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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140317science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15424\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15424\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/pteropod3.gif\" alt=\"In lab tests, acidic waters have dissolved the shells of pteropods when they're still alive. (Woods Hole Oceanic Institution)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In lab tests, acidic waters have dissolved the shells of pteropods when they’re still alive. (Woods Hole Oceanic Institution)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, managers at a hatchery near Vancouver, Canada announced they had \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/02/26/acidic-water-blamed-for-bcs-10-million-scallop-die-off/\">lost three years’ worth of scallops\u003c/a> — 10 million animals — to acidic ocean waters. They laid off staff and shut down a processing plant. This was \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/acid-water-take-toll-on-puget-sound-shellfish/\">not the first time\u003c/a> a West Coast shellfish hatchery lost stock to the phenomenon known as ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been happening at the hatcheries,” said Richard Feely, a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Feely studies the process by which carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere gradually turns ocean waters more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When these corrosive waters get into the hatcheries of our shell-forming shellfish species, for example oyster larvae on the Washington, Oregon coast, they can kill the oyster larvae within two days,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is worse off the West Coast than anywhere else in North America, and threatens animals up and down the food chain. Scientists are now studying how these corrosive waters are already affecting West Coast marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15419 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/FAirweather_2491_small-897x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The Fairweather is one of the research vessels NOAA uses for ocean acidification studies. (NOAA) \" width=\"264\" height=\"301\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fairweather is one of the research vessels NOAA uses for ocean acidification studies. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, corrosive waters also dissolve the shells of tiny marine snails called pteropods, a favorite food of some salmon species. The dissolution in some cases happens when the animal is still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters not just if you happen to be a shellfish, or like to eat them — or if you depend on fisheries for your livelihood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see how this would permeate through the food chain,” said Feely. “From the lowest levels of the food chain up to the highest level. Organisms that mankind really worries about.” Not just salmon and shellfish, he said, but also seals, whales, seabirds and — eventually — us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feely is leading NOAA’s effort to study the effects of ocean acidification, including what’s happening to pteropods. Since 2007, NOAA has periodically sent ships doing ocean acidification research up and down the West Coast. The ships bristle with scientific equipment, and researchers pack on board to conduct various studies. There was a \u003ca href=\"http://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/WhatsNew/CruiseBlog.aspx\">research cruise last summer\u003c/a>; the next one is scheduled for 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chemistry of Corrosive Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s going on. Humans release a lot of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels. Most of that CO2 goes up into the atmosphere and traps heat. That’s what’s contributing to climate change. The rest, about one-quarter of all anthropogenic CO2, gets absorbed by the ocean instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We can actually identify that this is manmade.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For a while, Feely explained, scientists thought that was a good thing. The thinking went, if the ocean absorbed all that carbon dioxide, then it was keeping climate change from being that much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t think that any more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re beginning to see that this is a very serious problem,” he said. That’s because when the carbon dioxide goes into the ocean, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (the stuff that gives mineral water its fizz).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9cbdccd6169afce40db970551f29bf12″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sets off a chain of chemical reactions. The end result is, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">pH of the oceans is changing\u003c/a>, and the supply of calcium carbonate minerals, the stuff that shellfish use to build their shells, is decreasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been able to measure the change in the acidity of the oceans since the Pre-Industrial,” Feely said. “It would be about 26% because of the uptake of carbon dioxide. This is what mankind has done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Industrial Age began, he said, humans have dumped about 550 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the oceans. “And we can actually identify that this is manmade,” he said, because the carbon atoms have a unique fingerprint that shows they come from burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why It’s Worse Here\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason ocean acidification is so bad here on the West Coast is, ironically, also why our coast is so rich with marine life: coastal upwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’re asking the organisms to adapt to changes that are in many cases 10 to 100 times faster than anything they’ve seen in the geological past.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the summer the wind shifts, Feely explained, and it pulls the water at the surface of the ocean away from shore. Then, water from deeper in the ocean rises up to replace it. That deep ocean water is full of stuff that decayed and sank. That means it’s full of nutrients. And it has more carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have the combined impact of CO2-rich water from the bottom and an additional anthropogenic CO2 from human kind, that combined impact is what has put us over the threshold for these corrosive waters to exist,” said Feely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Past and Future Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification has happened before in Earth’s history, but Feely said changes on the scale happening now took place over hundreds of thousands or even millions of years. Not a couple of centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re asking the organisms to adapt to changes that are in many cases 10 to 100 times faster than anything they’ve seen in the geological past,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some small local solutions. Feely has helped oyster hatcheries monitor and prepare for more corrosive waters. And he says they could consider locating hatcheries near seagrass, which takes up carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the vast oceans, Feely is focused now on monitoring, so he can see the changes as they take place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "How Corrosive Water off the West Coast Threatens the Food Chain | KQED",
"description": "Earlier this year, managers at a hatchery near Vancouver, Canada said they lost three years' worth of scallops -- 10 million animals -- to acidic waters. Ocean acidification is worse off the West Coast than anywhere else in North America. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15424\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15424\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/pteropod3.gif\" alt=\"In lab tests, acidic waters have dissolved the shells of pteropods when they're still alive. (Woods Hole Oceanic Institution)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In lab tests, acidic waters have dissolved the shells of pteropods when they’re still alive. (Woods Hole Oceanic Institution)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, managers at a hatchery near Vancouver, Canada announced they had \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/02/26/acidic-water-blamed-for-bcs-10-million-scallop-die-off/\">lost three years’ worth of scallops\u003c/a> — 10 million animals — to acidic ocean waters. They laid off staff and shut down a processing plant. This was \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/acid-water-take-toll-on-puget-sound-shellfish/\">not the first time\u003c/a> a West Coast shellfish hatchery lost stock to the phenomenon known as ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been happening at the hatcheries,” said Richard Feely, a senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Feely studies the process by which carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere gradually turns ocean waters more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When these corrosive waters get into the hatcheries of our shell-forming shellfish species, for example oyster larvae on the Washington, Oregon coast, they can kill the oyster larvae within two days,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is worse off the West Coast than anywhere else in North America, and threatens animals up and down the food chain. Scientists are now studying how these corrosive waters are already affecting West Coast marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15419 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/FAirweather_2491_small-897x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The Fairweather is one of the research vessels NOAA uses for ocean acidification studies. (NOAA) \" width=\"264\" height=\"301\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fairweather is one of the research vessels NOAA uses for ocean acidification studies. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, corrosive waters also dissolve the shells of tiny marine snails called pteropods, a favorite food of some salmon species. The dissolution in some cases happens when the animal is still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters not just if you happen to be a shellfish, or like to eat them — or if you depend on fisheries for your livelihood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see how this would permeate through the food chain,” said Feely. “From the lowest levels of the food chain up to the highest level. Organisms that mankind really worries about.” Not just salmon and shellfish, he said, but also seals, whales, seabirds and — eventually — us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feely is leading NOAA’s effort to study the effects of ocean acidification, including what’s happening to pteropods. Since 2007, NOAA has periodically sent ships doing ocean acidification research up and down the West Coast. The ships bristle with scientific equipment, and researchers pack on board to conduct various studies. There was a \u003ca href=\"http://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/WhatsNew/CruiseBlog.aspx\">research cruise last summer\u003c/a>; the next one is scheduled for 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chemistry of Corrosive Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s going on. Humans release a lot of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels. Most of that CO2 goes up into the atmosphere and traps heat. That’s what’s contributing to climate change. The rest, about one-quarter of all anthropogenic CO2, gets absorbed by the ocean instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We can actually identify that this is manmade.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For a while, Feely explained, scientists thought that was a good thing. The thinking went, if the ocean absorbed all that carbon dioxide, then it was keeping climate change from being that much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t think that any more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re beginning to see that this is a very serious problem,” he said. That’s because when the carbon dioxide goes into the ocean, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (the stuff that gives mineral water its fizz).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sets off a chain of chemical reactions. The end result is, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">pH of the oceans is changing\u003c/a>, and the supply of calcium carbonate minerals, the stuff that shellfish use to build their shells, is decreasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been able to measure the change in the acidity of the oceans since the Pre-Industrial,” Feely said. “It would be about 26% because of the uptake of carbon dioxide. This is what mankind has done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Industrial Age began, he said, humans have dumped about 550 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the oceans. “And we can actually identify that this is manmade,” he said, because the carbon atoms have a unique fingerprint that shows they come from burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why It’s Worse Here\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason ocean acidification is so bad here on the West Coast is, ironically, also why our coast is so rich with marine life: coastal upwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’re asking the organisms to adapt to changes that are in many cases 10 to 100 times faster than anything they’ve seen in the geological past.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the summer the wind shifts, Feely explained, and it pulls the water at the surface of the ocean away from shore. Then, water from deeper in the ocean rises up to replace it. That deep ocean water is full of stuff that decayed and sank. That means it’s full of nutrients. And it has more carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have the combined impact of CO2-rich water from the bottom and an additional anthropogenic CO2 from human kind, that combined impact is what has put us over the threshold for these corrosive waters to exist,” said Feely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Past and Future Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification has happened before in Earth’s history, but Feely said changes on the scale happening now took place over hundreds of thousands or even millions of years. Not a couple of centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re asking the organisms to adapt to changes that are in many cases 10 to 100 times faster than anything they’ve seen in the geological past,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some small local solutions. Feely has helped oyster hatcheries monitor and prepare for more corrosive waters. And he says they could consider locating hatcheries near seagrass, which takes up carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the vast oceans, Feely is focused now on monitoring, so he can see the changes as they take place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129150\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0864-copy2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0864-copy2-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Louise Santero stands under a rare albino chimera redwood tree near her home in Cotati. The tree is threatened with removal. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise Santero stands under a rare albino chimera redwood tree near her home in Cotati. The tree has been threatened with removal. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sonoma Marin Area Rail Transit announced Thursday that it’s delaying its planned removal of a super-rare chimera albino coast redwood in Cotati, pending additional expert analysis of the tree and study of alternatives to destroying it.[contextly_sidebar id=”cd48e01206e26a0a44a832a3420f86dd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tree is located within the railroad right-of-way at East Cotati Avenue. The redwood in question is extraordinarily unusual on two accounts: it’s both albino and a chimera. The albino part of that description means, among other things, that its needles lack chlorophyll to give them their typical green appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a story the other day, the Santa Rosa Press Democrat \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20140311/articles/140319901#page=0\">did a nice job explaining what the “chimera” part of the tree’s physical makeup means:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The tree is a scientific treasure, said Zane Moore, a botany student at Colorado State University and a widely known researcher in chlorophyll-deficient, or albino, redwoods. … Cotati’s tree isn’t just an albino, but a chimera — a phenomenon seen in only a handful of naturally occurring redwoods in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A chimera means the plant has two genotypes, two sets of DNA growing in one plant,” Moore explained. “This tree is one of very few known chimeric redwoods in the world, and there is only one chimeric redwood known to exhibit the same style of albinism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other is a 5-foot-tall immature bush with fewer than five albino shoots, which is of limited scientific use at this point, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Cotati’s mature tree, green and white needles appear on the same limb, similar to a candy cane’s alternating red and white stripes, Stapleton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the untrained eye, the needles near its top appear oddly yellow, as if it may be unhealthy. Upon closer inspection, the limbs show one of the rarest genetic abnormalities in science: the dual-DNA variegation of green and white needles on the same stem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the world’s largest and tallest chimera, at 52 feet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129199\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0731-copy-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0731-copy-3-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Carol Silver, who works nearby, said she saw workers marking the tree around lunchtime on Wednesday. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carol Silver, who works nearby, said she saw workers marking the tree for removal around lunchtime on Wednesday. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Louise Santero has lived in Cotati for 70 years, and the redwood tree sits just down the street from her home. She says needles change color throughout the year: “They’re deeper green during the spring, and then when winter time comes, that’s when it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santero estimates that the tree is 67 or 68 years old. Her former neighbor, Pete Tapian, planted the tree, but its exact provenance is unknown. “Where he got it, we have no idea,” she said. “His family doesn’t know either. The girls would say that at nighttime, their dad would go out and cover the tree so it would be protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129197\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0793-copy-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129197\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0793-copy-3-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Carol Silver, Louise Santero and Mike Bacciocco stand under an albino chimera redwood tree in Cotati (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carol Silver, Louise Santero and Mike Bacciocco stand under the albino chimera redwood tree in Cotati (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santero and other residents say removing the tree is unnecessary, but up until Thursday SMART officials said they had to comply with federal safety requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One set of rail tracks currently runs past the tree, but a second track will soon be added, putting the tree in a dangerous place. Earlier this week, a SMART spokesperson said the transit agency had tried to shift the alignment of its new tracks as far east as possible, but that still wouldn’t leave enough clearance for the tree to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMART also looked at pruning the tree back, but that would have meant removing all of the branches on one side of the tree, and it still would have been within falling distance of the tracks, making it a safety hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129195\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0942-copy-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129195\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0942-copy-2-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Because of the albinism, the tree has a mix of green and yellowish-white needles (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Because of the albinism, the tree has a mix of green and yellowish-white needles (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SMART officials have suggested taking more than 1,000 cuttings from the tree and giving them to a private nursery to be propagated. Arborist Tom Stapleton, who strongly opposes cutting down the tree or moving it, says SMART’s propagation plan is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because you have both genotypes living on the same plant material, if you don’t find the right particular branch that has the particular kind of chimerism, it will not be stable,” Stapleton said. Over time, he predicts that the normal green genotype would overpower the albinism, and the resulting tree would look like a normal redwood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129191\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0917-copy-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129191\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0917-copy-2-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"The Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit is planning to remove a rare albino redwood to make way for new commuter rail line (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s announcement from SMART’s General Manager Farhad Mansourian sounds like a delay more than a reprieve:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“SMART is a local project. We are building something that will be part of the community. There is no question that we have to comply with safety requirements, and within that we have and will continue to take extreme care with the environmental elements of the project. Therefore, although we have been very proactive in doing due diligence, I have halted the process to take the time to bring in additional independent experts to examine and verify the analysis that was performed in September 2012 , as part of our environmental permitting, for this specific tree.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129150\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0864-copy2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0864-copy2-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Louise Santero stands under a rare albino chimera redwood tree near her home in Cotati. The tree is threatened with removal. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise Santero stands under a rare albino chimera redwood tree near her home in Cotati. The tree has been threatened with removal. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sonoma Marin Area Rail Transit announced Thursday that it’s delaying its planned removal of a super-rare chimera albino coast redwood in Cotati, pending additional expert analysis of the tree and study of alternatives to destroying it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tree is located within the railroad right-of-way at East Cotati Avenue. The redwood in question is extraordinarily unusual on two accounts: it’s both albino and a chimera. The albino part of that description means, among other things, that its needles lack chlorophyll to give them their typical green appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a story the other day, the Santa Rosa Press Democrat \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20140311/articles/140319901#page=0\">did a nice job explaining what the “chimera” part of the tree’s physical makeup means:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The tree is a scientific treasure, said Zane Moore, a botany student at Colorado State University and a widely known researcher in chlorophyll-deficient, or albino, redwoods. … Cotati’s tree isn’t just an albino, but a chimera — a phenomenon seen in only a handful of naturally occurring redwoods in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A chimera means the plant has two genotypes, two sets of DNA growing in one plant,” Moore explained. “This tree is one of very few known chimeric redwoods in the world, and there is only one chimeric redwood known to exhibit the same style of albinism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other is a 5-foot-tall immature bush with fewer than five albino shoots, which is of limited scientific use at this point, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Cotati’s mature tree, green and white needles appear on the same limb, similar to a candy cane’s alternating red and white stripes, Stapleton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the untrained eye, the needles near its top appear oddly yellow, as if it may be unhealthy. Upon closer inspection, the limbs show one of the rarest genetic abnormalities in science: the dual-DNA variegation of green and white needles on the same stem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the world’s largest and tallest chimera, at 52 feet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129199\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0731-copy-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0731-copy-3-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Carol Silver, who works nearby, said she saw workers marking the tree around lunchtime on Wednesday. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carol Silver, who works nearby, said she saw workers marking the tree for removal around lunchtime on Wednesday. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Louise Santero has lived in Cotati for 70 years, and the redwood tree sits just down the street from her home. She says needles change color throughout the year: “They’re deeper green during the spring, and then when winter time comes, that’s when it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santero estimates that the tree is 67 or 68 years old. Her former neighbor, Pete Tapian, planted the tree, but its exact provenance is unknown. “Where he got it, we have no idea,” she said. “His family doesn’t know either. The girls would say that at nighttime, their dad would go out and cover the tree so it would be protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129197\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0793-copy-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129197\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0793-copy-3-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Carol Silver, Louise Santero and Mike Bacciocco stand under an albino chimera redwood tree in Cotati (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carol Silver, Louise Santero and Mike Bacciocco stand under the albino chimera redwood tree in Cotati (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santero and other residents say removing the tree is unnecessary, but up until Thursday SMART officials said they had to comply with federal safety requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One set of rail tracks currently runs past the tree, but a second track will soon be added, putting the tree in a dangerous place. Earlier this week, a SMART spokesperson said the transit agency had tried to shift the alignment of its new tracks as far east as possible, but that still wouldn’t leave enough clearance for the tree to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMART also looked at pruning the tree back, but that would have meant removing all of the branches on one side of the tree, and it still would have been within falling distance of the tracks, making it a safety hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129195\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0942-copy-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129195\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0942-copy-2-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Because of the albinism, the tree has a mix of green and yellowish-white needles (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Because of the albinism, the tree has a mix of green and yellowish-white needles (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SMART officials have suggested taking more than 1,000 cuttings from the tree and giving them to a private nursery to be propagated. Arborist Tom Stapleton, who strongly opposes cutting down the tree or moving it, says SMART’s propagation plan is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because you have both genotypes living on the same plant material, if you don’t find the right particular branch that has the particular kind of chimerism, it will not be stable,” Stapleton said. Over time, he predicts that the normal green genotype would overpower the albinism, and the resulting tree would look like a normal redwood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129191\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0917-copy-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-129191\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/IMG_0917-copy-2-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"The Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit is planning to remove a rare albino redwood to make way for new commuter rail line (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s announcement from SMART’s General Manager Farhad Mansourian sounds like a delay more than a reprieve:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“SMART is a local project. We are building something that will be part of the community. There is no question that we have to comply with safety requirements, and within that we have and will continue to take extreme care with the environmental elements of the project. Therefore, although we have been very proactive in doing due diligence, I have halted the process to take the time to bring in additional independent experts to examine and verify the analysis that was performed in September 2012 , as part of our environmental permitting, for this specific tree.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>This winter’s Arctic bird invasion has given owl researchers the opportunity of a lifetime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/03/11/134714/trapping_and_tracking_the_mysterious_snowy_owl?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/03/11/134714/trapping_and_tracking_the_mysterious_snowy_owl?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Trapping And Tracking The Mysterious Snowy Owl\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Designation of site at Point Arena is expected to attract tourists to a relatively little visited area. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/10/president-obama-creates-new-national-monument-on-mendocino-coast/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/10/president-obama-creates-new-national-monument-on-mendocino-coast/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"President Obama Adds Mendocino Site to California Coastal National Monument\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Governor gets an earful from environmentalists during address to California Democrats’ confab. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/09/brown-tussles-with-environmentalists-at-california/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/09/brown-tussles-with-environmentalists-at-california/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Brown Tussles With Fracking Foes at State Convention\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140310science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\" alt=\"A storm approaching California on February 24th had what researchers say is a large amount of dust at the center, as shown by the orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storm approaching California on February 24 had large amounts of dust at the center, as shown by the highlighted orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s recent rainstorms, as welcome as they were, haven’t been enough to save the state from a serious drought this year. The rainy season typically winds down by late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are trying to understand why some storms unload lots of rain and snow in California and others don’t. They’re finding it could be linked to dust storms thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeds of a Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a windy bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, Kim Prather, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego, eyes a bank of dark clouds in the distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s coming in,” she says. “I think it’s the front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain is what Prather and her team have been waiting for. They’ve set up a large truck trailer full of scientific equipment at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, about an hour north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds are made up of water vapor, but that’s not the only ingredient needed for rain. Tiny particles like pollution, sea spray, dust and smoke, are the seeds of a rainstorm. The water inside a cloud condenses on these aerosols, growing larger and larger until it becomes a raindrop or snowflake that’s heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large pumps on the trailer next to us are pulling in millions of these particles, so Prather and her team can examine them one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t expect there to be much dust here, but in fact, there are parcels of dust continuously coming across the Pacific right now,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust has made its way from the deserts of Asia and Africa. Dust storms send particles miles into the air, then they drift to California in 7 to 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15133\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Prather watches are air particles are tested, inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Prather watches as her mobile lab tests air particles inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prather has studied dust like this before, when she \u003ca href=\"http://atofms.ucsd.edu/content/calwater-2009-2011\">flew through Sierra Nevada snowstorms\u003c/a> in a small research plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So days with dust, we found, were days where you had the most snow on the ground consistently,” she says. “And it’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that comes in and seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one study, Prather found that the right kind of dust storm \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/intercontinental_rainmakers\">could boost snowfall\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada by 40 percent. It happens because dust helps ice crystals grow. Ice formation appears to be the magic recipe for producing lots of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ice is a very picky process,” Prather says. “Ice only likes to form on certain surfaces. Dust seems to be very good. Bacteria—biological particles seem to be very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep—bacteria. “Dust will come out of the ground with microbes on it and so there are microbes that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/01/29/170459317/bird-plane-bacteria-microbes-thrive-in-storm-clouds\">still alive in those clouds\u003c/a>,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e2d0ec59e2858dd0f66f678a2f5178d7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other particles appear to have the opposite effect. Urban air pollution, both from California and coming over from Asia, seems to reduce precipitation in the Sierra. The particles are small, creating a lot of water droplets that aren’t quite heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says there’s still a lot to understand about the effects that particles have on the weather, but the information could help improve weather forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we getting more precipitation?” she says. “Are we getting less precipitation? The ultimate goal is to be able to feed this into weather forecast models and improve those models, where they actually take into account the seeds. Right now, they don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updating Weather Models\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an operational perspective, we are giving that very serious consideration,” says Bill Lapenta, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/\">weather forecasting division\u003c/a> of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daily weather forecasts come from giant simulations that run on supercomputers. Adding more dynamics, like the behavior of dust storms, increases costs for the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It adds an additional amount of complexity which then requires more computational resources,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust and Particles Transported Around the Globe://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQyxFpQCs7U\n\nWeather models are updated generally only once a year, because changes can have far-reaching consequences. “The models have to be run on time, every time,” Lapenta says. The information is key for preparing the public for extreme weather and floods.\n\nStill, Lapenta says he’s hoping to start including dust storms and other sources of particles in the next five years. “I do believe that in the end, including the effects of dust particles in these complex models will help improve the precipitation forecast,” he says.\n\n\u003cstrong>Storing More Water for Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An improved forecast could help California manage its water supplies better, leading to fuller reservoirs that help buffer California against drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that provide the beneficial water that we really need badly this year?” says Marty Ralph, director of the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “It often comes in just a few events each winter, and that’s really the make or break thing for the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">network of reservoirs\u003c/a> stores that runoff. But reservoirs are required to release a lot of stored water in the fall and early winter, in order to make room for runoff from extreme storms and protect against floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future, it may be possible if we can predict these storms accurately enough ahead of time, we could maybe keep a little extra water in there, knowing that if we had three days lead time we could release that water in a safe and appropriate way,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, if the storms turn out to be small, reservoirs wouldn’t be releasing water that California needs later in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamically managing reservoirs this way would require a major change in the operating rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://huffman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/huffman-introduces-bill-to-modernize-army-corps-of-engineers-reservoir\">bill recently introduced\u003c/a> in the U.S. House by Sonoma County Democrat Jared Huffman would provide some of that flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the improvements in weather forecasting science and California’s propensity for drought, many say it’s a change whose time has come.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists are finding that dust storms in Asia and Africa influence how much snow falls in the Sierra Nevada. The research could help make weather forecasting more accurate and improve how California manages its water supply.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\" alt=\"A storm approaching California on February 24th had what researchers say is a large amount of dust at the center, as shown by the orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storm approaching California on February 24 had large amounts of dust at the center, as shown by the highlighted orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s recent rainstorms, as welcome as they were, haven’t been enough to save the state from a serious drought this year. The rainy season typically winds down by late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are trying to understand why some storms unload lots of rain and snow in California and others don’t. They’re finding it could be linked to dust storms thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeds of a Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a windy bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, Kim Prather, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego, eyes a bank of dark clouds in the distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s coming in,” she says. “I think it’s the front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain is what Prather and her team have been waiting for. They’ve set up a large truck trailer full of scientific equipment at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, about an hour north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds are made up of water vapor, but that’s not the only ingredient needed for rain. Tiny particles like pollution, sea spray, dust and smoke, are the seeds of a rainstorm. The water inside a cloud condenses on these aerosols, growing larger and larger until it becomes a raindrop or snowflake that’s heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large pumps on the trailer next to us are pulling in millions of these particles, so Prather and her team can examine them one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t expect there to be much dust here, but in fact, there are parcels of dust continuously coming across the Pacific right now,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust has made its way from the deserts of Asia and Africa. Dust storms send particles miles into the air, then they drift to California in 7 to 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15133\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Prather watches are air particles are tested, inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Prather watches as her mobile lab tests air particles inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prather has studied dust like this before, when she \u003ca href=\"http://atofms.ucsd.edu/content/calwater-2009-2011\">flew through Sierra Nevada snowstorms\u003c/a> in a small research plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So days with dust, we found, were days where you had the most snow on the ground consistently,” she says. “And it’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that comes in and seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one study, Prather found that the right kind of dust storm \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/intercontinental_rainmakers\">could boost snowfall\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada by 40 percent. It happens because dust helps ice crystals grow. Ice formation appears to be the magic recipe for producing lots of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ice is a very picky process,” Prather says. “Ice only likes to form on certain surfaces. Dust seems to be very good. Bacteria—biological particles seem to be very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep—bacteria. “Dust will come out of the ground with microbes on it and so there are microbes that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/01/29/170459317/bird-plane-bacteria-microbes-thrive-in-storm-clouds\">still alive in those clouds\u003c/a>,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other particles appear to have the opposite effect. Urban air pollution, both from California and coming over from Asia, seems to reduce precipitation in the Sierra. The particles are small, creating a lot of water droplets that aren’t quite heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says there’s still a lot to understand about the effects that particles have on the weather, but the information could help improve weather forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we getting more precipitation?” she says. “Are we getting less precipitation? The ultimate goal is to be able to feed this into weather forecast models and improve those models, where they actually take into account the seeds. Right now, they don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updating Weather Models\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an operational perspective, we are giving that very serious consideration,” says Bill Lapenta, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/\">weather forecasting division\u003c/a> of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daily weather forecasts come from giant simulations that run on supercomputers. Adding more dynamics, like the behavior of dust storms, increases costs for the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It adds an additional amount of complexity which then requires more computational resources,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust and Particles Transported Around the Globe://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQyxFpQCs7U\n\nWeather models are updated generally only once a year, because changes can have far-reaching consequences. “The models have to be run on time, every time,” Lapenta says. The information is key for preparing the public for extreme weather and floods.\n\nStill, Lapenta says he’s hoping to start including dust storms and other sources of particles in the next five years. “I do believe that in the end, including the effects of dust particles in these complex models will help improve the precipitation forecast,” he says.\n\n\u003cstrong>Storing More Water for Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An improved forecast could help California manage its water supplies better, leading to fuller reservoirs that help buffer California against drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that provide the beneficial water that we really need badly this year?” says Marty Ralph, director of the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “It often comes in just a few events each winter, and that’s really the make or break thing for the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">network of reservoirs\u003c/a> stores that runoff. But reservoirs are required to release a lot of stored water in the fall and early winter, in order to make room for runoff from extreme storms and protect against floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future, it may be possible if we can predict these storms accurately enough ahead of time, we could maybe keep a little extra water in there, knowing that if we had three days lead time we could release that water in a safe and appropriate way,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, if the storms turn out to be small, reservoirs wouldn’t be releasing water that California needs later in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamically managing reservoirs this way would require a major change in the operating rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://huffman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/huffman-introduces-bill-to-modernize-army-corps-of-engineers-reservoir\">bill recently introduced\u003c/a> in the U.S. House by Sonoma County Democrat Jared Huffman would provide some of that flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the improvements in weather forecasting science and California’s propensity for drought, many say it’s a change whose time has come.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What We Know -- And Don't Know -- About the Sea Star Die-Off",
"headTitle": "What We Know — And Don’t Know — About the Sea Star Die-Off | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 573px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15083 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/1024px-Expl1080_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg\" alt=\"orange sunflower starfish\" width=\"573\" height=\"430\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The predatory sunflower starfish, Pycnopodia helianthoides, is one of the species dying from sea star wasting disease. (Ed Bowlby/NOAA, Olympic Coast NMS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since last summer, scientists and tidepoolers \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">up and down the Pacific Coast\u003c/a> have noticed starfish dying in startling numbers. Some observers have documented sea star bodies turning to mush, others described the creatures disintegrating, while others found stars that lost their limbs and color. The name of this phenomenon: “\u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">sea star wasting disease\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know how many starfish have died so far. Pete Raimondi, chair of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of California, Santa Cruz, says it could be in the millions. One particularly hard-hit species, the sunflower starfish, has “pretty much disappeared,” Raimondi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and Benjamin Miner, professor of marine biology at Western Washington University, spoke on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403050930\">Forum\u003c/a> about the latest outbreak of this mysterious disease. While similar die-offs have happened before, scientists are flummoxed about the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The patterns that we’re seeing make it especially perplexing, because we’ve seen major die-offs in regions that are geographically separated.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why is the wasting disease so difficult to nail down? In short, its pervasiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Raimondi, researchers studying the problem are leaning toward the theory that “it may be a pathogen of some sort that is distributed through ocean currents or other oceanographic forcing.” Still, there is no scientific consensus on that and neither Raimondi nor Miner is willing to stake a claim on a singular theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The patterns that we’re seeing make it especially perplexing because we’ve seen major die-offs in regions that are geographically separated,” Miner said. “For example, Santa Barbara, Monterey, the Seattle area, British Columbia and the Vancouver area. And then some areas in between those appear quite healthy. So the locations, in addition to the fact that it’s affecting many species, some of them rather distantly related among sea stars, makes it really challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner said that, so far, a natural occurrence is the most likely explanation. There is one tantalizing clue. All of the three major starfish die-offs in the past 40 years—the late 1970s, 1983-84 and 1997-98—were \u003cem>associated with\u003c/em> a warm water event. They were not necessarily \u003cem>caused by\u003c/em> a warm water event, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a37a3e7aa97fa0bfe78982b26eaf6597″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be that warm water coming up from the south carried a pathogen, Raimondi said. Or “it could have been a local species that went rogue, essentially, during those warm water events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the source of sea star wasting disease unclear it would be easy to dismiss the phenomenon as one huge mystery. But in truth, scientists do know a fair amount about the disease, including what is not causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 13px\">What Is Not Causing the Die-Off\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you’re already pondering some of the following theories, Raimondi suggests you discard them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Plastic pollution: “We’re talking about completely pristine areas to completely degraded areas, and we don’t see any pattern that is suggestive of (plastics).”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean acidification: “What we’ve seen with respect to ocean acidification is that there are local areas which can be affected, but we don’t see any broad pattern of it.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Fukushima radiation: “The trajectory that has been proposed with respect to the distribution of any of the debris really doesn’t come very far south. And with respect to the radiation, that wouldn’t have arrived here yet. Also, just the distribution of the disease and apparent lack of the disease in other areas, really doesn’t lend itself to (a Fukushima link).”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Climate Change Connection Can Neither Be Confirmed Nor Ruled Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although climate change is warming the ocean overall, the ocean along the West Coast has been in a cool period, Raimondi said, since the 1997-98 El Niño. “The water’s been cool,” he said. “There may be local warming areas but in general it’s been a cool phase and so it doesn’t appear that this (die-off) is related to any general climate-related warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t, however, rule out some sort of climate change connection, he said, for example, ocean currents may be moving in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Miner adds that climate change could, say, be suppressing sea stars’ immune systems and making them more susceptible to a lethal pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/mysterious-epidemic-devastates-starfish-population-pacific-coast/\">PBS NewsHour\u003c/a> had a segment on seastar wasting disease earlier this year, including underwater video of the effects of the disease:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_I_B6U0GtI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There Is Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the species affected by the previous die-offs is extinct and most have recovered, albeit slowly. “I don’t think anyone at this point is thinking that this system is not going to recover as well,” said Raimondi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons for Raimondi’s optimism has to do with the life cycle of sea star larvae. Most of the affected species have long-living larvae that can survive the travel to unaffected sections of the coast, where they can populate new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all species are affected in the same way by the wasting disease. Bat stars, which seem not to be negatively affected by the disease, are actually thriving because they’re able to feast on the bodies of other dead sea stars. Giant sea stars have been relatively resistant to it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15085\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Steve-Corey-Flickr.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15085\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15085 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Steve-Corey-Flickr.jpg\" alt=\"bat star\" width=\"614\" height=\"411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bat star or Patiria miniata feasts on the carcusses of other sea stars that dying from sea star wasting disease. (Steve Corey/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/22016744@N06/3281278891/in/photolist-5ZXpTZ-a6mvyY-adL8ou-dASYpg-a8i48w-545zdG-2fCxG1-aoWdjj-6fMyed-5YBpqj-8AeGD9-5isrgr-3ccvM2-6fHphM-9cA4xa-8XMHtL-AC49D-aetZNu-tmVUo-aLok2D-8oSPuV-21yrn-s8SyL-a9xtMH-fjxFhU-9AASdo-s8Ss1-a9xuvK-s8TfU-BUyrc-s8TtH-3JGxnb-s8SYa-b52tB-a4ja86-a4n1KG-s8Tay-ah45Wa-5YxbDi-38KRpW-cooZJ7-jcekot-LDGby-PcW7J-s8SEw-s8T6b-9cDqWb-7vzRWv-21ytJ-a9AgqL-ah45GZ\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We See on Shore Is Only a Small Part of the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars in tidepool systems and subtidal systems (basically, areas that are always under water, even during low tide) are both suffering from the wasting disease. But Raimondi says the subtidal systems are more affected. This makes gathering accurate data difficult because scientists have limited access to underwater locations and most citizen-scientists who may report their observations encounter starfish in tidepools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and Miner encouraged beach goers, fishermen and divers to share their observations—whether on shore or out in the water at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seastarwasting.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 573px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15083 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/1024px-Expl1080_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg\" alt=\"orange sunflower starfish\" width=\"573\" height=\"430\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The predatory sunflower starfish, Pycnopodia helianthoides, is one of the species dying from sea star wasting disease. (Ed Bowlby/NOAA, Olympic Coast NMS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since last summer, scientists and tidepoolers \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">up and down the Pacific Coast\u003c/a> have noticed starfish dying in startling numbers. Some observers have documented sea star bodies turning to mush, others described the creatures disintegrating, while others found stars that lost their limbs and color. The name of this phenomenon: “\u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">sea star wasting disease\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know how many starfish have died so far. Pete Raimondi, chair of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of California, Santa Cruz, says it could be in the millions. One particularly hard-hit species, the sunflower starfish, has “pretty much disappeared,” Raimondi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and Benjamin Miner, professor of marine biology at Western Washington University, spoke on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403050930\">Forum\u003c/a> about the latest outbreak of this mysterious disease. While similar die-offs have happened before, scientists are flummoxed about the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The patterns that we’re seeing make it especially perplexing, because we’ve seen major die-offs in regions that are geographically separated.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why is the wasting disease so difficult to nail down? In short, its pervasiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Raimondi, researchers studying the problem are leaning toward the theory that “it may be a pathogen of some sort that is distributed through ocean currents or other oceanographic forcing.” Still, there is no scientific consensus on that and neither Raimondi nor Miner is willing to stake a claim on a singular theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The patterns that we’re seeing make it especially perplexing because we’ve seen major die-offs in regions that are geographically separated,” Miner said. “For example, Santa Barbara, Monterey, the Seattle area, British Columbia and the Vancouver area. And then some areas in between those appear quite healthy. So the locations, in addition to the fact that it’s affecting many species, some of them rather distantly related among sea stars, makes it really challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner said that, so far, a natural occurrence is the most likely explanation. There is one tantalizing clue. All of the three major starfish die-offs in the past 40 years—the late 1970s, 1983-84 and 1997-98—were \u003cem>associated with\u003c/em> a warm water event. They were not necessarily \u003cem>caused by\u003c/em> a warm water event, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be that warm water coming up from the south carried a pathogen, Raimondi said. Or “it could have been a local species that went rogue, essentially, during those warm water events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the source of sea star wasting disease unclear it would be easy to dismiss the phenomenon as one huge mystery. But in truth, scientists do know a fair amount about the disease, including what is not causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 13px\">What Is Not Causing the Die-Off\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you’re already pondering some of the following theories, Raimondi suggests you discard them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Plastic pollution: “We’re talking about completely pristine areas to completely degraded areas, and we don’t see any pattern that is suggestive of (plastics).”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean acidification: “What we’ve seen with respect to ocean acidification is that there are local areas which can be affected, but we don’t see any broad pattern of it.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Fukushima radiation: “The trajectory that has been proposed with respect to the distribution of any of the debris really doesn’t come very far south. And with respect to the radiation, that wouldn’t have arrived here yet. Also, just the distribution of the disease and apparent lack of the disease in other areas, really doesn’t lend itself to (a Fukushima link).”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Climate Change Connection Can Neither Be Confirmed Nor Ruled Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although climate change is warming the ocean overall, the ocean along the West Coast has been in a cool period, Raimondi said, since the 1997-98 El Niño. “The water’s been cool,” he said. “There may be local warming areas but in general it’s been a cool phase and so it doesn’t appear that this (die-off) is related to any general climate-related warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t, however, rule out some sort of climate change connection, he said, for example, ocean currents may be moving in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Miner adds that climate change could, say, be suppressing sea stars’ immune systems and making them more susceptible to a lethal pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/mysterious-epidemic-devastates-starfish-population-pacific-coast/\">PBS NewsHour\u003c/a> had a segment on seastar wasting disease earlier this year, including underwater video of the effects of the disease:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2_I_B6U0GtI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2_I_B6U0GtI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There Is Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the species affected by the previous die-offs is extinct and most have recovered, albeit slowly. “I don’t think anyone at this point is thinking that this system is not going to recover as well,” said Raimondi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons for Raimondi’s optimism has to do with the life cycle of sea star larvae. Most of the affected species have long-living larvae that can survive the travel to unaffected sections of the coast, where they can populate new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all species are affected in the same way by the wasting disease. Bat stars, which seem not to be negatively affected by the disease, are actually thriving because they’re able to feast on the bodies of other dead sea stars. Giant sea stars have been relatively resistant to it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15085\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Steve-Corey-Flickr.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15085\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15085 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Steve-Corey-Flickr.jpg\" alt=\"bat star\" width=\"614\" height=\"411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bat star or Patiria miniata feasts on the carcusses of other sea stars that dying from sea star wasting disease. (Steve Corey/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/22016744@N06/3281278891/in/photolist-5ZXpTZ-a6mvyY-adL8ou-dASYpg-a8i48w-545zdG-2fCxG1-aoWdjj-6fMyed-5YBpqj-8AeGD9-5isrgr-3ccvM2-6fHphM-9cA4xa-8XMHtL-AC49D-aetZNu-tmVUo-aLok2D-8oSPuV-21yrn-s8SyL-a9xtMH-fjxFhU-9AASdo-s8Ss1-a9xuvK-s8TfU-BUyrc-s8TtH-3JGxnb-s8SYa-b52tB-a4ja86-a4n1KG-s8Tay-ah45Wa-5YxbDi-38KRpW-cooZJ7-jcekot-LDGby-PcW7J-s8SEw-s8T6b-9cDqWb-7vzRWv-21ytJ-a9AgqL-ah45GZ\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We See on Shore Is Only a Small Part of the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars in tidepool systems and subtidal systems (basically, areas that are always under water, even during low tide) are both suffering from the wasting disease. But Raimondi says the subtidal systems are more affected. This makes gathering accurate data difficult because scientists have limited access to underwater locations and most citizen-scientists who may report their observations encounter starfish in tidepools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and Miner encouraged beach goers, fishermen and divers to share their observations—whether on shore or out in the water at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seastarwasting.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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