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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Michigan-based nurseryman preaches the urgency of restoring the Earth’s decimated forests. In two decades, he says his nonprofit group has cloned 170 types of trees and planted more than 300,000 of them in seven countries with willing landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a biological miracle. We have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.’\u003ccite>Jim Clark\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a race against time,” Milarch said. “If we start right now, we can go after climate change and reverse it before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias growing in the Sierra are among the biggest and oldest trees on Earth, some nearly 300 feet tall and up to 3,000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on common sense that he says is being borne out by science, Milarch, 66, believes their size and robustness make them ideal for absorbing greenhouse gases that drive climate change on the planet. He likens them to people who drink and smoke all their lives, yet thrive well into their 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One skeptic is Todd Dawson, a professor of integrated biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He admires Archangel’s creative efforts but says it’s unclear whether the towering trees have superior genes or whether they were simply lucky not to meet the fate of a logger’s saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are slim, he said, that cloning and planting a limited number of trees will cool the warming planet. He favors more sweeping approaches such as curbing the use of fossil fuels and protecting vast rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the things about global warming — it’s a global problem,” Dawson said. “You’re going to have to plant a lot of trees to combat global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of about a dozen expert tree climbers from across the country volunteered for the expedition in May to restock Archangel’s store of genetic samples. They risked their lives to climb to the ends of massive limbs, starting in the southern Sierra sequoia grove and winding up nearly 500 miles away in Northern California, where they carefully collected additional samples from coastal redwoods — a taller, thinner cousin of the giant sequoia. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark wrapped the clippings he gathered in damp newspaper, placed them inside ice-filled duffel bags and boarded an overnight flight to the Archangel’s lab across country in Copemish, a rural village in northwestern Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, Clark and another propagation specialist snipped off some 2,000 shoots a few inches long and planted them in small containers of a peat-and-gel mixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 1,000 fingernail-sized bits of greenery were placed into jars containing a blend of seaweed-based gelatin and growth hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples grow beneath purplish fluorescent lights under humidity and temperatures designed to encourage rooting. Cloning ancient trees is tricky business, lab workers say, and many samples don’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, Archangel’s team will come west to plant up to 1,000 sequoia and redwood saplings in a cool, damp region of Oregon where the trees will have the best chance to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Werner, a horticulture consultant based in Monterey, California, who has worked with Archangel, says that in the face of global warming, it’s easy to dismiss the efforts of a “renegade” group that relies heavily on donations and volunteer nurserymen and arborists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not fair,” Werner said. “It may be a drop in the bucket, but at least somebody’s doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP correspondent John Flesher contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida — SpaceX successfully launched a critical space station docking port for astronauts early Monday, along with a DNA decoder for high-flying genetic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an extra feat, the company brought its leftover first-stage booster back to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station for a vertical touchdown — only the second such landing for an orbital mission and the ultimate in recycling. Twin sonic booms rocked central Florida, much as they used to during space shuttle landings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A really good day,\" said Hans Koenigsmann, vice president of flight reliability for SpaceX.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cosmic doubleheader got underway as the unmanned Falcon 9 rocket streaked upward at 12:45 a.m. EDT, carrying 5,000 pounds of food, experiments and equipment for the International Space Station. The orbiting outpost was soaring over the North Atlantic at liftoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was SpaceX's second shot at delivering a new-style docking port for NASA. The last one was destroyed over the Atlantic in June 2015 after \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/news/2015/07/20/crs-7-investigation-update\" target=\"_blank\">a structural failure\u003c/a> in the Falcon 9 rocket's second stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA needs this new docking setup at the space station before Americans can fly there in crew capsules set to debut next year. SpaceX is building astronaut-worthy versions of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/dragon\" target=\"_blank\">Dragon cargo ships\u003c/a>, while Boeing — which makes these docking ports — is working on \u003ca href=\"http://www.boeing.com/space/crew-space-transportation-100-vehicle/\" target=\"_blank\">a crew capsule called Starliner\u003c/a>. The pair would dock to this ring and another due to fly in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dragon and its latest shipment are due Wednesday at the 250-mile-high outpost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX has released a collection of hi-res photos showing the Falcon 9 takeoff and landing via its \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/spacex/\" target=\"_blank\">Flickr account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" ids=\"11023922,11023923,11023924,11023925,11023926,11023927,11023928\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's space station program manager, Kirk Shireman, expected to be \"sweating bullets without a doubt\" at liftoff, as always. He said all the cargo is precious, but really wants this docking port \"up there safe and sound.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX, meanwhile, had its sights not only on orbit, but also on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX brought its leftover first-stage booster back just a couple of miles from where it lifted off eight minutes earlier. The company has now pulled off five vertical booster landings since December, three on an ocean platform and two on land. Employees at company headquarters in Hawthorne, California, cheered loudly and applauded when the 15-story booster touched down smoothly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koenigsmann said the booster looked to be in \"excellent shape and probably pretty soon ready to fly again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX founder and chief executive Elon Musk wants to refly his rockets to shave launch costs. The boosters normally are ditched at sea. The company hopes to launch its first recovered rocket this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two Americans on the six-person station crew will perform a spacewalk in August to hook up the new docking ring, about 5 feet across and 3½ feet tall. Another port — cobbled together from spare parts — will replace the one lost in the June 2015 launch failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA went with private companies to supply the space station in the wake of the shuttle retirement five years ago this week. The next step will be launching NASA astronauts from U.S. soil; for now, Americans are hitching rides on Russian rockets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russia, meanwhile, also has a supply ship on the way. Launched over the weekend, it's due there Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida — SpaceX successfully launched a critical space station docking port for astronauts early Monday, along with a DNA decoder for high-flying genetic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an extra feat, the company brought its leftover first-stage booster back to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station for a vertical touchdown — only the second such landing for an orbital mission and the ultimate in recycling. Twin sonic booms rocked central Florida, much as they used to during space shuttle landings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A really good day,\" said Hans Koenigsmann, vice president of flight reliability for SpaceX.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cosmic doubleheader got underway as the unmanned Falcon 9 rocket streaked upward at 12:45 a.m. EDT, carrying 5,000 pounds of food, experiments and equipment for the International Space Station. The orbiting outpost was soaring over the North Atlantic at liftoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was SpaceX's second shot at delivering a new-style docking port for NASA. The last one was destroyed over the Atlantic in June 2015 after \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/news/2015/07/20/crs-7-investigation-update\" target=\"_blank\">a structural failure\u003c/a> in the Falcon 9 rocket's second stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA needs this new docking setup at the space station before Americans can fly there in crew capsules set to debut next year. SpaceX is building astronaut-worthy versions of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/dragon\" target=\"_blank\">Dragon cargo ships\u003c/a>, while Boeing — which makes these docking ports — is working on \u003ca href=\"http://www.boeing.com/space/crew-space-transportation-100-vehicle/\" target=\"_blank\">a crew capsule called Starliner\u003c/a>. The pair would dock to this ring and another due to fly in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dragon and its latest shipment are due Wednesday at the 250-mile-high outpost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX has released a collection of hi-res photos showing the Falcon 9 takeoff and landing via its \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/spacex/\" target=\"_blank\">Flickr account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's space station program manager, Kirk Shireman, expected to be \"sweating bullets without a doubt\" at liftoff, as always. He said all the cargo is precious, but really wants this docking port \"up there safe and sound.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX, meanwhile, had its sights not only on orbit, but also on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX brought its leftover first-stage booster back just a couple of miles from where it lifted off eight minutes earlier. The company has now pulled off five vertical booster landings since December, three on an ocean platform and two on land. Employees at company headquarters in Hawthorne, California, cheered loudly and applauded when the 15-story booster touched down smoothly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koenigsmann said the booster looked to be in \"excellent shape and probably pretty soon ready to fly again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX founder and chief executive Elon Musk wants to refly his rockets to shave launch costs. The boosters normally are ditched at sea. The company hopes to launch its first recovered rocket this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two Americans on the six-person station crew will perform a spacewalk in August to hook up the new docking ring, about 5 feet across and 3½ feet tall. Another port — cobbled together from spare parts — will replace the one lost in the June 2015 launch failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA went with private companies to supply the space station in the wake of the shuttle retirement five years ago this week. The next step will be launching NASA astronauts from U.S. soil; for now, Americans are hitching rides on Russian rockets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russia, meanwhile, also has a supply ship on the way. Launched over the weekend, it's due there Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It's Complicated",
"headTitle": "Where Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It’s Complicated | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors began trying their hand at farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they grew wild varieties of crops like pea, lentil and barley, and herded wild animals like goat and wild ox. Centuries later, they switched to farming full-time, breeding both animals and plants, creating new varieties and breeds. Eventually, they migrated outward, spreading farming to parts of Europe and Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest farmers lived in the Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East including modern-day Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, southeastern Turkey and western Iran. And scientists had long assumed these early farmers were a homogenous group that traded and intermingled, swapping farming tools and tricks — as well as their genes. In other words, farming was long believed to have been started by one group of ancestral humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/07/13/science.aaf7943\">a new study\u003c/a> suggests something different – that multiple groups of people in the Fertile Crescent started agriculture, and these groups were genetically distinct from one another. That is, they didn’t intermingle at the time, at least not for a few thousand years. “They lived more or less in a similar area, but they stay highly isolated from each other,” says Joachim Burger, an anthropologist at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, in Germany and co-author of the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burger and an international team of scientists analyzed ancient DNA from the remains of four individuals that lived about 10,000 years ago on the eastern edges of the Fertile Crescent – the Zagros Mountains on the border between Iraq and Iran. They compared the DNA of these individuals with that of skeletons that were a couple of thousand years younger and had been found way on the other end of the Fertile Crescent, a region that includes modern-day Turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two groups couldn’t have been more genetically different, says Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would not necessarily expect big genetic differences from one of end of Fertile Crescent to another,” says evolutionary biologist Mark Thomas of the University College, London, also an author on the new study. But in fact, the genetic signatures suggest that the Anatolians and the Zagros populations diverged from a common ancestor some 46,000 to 77,000 years ago — long before the advent of farming. “That’s a surprise. That’s the real big surprise of the study,” Thomas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_850881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-850881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Joachim Burger/JGU Mainz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps no one was more surprised than Burger. Just last month, he published a study that found that late Stone Age farmers from the Turkey region had migrated north into Europe and introduced farming there. So understandably, he had expected to be able to trace European agriculture all the way back to the eastern Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what the DNA said. The new study makes it clear that these earliest farmers of the eastern Fertile Crescent did not migrate westward — and so they were not responsible for spreading agriculture to Western Europe. No wonder, then, that the team also failed to find any genetic similarity between these ancient farmers and modern-day Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the early farmers of Zagros seem to have a striking genetic resemblance to present-day humans in South Asia, especially Pakistan and Afghanistan. That suggests that the descendants of the early farmers from Zagros probably migrated east, taking their farming techniques to that part of the world. That makes sense, says Thomas, because previous work by other researchers has shown “clear evidence of movement of crops and animals into Iran and northwestern parts of the (Indian) subcontinent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/farming-invented-twice-in-middle-east-genomes-study-reveals-1.20119\">An unpublished study\u003c/a> by a team at Harvard Medical School confirms the genetic closeness of the early Zagros farmers with South Asians, and also shows that the early farmers of the Southern Levant (modern day Syria and Palestine) moved to Africa, taking their farming traditions south with them. Clearly, the different populations in different parts of the Middle East migrated in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that farming began in a single population came from initial archaeological discoveries in one part of the Mideast – the Southern Levant, says Melinda Zeder, an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, who wasn’t involved in the study. But more recent excavations have shown that there was an “explosion of people” tinkering with farming all over the Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings and the latest study are painting a complicated picture of the early days of agriculture, says Zeder. “There are now clear signs of trade across the entire Fertile Crescent,” she says. For instance, there’s evidence that people traded tools. “We are seeing that people are in communication with one another. … But it is not one melting pot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+Did+Agriculture+Begin%3F+Oh+Boy%2C+It%27s+Complicated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors began trying their hand at farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they grew wild varieties of crops like pea, lentil and barley, and herded wild animals like goat and wild ox. Centuries later, they switched to farming full-time, breeding both animals and plants, creating new varieties and breeds. Eventually, they migrated outward, spreading farming to parts of Europe and Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest farmers lived in the Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East including modern-day Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, southeastern Turkey and western Iran. And scientists had long assumed these early farmers were a homogenous group that traded and intermingled, swapping farming tools and tricks — as well as their genes. In other words, farming was long believed to have been started by one group of ancestral humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/07/13/science.aaf7943\">a new study\u003c/a> suggests something different – that multiple groups of people in the Fertile Crescent started agriculture, and these groups were genetically distinct from one another. That is, they didn’t intermingle at the time, at least not for a few thousand years. “They lived more or less in a similar area, but they stay highly isolated from each other,” says Joachim Burger, an anthropologist at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, in Germany and co-author of the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burger and an international team of scientists analyzed ancient DNA from the remains of four individuals that lived about 10,000 years ago on the eastern edges of the Fertile Crescent – the Zagros Mountains on the border between Iraq and Iran. They compared the DNA of these individuals with that of skeletons that were a couple of thousand years younger and had been found way on the other end of the Fertile Crescent, a region that includes modern-day Turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two groups couldn’t have been more genetically different, says Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would not necessarily expect big genetic differences from one of end of Fertile Crescent to another,” says evolutionary biologist Mark Thomas of the University College, London, also an author on the new study. But in fact, the genetic signatures suggest that the Anatolians and the Zagros populations diverged from a common ancestor some 46,000 to 77,000 years ago — long before the advent of farming. “That’s a surprise. That’s the real big surprise of the study,” Thomas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_850881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-850881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/lab2_enl-4fc8023e51bad41dd9a6c43638b6003863a2924d-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists in a lab in Mainz, Germany, analyze ancient bone samples from the Zagros Mountains in Iran. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Joachim Burger/JGU Mainz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perhaps no one was more surprised than Burger. Just last month, he published a study that found that late Stone Age farmers from the Turkey region had migrated north into Europe and introduced farming there. So understandably, he had expected to be able to trace European agriculture all the way back to the eastern Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what the DNA said. The new study makes it clear that these earliest farmers of the eastern Fertile Crescent did not migrate westward — and so they were not responsible for spreading agriculture to Western Europe. No wonder, then, that the team also failed to find any genetic similarity between these ancient farmers and modern-day Europeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the early farmers of Zagros seem to have a striking genetic resemblance to present-day humans in South Asia, especially Pakistan and Afghanistan. That suggests that the descendants of the early farmers from Zagros probably migrated east, taking their farming techniques to that part of the world. That makes sense, says Thomas, because previous work by other researchers has shown “clear evidence of movement of crops and animals into Iran and northwestern parts of the (Indian) subcontinent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/farming-invented-twice-in-middle-east-genomes-study-reveals-1.20119\">An unpublished study\u003c/a> by a team at Harvard Medical School confirms the genetic closeness of the early Zagros farmers with South Asians, and also shows that the early farmers of the Southern Levant (modern day Syria and Palestine) moved to Africa, taking their farming traditions south with them. Clearly, the different populations in different parts of the Middle East migrated in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that farming began in a single population came from initial archaeological discoveries in one part of the Mideast – the Southern Levant, says Melinda Zeder, an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, who wasn’t involved in the study. But more recent excavations have shown that there was an “explosion of people” tinkering with farming all over the Fertile Crescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings and the latest study are painting a complicated picture of the early days of agriculture, says Zeder. “There are now clear signs of trade across the entire Fertile Crescent,” she says. For instance, there’s evidence that people traded tools. “We are seeing that people are in communication with one another. … But it is not one melting pot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+Did+Agriculture+Begin%3F+Oh+Boy%2C+It%27s+Complicated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. Faces Dramatic Rise in Extreme Heat, Humidity",
"headTitle": "U.S. Faces Dramatic Rise in Extreme Heat, Humidity | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Across the U.S., we’ve hit the dog days of summer. Most regions are now seeing their hottest temperatures of the year, and the combination of heat and high humidity sends most people running for a cold drink, some shade, or an air conditioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is the No.1 weather related killer, and as carbon pollution continues, global temperatures will keep climbing, bringing hotter summers and more extreme and dangerous heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://impact.statesatrisk.org/\">States at Risk\u003c/a> \u003c/em>project analyzed historic trends in summer temperatures since 1970 as well as projections for future extreme heat for hundreds of metro areas across the lower 48 states. Using several measures, our findings show that most U.S. cities have already experienced large increases in extreme summer heat and absolute humidity, which together can cause serious heat-related health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that scores of U.S. cities home to tens of millions of people will face dramatic increases in dangerous and extreme heat days by the middle of this century if current greenhouse gas emissions trends continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hottest parts of the country, including Texas, the Southwest, and Florida have already experienced large increases in extreme heat days, including days over 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F, as well as rising levels of humidity that make hot days feel miserable and extremely hot days downright dangerous. Cities in those same states are facing the biggest projected increases in dangerous heat over the next several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Florida\u003c/strong> faces by far the greatest increase in the dangerous combination of heat and humidity over the next several decades. The 13 metro areas in the U.S. projected to see the greatest increase in danger days by 2050, are all in Florida. Every one of these cities is projected to see an increase of more than 100 dangerous heat days — when the heat index, a combination of heat and humidity, is more than 104°F — by that time. This will only accelerate changes already seen in Florida, where Miami tops the nation with the greatest increase in annual average 90\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F days per year since 1970 with 46 more such days. McAllen, Texas is second, with 26, followed by Tucson with 25.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Texas\u003c/strong> tops the nation in extreme heat, with 6 of the top 7 cities with the greatest increase in 95°F days, including Austin, San Antonio, and Corpus Christi. In addition, three Texas cities lead the nation in projected danger days by 2050. Nearly half the year, between 168 and 179 days, will be what the National Weather Service considers dangerous heat days by 2050 in McAllen, Laredo, and Brownsville-Harlingen.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Arizona\u003c/strong> is also hard hit, with Phoenix projected to see 146 danger days by 2050, Tucson expected to see 135, and Yuma projected to have 159. As a harbinger of these changes, Tucson now has 24 more days above 100°F on average per year than in the 1970s, the second largest increase in the nation.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846073\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC.jpg\" alt=\"Summer Sizzle_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat.png\" alt=\"Impacts of extreme heat\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat and the combination of high heat and humidity pose serious risks for human health. According to the National Weather Service, heat is the No.1 weather-related killer in the U.S. — more than tornados, floods, and hurricanes — and it is estimated that between 600 and 1,500 heat-related deaths occur in an average summer in the U.S.\u003csup>1,2\u003c/sup> Individual heat waves can be even more deadly. The 1995 heat wave in Chicago is estimated to have led to more than 700 deaths and in excess of 1000 more hospital admissions than normal.\u003csup>3,4\u003c/sup>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This deadly risk is not likely to go away. By the end of the century, heat-related deaths are projected to increase by thousands to tens-of-thousands each year in the U.S.\u003csup>5\u003c/sup> Those most at risk of heat-related health impacts are infants and young children, elderly over 65, those already ill, athletes, and outdoor workers\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. But everyone is potentially at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elevated heat, especially along with high humidity, makes it difficult for the body to cool itself. In addition to increasing the risk of mortality, heat can cause problems throughout the body. It can range from dehydration, cramps, exhaustion, dizziness, vomiting and heat rash to more serious issues involving kidney failure, heart issues, and exacerbation of respiratory issues\u003csup>6,7\u003c/sup>. These heat impacts also provide a challenge to the healthcare industry with increased hospitalizations and doctors’ visits and insurance claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High heat also impacts other sectors and infrastructure. Stagnant air often occurs during periods of elevated heat and allows dangerous levels of air pollutants to build up. High temperatures also directly provide conditions conducive for producing harmful ground-level ozone. Periods of extreme heat can wither crops and exacerbate drought conditions greatly impacting agriculture. Blackouts often accompany heat-waves as the need for cooling puts a heavy strain on the power grid. Heat waves can also lead to harmful algal blooms and promote other bacterial growth in bodies of water and lead to degraded fish habitat, such as for species that require cooler streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846076\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming.png\" alt=\"More danger days coming\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination of hot temperatures and high humidity create dangerous conditions for humans. The National Weather Service defines as dangerous any day when the heat index (the combination of heat and humidity, commonly known as the “feels like temperature”) exceeds 104°F. Under these conditions, sunstroke and heat exhaustion are likely, and physical activity or being outside for long periods is risky, potentially leading to heat stroke. These dangerous heat days pose the greatest threat to kids and the elderly, and to people who don’t have easy access to air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846078\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg.jpg\" alt=\"DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We analyzed 360 of the biggest U.S. cities to see how the average number of danger days is projected to increase in the coming decades. The projections draw on 29 global climate models that have been downscaled across the continental U.S. to represent local climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 U.S. cities expected to see the most danger days by 2050 are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846081\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-400x398.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25 U.S. cities projected to see the biggest increase in danger days over current conditions are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c-400x387.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846084\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the absence of high humidity, extremely hot days pose a considerable health threat, particularly under prolonged exposure. Across most of the U.S. temperatures have increasingly been exceeding 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F since 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our analysis of trends in extreme heat days is based on annual counts of 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F exceedances in the country’s largest 200 cities. The hottest cities are seeing the biggest average increases in extreme heat days, in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 cities that have seen the biggest increase in annual average days above 90°F since 1970:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846085\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-400x388.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 10 cities that have seen the biggest increase in 100°F days are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c-400x420.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1970, summers have been warming in 45 of the lower 48 states. In many of these states, this warming is driven largely by nighttime temperatures getting hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers.png\" alt=\"Fastest warming summers\" width=\"500\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-400x399.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846089\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers.png\" alt=\"Steamier summers\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures rise, evaporation increases, causing increased water vapor in the air. That extra moisture makes the air feel muggier, and can make it a lot more difficult to tolerate the heat because our bodies have a harder time keeping cool through perspiration. As summers warm across the country from increasing greenhouse gases, cities are also getting sticker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central analyzed how the average summer dew point has changed in 200 major U.S. cities since 1970 (the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/videos/ask-a-met-dew-point\">dew point\u003c/a> is a measure of how much moisture is in the air). We found that 87 percent of those cities have experienced an overall increase in their average summer dew point over the past 46 years, indicating that there is typically more moisture in the air on hot summer days now than there used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 cities seeing the largest increase in summer air moisture since the 1970s are (several of which are among the fastest warming cities in the country):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846090\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-400x396.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Analysis by Alyson Kenward, PhD, Jennifer Brady, James Bronzan and Todd Sanford. Read full \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/Heat_methodology.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methodology\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Footnotes:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1. Harvard Medical School (2005), \u003ca href=\"http://ccsl.iccip.net/ccf_report_oct_06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions\u003c/a>, Cambridge, MA: The Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>2. Centers for Disease Control, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/extremeheat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extreme Heat and Your Health\u003c/a>, 2011\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>3. Palecki et al. (2001), Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. T\u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477%282001%29082%3C1353%3ATNAIOT%3E2.3.CO%3B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Nature and Impacts of the July 1999 Heat Wave in the Midwestern United States: Learning From the Lessons of 1995\u003c/a>. 82:7, 1353. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>4. Semenza et al. (1999), Am. J. Preventive Med. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379799000252\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Hospitalizations During the July 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago\u003c/a>. 16:4, 269. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5. U.S. Global Change Research Program (2016), T\u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>6. Becker, J.A. and L.K. Stewart (2011), American Family Physician. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21661715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heat-related illness\u003c/a>. 83:11, 1325.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>7. Glazer, J.L. (2005), American Family Physician. \u003ca href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0601/p2133.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Management of Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion\u003c/a>. 71:11, 2133.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As carbon pollution continues, global temperatures will keep climbing, bringing hotter summers and more extreme and dangerous heat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Across the U.S., we’ve hit the dog days of summer. Most regions are now seeing their hottest temperatures of the year, and the combination of heat and high humidity sends most people running for a cold drink, some shade, or an air conditioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is the No.1 weather related killer, and as carbon pollution continues, global temperatures will keep climbing, bringing hotter summers and more extreme and dangerous heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central’s \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://impact.statesatrisk.org/\">States at Risk\u003c/a> \u003c/em>project analyzed historic trends in summer temperatures since 1970 as well as projections for future extreme heat for hundreds of metro areas across the lower 48 states. Using several measures, our findings show that most U.S. cities have already experienced large increases in extreme summer heat and absolute humidity, which together can cause serious heat-related health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that scores of U.S. cities home to tens of millions of people will face dramatic increases in dangerous and extreme heat days by the middle of this century if current greenhouse gas emissions trends continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hottest parts of the country, including Texas, the Southwest, and Florida have already experienced large increases in extreme heat days, including days over 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F, as well as rising levels of humidity that make hot days feel miserable and extremely hot days downright dangerous. Cities in those same states are facing the biggest projected increases in dangerous heat over the next several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Florida\u003c/strong> faces by far the greatest increase in the dangerous combination of heat and humidity over the next several decades. The 13 metro areas in the U.S. projected to see the greatest increase in danger days by 2050, are all in Florida. Every one of these cities is projected to see an increase of more than 100 dangerous heat days — when the heat index, a combination of heat and humidity, is more than 104°F — by that time. This will only accelerate changes already seen in Florida, where Miami tops the nation with the greatest increase in annual average 90\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F days per year since 1970 with 46 more such days. McAllen, Texas is second, with 26, followed by Tucson with 25.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Texas\u003c/strong> tops the nation in extreme heat, with 6 of the top 7 cities with the greatest increase in 95°F days, including Austin, San Antonio, and Corpus Christi. In addition, three Texas cities lead the nation in projected danger days by 2050. Nearly half the year, between 168 and 179 days, will be what the National Weather Service considers dangerous heat days by 2050 in McAllen, Laredo, and Brownsville-Harlingen.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Arizona\u003c/strong> is also hard hit, with Phoenix projected to see 146 danger days by 2050, Tucson expected to see 135, and Yuma projected to have 159. As a harbinger of these changes, Tucson now has 24 more days above 100°F on average per year than in the 1970s, the second largest increase in the nation.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846073\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC.jpg\" alt=\"Summer Sizzle_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Summer-Sizzle_CC-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat.png\" alt=\"Impacts of extreme heat\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Impacts-of-extreme-heat-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat and the combination of high heat and humidity pose serious risks for human health. According to the National Weather Service, heat is the No.1 weather-related killer in the U.S. — more than tornados, floods, and hurricanes — and it is estimated that between 600 and 1,500 heat-related deaths occur in an average summer in the U.S.\u003csup>1,2\u003c/sup> Individual heat waves can be even more deadly. The 1995 heat wave in Chicago is estimated to have led to more than 700 deaths and in excess of 1000 more hospital admissions than normal.\u003csup>3,4\u003c/sup>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This deadly risk is not likely to go away. By the end of the century, heat-related deaths are projected to increase by thousands to tens-of-thousands each year in the U.S.\u003csup>5\u003c/sup> Those most at risk of heat-related health impacts are infants and young children, elderly over 65, those already ill, athletes, and outdoor workers\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. But everyone is potentially at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elevated heat, especially along with high humidity, makes it difficult for the body to cool itself. In addition to increasing the risk of mortality, heat can cause problems throughout the body. It can range from dehydration, cramps, exhaustion, dizziness, vomiting and heat rash to more serious issues involving kidney failure, heart issues, and exacerbation of respiratory issues\u003csup>6,7\u003c/sup>. These heat impacts also provide a challenge to the healthcare industry with increased hospitalizations and doctors’ visits and insurance claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High heat also impacts other sectors and infrastructure. Stagnant air often occurs during periods of elevated heat and allows dangerous levels of air pollutants to build up. High temperatures also directly provide conditions conducive for producing harmful ground-level ozone. Periods of extreme heat can wither crops and exacerbate drought conditions greatly impacting agriculture. Blackouts often accompany heat-waves as the need for cooling puts a heavy strain on the power grid. Heat waves can also lead to harmful algal blooms and promote other bacterial growth in bodies of water and lead to degraded fish habitat, such as for species that require cooler streams and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846076\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming.png\" alt=\"More danger days coming\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/More-danger-days-coming-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination of hot temperatures and high humidity create dangerous conditions for humans. The National Weather Service defines as dangerous any day when the heat index (the combination of heat and humidity, commonly known as the “feels like temperature”) exceeds 104°F. Under these conditions, sunstroke and heat exhaustion are likely, and physical activity or being outside for long periods is risky, potentially leading to heat stroke. These dangerous heat days pose the greatest threat to kids and the elderly, and to people who don’t have easy access to air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846078\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg.jpg\" alt=\"DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDays_sanfrancisco_en_title_lg-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We analyzed 360 of the biggest U.S. cities to see how the average number of danger days is projected to increase in the coming decades. The projections draw on 29 global climate models that have been downscaled across the continental U.S. to represent local climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 U.S. cities expected to see the most danger days by 2050 are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846081\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-400x398.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysrank_heat_500_497_s_c1_c_c-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25 U.S. cities projected to see the biggest increase in danger days over current conditions are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c-400x387.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/DangerDaysgrowth_heat_500_484_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846084\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_dayssince1970_720_40_s_c1_c_c-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the absence of high humidity, extremely hot days pose a considerable health threat, particularly under prolonged exposure. Across most of the U.S. temperatures have increasingly been exceeding 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F since 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our analysis of trends in extreme heat days is based on annual counts of 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F exceedances in the country’s largest 200 cities. The hottest cities are seeing the biggest average increases in extreme heat days, in general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 cities that have seen the biggest increase in annual average days above 90°F since 1970:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846085\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-400x388.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_90days_rank_500_485_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 10 cities that have seen the biggest increase in 100°F days are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_100days_rank_500_525_s_c1_c_c-400x420.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heatBanner_warmingsummers_720_40_s_c1_c_c-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1970, summers have been warming in 45 of the lower 48 states. In many of these states, this warming is driven largely by nighttime temperatures getting hotter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers.png\" alt=\"Fastest warming summers\" width=\"500\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-400x399.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Fastest-warming-summers-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846089\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers.png\" alt=\"Steamier summers\" width=\"720\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Steamier-summers-400x22.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures rise, evaporation increases, causing increased water vapor in the air. That extra moisture makes the air feel muggier, and can make it a lot more difficult to tolerate the heat because our bodies have a harder time keeping cool through perspiration. As summers warm across the country from increasing greenhouse gases, cities are also getting sticker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central analyzed how the average summer dew point has changed in 200 major U.S. cities since 1970 (the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/videos/ask-a-met-dew-point\">dew point\u003c/a> is a measure of how much moisture is in the air). We found that 87 percent of those cities have experienced an overall increase in their average summer dew point over the past 46 years, indicating that there is typically more moisture in the air on hot summer days now than there used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 25 cities seeing the largest increase in summer air moisture since the 1970s are (several of which are among the fastest warming cities in the country):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-846090\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c.png\" alt=\"HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c\" width=\"500\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-400x396.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/HeatReport_Dewpoints_500_495_s_c1_c_c-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Analysis by Alyson Kenward, PhD, Jennifer Brady, James Bronzan and Todd Sanford. Read full \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/Heat_methodology.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methodology\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Footnotes:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1. Harvard Medical School (2005), \u003ca href=\"http://ccsl.iccip.net/ccf_report_oct_06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions\u003c/a>, Cambridge, MA: The Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>2. Centers for Disease Control, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/extremeheat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extreme Heat and Your Health\u003c/a>, 2011\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>3. Palecki et al. (2001), Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. T\u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477%282001%29082%3C1353%3ATNAIOT%3E2.3.CO%3B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Nature and Impacts of the July 1999 Heat Wave in the Midwestern United States: Learning From the Lessons of 1995\u003c/a>. 82:7, 1353. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>4. Semenza et al. (1999), Am. J. Preventive Med. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379799000252\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Excessive Hospitalizations During the July 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago\u003c/a>. 16:4, 269. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5. U.S. Global Change Research Program (2016), T\u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>6. Becker, J.A. and L.K. Stewart (2011), American Family Physician. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21661715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heat-related illness\u003c/a>. 83:11, 1325.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Betty Soskin, Venerated Park Ranger, Returns to Work After Robbery",
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"content": "\u003cp>America’s oldest National Park Service ranger is back on the job in Richmond after recovering from a violent robbery at her home last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friends and colleagues on Tuesday welcomed \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/06/10/americas-oldest-park-ranger-brings-history-to-life-at-richmonds-rosie-the-riveter-park/\">Betty Soskin, 94,\u003c/a> back to her post as a guide at the \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"https://www.nps.gov/rori/index.htm\">Rosie the Riveter World War \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/13/betty-soskin-national-park-ranger-robbed-back-at-work\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/13/betty-soskin-national-park-ranger-robbed-back-at-work\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Betty Soskin, Venerated Park Ranger, Returns to Work After Robbery\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "How Can You Tell If a Driver Is Stoned?",
"title": "How Can You Tell If a Driver Is Stoned?",
"headTitle": "Election 2016 | The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>In a famous scene from the Coen brothers' cult classic \"The Big Lebowski,\" Jeffrey \"The Dude\" Lebowski is cruising behind the wheel of his car, tunes blasting as he sips beer and smokes pot. In a classic stoner move, he tries to flick his lighted roach out the window -- except that it's closed. The burning roach ricochets onto his lap, causing him to wildly swerve and then crash into a garbage can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebowski doesn’t get hurt, but there are those, such as state Assemblyman Tom Lackey (R-Palmdale), who fear an increase in real-life risky driving if on Nov. 8 Californians pass \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Marijuana_Legalization_Initiative,_Proposition_64_%282016%29\">Prop. 64,\u003c/a> the initiative that would legalize recreational marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3FOzF9VLbQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lackey, a retired California Highway Patrol officer, wants the state to adopt a legal limit for THC -- the mind-altering ingredient in cannabis. Without it, he says, patrol officers must rely mostly on their own subjective judgment as to whether a driver is impaired. That, he says, makes many officers uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In my own experience I’ve seen this phenomenon,\" he says. \"I’ve seen somebody clearly impaired and I’ve seen officers still hesitant to remove [that person] from the roadway because they’re not a drug recognition expert.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lackey says drug recognition experts have advanced training in identifying impairment levels caused by marijuana and a slew of other drugs; most highway patrol officers don't. So he co-sponsored legislation -- modeled after drunken driving laws -- that would have made it easier for officers by creating a legal blood limit for THC in drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that bill failed this spring, in large part because THC levels are not good indicators of intoxication.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You can be very, very stoned and not have a very high level of THC actually apparent in the blood.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Unlike alcohol -- which has a generally linear relationship between the amount of alcohol you consume, your breath alcohol content and driving performance -- the THC route of metabolism is very different,\" says Tom Marcotte, co-director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/\">Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research\u003c/a> at UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>THC is fat soluble. Unlike alcohol, it doesn’t absorb uniformly into the body’s fluids and tissues. So that means the measure of THC in one’s breath, blood or urine doesn’t correspond to impairment in the same predictable way that alcohol does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s why it’s a bad idea to adapt drunken driving laws to driving while high, says Prof. Mark Kleiman, a drug policy expert at New York University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/273665466\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can be positive for THC a week after the last time you used cannabis,\" he says. \"Not subjectively impaired at all, not impaired at all by any objective measure, but still positive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the reverse is true as well, says Dale Gieringer, director of California NORML, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can be very, very stoned and not have a very high level of THC actually apparent in the blood,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that poses a quandary that researchers, including Marcotte and his colleagues, are hoping to solve. The state Legislature has awarded UCSD's cannabis research center $1.8 million to study THC impairment and to develop a scientifically sound field sobriety test for marijuana intoxication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11019203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11019203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-800x537.jpg\" alt=\"A man blows into a breathalyzer during a field sobriety test for alcohol. A scientifically sound field sobriety test for marijuana is much trickier to design.\" width=\"800\" height=\"537\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-800x537.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-400x269.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-1180x792.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-960x645.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man blows into a breathalyzer during a field sobriety test for alcohol. A scientifically sound field sobriety test for marijuana is much trickier to design. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>UCSD's research center is in a downstairs office-turned-lab, where a desktop driving simulator is stationed. It’s here that 60 yet-to-be recruited volunteers will undergo a battery of tests this fall -- first while sober and then while high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’ll smoke the cannabis and the rest of the day they’ll be doing simulation assessments each hour,\" Marcotte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests will include their ability -- before and after smoking -- to perform basic tasks on an iPad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research associate Kevin McShea demonstrates the apps for a visitor on a recent afternoon. One, featuring a square that moves around the screen at varying speeds, requires keeping one's fingers on the square at all times -- a test of \"critical tracking.\" It's a skill that's not easy to perform when a person is stoned, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have you do another task to ask how much time has lapsed. Ten seconds? Twenty seconds?\" says Marcotte. \"Because we know that time perception is affected by cannabis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, too, is the ability to learn something new when high, which another app the team has developed will measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the test volunteers will also have their ability to switch from driving to other common tasks measured -- before and after smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your task is to find the larger target circle and touch as close to the center of it as possible with your finger as soon as you can,\" McShea says, as he holds up a screen populated with dozens of circles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an app designed to mimic the type of distracted driving one might experience while tuning the car radio; while adjusting the GPS or -- in the case of The Dude -- grabbing for the burning roach that landed in his lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies at the cannabis center are funded for three years. If Californians approve Prop. 64, the research will be extended. The ballot initiative provides for more funding to help researchers develop better ways of measuring when drivers are stoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of California Counts, a collaboration of KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio to report on the 2016 election. The coverage focuses on major issues and solicits diverse voices on what’s important to the future of California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/cacounts\">Read more in this series\u003c/a> and let us know your thoughts on Twitter using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=%23iamsouthla&src=typd\">#\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=%23CACounts&src=typd\">CACounts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As California voters ponder legalizing recreational marijuana, science complicates efforts to develop a reliable method for determining whether a driver is high. ",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/stephanie-oneill\">Stephanie O'Neill\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/\">KPCC\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a famous scene from the Coen brothers' cult classic \"The Big Lebowski,\" Jeffrey \"The Dude\" Lebowski is cruising behind the wheel of his car, tunes blasting as he sips beer and smokes pot. In a classic stoner move, he tries to flick his lighted roach out the window -- except that it's closed. The burning roach ricochets onto his lap, causing him to wildly swerve and then crash into a garbage can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebowski doesn’t get hurt, but there are those, such as state Assemblyman Tom Lackey (R-Palmdale), who fear an increase in real-life risky driving if on Nov. 8 Californians pass \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Marijuana_Legalization_Initiative,_Proposition_64_%282016%29\">Prop. 64,\u003c/a> the initiative that would legalize recreational marijuana.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/a3FOzF9VLbQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/a3FOzF9VLbQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Lackey, a retired California Highway Patrol officer, wants the state to adopt a legal limit for THC -- the mind-altering ingredient in cannabis. Without it, he says, patrol officers must rely mostly on their own subjective judgment as to whether a driver is impaired. That, he says, makes many officers uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In my own experience I’ve seen this phenomenon,\" he says. \"I’ve seen somebody clearly impaired and I’ve seen officers still hesitant to remove [that person] from the roadway because they’re not a drug recognition expert.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lackey says drug recognition experts have advanced training in identifying impairment levels caused by marijuana and a slew of other drugs; most highway patrol officers don't. So he co-sponsored legislation -- modeled after drunken driving laws -- that would have made it easier for officers by creating a legal blood limit for THC in drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that bill failed this spring, in large part because THC levels are not good indicators of intoxication.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You can be very, very stoned and not have a very high level of THC actually apparent in the blood.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Unlike alcohol -- which has a generally linear relationship between the amount of alcohol you consume, your breath alcohol content and driving performance -- the THC route of metabolism is very different,\" says Tom Marcotte, co-director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/\">Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research\u003c/a> at UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>THC is fat soluble. Unlike alcohol, it doesn’t absorb uniformly into the body’s fluids and tissues. So that means the measure of THC in one’s breath, blood or urine doesn’t correspond to impairment in the same predictable way that alcohol does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s why it’s a bad idea to adapt drunken driving laws to driving while high, says Prof. Mark Kleiman, a drug policy expert at New York University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/273665466&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/273665466'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can be positive for THC a week after the last time you used cannabis,\" he says. \"Not subjectively impaired at all, not impaired at all by any objective measure, but still positive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the reverse is true as well, says Dale Gieringer, director of California NORML, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can be very, very stoned and not have a very high level of THC actually apparent in the blood,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that poses a quandary that researchers, including Marcotte and his colleagues, are hoping to solve. The state Legislature has awarded UCSD's cannabis research center $1.8 million to study THC impairment and to develop a scientifically sound field sobriety test for marijuana intoxication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11019203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11019203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-800x537.jpg\" alt=\"A man blows into a breathalyzer during a field sobriety test for alcohol. A scientifically sound field sobriety test for marijuana is much trickier to design.\" width=\"800\" height=\"537\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-800x537.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-400x269.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-1180x792.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/BlowingBreath-960x645.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man blows into a breathalyzer during a field sobriety test for alcohol. A scientifically sound field sobriety test for marijuana is much trickier to design. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>UCSD's research center is in a downstairs office-turned-lab, where a desktop driving simulator is stationed. It’s here that 60 yet-to-be recruited volunteers will undergo a battery of tests this fall -- first while sober and then while high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’ll smoke the cannabis and the rest of the day they’ll be doing simulation assessments each hour,\" Marcotte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests will include their ability -- before and after smoking -- to perform basic tasks on an iPad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research associate Kevin McShea demonstrates the apps for a visitor on a recent afternoon. One, featuring a square that moves around the screen at varying speeds, requires keeping one's fingers on the square at all times -- a test of \"critical tracking.\" It's a skill that's not easy to perform when a person is stoned, he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have you do another task to ask how much time has lapsed. Ten seconds? Twenty seconds?\" says Marcotte. \"Because we know that time perception is affected by cannabis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, too, is the ability to learn something new when high, which another app the team has developed will measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the test volunteers will also have their ability to switch from driving to other common tasks measured -- before and after smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your task is to find the larger target circle and touch as close to the center of it as possible with your finger as soon as you can,\" McShea says, as he holds up a screen populated with dozens of circles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an app designed to mimic the type of distracted driving one might experience while tuning the car radio; while adjusting the GPS or -- in the case of The Dude -- grabbing for the burning roach that landed in his lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies at the cannabis center are funded for three years. If Californians approve Prop. 64, the research will be extended. The ballot initiative provides for more funding to help researchers develop better ways of measuring when drivers are stoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of California Counts, a collaboration of KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio to report on the 2016 election. The coverage focuses on major issues and solicits diverse voices on what’s important to the future of California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/cacounts\">Read more in this series\u003c/a> and let us know your thoughts on Twitter using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=%23iamsouthla&src=typd\">#\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=%23CACounts&src=typd\">CACounts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Federal Investigators Want Tesla Data on Fatal Autopilot Crash",
"title": "Federal Investigators Want Tesla Data on Fatal Autopilot Crash",
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"content": "\u003cp>DETROIT — Federal safety investigators are asking electric car maker Tesla Motors for details on how its Autopilot system works and why it failed to detect a tractor-trailer that crossed its path in a Florida crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in a letter to Tesla posted Tuesday, also requests data on all crashes that happened because its system did not work as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is investigating the May 7 crash in Williston, Florida, that killed 40-year-old Joshua Brown, of Canton, Ohio. Tesla says the cameras on his Model S sedan failed to distinguish the white side of a turning tractor-trailer from a brightly lit sky and didn't automatically brake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Tesla has also said that data recovered from the vehicle indicate its driver, Joshua Brown, failed to brake or use other controls before the collision. The truck driver involved in the crash \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/01/tesla-driver-killed-autopilot-self-driving-car-harry-potter\" target=\"_blank\">told the AP afterward\u003c/a> that after the crash, a movie could be heard playing in Brown's Tesla.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traffic safety administration's letter gives Tesla until Aug. 26 to fully comply with its request. The company faces penalties of up to $21,000 per day, to a maximum of $105 million if it doesn't comply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the agency called the problem with Tesla's Autopilot system an \"alleged defect,\" a spokesman said in a statement that it hasn't determined if a safety defect exists. The information request is a routine step in an investigation into the crash, spokesman Bryan Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation could have broad implications for the auto industry and its steps toward self-driving cars. If the NHTSA probe finds defects with Tesla's system, the agency could seek a recall. Other automakers have or are developing similar systems that may need to be changed as a result of the probe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla's system uses cameras, radar and computers to detect objects and automatically brake its vehicles if they're about to hit something. It also can steer the car to keep it centered in its lane. The company says that before Autopilot can be used, drivers have to acknowledge that the system is an \"assist feature\" that requires a driver to keep both hands on the wheel at all times. Drivers are told they need to \"maintain control and responsibility for your vehicle\" while using the system, and they must be prepared to take over at any time, Tesla has said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the letter, which was dated July 8, NHTSA also asked Tesla for results of its own investigation into the May 7 crash, and for all consumer complaints, field reports from dealers, reports of crashes, lawsuits and all data logs and images from problems with the Autopilot system. It also seeks details on any modification to the Autopilot system that Tesla has made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Describe all assessments, analyses, tests, test results, studies, surveys, simulations, reconstructions, investigations, inquiries and or evaluations that relate to or may relate to the alleged defect,\" the letter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators also want to know how the system recognizes objects and decides whether they are crossing the path of a Tesla. They also asked the company to describe how the system detects how signals from cameras or other sensors have been compromised or degraded and when that information is communicated to the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Separately, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-investigating-tesla-for-possible-securities-law-breach-1468268385\" target=\"_blank\">the Wall Street Journal reports\u003c/a> that the federal Securities and Exchange Commission is examining whether Tesla should have made an earlier disclosure to investors about the Florida crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Journal's story:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The SEC is scrutinizing whether Tesla should have disclosed the accident as a “material” event, or a development a reasonable investor would consider important, according to the person familiar with the matter. The SEC’s inquiry is in a very early stage and may not lead to any enforcement action by regulators, the person said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Last week, \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/07/05/elon-musk-tesla-autopilot-stock-sale/\" target=\"_blank\">Fortune reported\u003c/a> that Tesla and its CEO, Elon Musk, had sold more than $2 billion in company stock before alerting shareholders to the Florida crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a response on the company blog, \u003ca href=\"https://www.teslamotors.com/blog/misfortune\" target=\"_blank\">Tesla called Fortune's report\u003c/a> \"fundamentally incorrect,\" defended the Autopilot system's safety record and said its crash disclosures have been both timely and correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other major Autopilot crashes have been reported in the last couple of weeks -- \u003ca href=\"http://electrek.co/2016/06/30/aftermath-rare-rollover-tesla-model-s-crash-truck-video/\" target=\"_blank\">one in the Netherlands\u003c/a> and another \u003ca href=\"http://electrek.co/2016/07/11/tesla-model-x-crash-montana-driver-blames-autopilot/\" target=\"_blank\">last weekend in Montana\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"slug": "federal-investigators-want-tesla-data-on-fatal-autopilot-crash",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Tom Krisher\u003cbr />Associated Press Auto Writer\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>DETROIT — Federal safety investigators are asking electric car maker Tesla Motors for details on how its Autopilot system works and why it failed to detect a tractor-trailer that crossed its path in a Florida crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in a letter to Tesla posted Tuesday, also requests data on all crashes that happened because its system did not work as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is investigating the May 7 crash in Williston, Florida, that killed 40-year-old Joshua Brown, of Canton, Ohio. Tesla says the cameras on his Model S sedan failed to distinguish the white side of a turning tractor-trailer from a brightly lit sky and didn't automatically brake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Tesla has also said that data recovered from the vehicle indicate its driver, Joshua Brown, failed to brake or use other controls before the collision. The truck driver involved in the crash \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/01/tesla-driver-killed-autopilot-self-driving-car-harry-potter\" target=\"_blank\">told the AP afterward\u003c/a> that after the crash, a movie could be heard playing in Brown's Tesla.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traffic safety administration's letter gives Tesla until Aug. 26 to fully comply with its request. The company faces penalties of up to $21,000 per day, to a maximum of $105 million if it doesn't comply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the agency called the problem with Tesla's Autopilot system an \"alleged defect,\" a spokesman said in a statement that it hasn't determined if a safety defect exists. The information request is a routine step in an investigation into the crash, spokesman Bryan Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation could have broad implications for the auto industry and its steps toward self-driving cars. If the NHTSA probe finds defects with Tesla's system, the agency could seek a recall. Other automakers have or are developing similar systems that may need to be changed as a result of the probe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla's system uses cameras, radar and computers to detect objects and automatically brake its vehicles if they're about to hit something. It also can steer the car to keep it centered in its lane. The company says that before Autopilot can be used, drivers have to acknowledge that the system is an \"assist feature\" that requires a driver to keep both hands on the wheel at all times. Drivers are told they need to \"maintain control and responsibility for your vehicle\" while using the system, and they must be prepared to take over at any time, Tesla has said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the letter, which was dated July 8, NHTSA also asked Tesla for results of its own investigation into the May 7 crash, and for all consumer complaints, field reports from dealers, reports of crashes, lawsuits and all data logs and images from problems with the Autopilot system. It also seeks details on any modification to the Autopilot system that Tesla has made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Describe all assessments, analyses, tests, test results, studies, surveys, simulations, reconstructions, investigations, inquiries and or evaluations that relate to or may relate to the alleged defect,\" the letter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators also want to know how the system recognizes objects and decides whether they are crossing the path of a Tesla. They also asked the company to describe how the system detects how signals from cameras or other sensors have been compromised or degraded and when that information is communicated to the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Separately, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-investigating-tesla-for-possible-securities-law-breach-1468268385\" target=\"_blank\">the Wall Street Journal reports\u003c/a> that the federal Securities and Exchange Commission is examining whether Tesla should have made an earlier disclosure to investors about the Florida crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Journal's story:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The SEC is scrutinizing whether Tesla should have disclosed the accident as a “material” event, or a development a reasonable investor would consider important, according to the person familiar with the matter. The SEC’s inquiry is in a very early stage and may not lead to any enforcement action by regulators, the person said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Last week, \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/07/05/elon-musk-tesla-autopilot-stock-sale/\" target=\"_blank\">Fortune reported\u003c/a> that Tesla and its CEO, Elon Musk, had sold more than $2 billion in company stock before alerting shareholders to the Florida crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a response on the company blog, \u003ca href=\"https://www.teslamotors.com/blog/misfortune\" target=\"_blank\">Tesla called Fortune's report\u003c/a> \"fundamentally incorrect,\" defended the Autopilot system's safety record and said its crash disclosures have been both timely and correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other major Autopilot crashes have been reported in the last couple of weeks -- \u003ca href=\"http://electrek.co/2016/06/30/aftermath-rare-rollover-tesla-model-s-crash-truck-video/\" target=\"_blank\">one in the Netherlands\u003c/a> and another \u003ca href=\"http://electrek.co/2016/07/11/tesla-model-x-crash-montana-driver-blames-autopilot/\" target=\"_blank\">last weekend in Montana\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Growing Marijuana? State Will Now Regulate Water Use for Pot Cultivation",
"headTitle": "Growing Marijuana? State Will Now Regulate Water Use for Pot Cultivation | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Within less than a year, as many as 50,000 marijuana growers in California could be required to obtain state permits for the irrigation water they consume. It is an unprecedented step aimed at preventing harm to the environment and other water users resulting from the rapid growth of marijuana cultivation in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Most of them are operating below the radar,” said Cris Carrigan, chief of enforcement at the State Water Resources Control Board. “As a result, we’ve gotten ourselves into an acute problem with streamflow and pollution associated with these activities.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This new ability to regulate water for marijuana growing is a result of \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0801-0850/sb_837_bill_20160627_chaptered.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">SB 837\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a state law signed by Gov. Jerry Brown on June 27. It’s a budget trailer bill, which specifies numerous operating details of the \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.canorml.org/news/A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_MEDICAL_MARIJUANA_REGULATION_AND_SAFETY_ACT\" href=\"http://www.canorml.org/news/A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_MEDICAL_MARIJUANA_REGULATION_AND_SAFETY_ACT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Medical Marijuana Regulation and Safety Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, signed into law on Ocober 9, 2015. This law establishes a comprehensive system to regulate cannabis growing in California, for the first time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a huge new water management effort that has never been attempted in the United States, not even among states that are already regulating marijuana cultivation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Perhaps most remarkable of all, marijuana grower groups support the regulations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This community is ready to be part of the mainstream,” said Hezekiah Allen, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calgrowersassociation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">California Growers Association\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a group that represents cannabis cultivators and helped draft the new legislation last year. “What we are trying to do is move people into the regulated class. Lots absolutely want that legitimacy.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The ongoing California drought brought new attention to the environmental damages caused by \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2015/07/24/massive-marijuana-busts-hint-at-big-water-problems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">unregulated marijuana growing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. And while the amount of water it consumes is still the subject of some uncertainty and debate, there is little question that it has\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2015/0806/How-marijuana-is-making-California-drought-worse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">compromised aquatic habitat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in many locations and reduced water access for some property owners with legitimate water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Carrigan says the rules do not necessarily target marijuana growers. Instead, they’re meant for small agricultural irrigators growing any sort of crop. The intent, however, is to get control of unregulated marijuana irrigation, which has dried up some streams, starved endangered fish of water and contributed to water quality problems caused by erosion, pesticides and herbicides.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a really significant breakthrough,” said Jay Ziegler, director of external affairs and policy for \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/our-stories/all/2-blog/211-marijuana-farming-and-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California, which worked with CalTrout and Trout Unlimited to help shape the rule package. “I don’t think it’s lost on anybody that this is our largest value agricultural crop. So we’re long overdue to acknowledge what are becoming increasingly overwhelming impacts of marijuana on the landscape.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The regulations are a statewide followup to \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-marijuana-cultivation-water-20151002-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">pilot programs\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that began last year in the water board’s North Coast and Central Valley regulatory regions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new program starts by directing the State Water Resources Control Board and Department of Fish and Wildlife to set up a task force to assess environmental damages from marijuana growing. This task force is also empowered to collect fees and penalties from growers to pay for programs to correct the damage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fish and Wildlife will also assess streamflow needs to sustain the environment in watersheds where marijuana is cultivated. This level of baseline flow must then be sustained at all times, and will be used to guide the issuance of water diversion permits to growers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some growers will be able to successfully prove that they have “riparian” water rights, meaning a right to divert water from a creek that flows on or adjacent to their land. But they will not be allowed to cut into the baseline flow that sustains wildlife.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One problem with marijuana growing is that the crop often needs water when it is least abundant: in the summer. Thus, historically, many have taken water from streams when it is most needed to sustain sensitive fish and other species that are struggling to survive long, hot summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So under the new regulations, even if a grower has a verified riparian water right, they will not be allowed to divert water whenever they want. Instead, they will be directed to build water storage, such as ponds or tanks, and collect what they need for a full year when streams are flush in the winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For example, a relatively large grower might need 30 acre-feet (37,000 cubic meters) of water annually for his crop – enough to sustain 60 average California households for a year. Under the new rules, the water board – guided by the streamflow baseline – will likely require them to build storage for 15 acre-feet, and only draw water from that storage during the summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a very unique condition specifically aimed at this industry, as a new entrant, in exercising what may be historic water rights,” Ziegler said. “What’s really unique about this is, the (water) board and DFW have the leverage of a permit that the growers need and want to separate themselves and demonstrate they are good-faith producers and stewards of the environment out there. In effect, this process applies that leverage.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new rules require a grower to obtain a growing permit from a new Bureau of Medical Marijuana Regulation. And they can’t get that permit unless they first certify where their water is coming from.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state Department of Finance is authorized to provide a $10 million loan to get the regulatory program started. This money, among other things, will allow the water board and Fish and Wildlife to hire about two dozen new employees to launch the program, conduct inspections and oversee the new permits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The seed money will be paid back from licensing fees paid by marijuana growers. These fees will also become the source of funds to sustain the program into the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water permitting process could be adopted by the water board within a year as an emergency regulation. The legislation gives the board the power to do so without the usual lengthy analysis required under the California Environmental Quality Act. But the board hasn’t yet decided, Carrigan said, whether to take that route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s possible there won’t be enough water for all growers in a particular region. Some may have to try their luck with drilling a well, buying water in tanker trucks or some other means.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Once we set the flow requirements for fish safety in the streams,” Carrigan said, “we may very well be issuing curtailment notices to riparians in those streams in the drier months. And if you don’t have a permit for storage, your straw is going to be cut off.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This isn’t all there is to the regulatory program. A range of other state agencies will be involved in overseeing water quality, pesticide use, licensing, fee collection – even certifying regional marijuana “appellations.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The rules don’t apply to individual patients growing medical marijuana for their own use on 100 square feet (10 sq meters) or less; or to caregivers growing for five patients or less on no more than 500 square feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All parties agree there may be as many as 50,000 growers who could be subject to licensing under the program. A subset of these – perhaps half – will be required to prove their water rights and possibly install water storage systems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a massive regulatory effort. For example, in the entire state of California the water board currently regulates about 40,000 water rights that have come into the system over a century. So the new program could add to that by more than half in just a year or two.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Carrigan said there’s nothing else like it in the U.S., even in Washington and Colorado, where marijuana has been a government-sanctioned crop for several years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“What we’re hoping for is more clean water for fish at the right time,” he said. “To me, it’s amazing we have this whole underground economy and industry that’s been unregulated. And now, all of a sudden, there’s this paradigm shift.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Allen said most marijuana growers require only a very small amount of water compared to traditional farming operations. But he acknowledged a lot of cannabis growing does take place in sensitive watersheds, and that there have been “acute” impacts on endangered species, like coastal coho salmon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That is something we need to take very seriously as an industry,” he said. “But it’s not true to say we’re a major factor in the statewide water shortage. I’m pretty sure the rest of the world is going to be surprised just how careful this community is with water, and how many conservation-minded agricultural practices are being used.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003cem>For important news about the California drought, you can\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The water consumed by California marijuana growers will now be regulated by state officials under a new program that could be up and running within a year. The goal is to protect wildlife and habitats.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Within less than a year, as many as 50,000 marijuana growers in California could be required to obtain state permits for the irrigation water they consume. It is an unprecedented step aimed at preventing harm to the environment and other water users resulting from the rapid growth of marijuana cultivation in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Most of them are operating below the radar,” said Cris Carrigan, chief of enforcement at the State Water Resources Control Board. “As a result, we’ve gotten ourselves into an acute problem with streamflow and pollution associated with these activities.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This new ability to regulate water for marijuana growing is a result of \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0801-0850/sb_837_bill_20160627_chaptered.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">SB 837\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a state law signed by Gov. Jerry Brown on June 27. It’s a budget trailer bill, which specifies numerous operating details of the \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.canorml.org/news/A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_MEDICAL_MARIJUANA_REGULATION_AND_SAFETY_ACT\" href=\"http://www.canorml.org/news/A_SUMMARY_OF_THE_MEDICAL_MARIJUANA_REGULATION_AND_SAFETY_ACT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Medical Marijuana Regulation and Safety Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, signed into law on Ocober 9, 2015. This law establishes a comprehensive system to regulate cannabis growing in California, for the first time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a huge new water management effort that has never been attempted in the United States, not even among states that are already regulating marijuana cultivation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Perhaps most remarkable of all, marijuana grower groups support the regulations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This community is ready to be part of the mainstream,” said Hezekiah Allen, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calgrowersassociation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">California Growers Association\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a group that represents cannabis cultivators and helped draft the new legislation last year. “What we are trying to do is move people into the regulated class. Lots absolutely want that legitimacy.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The ongoing California drought brought new attention to the environmental damages caused by \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2015/07/24/massive-marijuana-busts-hint-at-big-water-problems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">unregulated marijuana growing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. And while the amount of water it consumes is still the subject of some uncertainty and debate, there is little question that it has\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2015/0806/How-marijuana-is-making-California-drought-worse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">compromised aquatic habitat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in many locations and reduced water access for some property owners with legitimate water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Carrigan says the rules do not necessarily target marijuana growers. Instead, they’re meant for small agricultural irrigators growing any sort of crop. The intent, however, is to get control of unregulated marijuana irrigation, which has dried up some streams, starved endangered fish of water and contributed to water quality problems caused by erosion, pesticides and herbicides.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a really significant breakthrough,” said Jay Ziegler, director of external affairs and policy for \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/our-stories/all/2-blog/211-marijuana-farming-and-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California, which worked with CalTrout and Trout Unlimited to help shape the rule package. “I don’t think it’s lost on anybody that this is our largest value agricultural crop. So we’re long overdue to acknowledge what are becoming increasingly overwhelming impacts of marijuana on the landscape.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The regulations are a statewide followup to \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-marijuana-cultivation-water-20151002-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">pilot programs\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that began last year in the water board’s North Coast and Central Valley regulatory regions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new program starts by directing the State Water Resources Control Board and Department of Fish and Wildlife to set up a task force to assess environmental damages from marijuana growing. This task force is also empowered to collect fees and penalties from growers to pay for programs to correct the damage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fish and Wildlife will also assess streamflow needs to sustain the environment in watersheds where marijuana is cultivated. This level of baseline flow must then be sustained at all times, and will be used to guide the issuance of water diversion permits to growers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some growers will be able to successfully prove that they have “riparian” water rights, meaning a right to divert water from a creek that flows on or adjacent to their land. But they will not be allowed to cut into the baseline flow that sustains wildlife.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One problem with marijuana growing is that the crop often needs water when it is least abundant: in the summer. Thus, historically, many have taken water from streams when it is most needed to sustain sensitive fish and other species that are struggling to survive long, hot summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So under the new regulations, even if a grower has a verified riparian water right, they will not be allowed to divert water whenever they want. Instead, they will be directed to build water storage, such as ponds or tanks, and collect what they need for a full year when streams are flush in the winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For example, a relatively large grower might need 30 acre-feet (37,000 cubic meters) of water annually for his crop – enough to sustain 60 average California households for a year. Under the new rules, the water board – guided by the streamflow baseline – will likely require them to build storage for 15 acre-feet, and only draw water from that storage during the summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s a very unique condition specifically aimed at this industry, as a new entrant, in exercising what may be historic water rights,” Ziegler said. “What’s really unique about this is, the (water) board and DFW have the leverage of a permit that the growers need and want to separate themselves and demonstrate they are good-faith producers and stewards of the environment out there. In effect, this process applies that leverage.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new rules require a grower to obtain a growing permit from a new Bureau of Medical Marijuana Regulation. And they can’t get that permit unless they first certify where their water is coming from.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state Department of Finance is authorized to provide a $10 million loan to get the regulatory program started. This money, among other things, will allow the water board and Fish and Wildlife to hire about two dozen new employees to launch the program, conduct inspections and oversee the new permits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The seed money will be paid back from licensing fees paid by marijuana growers. These fees will also become the source of funds to sustain the program into the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water permitting process could be adopted by the water board within a year as an emergency regulation. The legislation gives the board the power to do so without the usual lengthy analysis required under the California Environmental Quality Act. But the board hasn’t yet decided, Carrigan said, whether to take that route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s possible there won’t be enough water for all growers in a particular region. Some may have to try their luck with drilling a well, buying water in tanker trucks or some other means.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Once we set the flow requirements for fish safety in the streams,” Carrigan said, “we may very well be issuing curtailment notices to riparians in those streams in the drier months. And if you don’t have a permit for storage, your straw is going to be cut off.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This isn’t all there is to the regulatory program. A range of other state agencies will be involved in overseeing water quality, pesticide use, licensing, fee collection – even certifying regional marijuana “appellations.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The rules don’t apply to individual patients growing medical marijuana for their own use on 100 square feet (10 sq meters) or less; or to caregivers growing for five patients or less on no more than 500 square feet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All parties agree there may be as many as 50,000 growers who could be subject to licensing under the program. A subset of these – perhaps half – will be required to prove their water rights and possibly install water storage systems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s a massive regulatory effort. For example, in the entire state of California the water board currently regulates about 40,000 water rights that have come into the system over a century. So the new program could add to that by more than half in just a year or two.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Carrigan said there’s nothing else like it in the U.S., even in Washington and Colorado, where marijuana has been a government-sanctioned crop for several years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“What we’re hoping for is more clean water for fish at the right time,” he said. “To me, it’s amazing we have this whole underground economy and industry that’s been unregulated. And now, all of a sudden, there’s this paradigm shift.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Allen said most marijuana growers require only a very small amount of water compared to traditional farming operations. But he acknowledged a lot of cannabis growing does take place in sensitive watersheds, and that there have been “acute” impacts on endangered species, like coastal coho salmon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That is something we need to take very seriously as an industry,” he said. “But it’s not true to say we’re a major factor in the statewide water shortage. I’m pretty sure the rest of the world is going to be surprised just how careful this community is with water, and how many conservation-minded agricultural practices are being used.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003cem>For important news about the California drought, you can\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change May Already Be Shifting Clouds Toward the Poles",
"headTitle": "Climate Change May Already Be Shifting Clouds Toward the Poles | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The way clouds cover the Earth may be changing because of global warming, according to a study published Monday that used satellite data to track cloud patterns across about two decades, starting in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds in the mid-latitudes shifted toward the poles during that period, as the subtropical dry zones expanded and the highest cloud-tops got higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes are predicted by most climate models of global warming, even though those models disagree on a lot of other things related to clouds, says \u003ca href=\"http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/\">Joel Norris\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess what was surprising is that a lot of times we think of climate change as something that’s going to occur in the future,” says Norris. “This is happening right now. It’s happened during my lifetime — it was a bit startling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 percent of our planet is covered by clouds, at any given moment. These constantly moving shape-shifters aren’t exactly easy for scientists to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds aren’t as simple as their fluffy nature might suggest. To understand them, scientists have to track the behavior of tiny water droplets, as well as huge masses of clouds that might be hundreds of miles wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And climate modelers also have to take into account the fact that clouds can have two different effects on temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During daytime, if there are a lot of clouds present, thick clouds, then that will keep the temperature cooler,” says Norris, because clouds reflect incoming sunlight back to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thick clouds can also act like a blanket that keeps the Earth’s warmth in, he says, “which is the reason why a cloudy night won’t be as cold at the surface as a clear night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds have been called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/\">wild card\u003c/a> of climate science. Researchers argue over how exactly global warming will affect clouds and vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While weather satellites can give you tons of cloud pictures, Norris says these satellites aren’t that great for trying to figure out long-term trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The difficulties we have is that every few years a new satellite is put up with a different instrument, the orbits change, and this all changes how much cloud the satellite measures,” Norris explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he and his colleagues recently did a bunch of corrections that would make it possible to compare cloud measurements over a couple of decades, starting in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this week’s issue of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature18273\">Nature\u003c/a>, the researchers explain how their findings match what scientists would expect to see, based on climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris says it’s probably happening primarily because of two influences — human-produced global warming, and also the recovery from the cooling effect of two volcanic eruptions during that time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So will other climate researchers buy this new history of clouds? \u003ca href=\"http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/trenbert/\">Kevin Trenberth\u003c/a> at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado isn’t so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very good attempt to try and get a handle on this, but I don’t think it’s the final answer,” says Trenberth, who notes that the time frame studied was pretty short and included a period often described as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/global-warming-hiatus-debate-flares-up-again-1.19414\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, from 1999 to 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate researchers still have a lot of work to do when it comes to understanding clouds, says Trenberth, who believes the state of the science is still like that old \u003ca href=\"http://jonimitchell.com/\">Joni Mitchell\u003c/a> song \u003cem>Both Sides Now, \u003c/em>in which she sings, “I really don’t know clouds at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+May+Already+Be+Shifting+Clouds+Toward+The+Poles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists who have been tracking cloud patterns over the past two decades say the shifts they're seeing seem to correlate closely with what's predicted by computer models of Earth's changing climate.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The way clouds cover the Earth may be changing because of global warming, according to a study published Monday that used satellite data to track cloud patterns across about two decades, starting in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds in the mid-latitudes shifted toward the poles during that period, as the subtropical dry zones expanded and the highest cloud-tops got higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes are predicted by most climate models of global warming, even though those models disagree on a lot of other things related to clouds, says \u003ca href=\"http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/\">Joel Norris\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess what was surprising is that a lot of times we think of climate change as something that’s going to occur in the future,” says Norris. “This is happening right now. It’s happened during my lifetime — it was a bit startling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 70 percent of our planet is covered by clouds, at any given moment. These constantly moving shape-shifters aren’t exactly easy for scientists to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds aren’t as simple as their fluffy nature might suggest. To understand them, scientists have to track the behavior of tiny water droplets, as well as huge masses of clouds that might be hundreds of miles wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And climate modelers also have to take into account the fact that clouds can have two different effects on temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During daytime, if there are a lot of clouds present, thick clouds, then that will keep the temperature cooler,” says Norris, because clouds reflect incoming sunlight back to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thick clouds can also act like a blanket that keeps the Earth’s warmth in, he says, “which is the reason why a cloudy night won’t be as cold at the surface as a clear night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds have been called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/\">wild card\u003c/a> of climate science. Researchers argue over how exactly global warming will affect clouds and vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While weather satellites can give you tons of cloud pictures, Norris says these satellites aren’t that great for trying to figure out long-term trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The difficulties we have is that every few years a new satellite is put up with a different instrument, the orbits change, and this all changes how much cloud the satellite measures,” Norris explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he and his colleagues recently did a bunch of corrections that would make it possible to compare cloud measurements over a couple of decades, starting in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this week’s issue of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature18273\">Nature\u003c/a>, the researchers explain how their findings match what scientists would expect to see, based on climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris says it’s probably happening primarily because of two influences — human-produced global warming, and also the recovery from the cooling effect of two volcanic eruptions during that time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So will other climate researchers buy this new history of clouds? \u003ca href=\"http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/trenbert/\">Kevin Trenberth\u003c/a> at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado isn’t so sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very good attempt to try and get a handle on this, but I don’t think it’s the final answer,” says Trenberth, who notes that the time frame studied was pretty short and included a period often described as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/global-warming-hiatus-debate-flares-up-again-1.19414\">global warming hiatus\u003c/a>, from 1999 to 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate researchers still have a lot of work to do when it comes to understanding clouds, says Trenberth, who believes the state of the science is still like that old \u003ca href=\"http://jonimitchell.com/\">Joni Mitchell\u003c/a> song \u003cem>Both Sides Now, \u003c/em>in which she sings, “I really don’t know clouds at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change+May+Already+Be+Shifting+Clouds+Toward+The+Poles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Making Wine From California's Oldest Vines",
"title": "Making Wine From California's Oldest Vines",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>When you think of California wine, you probably think Napa, Sonoma or maybe Paso Robles, but the state’s first major wine hub was in Los Angeles back in the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot has changed since then, but one vine from that era is still producing grapes, and local winemakers are eager to work with that fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the vine is on Olvera Street -- the backbone of L.A.'s oldest neighborhood. And it's right out in the open, but most shoppers and tourists are too busy checking out the swirl of stalls selling brightly colored blankets, guitars, masks and T-shirts to notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s actually not an uncommon experience,\" said Michael Holland. \"They're not necessarily looking up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/272822714\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vine is part of a massive arbor shading a section of the famed walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By day, Holland is L.A.’s official archivist, cataloguing the city's historic records, old photos, even sheet music praising the wonders of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By night, he’s an amateur winemaker. So when he saw grapes growing on this historic site, he knew he had to harvest them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just from the heritage perspective ... this is a highly unique opportunity, and I'd be a fool not to take advantage of it,\" Holland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Olvera Street vine stretches from the market to the Avila Adobe, the city’s oldest standing residence. Holland said the vine was probably planted around the same time that house was built, in 1818.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11014150\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11014150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"Winemakers Michael Holland and Wes Hagen working with the Olvera Street vine.\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Winemakers Michael Holland and Wes Hagen working with the Olvera Street vine. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He enlisted fellow DIY winemakers to help prune and tend to the overgrown plant. He also got advice from Wes Hagen, the consulting winemaker for J. Wilkes Wines in Santa Maria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The vine wants to grow up, absorb sunlight, produce sugar and attract birds,\" Hagen said. \"We want to get to the fruit \u003cem>before\u003c/em> the birds, and get the sugar that would have attracted them and turn it into delicious, delicious alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help the vine produce those grapes, Hagen and Holland have been climbing onto a roof above the back patio of the Avila Adobe, where they cut off dead branches and help healthy ones take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hagen said the heart of the vine hasn't been getting enough sun to produce the compounds that make for sweeter grapes. Instead, they can have too much of something called pyrazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fruit that’s grown in shade tastes like green bell peppers ... it's the exact same compound,\" he noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Michael Holland harvested as many of these grapes as he could to make some wine. He also took some leave clippings and sent them to UC Davis to have their DNA analyzed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out this scraggly old vine is a direct genetic match to one known as \"Vina Madre.\" It's a plant first grown at the San Gabriel Mission, founded in 1771.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11014199\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11014199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Grapes growing from the vine at Avila Adobe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grapes growing from the vine at Avila Adobe. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jerry Dangl, manager of the plant identification lab at UC Davis, says it’s a very important and interesting vine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Scientifically, it’s a first-generation hybrid between \u003cem>Vitis vinefera\u003c/em>, the European wine grape, and \u003cem>Vitis girdiana\u003c/em>, the wild desert grape in Southern California,\" he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means this plant is a cross between the grapes brought over by early European settlers and hearty local plants. Dangl says that unique blend likely helped it survive all the pests and disease that eventually wiped out most of L.A.’s wine industry in the late 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Olvera Street plant was probably a clipping from that Vina Madre vine at the mission, which means it could be older than the state of California itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Vina Madre is not a vine associated with winemaking. In fact, the Olvera Street plant was most likely put there for shade -- a function it still provides today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dangl knows of one other location where this grape grows, and it is also used in an arborlike setting, not a vineyard. If there \u003cem>were\u003c/em> evidence it was used for making alcohol, that could be an important moment in the history of California wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would be very interested in finding Vina Madre in what looks like a production situation,\" Dangl said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn’t stopped city archivist Holland from trying to make wine with these grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He used a recipe borrowed from a friend at Gypsy Canyon Winery. It was reputedly written in 1891, making it somewhat contemporary with the vine itself. The result is a fortified dessert wine called an angelica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is what the padres would have made,\" Holland said. \"This is what they would have served at Mass.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holland opened a bottle and served some to Rachel Macalisang, lead sommelier at a Beverly Hills foodie haven, The Bazaar by José Andrés.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a very pretty color. It’s lighter than I thought it would be,\" Macalisang said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11014204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11014204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-800x579.jpg\" alt=\"Rachel Macalisang, lead sommelier at the Beverly Hills foodie-haven The Bazaar by José Andrés, tries a wine made from the Olvera Street grapes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-800x579.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-400x289.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-1180x854.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-960x695.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Macalisang, lead sommelier at the Beverly Hills foodie-haven The Bazaar by José Andrés, tries a wine made from the Olvera Street grapes. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She is one of the first people to try the new wine. Macalisang said older vines often produce more complex flavors than younger plants and that can enhance a wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is that the case with Holland's angelica? Macalisang takes a sip -- and smiles. She says it's full of fruity flavors like candied apple, cherry, fig and raspberry jam, but it's not cloyingly sweet like some dessert wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It finishes a little drier than I thought it would,\" she adds between sips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macalisang thinks if people back in the 1800s did use these grapes for wine, it could have been a decent one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know if that happened, but at least now, these grapes are something worth toasting to.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When you think of California wine, you probably think of Napa or Sonoma. But the state’s first major wine hub was in L.A. back in the 1800s.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/sanden-totten\">Sanden Totten\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/\">KPCC\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think of California wine, you probably think Napa, Sonoma or maybe Paso Robles, but the state’s first major wine hub was in Los Angeles back in the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot has changed since then, but one vine from that era is still producing grapes, and local winemakers are eager to work with that fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the vine is on Olvera Street -- the backbone of L.A.'s oldest neighborhood. And it's right out in the open, but most shoppers and tourists are too busy checking out the swirl of stalls selling brightly colored blankets, guitars, masks and T-shirts to notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s actually not an uncommon experience,\" said Michael Holland. \"They're not necessarily looking up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/272822714&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/272822714'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vine is part of a massive arbor shading a section of the famed walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By day, Holland is L.A.’s official archivist, cataloguing the city's historic records, old photos, even sheet music praising the wonders of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By night, he’s an amateur winemaker. So when he saw grapes growing on this historic site, he knew he had to harvest them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just from the heritage perspective ... this is a highly unique opportunity, and I'd be a fool not to take advantage of it,\" Holland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Olvera Street vine stretches from the market to the Avila Adobe, the city’s oldest standing residence. Holland said the vine was probably planted around the same time that house was built, in 1818.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11014150\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11014150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"Winemakers Michael Holland and Wes Hagen working with the Olvera Street vine.\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/OlveraStVine-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Winemakers Michael Holland and Wes Hagen working with the Olvera Street vine. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He enlisted fellow DIY winemakers to help prune and tend to the overgrown plant. He also got advice from Wes Hagen, the consulting winemaker for J. Wilkes Wines in Santa Maria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The vine wants to grow up, absorb sunlight, produce sugar and attract birds,\" Hagen said. \"We want to get to the fruit \u003cem>before\u003c/em> the birds, and get the sugar that would have attracted them and turn it into delicious, delicious alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help the vine produce those grapes, Hagen and Holland have been climbing onto a roof above the back patio of the Avila Adobe, where they cut off dead branches and help healthy ones take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hagen said the heart of the vine hasn't been getting enough sun to produce the compounds that make for sweeter grapes. Instead, they can have too much of something called pyrazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fruit that’s grown in shade tastes like green bell peppers ... it's the exact same compound,\" he noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Michael Holland harvested as many of these grapes as he could to make some wine. He also took some leave clippings and sent them to UC Davis to have their DNA analyzed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out this scraggly old vine is a direct genetic match to one known as \"Vina Madre.\" It's a plant first grown at the San Gabriel Mission, founded in 1771.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11014199\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11014199\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Grapes growing from the vine at Avila Adobe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/GrapesGrow-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grapes growing from the vine at Avila Adobe. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jerry Dangl, manager of the plant identification lab at UC Davis, says it’s a very important and interesting vine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Scientifically, it’s a first-generation hybrid between \u003cem>Vitis vinefera\u003c/em>, the European wine grape, and \u003cem>Vitis girdiana\u003c/em>, the wild desert grape in Southern California,\" he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means this plant is a cross between the grapes brought over by early European settlers and hearty local plants. Dangl says that unique blend likely helped it survive all the pests and disease that eventually wiped out most of L.A.’s wine industry in the late 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Olvera Street plant was probably a clipping from that Vina Madre vine at the mission, which means it could be older than the state of California itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Vina Madre is not a vine associated with winemaking. In fact, the Olvera Street plant was most likely put there for shade -- a function it still provides today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dangl knows of one other location where this grape grows, and it is also used in an arborlike setting, not a vineyard. If there \u003cem>were\u003c/em> evidence it was used for making alcohol, that could be an important moment in the history of California wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would be very interested in finding Vina Madre in what looks like a production situation,\" Dangl said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn’t stopped city archivist Holland from trying to make wine with these grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He used a recipe borrowed from a friend at Gypsy Canyon Winery. It was reputedly written in 1891, making it somewhat contemporary with the vine itself. The result is a fortified dessert wine called an angelica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is what the padres would have made,\" Holland said. \"This is what they would have served at Mass.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holland opened a bottle and served some to Rachel Macalisang, lead sommelier at a Beverly Hills foodie haven, The Bazaar by José Andrés.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a very pretty color. It’s lighter than I thought it would be,\" Macalisang said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11014204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11014204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-800x579.jpg\" alt=\"Rachel Macalisang, lead sommelier at the Beverly Hills foodie-haven The Bazaar by José Andrés, tries a wine made from the Olvera Street grapes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-800x579.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-400x289.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-1180x854.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/WineGlass-960x695.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Macalisang, lead sommelier at the Beverly Hills foodie-haven The Bazaar by José Andrés, tries a wine made from the Olvera Street grapes. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She is one of the first people to try the new wine. Macalisang said older vines often produce more complex flavors than younger plants and that can enhance a wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is that the case with Holland's angelica? Macalisang takes a sip -- and smiles. She says it's full of fruity flavors like candied apple, cherry, fig and raspberry jam, but it's not cloyingly sweet like some dessert wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It finishes a little drier than I thought it would,\" she adds between sips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macalisang thinks if people back in the 1800s did use these grapes for wine, it could have been a decent one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know if that happened, but at least now, these grapes are something worth toasting to.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wind, Not Water, to Blame for Drought, Says Study",
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"content": "\u003cp>Since California’s most recent drought began more than four years ago, scientific studies have been helping us better understand the causes and implications. We know now that a lack of precipitation has largely been caused by a very stubborn high-pressure system sitting off the West coast – dubbed at one time the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge. We’ve also learned that high-pressure systems like this may be the kind of thing we’ll see more of with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069386/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new study\u003c/a> published in Geophysical Research Letters helps increase our understanding of the relationship between drought and the water cycle. Its main finding is consistent with earlier findings that atmospheric circulation, or wind, causes drought, said Jiangfeng Wei, one of the study’s authors and a research scientist at the University of Texas, Austin’s Jackson School of Geosciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wei and his fellow researchers – Qinjian Jin, a postdoctoral researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Zong-Liang Yang, a professor in the Jackson School’s Department of Geological Sciences; and Paul Dirmeyer, a professor at George Mason University, Virginia – found that California’s precipitation source is mainly an area over the Pacific Ocean near the West coast. Most of the precipitation that falls in the state comes from evaporation over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one might expect that variations in the ocean evaporation would link to variations in precipitation, including drought. But that’s only true, they found, with extreme wet events – not drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the large-scale atmospheric circulation, or wind, actually controls the ocean evaporation and also controls the transfer of evaporated moisture from the ocean to California,” said Wei. “Therefore, the atmospheric circulation is the original cause of the drought. Both ocean evaporation and atmospheric circulation may affect California precipitation, but the later one is much more powerful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers further elaborated in their study, writing, “This could be because extreme wet events in California are usually supplied by additional moisture from enhanced evaporation, in addition to favorable circulation patterns, while California droughts are mainly caused by circulation anomalies and are less associated with reduced evaporation in moisture sources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wei said that the study leads to a better understanding of the water cycle associated with variations in California’s precipitation, and may contribute to prediction of droughts and floods. It could also help inform research in other regions: the researchers are setting their sights next on Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the precipitation in Texas comes from evaporation from the Gulf and the Pacific Ocean. “Texas has a much larger land area, and local land evaporation and associated feedbacks also play important roles in Texas rainfall,” said Wei. “Therefore, the study of Texas will be more complicated. In some sense, this study in California is a simplified case for studying the complicated ocean-land-atmosphere interactions and the influence of water cycle on rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003cem>For important news about the California drought, you can\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study looking at the relationship between the water cycle and California’s drought found that large-scale atmospheric circulation is a primary force behind water shortages.",
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"description": "A new study looking at the relationship between the water cycle and California’s drought found that large-scale atmospheric circulation is a primary force behind water shortages.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since California’s most recent drought began more than four years ago, scientific studies have been helping us better understand the causes and implications. We know now that a lack of precipitation has largely been caused by a very stubborn high-pressure system sitting off the West coast – dubbed at one time the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge. We’ve also learned that high-pressure systems like this may be the kind of thing we’ll see more of with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069386/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new study\u003c/a> published in Geophysical Research Letters helps increase our understanding of the relationship between drought and the water cycle. Its main finding is consistent with earlier findings that atmospheric circulation, or wind, causes drought, said Jiangfeng Wei, one of the study’s authors and a research scientist at the University of Texas, Austin’s Jackson School of Geosciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wei and his fellow researchers – Qinjian Jin, a postdoctoral researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Zong-Liang Yang, a professor in the Jackson School’s Department of Geological Sciences; and Paul Dirmeyer, a professor at George Mason University, Virginia – found that California’s precipitation source is mainly an area over the Pacific Ocean near the West coast. Most of the precipitation that falls in the state comes from evaporation over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one might expect that variations in the ocean evaporation would link to variations in precipitation, including drought. But that’s only true, they found, with extreme wet events – not drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the large-scale atmospheric circulation, or wind, actually controls the ocean evaporation and also controls the transfer of evaporated moisture from the ocean to California,” said Wei. “Therefore, the atmospheric circulation is the original cause of the drought. Both ocean evaporation and atmospheric circulation may affect California precipitation, but the later one is much more powerful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers further elaborated in their study, writing, “This could be because extreme wet events in California are usually supplied by additional moisture from enhanced evaporation, in addition to favorable circulation patterns, while California droughts are mainly caused by circulation anomalies and are less associated with reduced evaporation in moisture sources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wei said that the study leads to a better understanding of the water cycle associated with variations in California’s precipitation, and may contribute to prediction of droughts and floods. It could also help inform research in other regions: the researchers are setting their sights next on Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the precipitation in Texas comes from evaporation from the Gulf and the Pacific Ocean. “Texas has a much larger land area, and local land evaporation and associated feedbacks also play important roles in Texas rainfall,” said Wei. “Therefore, the study of Texas will be more complicated. In some sense, this study in California is a simplified case for studying the complicated ocean-land-atmosphere interactions and the influence of water cycle on rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find \u003c/em>\u003cem>it \u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003cem>For important news about the California drought, you can\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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