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"content": "\u003cp>Let’s start with a quick history lesson regarding gold -- and your pants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California gold rush of the mid-1800s, an industrious young Bavarian immigrant arrived in San Francisco to seek a cut of the fortunes through the sale of his dry goods. Shortly after arriving, the man became aware of the great need that local miners had for dependable, durable clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began by fashioning canvas tarps into uncomfortable pants, but the idea eventually evolved into a product that proved to have real legs. By 1873, the man, Levi Strauss, was tailoring a French fabric from the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=nimes+france&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x12b42d0bd6e85339:0xde88134f9f200c03,Nimes,+France&gl=us&ei=lY7VUuvdLaLcyQG9koHgDg&ved=0CMoBELYD\" target=\"_blank\">city of Nimes\u003c/a> (the French “de nimes” means\u003cem> \u003c/em>“of Nimes”) and using an indigo dye that inspired visions of the blue uniforms worn by sailors in Genoa, Italy. This combination of places, materials, people, and historical events (and Strauss’s patented rivets for utmost durability) led to a new global craze: denim blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century and a half later, denim has invaded the wardrobes of every stratum of society. From the roughneck biker in a jean jacket with the sleeves cut off, to the Midwest farmer in overalls, to the fashionable city slicker, to Brett Favre in a backyard football game\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66009\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66009 \" style=\"border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD-360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Levi Strauss (Public Domain)\" width=\"252\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levi Strauss--the man who made denim famous. \u003cem>(Public Domain)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In terms of infiltrating society, the invention of Levi Strauss ranks among the likes of automobiles, telephones, and light bulbs. You couldn’t avoid it if you tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if Jen Carlson and Josh Shear have their way, the denim invasion has only just begun. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, the entrepreneurial husband and wife team has recently developed a product they call “Denimite.” It could immortalize your favorite old pair of jeans by turning it into solid countertops, jewelry, billfolds -- and even car dashboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their inspiration for creating Denimite comes from a belief that with a little imagination, a product has plenty of useful applications after it has exceeded its intended shelf life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all known for years that the landfills are too full, there are finite resources for many things, and it makes sense to use what we have access to for a real purpose,” Carlson said. “There are a lot of materials available easily that are technically waste materials that can be made into a new material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlson and Shear this belief has become a lifestyle. After building a straw-bale home in Lincoln in 1999, they recognized a shortage of green building materials in the middle part of the country. Soon they started a business carrying sustainable materials and made a name for themselves locally by manufacturing countertops out of recycled glass. Their unique, colorful, custom-built products can now be found in homes and businesses across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years their business, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris-industries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Iris Industries\u003c/a>, has experimented with transforming other materials into solid, sustainable composite building materials. Nonbelievers are treated to a suitcase full of wood-like blocks made of various “feedstocks,” including sunflower seed hulls, shredded magazines, grasses, even recycled U.S. currency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said that turning a loose, flexible material into a solid composite isn’t as complicated a notion as one might think, but it entails loads of math, science, and experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really just the feedstock and the resin binder, which is a partial bio-based binder and what gives it durability. Then it just needs heat and pressure. So from that standpoint it’s very simple,\" Carlson said. \"Getting everything to work correctly -- the right ratios, the right pressures -- there’s a lot of work that goes into that, so that’s what we’ve been researching and developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66005 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Shear working with his custom press.\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear uses a custom built hydraulic press to create square samples of Iris Industry's Denimite and other composite solids. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/Quest Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The essential ingredient required for Shear and Carlson to work their magic is a solvent-free, VOC-free thermoset epoxy resin that, when combined with a fibrous material (such as denim), heat, and compression, causes an interlocking reaction at the molecular level. “It literally creates a long-chain molecule that now doesn’t change until you get it so hot that the resin breaks down, which would be very, very hot,” said Shear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, raw materials in epoxy resin are extracted from petroleum, but the resin used to make denimite is partially bio-based, meaning that a portion of the petroleum-based components found in traditional epoxies have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136894\" target=\"_blank\">replaced with biomass materials\u003c/a>—specifically \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?tab=ww&ei=453VUta3LsreyQGDqIC4Cw&ved=0CBgQ1S4#q=itaconic+acid\" target=\"_blank\">itaconic acid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a typical cut of composite plywood, Iris Industry’s products are usually made in sheet form and worked with standard wood tools, but Carlson and Shear are especially excited about Denimite because it can be molded into just about any shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The automotive industry is a really cool and interesting application, as they’re trying to move into more sustainable materials in general anyway,” Carlson said. “We like the idea of using it for a console or dashboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as epoxy resin technology evolves, Iris Industries hopes to eventually carry fully petroleum-free products. 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Because of denim’s prevalence, Shear and Carlson believe Denimite has a leg up when it comes to both the product’s popularity and its ability to inspire people to expand their notion of how something can be recycled and repurposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said Shear, “We like to see people say, ‘Oh, you can recycle that?’ or ‘Oh, I get that that’s recycled.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66049 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1-640x213.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of Iris Industries Products\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear and Jen Carlson use a variety of recycled materials to create solid composites--from magazines and shredded money to fabric and farm waste. Above are samples of finished products made from sunflower seed hulls, denim, and walnut shells. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/QUEST Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Let’s start with a quick history lesson regarding gold -- and your pants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California gold rush of the mid-1800s, an industrious young Bavarian immigrant arrived in San Francisco to seek a cut of the fortunes through the sale of his dry goods. Shortly after arriving, the man became aware of the great need that local miners had for dependable, durable clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began by fashioning canvas tarps into uncomfortable pants, but the idea eventually evolved into a product that proved to have real legs. By 1873, the man, Levi Strauss, was tailoring a French fabric from the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=nimes+france&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x12b42d0bd6e85339:0xde88134f9f200c03,Nimes,+France&gl=us&ei=lY7VUuvdLaLcyQG9koHgDg&ved=0CMoBELYD\" target=\"_blank\">city of Nimes\u003c/a> (the French “de nimes” means\u003cem> \u003c/em>“of Nimes”) and using an indigo dye that inspired visions of the blue uniforms worn by sailors in Genoa, Italy. This combination of places, materials, people, and historical events (and Strauss’s patented rivets for utmost durability) led to a new global craze: denim blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century and a half later, denim has invaded the wardrobes of every stratum of society. From the roughneck biker in a jean jacket with the sleeves cut off, to the Midwest farmer in overalls, to the fashionable city slicker, to Brett Favre in a backyard football game\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66009\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66009 \" style=\"border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD-360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Levi Strauss (Public Domain)\" width=\"252\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levi Strauss--the man who made denim famous. \u003cem>(Public Domain)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In terms of infiltrating society, the invention of Levi Strauss ranks among the likes of automobiles, telephones, and light bulbs. You couldn’t avoid it if you tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if Jen Carlson and Josh Shear have their way, the denim invasion has only just begun. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, the entrepreneurial husband and wife team has recently developed a product they call “Denimite.” It could immortalize your favorite old pair of jeans by turning it into solid countertops, jewelry, billfolds -- and even car dashboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their inspiration for creating Denimite comes from a belief that with a little imagination, a product has plenty of useful applications after it has exceeded its intended shelf life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all known for years that the landfills are too full, there are finite resources for many things, and it makes sense to use what we have access to for a real purpose,” Carlson said. “There are a lot of materials available easily that are technically waste materials that can be made into a new material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlson and Shear this belief has become a lifestyle. After building a straw-bale home in Lincoln in 1999, they recognized a shortage of green building materials in the middle part of the country. Soon they started a business carrying sustainable materials and made a name for themselves locally by manufacturing countertops out of recycled glass. Their unique, colorful, custom-built products can now be found in homes and businesses across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years their business, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris-industries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Iris Industries\u003c/a>, has experimented with transforming other materials into solid, sustainable composite building materials. Nonbelievers are treated to a suitcase full of wood-like blocks made of various “feedstocks,” including sunflower seed hulls, shredded magazines, grasses, even recycled U.S. currency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said that turning a loose, flexible material into a solid composite isn’t as complicated a notion as one might think, but it entails loads of math, science, and experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really just the feedstock and the resin binder, which is a partial bio-based binder and what gives it durability. Then it just needs heat and pressure. So from that standpoint it’s very simple,\" Carlson said. \"Getting everything to work correctly -- the right ratios, the right pressures -- there’s a lot of work that goes into that, so that’s what we’ve been researching and developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66005 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Shear working with his custom press.\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear uses a custom built hydraulic press to create square samples of Iris Industry's Denimite and other composite solids. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/Quest Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The essential ingredient required for Shear and Carlson to work their magic is a solvent-free, VOC-free thermoset epoxy resin that, when combined with a fibrous material (such as denim), heat, and compression, causes an interlocking reaction at the molecular level. “It literally creates a long-chain molecule that now doesn’t change until you get it so hot that the resin breaks down, which would be very, very hot,” said Shear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, raw materials in epoxy resin are extracted from petroleum, but the resin used to make denimite is partially bio-based, meaning that a portion of the petroleum-based components found in traditional epoxies have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136894\" target=\"_blank\">replaced with biomass materials\u003c/a>—specifically \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?tab=ww&ei=453VUta3LsreyQGDqIC4Cw&ved=0CBgQ1S4#q=itaconic+acid\" target=\"_blank\">itaconic acid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a typical cut of composite plywood, Iris Industry’s products are usually made in sheet form and worked with standard wood tools, but Carlson and Shear are especially excited about Denimite because it can be molded into just about any shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The automotive industry is a really cool and interesting application, as they’re trying to move into more sustainable materials in general anyway,” Carlson said. “We like the idea of using it for a console or dashboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as epoxy resin technology evolves, Iris Industries hopes to eventually carry fully petroleum-free products. Shear said it’s all part of an effort to see a petroleum-based society shift to a renewable-based society. “What we’re trying to get these things to do is replace, or partially replace, some 100-percent polymer compounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what better way to do it than with one of the most recognizable, durable, and loved inventions in American history? Because of denim’s prevalence, Shear and Carlson believe Denimite has a leg up when it comes to both the product’s popularity and its ability to inspire people to expand their notion of how something can be recycled and repurposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said Shear, “We like to see people say, ‘Oh, you can recycle that?’ or ‘Oh, I get that that’s recycled.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66049 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1-640x213.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of Iris Industries Products\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear and Jen Carlson use a variety of recycled materials to create solid composites--from magazines and shredded money to fabric and farm waste. Above are samples of finished products made from sunflower seed hulls, denim, and walnut shells. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/QUEST Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Loosens Some Environmental Rules",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\" alt=\"The American River during 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American River during the 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">calling for water conservation\u003c/a> as the primary strategy against California’s record drought, but his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">emergency declaration\u003c/a> on Friday also opened the door for weakening some environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators can now relax water quality standards, allowing rivers and estuaries to be saltier and warmer, as they try to manage the state’s limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is making some fishing and environmental groups wary, who fear that wildlife concerns will come second to the needs of parched cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be some tough choices coming down the road on how we balance protections for the environment and water supply,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “There’s just no getting around it in critically dry years like this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/plans_policies/\">water quality control plans\u003c/a>, like the one for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">hub of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. The plan assures that a minimum amount of water is released from dams, so freshwater is provided for downstream water users and wildlife, including salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re minimum standards for protection of the estuary and they really are minimums,” said Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the drought declaration, regulators can “consider modifying requirements for reservoir releases or diversion limitations.” Dam operators may ask to reduce releases to keep water in the reservoirs, so it can be used later in the year. That could violate water quality standards in rivers below the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical that we really maintain those minimal protections so that we don’t further exacerbate the precarious nature of our native fisheries,” says Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rivers are going to be super warm and super low,” says John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Salmon are going need to help because we’ve got tens of thousands of jobs hanging in the balance that depend on California salmon runs.” \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/U.S-Fish-and-Wildlife-Service-Releases-750000-Salmon-Into-Death-Zone.pdf\">Several fishing groups are concerned\u003c/a> that young salmon released from hatcheries won’t survive the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulators Cite Needed Flexibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"344\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration on Friday. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> says the new flexibility is key for her agency to balance the needs of wildlife and farms and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just allows us to manage and operate this extraordinary circumstance in a more intelligent way,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing dam operators to hold water back now could benefit both people and wildlife, Marcus said. The water will be released later in the year, when it’s crucial for salmon runs and useful for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets reduced to ‘fish versus farms’, but it’s not that simple,” said Marcus. “Sometimes the molecule of water a fish needs is the same molecule that a farmer needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus says they’ll be looking at water quality rules on a case-by-case basis. “When we run out of water, everyone gets less water and you have to figure out how, within the small amount of control you have, how it gets allocated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just managing the needs of wildlife will be complicated. Some threatened fish species need water at different times of year than others do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we manage these limited water resources so we can preserve cold water for salmon while also providing for downstream water quality for fisheries and people?” says Obegi. “It’s going to be a real balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also controlled at certain times of year by environmental restrictions. Two large pumping plants near Tracy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">must slow operations\u003c/a> when young salmon and Delta smelt could be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7b444ffc4cea399fa30f2adddb14bbc7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts blame those environmental regulations for limiting water supplies, but state regulators say in extremely dry years like this one, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/documents/smelt_working_group/swg_notes_01-13-2014.pdf\">rules have little effect\u003c/a>. There simply isn’t enough water to pump in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just hasn’t rained,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “The environmental regulations still control pumping to some degree, but this is really about Mother Nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has said water districts in the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California can expect \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swpao/deliveries.cfm\">just five percent of their full allocation\u003c/a> from the Delta. Regulators will revisit that number after the state’s February snow survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain and we need to be smart about how we use our water supplies,” said Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\" alt=\"The American River during 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American River during the 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">calling for water conservation\u003c/a> as the primary strategy against California’s record drought, but his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">emergency declaration\u003c/a> on Friday also opened the door for weakening some environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators can now relax water quality standards, allowing rivers and estuaries to be saltier and warmer, as they try to manage the state’s limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is making some fishing and environmental groups wary, who fear that wildlife concerns will come second to the needs of parched cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be some tough choices coming down the road on how we balance protections for the environment and water supply,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “There’s just no getting around it in critically dry years like this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/plans_policies/\">water quality control plans\u003c/a>, like the one for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">hub of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. The plan assures that a minimum amount of water is released from dams, so freshwater is provided for downstream water users and wildlife, including salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re minimum standards for protection of the estuary and they really are minimums,” said Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the drought declaration, regulators can “consider modifying requirements for reservoir releases or diversion limitations.” Dam operators may ask to reduce releases to keep water in the reservoirs, so it can be used later in the year. That could violate water quality standards in rivers below the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical that we really maintain those minimal protections so that we don’t further exacerbate the precarious nature of our native fisheries,” says Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rivers are going to be super warm and super low,” says John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Salmon are going need to help because we’ve got tens of thousands of jobs hanging in the balance that depend on California salmon runs.” \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/U.S-Fish-and-Wildlife-Service-Releases-750000-Salmon-Into-Death-Zone.pdf\">Several fishing groups are concerned\u003c/a> that young salmon released from hatcheries won’t survive the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulators Cite Needed Flexibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"344\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration on Friday. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> says the new flexibility is key for her agency to balance the needs of wildlife and farms and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just allows us to manage and operate this extraordinary circumstance in a more intelligent way,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing dam operators to hold water back now could benefit both people and wildlife, Marcus said. The water will be released later in the year, when it’s crucial for salmon runs and useful for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets reduced to ‘fish versus farms’, but it’s not that simple,” said Marcus. “Sometimes the molecule of water a fish needs is the same molecule that a farmer needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus says they’ll be looking at water quality rules on a case-by-case basis. “When we run out of water, everyone gets less water and you have to figure out how, within the small amount of control you have, how it gets allocated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just managing the needs of wildlife will be complicated. Some threatened fish species need water at different times of year than others do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we manage these limited water resources so we can preserve cold water for salmon while also providing for downstream water quality for fisheries and people?” says Obegi. “It’s going to be a real balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also controlled at certain times of year by environmental restrictions. Two large pumping plants near Tracy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">must slow operations\u003c/a> when young salmon and Delta smelt could be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts blame those environmental regulations for limiting water supplies, but state regulators say in extremely dry years like this one, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/documents/smelt_working_group/swg_notes_01-13-2014.pdf\">rules have little effect\u003c/a>. There simply isn’t enough water to pump in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just hasn’t rained,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “The environmental regulations still control pumping to some degree, but this is really about Mother Nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has said water districts in the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California can expect \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swpao/deliveries.cfm\">just five percent of their full allocation\u003c/a> from the Delta. Regulators will revisit that number after the state’s February snow survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain and we need to be smart about how we use our water supplies,” said Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s emergency drought declaration allows for easing some environmental rules in the face of low water supplies. That makes environmentalists, and fishing groups, nervous about water being held upstream. \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401200850/a\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401200850/a\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Eased Water Regulations Trouble Environmentalists\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>News in photos from around the Bay Area. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/17/news-pix-governor-brown-declares-drought-49er-fans-prepare-for-showdown-with-seattle-and/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/17/news-pix-governor-brown-declares-drought-49er-fans-prepare-for-showdown-with-seattle-and/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"News Pix: Governor Declares Drought and 49er Fans Prepare for Showdown\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "News in photos from around the Bay Area. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/17/news-pix-governor-brown-declares-drought-49er-fans-prepare-for-showdown-with-seattle-and/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">...Read More\u003c/a>",
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"title": "U.S. Ecosystem Research Receives $5 Million Boost from the NSF",
"headTitle": "U.S. Ecosystem Research Receives $5 Million Boost from the NSF | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/criticalzone.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13242\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/criticalzone.jpg\" alt=\"Angelo Reserve\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Angelo Coast Range Reserve sets aside a representative part of the Eel River watershed for basic research. Andrew Alden photos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “critical zone” is a newfangled name for earth—not the planet, the substance. It’s the region where bedrock, water, air and life interact to create soil, where springs arise and turn to rivers, where plants send roots and transpire moisture into the air. Civilization rests on what the critical zone produces: soil, clean water, crops and timber, fish, ecosystems themselves. And as science looks ahead at a changing world, the critical zone is both a key player in what will happen to us and a wide gap in our knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last couple of years have not been kind to science in this country, as arbitrary cuts in research funding have forced many programs to compromise their observations and put off plans. As the federal budget has seemed to regain its footing this week, it’s a good time to celebrate the expansion of the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\">Critical Zone Observatory program\u003c/a> from six sites to ten. One of the four new observatories is in Northern California, in the University of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cbc.berkeley.edu/angelo/\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve\u003c/a> on the Eel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Angelo Reserve has been \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/\">pioneering some remarkable basic research\u003c/a>, in essence wiring the watershed with instruments from deep underground to the treetops. Unlike the stereotyped lab experiment in which everything is controlled and simplified, the wired watershed observes everything possible in the undisturbed state to trace what project chief Bill Dietrich calls the currencies of the landscape. By analogy with the flow of money and work in an economy, these natural currencies include moisture, nutrients, organisms large and microscopic, energy, overall climate and specific weather events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13243\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/critzonehills.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13243\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/critzonehills.jpg\" alt=\"Angelo Reserve hills\" width=\"550\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth, water and air all interact with the “fire” of life in the critical zone\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new Eel River Observatory will get $4.9 million over the next five years. That support will allow scientific efforts to expand beyond the Angelo Reserve’s 16.4 square kilometers (4055 acres) to the entire 10,000-km\u003csup>2\u003c/sup> Eel River watershed, from its Coast Range headwaters to its mouth near Eureka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 468px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Eelrivermap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13244\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13244\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Eelrivermap.png\" alt=\"Eel River watershed\" width=\"468\" height=\"468\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wikimedia Commons map\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Eel River is highly active, like its geologic setting. The Coast Range is being rapidly uplifted and rapidly eroded. The river floods in winter and sends more sediment to the sea than any other California river. In sum, its turnover of energy and material—its richness in natural currencies— makes the Eel River an excellent research subject. Other new Critical Zone Observatories are in southwestern Idaho’s \u003ca href=\"http://news.boisestate.edu/update/2014/01/15/nsf-agreement-funds-critical-zone-observatory-idahos-owyhees/\">Owyhee Mountains\u003c/a>, a set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1331906&HistoricalAwards=false\">intensively managed landscapes\u003c/a> in three Midwestern states, and second-growth forests \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/study-earths-critical-zone-receives-5-million-nsf-grants\">in the Piedmont district of South Carolina\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of science represents the future: large-scale, wired programs that integrate fertile teams of naturalists, geoscientists and programmers. Science and engineering students could set their sights on cookie-cutter technology careers or take on the greatest challenge of our time: learning how the Earth works and changing our ways of life to work with it. Research projects like the Critical Zone Observatories create opportunities for everyone from undergraduates and doctoral researchers to support technicians. The United States’ 10 observatories are part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soiltrec.eu/CZOPages/wfieldSites.html\">a worldwide network\u003c/a> totaling 62 Critical Zone Observatories so far, each one part of a scientific return to earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read More:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=130115&org=NSF&from=news\">National Science Foundation announcement\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/01/15/eel-river-observatory-seeks-clues-to-watersheds-future/\">UC Berkeley announcement\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Critical Zone Observatories, or CZOs, are designated sites around the world where scientists study the crucial environmental interactions that occur on the Earth's surface. This new frontier in research can lead to further insights on sustainable civilization.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/criticalzone.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13242\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/criticalzone.jpg\" alt=\"Angelo Reserve\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Angelo Coast Range Reserve sets aside a representative part of the Eel River watershed for basic research. Andrew Alden photos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “critical zone” is a newfangled name for earth—not the planet, the substance. It’s the region where bedrock, water, air and life interact to create soil, where springs arise and turn to rivers, where plants send roots and transpire moisture into the air. Civilization rests on what the critical zone produces: soil, clean water, crops and timber, fish, ecosystems themselves. And as science looks ahead at a changing world, the critical zone is both a key player in what will happen to us and a wide gap in our knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last couple of years have not been kind to science in this country, as arbitrary cuts in research funding have forced many programs to compromise their observations and put off plans. As the federal budget has seemed to regain its footing this week, it’s a good time to celebrate the expansion of the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\">Critical Zone Observatory program\u003c/a> from six sites to ten. One of the four new observatories is in Northern California, in the University of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cbc.berkeley.edu/angelo/\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve\u003c/a> on the Eel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Angelo Reserve has been \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/\">pioneering some remarkable basic research\u003c/a>, in essence wiring the watershed with instruments from deep underground to the treetops. Unlike the stereotyped lab experiment in which everything is controlled and simplified, the wired watershed observes everything possible in the undisturbed state to trace what project chief Bill Dietrich calls the currencies of the landscape. By analogy with the flow of money and work in an economy, these natural currencies include moisture, nutrients, organisms large and microscopic, energy, overall climate and specific weather events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13243\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/critzonehills.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13243\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/critzonehills.jpg\" alt=\"Angelo Reserve hills\" width=\"550\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth, water and air all interact with the “fire” of life in the critical zone\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new Eel River Observatory will get $4.9 million over the next five years. That support will allow scientific efforts to expand beyond the Angelo Reserve’s 16.4 square kilometers (4055 acres) to the entire 10,000-km\u003csup>2\u003c/sup> Eel River watershed, from its Coast Range headwaters to its mouth near Eureka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 468px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Eelrivermap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13244\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13244\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Eelrivermap.png\" alt=\"Eel River watershed\" width=\"468\" height=\"468\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wikimedia Commons map\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Eel River is highly active, like its geologic setting. The Coast Range is being rapidly uplifted and rapidly eroded. The river floods in winter and sends more sediment to the sea than any other California river. In sum, its turnover of energy and material—its richness in natural currencies— makes the Eel River an excellent research subject. Other new Critical Zone Observatories are in southwestern Idaho’s \u003ca href=\"http://news.boisestate.edu/update/2014/01/15/nsf-agreement-funds-critical-zone-observatory-idahos-owyhees/\">Owyhee Mountains\u003c/a>, a set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1331906&HistoricalAwards=false\">intensively managed landscapes\u003c/a> in three Midwestern states, and second-growth forests \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/study-earths-critical-zone-receives-5-million-nsf-grants\">in the Piedmont district of South Carolina\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of science represents the future: large-scale, wired programs that integrate fertile teams of naturalists, geoscientists and programmers. Science and engineering students could set their sights on cookie-cutter technology careers or take on the greatest challenge of our time: learning how the Earth works and changing our ways of life to work with it. Research projects like the Critical Zone Observatories create opportunities for everyone from undergraduates and doctoral researchers to support technicians. The United States’ 10 observatories are part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soiltrec.eu/CZOPages/wfieldSites.html\">a worldwide network\u003c/a> totaling 62 Critical Zone Observatories so far, each one part of a scientific return to earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read More:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=130115&org=NSF&from=news\">National Science Foundation announcement\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/01/15/eel-river-observatory-seeks-clues-to-watersheds-future/\">UC Berkeley announcement\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts",
"headTitle": "Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.[contextly_sidebar id=”ca4540d9da0c388ed37c28be532d2206″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-0114.jsp\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Importing an Arctic iceberg for freshwater? Painting brown lawns green? California has had some creative ideas for droughts in the past.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Wildfire Burns 1,700 Acres Near Los Angeles, Destroys at Least 2 Homes",
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"content": "\u003cp>Facing questions about strict new regulations, Chemical Safety Board postpones decision for 120 days. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/us-chemical-safety-board-delays-decision-on-safety-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/us-chemical-safety-board-delays-decision-on-safety-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"In Wake of Chevron Richmond Fire, Regulators Delay Vote on Refinery Safety Rules\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/ER_undercanopy.jpg\" alt=\"A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California’s kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. For \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/science-shorts/2014/01/13/berkeley-lab-and-cal-state-long-beach-researchers-launch-%E2%80%98kelp-watch%E2%80%99-to-determine-extent-of-fukushima-contamination/\">Kelp Watch 2014\u003c/a>, as it’s called, scientists will fan out this year along the California coast, to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gotten calls from people who are coming here to surf, people who live along the coastline, asking me, ‘Is it safe to go in the water?'” said Steven Manley, a biology professor at California State University, Long Beach who created Kelp Watch 2014. His plan is to measure radiation levels in kelp three times in multiple locations between the Oregon border and Baja California from mid February through next winter and make the results public.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Part of the reason for doing this is because the public is very freaked out by all this talk of radioactivity,” he said. “If they can actually see the numbers and a commentary as to what they mean, hopefully that’ll put them at ease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, he said, are a good indicator. For one, they’re all over the place. “You can find them along the entire California coastline from San Diego all the way up to Del Norte County,” Manley said. Plus, kelp acts sort of like a sponge, taking in whatever is in the seawater on the surface of the ocean. “It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/radioactive-iodine-from-fukushima-in-california-kelp\">earlier study of Fukushima radiation and kelp\u003c/a>. A month after the accident, he found radioactive iodine in kelp on the West Coast. The iodine had traveled from the nuclear power plant through the atmosphere, and has a very short half-life. So it got here quickly and disappeared quickly. Within a few months, he said, it was gone. The radioactiviy posed no health risk to humans, he said at the time, and had no effects on the giant kelp, or on fish or other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now attention is directed to the radiation traveling in ocean currents, which are much slower than the jet stream. Scientists think that could begin hitting California shores in the next couple years. By measuring radiation in kelp forests up and down the coast, Manley said he hopes to find out if and when it enters the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gets into the kelp, certain fish feed directly on the kelp. Other fish feed indirectly by eating other organisms. The fish are going to have some in them,” he said. “Now, is it enough to worry about? Probably not. But people have the right to know what’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and volunteers from 19 institutions (this is, at this point, a project composed completely of researchers working pro bono) will send their kelp samples to Kai Vetter, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and head of the Applied Nuclear Physics program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Vetter has been measuring \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling\">signals from Fukushima\u003c/a> here in California since the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While sampling rainwater in 2011 and 2012, Vetter and his colleagues found extremely low levels of radioactivity from Fukushima. A week after the accident, for example, they reported that a person would have to drink 632 liters of Berkeley rainwater – 166 gallons – to be exposed to the same level of radiation as a passenger experiences during a round-trip flight between San Francisco and Washington D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once radiation from Fukushima does arrive on the West Coast from the ocean, Vetter said, he expects it will be in miniscule amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life,” he said. “The levels we are measuring, they will not be harmful. They will not have any measurable health impact on humans or any detrimental effects in marine biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite several recent online videos and blog posts claiming that Fukushima radiation is causing widespread contamination of the West Coast and harming fish, scientists say their research so far shows that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stony Brook University in New York and Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station tested Pacific Bluefin tuna after the 2011 Fukushima incident. They have \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-west-coast-radiation-20140113,0,4048380.story#axzz2qOfTY4Nk\">published research\u003c/a> showing radiation levels were low – less than what people are exposed to by eating a banana or other potassium-rich foods that contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes — and have been falling ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health earlier this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Pubs/FukushimaEnvironmentalMonitoring.pdf\">released a statement responding to radiation concerns\u003c/a>, saying “Information from Federal agencies, State programs, as well as the Department’s own sampling results, conclude there are no health and safety concerns to California residents.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now attention is directed to the radiation traveling in ocean currents, which are much slower than the jet stream. Scientists think that could begin hitting California shores in the next couple years. By measuring radiation in kelp forests up and down the coast, Manley said he hopes to find out if and when it enters the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gets into the kelp, certain fish feed directly on the kelp. Other fish feed indirectly by eating other organisms. The fish are going to have some in them,” he said. “Now, is it enough to worry about? Probably not. But people have the right to know what’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and volunteers from 19 institutions (this is, at this point, a project composed completely of researchers working pro bono) will send their kelp samples to Kai Vetter, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and head of the Applied Nuclear Physics program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Vetter has been measuring \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling\">signals from Fukushima\u003c/a> here in California since the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While sampling rainwater in 2011 and 2012, Vetter and his colleagues found extremely low levels of radioactivity from Fukushima. A week after the accident, for example, they reported that a person would have to drink 632 liters of Berkeley rainwater – 166 gallons – to be exposed to the same level of radiation as a passenger experiences during a round-trip flight between San Francisco and Washington D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once radiation from Fukushima does arrive on the West Coast from the ocean, Vetter said, he expects it will be in miniscule amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life,” he said. “The levels we are measuring, they will not be harmful. They will not have any measurable health impact on humans or any detrimental effects in marine biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite several recent online videos and blog posts claiming that Fukushima radiation is causing widespread contamination of the West Coast and harming fish, scientists say their research so far shows that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stony Brook University in New York and Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station tested Pacific Bluefin tuna after the 2011 Fukushima incident. They have \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-west-coast-radiation-20140113,0,4048380.story#axzz2qOfTY4Nk\">published research\u003c/a> showing radiation levels were low – less than what people are exposed to by eating a banana or other potassium-rich foods that contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes — and have been falling ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health earlier this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Pubs/FukushimaEnvironmentalMonitoring.pdf\">released a statement responding to radiation concerns\u003c/a>, saying “Information from Federal agencies, State programs, as well as the Department’s own sampling results, conclude there are no health and safety concerns to California residents.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Want to Save Water? Try Some Neighborly Competition",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The record dry weather means California water districts are ramping up conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> is encouraging some of its customers to use less by having them compete with their neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10,000 EBMUD customers have been getting personalized reports in the mail over the past year, summarizing their water use and comparing it to the consumption of similar households in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It puts it into a context,” says Richard Harris, water conservation manager at EBMUD. “Like: for similar households with three-to-four people and with a [property] lot of this size in this zip code, this is how you compare. It creates an awareness of a benchmark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison is done anonymously – no neighbors are outed by name — but Harris says the small dose of peer pressure seems to work. An \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1389391749-Watersmart_evaluation_report_FINAL_12-12-13%2800238356%29.pdf\">independent review\u003c/a> of the program found customers who got the information cut their water use by five percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13041\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - example of WaterSmart's statements for EBMUD customers.\" width=\"324\" height=\"417\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge – example of WaterSmart’s statements for EBMUD customers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were targeting two percent,” says Harris. “So five percent is a pretty good savings rate. Compare that to conservation incentives where you’re enticing someone to buy something. If you can do it through behavioral science, it’s much more cost-effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reports also make personalized recommendations for conservation measures. EBMUD found that customers getting the peer reports were twice as likely to participate in conservation programs, compared to other average customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot program was run by San Francisco start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmartsoftware.com/\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. It’s similar to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">what companies like Opower have done\u003c/a> with electricity consumption through “social norms” programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Peer pressure turns out to be the major motivator in changing behavior,” says WaterSmart Software CEO Peter Yolles. “Eight of ten people are more likely to change behavior based on social comparison than they are through saving money or saving the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolles says in these programs, about one-third of the reduction in water consumption comes from home retrofits, like low-flow faucets or toilets. Two-thirds comes from behavioral changes, like shifting outdoor watering habits. WaterSmart is also working on projects in Davis and Newport Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aee988b64727bfb1fb39cd7ce0a8fcac”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s new in my perspective and it’s gaining some traction,” says Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts are looking for new conservation techniques in light of California’s plan to cut per-capita water use 20 percent statewide by 2020 – and because of the current drought. 2013 was the driest year on record in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all feeling that,” says Harris. “As we get through the spring, we’ll see what happens in February and March. If it stays dry, we’ll likely have to enhance conservation measures and we’ll know then if we have to take additional actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD is currently considering expanding the pilot program to more customers.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The record dry weather means California water districts are ramping up conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> is encouraging some of its customers to use less by having them compete with their neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10,000 EBMUD customers have been getting personalized reports in the mail over the past year, summarizing their water use and comparing it to the consumption of similar households in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It puts it into a context,” says Richard Harris, water conservation manager at EBMUD. “Like: for similar households with three-to-four people and with a [property] lot of this size in this zip code, this is how you compare. It creates an awareness of a benchmark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison is done anonymously – no neighbors are outed by name — but Harris says the small dose of peer pressure seems to work. An \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1389391749-Watersmart_evaluation_report_FINAL_12-12-13%2800238356%29.pdf\">independent review\u003c/a> of the program found customers who got the information cut their water use by five percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13041\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - example of WaterSmart's statements for EBMUD customers.\" width=\"324\" height=\"417\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge – example of WaterSmart’s statements for EBMUD customers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were targeting two percent,” says Harris. “So five percent is a pretty good savings rate. Compare that to conservation incentives where you’re enticing someone to buy something. If you can do it through behavioral science, it’s much more cost-effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
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