers\u003c/a>, we can splice together pictures of prehistoric climate that are accurate enough to use in detailed climate modeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every climate proxy has its own quirks that can be turned into information. Tree rings vary with the species, the region, and the individual seasons of each year. Glacier ice captures dust from the air, and bubbles of the ancient air itself. In the case of \u003cem>C. compactum\u003c/em>, which lives at 20-meter depths all around the northern seas, the red alga grows at a rate that responds closely to water temperature. Not just the growth rate, but the chemistry of its mineral layer correlates with temperature—more magnesium enters the calcium-carbonate material during warmer weather. And then when sea ice forms, the alga shuts down entirely, thus its annual layers are also a sensitive indicator of the icy season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tree rings are usually wide enough to measure with calipers under a low-power microscope, the coralline algae layers are measured in microns. The paper’s authors used electron microscopic techniques to image the layers and analyze their chemistry. They also collected many specimens ranging from Maine to Arctic Bay, at the north end of Baffin Island, and painstakingly assembled a year-by-year record of ice cover in these waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/algaelayers.gif\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11311\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11311\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/algaelayers.gif\" alt=\"annual layers in arctic algae\" width=\"500\" height=\"347\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in another coralline alga species. The dots are reproductive structures called conceptacles\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ice record matches what we know and what we suspect from other sources. Notably, during the “little ice age” period from about 1450 to about 1850, thick and long-lasting sea ice corresponded with the spread of cultures based on seal hunting. Since 1850, the sea ice has undergone “a long-term decline distinctly steeper than at any time since the 14th century.” Throughout this time period, sea ice has been highly variable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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