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"content": "\u003cp>Vallejo officials are considering buying a new set of air monitoring devices because the ones they do have did not pick up any measurements from an odor that sickened dozens of residents around the same time an oil spill was discovered in San Pablo Bay in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That smell prompted the local government to urge people to stay indoors. Its cause is still a mystery, and a top Vallejo city official calls that lack of knowledge \"alarming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very frustrating,\" Vallejo City Manager Daniel Keen said. \"We still are in the dark.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without those answers, Vallejo Fire Chief Jack McArthur said the city needs to get ready for a potential repeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We might have to face the fact that we might not ever know exactly what happened,\" McArthur said. \"We need to prepare for the possibility that this could very well happen again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Coast Guard's \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/21/refinery-shipping-firm-dispute-finding-theyre-responsible-for-oil-spill/\" target=\"_blank\">investigation\u003c/a>, completed last month, determined that the oil spill came from either the Phillips 66 refinery marine terminal in Rodeo or an oil tanker that was unloading crude there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"GsRUeaCdorLXHPSUeCd5uB87cmzZBtxQ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency's report did not determine what caused the spill. The Office of Spill Prevention and Response at the California Department of Fish and Wildfire and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District are still investigating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results of the Coast Guard report were released in October, Keen became aware of them only this week. In fact, Keen and Mayor Osby Davis met for the first time with Coast Guard officials only recently to discuss the incident. Vallejo city officials have yet to meet members of the air quality district to go over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallejo, a Solano County city of close to 120,000 residents, is downwind from the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its fire department currently has four mobile air monitors that can measure carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, natural gas and petroleum, according to McArthur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District has \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&StartDate=11/30/2016&ParameterId=316&StationId=8004\" target=\"_blank\">one\u003c/a> stationary monitor in the city -- it measures for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and particulate matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of them picked up any problems with air quality on Sept. 20 and Sept. 21, when residents began smelling the odor and the oil spill was discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left vulnerable from whatever caused the sickening odor, city officials are now talking about ways to handle the next similar problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We might have to provide ourselves with monitors that are much more sensitive,\" Chief McArthur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city should consider using a stationary air measuring device that would automatically issue alarms or advisories if it picks up dangerous levels of chemicals in the air, McArthur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should weigh whether to use an alert system similar to the one neighboring Contra Costa County uses, he said. That system includes dozens of control centers, sirens and communications systems that notify the public in case of emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't want to go through what we went through the last time we had this incident,\" Keen said. \"We're going to be having some conversations with regulators about what else could be done to protect our residents from a discharge like this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of those residents say the city has kept them in the dark about the entire episode and they're worried that the environmental health of the community is not a priority at City Hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallejo does a poor job of monitoring its air, it failed to adequately alert people to shelter in place the night of the odor and its leaders have not reassured their constituents they're doing enough about it, said resident Heather Mathews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthews created a Facebook page called \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/303126756731690/?fref=nf\" target=\"_blank\">Phillips 66 Spill Vallejo\u003c/a>\" which has become a community forum for residents to discuss the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There needs to be a complete overhaul of the sensors,\" Matthews said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that the city and the air district's air monitors did not detect anything abnormal outrages resident Liz King. \"That just tells me that we aren't equipped for independent testing,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that nobody is able to quantify what happened has clarified that our ability to safely identify these events and protect ourselves is disturbingly insufficient,\" King said. \"How can we accurately respond to illnesses and treat the public if we don't know what they've been poisoned with?\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Coast Guard's \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/21/refinery-shipping-firm-dispute-finding-theyre-responsible-for-oil-spill/\" target=\"_blank\">investigation\u003c/a>, completed last month, determined that the oil spill came from either the Phillips 66 refinery marine terminal in Rodeo or an oil tanker that was unloading crude there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency's report did not determine what caused the spill. The Office of Spill Prevention and Response at the California Department of Fish and Wildfire and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District are still investigating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results of the Coast Guard report were released in October, Keen became aware of them only this week. In fact, Keen and Mayor Osby Davis met for the first time with Coast Guard officials only recently to discuss the incident. Vallejo city officials have yet to meet members of the air quality district to go over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallejo, a Solano County city of close to 120,000 residents, is downwind from the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its fire department currently has four mobile air monitors that can measure carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, natural gas and petroleum, according to McArthur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District has \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&StartDate=11/30/2016&ParameterId=316&StationId=8004\" target=\"_blank\">one\u003c/a> stationary monitor in the city -- it measures for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and particulate matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of them picked up any problems with air quality on Sept. 20 and Sept. 21, when residents began smelling the odor and the oil spill was discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left vulnerable from whatever caused the sickening odor, city officials are now talking about ways to handle the next similar problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We might have to provide ourselves with monitors that are much more sensitive,\" Chief McArthur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city should consider using a stationary air measuring device that would automatically issue alarms or advisories if it picks up dangerous levels of chemicals in the air, McArthur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should weigh whether to use an alert system similar to the one neighboring Contra Costa County uses, he said. That system includes dozens of control centers, sirens and communications systems that notify the public in case of emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't want to go through what we went through the last time we had this incident,\" Keen said. \"We're going to be having some conversations with regulators about what else could be done to protect our residents from a discharge like this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of those residents say the city has kept them in the dark about the entire episode and they're worried that the environmental health of the community is not a priority at City Hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallejo does a poor job of monitoring its air, it failed to adequately alert people to shelter in place the night of the odor and its leaders have not reassured their constituents they're doing enough about it, said resident Heather Mathews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthews created a Facebook page called \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/303126756731690/?fref=nf\" target=\"_blank\">Phillips 66 Spill Vallejo\u003c/a>\" which has become a community forum for residents to discuss the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There needs to be a complete overhaul of the sensors,\" Matthews said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that the city and the air district's air monitors did not detect anything abnormal outrages resident Liz King. \"That just tells me that we aren't equipped for independent testing,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that nobody is able to quantify what happened has clarified that our ability to safely identify these events and protect ourselves is disturbingly insufficient,\" King said. \"How can we accurately respond to illnesses and treat the public if we don't know what they've been poisoned with?\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "O'Reilly Auto Parts to Pay Almost $10 Million in Environmental Settlement",
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"content": "\u003cp>O'Reilly Auto Parts has agreed to pay nearly $10 million to settle an environmental lawsuit alleging the company illegally disposed of hazardous waste in California landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty California district attorneys, including all nine in the Bay Area, joined together to file suit in Alameda County Superior Court, alleging the Missouri-based auto parts company unlawfully \"handled, transported and disposed of\" various hazardous materials at its more than 500 California stores, including used oil, oil filters, automotive fluids and alkaline batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit came from an undercover probe launched in 2013 by investigators from the offices of dozens of county district attorneys in California, as well as state environmental regulators. The investigation found that O'Reilly customers who were working on their vehicles in store parking lots regularly put waste from that work into O'Reilly dumpsters and waste bins, which the company proceeded to illegally transport and dispose of in California landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They knew that customers were dumping hazardous waste into their own bins,\" said Alameda County Assistant District Attorney Ken Mifsud. \"They knew it was happening, they allowed it to happen, and their own employees ended up dumping [the waste] into their own dumpsters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the settlement, O'Reilly agreed to pay $6 million in civil penalties and contribute slightly more than $1.5 million to environmental projects in California. The suit also compels the company to spend $1.85 million to \"reduce hazardous waste generation and enhance performance of hazardous waste management\" at their California stores and distribution centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mifsud said these improvements are already underway and include limiting the number of waste bins in O'Reilly parking lots, inspecting parking lots on a daily basis, sorting through customer waste on-site and removing any hazardous materials and locking on-site dumpsters. He said he was impressed with O'Reilly's cooperation throughout the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They understand that this can't be just a paper program because at any time if we want to check to see how they're doing, we can do exactly what we did [this time],\" Mifsud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"O'Reilly was pleased to work cooperatively with representatives of the various agencies involved and will continue to do so,\" O'Reilly spokesman Mark Merz said in a statement. \"Compliance with California's expansive regulatory environment, while challenging, is important to O'Reilly, our customers and the residents of California.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>O'Reilly Auto Parts has agreed to pay nearly $10 million to settle an environmental lawsuit alleging the company illegally disposed of hazardous waste in California landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty California district attorneys, including all nine in the Bay Area, joined together to file suit in Alameda County Superior Court, alleging the Missouri-based auto parts company unlawfully \"handled, transported and disposed of\" various hazardous materials at its more than 500 California stores, including used oil, oil filters, automotive fluids and alkaline batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit came from an undercover probe launched in 2013 by investigators from the offices of dozens of county district attorneys in California, as well as state environmental regulators. The investigation found that O'Reilly customers who were working on their vehicles in store parking lots regularly put waste from that work into O'Reilly dumpsters and waste bins, which the company proceeded to illegally transport and dispose of in California landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They knew that customers were dumping hazardous waste into their own bins,\" said Alameda County Assistant District Attorney Ken Mifsud. \"They knew it was happening, they allowed it to happen, and their own employees ended up dumping [the waste] into their own dumpsters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the settlement, O'Reilly agreed to pay $6 million in civil penalties and contribute slightly more than $1.5 million to environmental projects in California. The suit also compels the company to spend $1.85 million to \"reduce hazardous waste generation and enhance performance of hazardous waste management\" at their California stores and distribution centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mifsud said these improvements are already underway and include limiting the number of waste bins in O'Reilly parking lots, inspecting parking lots on a daily basis, sorting through customer waste on-site and removing any hazardous materials and locking on-site dumpsters. He said he was impressed with O'Reilly's cooperation throughout the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They understand that this can't be just a paper program because at any time if we want to check to see how they're doing, we can do exactly what we did [this time],\" Mifsud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"O'Reilly was pleased to work cooperatively with representatives of the various agencies involved and will continue to do so,\" O'Reilly spokesman Mark Merz said in a statement. \"Compliance with California's expansive regulatory environment, while challenging, is important to O'Reilly, our customers and the residents of California.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Update: Malibu Rancher Says She Will Not Have Mountain Lion Killed",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Friday, 2:30 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MALIBU -- A California mountain lion placed under a death sentence for killing nearly a dozen alpacas owned by a Malibu woman was granted a reprieve when the woman announced she wouldn't act on a state-issued permit giving her the right to kill the animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A neighbor had offered to shoot the big cat known as P-45 for Victoria Vaughn-Perling, but she told reporters it was never her intention to have the cougar killed. Instead, she said, she hoped game officials would capture it and get it away from her ranch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also indicated public outrage might have played a role in her decision, adding she was \"surprised by the vitriol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MALIBU -- Minutes from the ocean views of Malibu mansions, a rancher has obtained a rare permit to shoot and kill a mountain lion that has been killing livestock in the area, angering animal lovers, park rangers working to protect the species and nearby Los Angeles urbanites who have developed an affinity for the big cats that roam their backyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malibu ranch owner Victoria Vaughn-Perling obtained the 10-day permit Monday from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife after finding 10 of her alpacas dead over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mountain lion in the area known as P-45 is believed responsible for killing the llama-like animals that were Vaughn-Perling's beloved pets and worth thousands of dollars each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the permit set off a social media firestorm. Hundreds of people have inundated wildlife officials with complaints, and what was supposed to be a workshop Wednesday night for residents to learn how to protect their livestock was all but hijacked by animal activists who shouted their anger over the possibility that P-45 could be killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fsantamonicamtns%2Fvideos%2F10154162743593660%2F&width=800&show_text=true&height=430&appId\" width=\"800\" height=\"430\" style=\"border:none;overflow:hidden\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's sickening that this animal is going to be executed,\" one person wrote on the Facebook page of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. Another wrote: \"So they're going to kill a lion for being a lion. Ridiculous and shameful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaughn-Perling, who had planned to attend the community meeting before she became afraid of getting death threats, told The Associated Press she has tried various strategies to protect her alpacas from P-45 following previous attacks, including adding motion lights and electrified fencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems to enjoy the slaughter,\" she said. \"This animal will attack a child or a bicyclist or a hiker because it's so comfortable with the slaughter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seth Riley, a wildlife ecologist for the National Park Service, said neither P-45 nor the 52 other mountain lions studied by the agency in the region since 2002 have ever attacked a human and there's no evidence that they would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the cat's killing of 10 alpacas in one night and eating only part of one isn't aberrant behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An animal gets into an enclosed space with a bunch of vulnerable prey animals that aren't that smart or good at escape and they keep going after them until they aren't moving around anymore,\" Riley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'None of the options are very good for the animal'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P-45 is one of just three breeding males during the entire 14 years the animals have been studied in the region and it's important to the species that he stay, Riley said. He and animal rights advocates say livestock can be kept safe if they're in a roofed enclosure and that there's no need to interfere with P-45's behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaughn-Perling said she installed a roof on her alpaca enclosure after last weekend's attack and that she'd prefer to have P-45 relocated rather than killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her attorney, Reid Breitman, told residents and activists at Wednesday's community meeting that Vaughn-Perling has asked the Department of Fish and Wildlife to change her permit to allow P-45 to be safely captured and relocated to an animal sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That generated boos from the crowd, with some yelling that putting a wild animal in captivity still isn't fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jordan Traverso, a spokeswoman for the fish and wildlife department, said California state law doesn't allow for the permit to be altered and that it's \"a permit to kill a lion which is otherwise protected under state law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that the department has reached out to Vaughn-Perling and is evaluating options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"None of the options are very good for the animal,\" she said. \"Captivity is not a very good option for a wild animal, nor is relocation. We're in a difficult space.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riley rejected the idea of moving P-45 to other wild land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not some lion Shangri-La where we can put the lions,\" he said. \"From our perspective it's a pretty simple solution. If you have livestock in natural areas, you need to protect them from the wildlife.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CBSNews/status/804150028612861952\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendell Phillips, a neighbor of Vaughn-Perling's, said he obtained his own permit to kill P-45 in March after some of his alpacas were attacked and that he shot at the cat back then and grazed it. His permit is now expired and he is willing to shoot the cat for Vaughn-Perling using her permit if it returns, though he said he is not actively hunting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said P-45 is believed to have killed more than 50 animals in the area in the last year and that the issue became personal for many when one woman's longtime service animal, a miniature horse named Marco Polo, was killed last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People have to unfortunately come before animals and the call I'm afraid to get is, 'My kid's missing' or 'My wife's been attacked,' \" Phillips said. \"Nobody wants that call.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips said he's also in favor of having P-45 moved, \"but I keep getting told by various agencies, 'That's against our policy.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Well, if it comes to a head between the safety of my family and my animals and your policy, the safety of my family and animals is going to win,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Friday, 2:30 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MALIBU -- A California mountain lion placed under a death sentence for killing nearly a dozen alpacas owned by a Malibu woman was granted a reprieve when the woman announced she wouldn't act on a state-issued permit giving her the right to kill the animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A neighbor had offered to shoot the big cat known as P-45 for Victoria Vaughn-Perling, but she told reporters it was never her intention to have the cougar killed. Instead, she said, she hoped game officials would capture it and get it away from her ranch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also indicated public outrage might have played a role in her decision, adding she was \"surprised by the vitriol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MALIBU -- Minutes from the ocean views of Malibu mansions, a rancher has obtained a rare permit to shoot and kill a mountain lion that has been killing livestock in the area, angering animal lovers, park rangers working to protect the species and nearby Los Angeles urbanites who have developed an affinity for the big cats that roam their backyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malibu ranch owner Victoria Vaughn-Perling obtained the 10-day permit Monday from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife after finding 10 of her alpacas dead over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mountain lion in the area known as P-45 is believed responsible for killing the llama-like animals that were Vaughn-Perling's beloved pets and worth thousands of dollars each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the permit set off a social media firestorm. Hundreds of people have inundated wildlife officials with complaints, and what was supposed to be a workshop Wednesday night for residents to learn how to protect their livestock was all but hijacked by animal activists who shouted their anger over the possibility that P-45 could be killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fsantamonicamtns%2Fvideos%2F10154162743593660%2F&width=800&show_text=true&height=430&appId\" width=\"800\" height=\"430\" style=\"border:none;overflow:hidden\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's sickening that this animal is going to be executed,\" one person wrote on the Facebook page of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. Another wrote: \"So they're going to kill a lion for being a lion. Ridiculous and shameful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaughn-Perling, who had planned to attend the community meeting before she became afraid of getting death threats, told The Associated Press she has tried various strategies to protect her alpacas from P-45 following previous attacks, including adding motion lights and electrified fencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems to enjoy the slaughter,\" she said. \"This animal will attack a child or a bicyclist or a hiker because it's so comfortable with the slaughter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seth Riley, a wildlife ecologist for the National Park Service, said neither P-45 nor the 52 other mountain lions studied by the agency in the region since 2002 have ever attacked a human and there's no evidence that they would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the cat's killing of 10 alpacas in one night and eating only part of one isn't aberrant behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An animal gets into an enclosed space with a bunch of vulnerable prey animals that aren't that smart or good at escape and they keep going after them until they aren't moving around anymore,\" Riley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'None of the options are very good for the animal'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P-45 is one of just three breeding males during the entire 14 years the animals have been studied in the region and it's important to the species that he stay, Riley said. He and animal rights advocates say livestock can be kept safe if they're in a roofed enclosure and that there's no need to interfere with P-45's behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaughn-Perling said she installed a roof on her alpaca enclosure after last weekend's attack and that she'd prefer to have P-45 relocated rather than killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her attorney, Reid Breitman, told residents and activists at Wednesday's community meeting that Vaughn-Perling has asked the Department of Fish and Wildlife to change her permit to allow P-45 to be safely captured and relocated to an animal sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That generated boos from the crowd, with some yelling that putting a wild animal in captivity still isn't fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jordan Traverso, a spokeswoman for the fish and wildlife department, said California state law doesn't allow for the permit to be altered and that it's \"a permit to kill a lion which is otherwise protected under state law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that the department has reached out to Vaughn-Perling and is evaluating options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"None of the options are very good for the animal,\" she said. \"Captivity is not a very good option for a wild animal, nor is relocation. We're in a difficult space.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riley rejected the idea of moving P-45 to other wild land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not some lion Shangri-La where we can put the lions,\" he said. \"From our perspective it's a pretty simple solution. If you have livestock in natural areas, you need to protect them from the wildlife.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Wendell Phillips, a neighbor of Vaughn-Perling's, said he obtained his own permit to kill P-45 in March after some of his alpacas were attacked and that he shot at the cat back then and grazed it. His permit is now expired and he is willing to shoot the cat for Vaughn-Perling using her permit if it returns, though he said he is not actively hunting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said P-45 is believed to have killed more than 50 animals in the area in the last year and that the issue became personal for many when one woman's longtime service animal, a miniature horse named Marco Polo, was killed last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People have to unfortunately come before animals and the call I'm afraid to get is, 'My kid's missing' or 'My wife's been attacked,' \" Phillips said. \"Nobody wants that call.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips said he's also in favor of having P-45 moved, \"but I keep getting told by various agencies, 'That's against our policy.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Well, if it comes to a head between the safety of my family and my animals and your policy, the safety of my family and animals is going to win,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Princess Cruises Hit With Largest-Ever Criminal Penalty for 'Deliberate Pollution'",
"title": "Princess Cruises Hit With Largest-Ever Criminal Penalty for 'Deliberate Pollution'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Princess Cruise Lines will pay a $40 million fine for \"deliberate pollution of the seas and intentional acts to cover it up,\" according to the Department of Justice, which calls it \"the largest-ever criminal penalty involving deliberate vessel pollution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California-based cruise operator also agreed to plead guilty to seven felony charges over illegal practices on five ships dating back, in at least one case, to 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department said in a statement that Princess illegally dumped contaminated waste and oil from its Caribbean Princess ship for eight years — a practice that was exposed by a whistleblowing engineer in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer quit his job over the dumping when the ship docked in the U.K. and alerted British authorities, who notified the U.S. Coast Guard. He said other engineers were using a device called a \"magic pipe\" to bypass the ship's water treatment system and unload oily waste into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, other engineers attempted to hide the evidence of illegal dumping before British investigators could board the ship, according to the Justice Department. The statement read: \"The chief engineer and senior first engineer ordered a cover-up, including removal of the magic pipe and directing subordinates to lie.\" This continued during a subsequent investigation led by the U.S. Coast Guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department said the deliberate pollution was likely an attempt to cut costs: \"The chief engineer that ordered the dumping off the coast of England told subordinate engineers that it cost too much to properly offload the waste in ports and that the shore-side superintendent who he reported to would not want to pay the expense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the illegal waste dumping from the Caribbean Princess, the Department of Justice says it uncovered illegal practices on four other Princess ships:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"One practice was to open a salt water valve when bilge waste was being processed by the oily water separator and oil content monitor. The purpose was to prevent the oil content monitor from otherwise alarming and stopping the overboard discharge.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"The second practice involved discharges of oily bilge water originating from the overflow of graywater tanks into the machinery space bilges. This waste was pumped back into the graywater system rather than being processed as oily bilge waste.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Some discharges likely took place within U.S. waters, the Justice Department says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pollution in this case was the result of more than just bad actors on one ship,\" Assistant Attorney General John C. Cruden says. \"It reflects very poorly on Princess's culture and management.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to NPR, Princess Cruises says it is \"extremely disappointed about the inexcusable actions of our employees.\" It says it launched an internal investigation in 2013. And \"although we had policies and procedures in place, it became apparent they were not fully effective,\" the statement reads. \"We are very sorry that this happened and have taken additional steps to ensure we meet or exceed all environmental requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princess Cruises is a subsidiary of Miami-based Carnival Corp., and the plea agreement requires ships from eight of Carnival's companies to submit to court-supervised monitoring of environmental compliance for the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Princess Cruise Lines will pay a $40 million fine for \"deliberate pollution of the seas and intentional acts to cover it up,\" according to the Department of Justice, which calls it \"the largest-ever criminal penalty involving deliberate vessel pollution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California-based cruise operator also agreed to plead guilty to seven felony charges over illegal practices on five ships dating back, in at least one case, to 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department said in a statement that Princess illegally dumped contaminated waste and oil from its Caribbean Princess ship for eight years — a practice that was exposed by a whistleblowing engineer in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer quit his job over the dumping when the ship docked in the U.K. and alerted British authorities, who notified the U.S. Coast Guard. He said other engineers were using a device called a \"magic pipe\" to bypass the ship's water treatment system and unload oily waste into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, other engineers attempted to hide the evidence of illegal dumping before British investigators could board the ship, according to the Justice Department. The statement read: \"The chief engineer and senior first engineer ordered a cover-up, including removal of the magic pipe and directing subordinates to lie.\" This continued during a subsequent investigation led by the U.S. Coast Guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department said the deliberate pollution was likely an attempt to cut costs: \"The chief engineer that ordered the dumping off the coast of England told subordinate engineers that it cost too much to properly offload the waste in ports and that the shore-side superintendent who he reported to would not want to pay the expense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the illegal waste dumping from the Caribbean Princess, the Department of Justice says it uncovered illegal practices on four other Princess ships:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"One practice was to open a salt water valve when bilge waste was being processed by the oily water separator and oil content monitor. The purpose was to prevent the oil content monitor from otherwise alarming and stopping the overboard discharge.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"The second practice involved discharges of oily bilge water originating from the overflow of graywater tanks into the machinery space bilges. This waste was pumped back into the graywater system rather than being processed as oily bilge waste.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Some discharges likely took place within U.S. waters, the Justice Department says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pollution in this case was the result of more than just bad actors on one ship,\" Assistant Attorney General John C. Cruden says. \"It reflects very poorly on Princess's culture and management.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to NPR, Princess Cruises says it is \"extremely disappointed about the inexcusable actions of our employees.\" It says it launched an internal investigation in 2013. And \"although we had policies and procedures in place, it became apparent they were not fully effective,\" the statement reads. \"We are very sorry that this happened and have taken additional steps to ensure we meet or exceed all environmental requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princess Cruises is a subsidiary of Miami-based Carnival Corp., and the plea agreement requires ships from eight of Carnival's companies to submit to court-supervised monitoring of environmental compliance for the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Millions of years ago, a little beetle lived among beeches and buttercups on a sparely vegetated tundra at the head of a fjord in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetle was small — less than a centimeter long — and it was brown with the typical six legs and two antennae attached to a body protected by a hard shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of a \u003ca href=\"http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=10535\">new paper announcing its discovery\u003c/a>, published in the journal \u003cem>ZooKeys\u003c/em>, named it \u003cem>Antarctotrechus balli\u003c/em>, or \u003cem>A. balli\u003c/em> for short. The first part is a combination of the place the specimens were found, and the formal name for its modern relatives. The second part, \u003cem>balli\u003c/em>, is for the beetle scientist George Ball, “in celebration of his 90th birthday,” the paper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entomologists Allan Ashworth of North Dakota State University and Terry Erwin of the Smithsonian Institution wanted to honor Ball’s work mentoring young beetle researchers over the years. Going forward, the authors ask that the long-extinct insect be known as Ball’s Antarctic Tundra Beetle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidence of \u003cem>A. balli\u003c/em>‘s existence was not easy to find. It lived in Antarctica during the mid-Miocene period, between 14 and 20 million years ago, when the continent was much warmer than it is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>T\u003c/em>he authors hypothesize that parts of dead beetles washed or blew into a stream channel, choked by sediment and leaves until until they were finally buried under rock and soil and covered by an advancing glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1207134\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1207134\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice.jpg\" alt=\"The Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica, as seen in 2008, near where the fossilized remains of an ancient beetle species were found.\" width=\"329\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-800x1066.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica, as seen in 2008, near where the fossilized remains of an ancient beetle species were found. \u003ccite>(August Allen/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Millions of years passed before Ashworth and Erwin found the remains of two beetles, fossilized in a rocky ledge near a glacier. The fossils they found contained fragments of the hard covering over the beetles’ wings, as well as “twigs of southern beech wood, moss stems [and] seeds of buttercups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wings themselves were not preserved, so it is unclear whether the beetle could fly. The paper notes that the closest relatives of the newly discovered beetle are species that still live in Tasmania and South America, which used to be connected to Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Antarctica is not a great place to be an insect. The authors write that the “lack of available moisture” (Antarctica is a massive desert), “low temperatures” (Antarctica is the coldest continent on earth) and lack of vegetation (the continent is covered in snow and ice) are “limiting factors” for insects trying to survive there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the ones who do survive live at the outer edges of the continent, they note. Right now, Ashworth and Erwin write, “the living fauna [in Antarctica consist] of three species of flightless … midges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctic+Beetle+Species+Discovery+Doubles+As+Birthday+Gift+To+Scientists%27+Mentor&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Ball's Antarctic Tundra Beetle was small and brown, and it has been extinct for millions of years. The scientists who discovered it named it in honor of another beetle scientist's 90th birthday.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Millions of years ago, a little beetle lived among beeches and buttercups on a sparely vegetated tundra at the head of a fjord in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetle was small — less than a centimeter long — and it was brown with the typical six legs and two antennae attached to a body protected by a hard shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of a \u003ca href=\"http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=10535\">new paper announcing its discovery\u003c/a>, published in the journal \u003cem>ZooKeys\u003c/em>, named it \u003cem>Antarctotrechus balli\u003c/em>, or \u003cem>A. balli\u003c/em> for short. The first part is a combination of the place the specimens were found, and the formal name for its modern relatives. The second part, \u003cem>balli\u003c/em>, is for the beetle scientist George Ball, “in celebration of his 90th birthday,” the paper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entomologists Allan Ashworth of North Dakota State University and Terry Erwin of the Smithsonian Institution wanted to honor Ball’s work mentoring young beetle researchers over the years. Going forward, the authors ask that the long-extinct insect be known as Ball’s Antarctic Tundra Beetle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidence of \u003cem>A. balli\u003c/em>‘s existence was not easy to find. It lived in Antarctica during the mid-Miocene period, between 14 and 20 million years ago, when the continent was much warmer than it is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>T\u003c/em>he authors hypothesize that parts of dead beetles washed or blew into a stream channel, choked by sediment and leaves until until they were finally buried under rock and soil and covered by an advancing glacier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1207134\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1207134\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice.jpg\" alt=\"The Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica, as seen in 2008, near where the fossilized remains of an ancient beetle species were found.\" width=\"329\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-800x1066.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/ice-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica, as seen in 2008, near where the fossilized remains of an ancient beetle species were found. \u003ccite>(August Allen/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Millions of years passed before Ashworth and Erwin found the remains of two beetles, fossilized in a rocky ledge near a glacier. The fossils they found contained fragments of the hard covering over the beetles’ wings, as well as “twigs of southern beech wood, moss stems [and] seeds of buttercups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wings themselves were not preserved, so it is unclear whether the beetle could fly. The paper notes that the closest relatives of the newly discovered beetle are species that still live in Tasmania and South America, which used to be connected to Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Antarctica is not a great place to be an insect. The authors write that the “lack of available moisture” (Antarctica is a massive desert), “low temperatures” (Antarctica is the coldest continent on earth) and lack of vegetation (the continent is covered in snow and ice) are “limiting factors” for insects trying to survive there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the ones who do survive live at the outer edges of the continent, they note. Right now, Ashworth and Erwin write, “the living fauna [in Antarctica consist] of three species of flightless … midges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctic+Beetle+Species+Discovery+Doubles+As+Birthday+Gift+To+Scientists%27+Mentor&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]I[/dropcap]f you’ve walked past Adobe’s corporate headquarters in downtown San Jose, you may have spotted them: four big orange LED lights that look like flat-head screws, turning in apparently random patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week’s Bay Curious question comes from listener Geoff Morgan, who wanted to know:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do the turning wheels on the top of the Adobe building mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start with, it helps to know Adobe makes computer software for people who work with words, pictures and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the core of our DNA, really, is art and technology,” says Siri Lackovic, the company’s senior brand strategist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why you’ll find clever art installations all over their office towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbkhD0SDyI8]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siri is one of the two people on the planet who know the whole story behind the glowing orange orbs Geoff noticed. The other person, of course, is the guy who came up with the concept, New York artist \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/benrubin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ben Rubin.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope is that someone would look up and say: ‘What is that?’ ” Ben says. “What is that thing trying to say, you know? What is its message?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name of this installation is San Jose Semaphore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Semaphore, by definition, is really a form of visual communication,” Siri explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Way back when, the only way to communicate surreptitiously over a short distance — say, from land to a ship — would be to rely on flag bearers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would hold up the flag, and depending on the position of the flag, would let them know if it was safe to come in, or better to stay put,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This resonates with Geoff, the KQED listener who asked the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually was in the Navy, and so I remember people communicating with flags, and it was always interesting to me because it looked very official, but a lot of times, they were talking about the latest baseball scores from ship to ship and things like that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the short story on San Jose Semaphore is that it’s an art installation. The \u003cem>long\u003c/em> story stretches back to artist Ben Rubin’s childhood in Boston during the 1970s. Back then, he owned a Heathkit shortwave radio. Sometimes, when he turned it on, he’d hear the strangest things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sort of clicks and beeps and mechanized announcements,” Ben says. “Who could not listen to an encrypted message and not wonder what it says, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR reported in a 2000 feature for the “Lost and Found Sound” series, these were \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP5J9-D7_jw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numbers stations\u003c/a>, shortwave radio broadcasts that historians believe transmitted messages to spies stationed around the world, starting in World War I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the average listener, the letters, numbers and songs broadcast on the stations sound random. But if you have the key to decode the gobbledygook — it’s a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnXPqUU6fI0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben was fascinated by these numbers stations. So when it came time for college, he got a bachelor’s degree in computer science and semiotics, the study of signs and symbols. After graduation, he starting making art inspired by his studies. Now he makes media installations using technology, sound, images and physical structures — like the piece on the top of Adobe’s building in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Silicon Valley Loves A Challenge\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Each of these orange discs can assume four positions: horizontal, left-leaning diagonal, vertical, right-leaning diagonal. Four positions, plus four discs, means there are 256 possible combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every 7.2 seconds, those wheels turn to a new configuration of sort of positions. Then they rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re in that resting position, that actually is a word or a letter,” Siri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those of us who think with our ears better than with our eyes, Ben made an audio version of the code that plays on \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/transmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adobe\u003c/a>’s website. Here’s a sample …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/294475506″ params=”color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true” width=”100%” height=”20″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using just the audio alone, you could solve the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody could,” Siri says. “I don’t know if I could have guessed that, but yes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know about you, but this seems way too complicated for a person of average intelligence to crack. In fact, the technology Ben Rubin is using is a variation on state-of-the-art World War II cryptography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, it \u003cem>did\u003c/em> take a genius to figure out: Alan Turing, a pioneer of modern-day computing and the subject of that movie, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theimitationgamemovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Imitation Game.”\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In World War II, the Germans developed something called “the enigma machine,” a diabolical typewriter with several rotating discs in the back. Every time you pressed, say, an “a,” a different letter popped up on the paper. Totally confusing. The messages are almost impossible to crack, unless you \u003cem>also\u003c/em> have an enigma machine, and directions so that your rotating discs are set up the exact same way they are at headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Because Some of You Are Seriously Curious\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcX7iO_XCFA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with San Jose Semaphore, Ben isn’t using an enigma machine, and neither are you. So he has to include the key to decode the message in the transmission. Periodically, the discs will flash a line, which, when decoded, says something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>START MESSAGE TRANSMISSION 2-4-1: ROTUNDA\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nor\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>START MESSAGE TRANSMISSION 2-2-6: FACTION\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It always begins with “Start message transmission.” And then three numbers. And then a word. This is followed by chunks of text that make no sense unless you realize that the “start message” line is actually a header — a key — with the information necessary to decode the paragraph that follows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the way that the German enigma operators needed, at the beginning of each day, to establish certain settings in the machine,” Ben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, just for fun, Ben added another confusing element, inspired by the fact planes headed to and from San Jose International Airport fly incessantly over downtown. Every time an airplane passes close by Adobe’s office towers, the orange discs spin wildly for a bit, before returning to their regularly scheduled programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”mL8GtpojMBuTzckG7Fn18oAuKY06lOyE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as complicated as all of this sounds, the code was cracked within a month of installation by Bob Mayo and Mark Snesrud, two scientists who were in town for a conference. They spotted the semaphore and became obsessed. They wrote an entire \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/pdf/decoding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scientific paper\u003c/a> explaining how they broke the code. The first sentence they decoded was …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The beginning of that performance was clear enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All they had to do then was plug that sentence in to Google, and presto: It’s a line from Thomas Pynchon’s \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Crying of Lot 49.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a novel that [Pynchon] wrote in the late ’60s that’s set in a kind of proto-Silicon Valley part of California,” Ben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message was the entire book, from end to end, which took about three months to transmit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was both impressed and disappointed that it had fallen so quickly,” Ben laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he came up with a second code (a tougher code!) that hasn’t been cracked in four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get a lot of, ‘I think it says: Buy Adobe products,’ ” Siri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think ‘Beam me up, Scotty,’ was probably the funniest one,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope, it’s not that either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, folks: If the first code was “The Crying of Lot 49,” the second code is not going to be so obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to know who knows what the code is?” Siri teases. “Only two people in the world — the artist and then one other person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, she won’t give it up. But she does drop a hint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t need to be a book. It could just be a series of words put together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is our listener, Geoff, going to try to crack the code?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to leave that to greater minds than me. But I can’t wait to see who cracks it. I think this will be great,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a crack at decoding \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/transmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Jose Semaphore’s new message\u003c/a>. And let us know if you solve it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This podcast features music by Yusuke Tsutsumi (“Untitled 9”) and Eric & Ryan Kilkenny (“Bongo Avenger”).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want to see the Bay Curious team take on? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Submit it!\u003c/a> Be sure to subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>f you’ve walked past Adobe’s corporate headquarters in downtown San Jose, you may have spotted them: four big orange LED lights that look like flat-head screws, turning in apparently random patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week’s Bay Curious question comes from listener Geoff Morgan, who wanted to know:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do the turning wheels on the top of the Adobe building mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start with, it helps to know Adobe makes computer software for people who work with words, pictures and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the core of our DNA, really, is art and technology,” says Siri Lackovic, the company’s senior brand strategist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why you’ll find clever art installations all over their office towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pbkhD0SDyI8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pbkhD0SDyI8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siri is one of the two people on the planet who know the whole story behind the glowing orange orbs Geoff noticed. The other person, of course, is the guy who came up with the concept, New York artist \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/benrubin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ben Rubin.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope is that someone would look up and say: ‘What is that?’ ” Ben says. “What is that thing trying to say, you know? What is its message?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name of this installation is San Jose Semaphore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Semaphore, by definition, is really a form of visual communication,” Siri explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Way back when, the only way to communicate surreptitiously over a short distance — say, from land to a ship — would be to rely on flag bearers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would hold up the flag, and depending on the position of the flag, would let them know if it was safe to come in, or better to stay put,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This resonates with Geoff, the KQED listener who asked the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually was in the Navy, and so I remember people communicating with flags, and it was always interesting to me because it looked very official, but a lot of times, they were talking about the latest baseball scores from ship to ship and things like that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the short story on San Jose Semaphore is that it’s an art installation. The \u003cem>long\u003c/em> story stretches back to artist Ben Rubin’s childhood in Boston during the 1970s. Back then, he owned a Heathkit shortwave radio. Sometimes, when he turned it on, he’d hear the strangest things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sort of clicks and beeps and mechanized announcements,” Ben says. “Who could not listen to an encrypted message and not wonder what it says, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR reported in a 2000 feature for the “Lost and Found Sound” series, these were \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP5J9-D7_jw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numbers stations\u003c/a>, shortwave radio broadcasts that historians believe transmitted messages to spies stationed around the world, starting in World War I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the average listener, the letters, numbers and songs broadcast on the stations sound random. But if you have the key to decode the gobbledygook — it’s a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/QnXPqUU6fI0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/QnXPqUU6fI0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben was fascinated by these numbers stations. So when it came time for college, he got a bachelor’s degree in computer science and semiotics, the study of signs and symbols. After graduation, he starting making art inspired by his studies. Now he makes media installations using technology, sound, images and physical structures — like the piece on the top of Adobe’s building in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Silicon Valley Loves A Challenge\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Each of these orange discs can assume four positions: horizontal, left-leaning diagonal, vertical, right-leaning diagonal. Four positions, plus four discs, means there are 256 possible combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every 7.2 seconds, those wheels turn to a new configuration of sort of positions. Then they rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re in that resting position, that actually is a word or a letter,” Siri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those of us who think with our ears better than with our eyes, Ben made an audio version of the code that plays on \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/transmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adobe\u003c/a>’s website. Here’s a sample …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”20″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/294475506″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/294475506″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using just the audio alone, you could solve the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody could,” Siri says. “I don’t know if I could have guessed that, but yes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know about you, but this seems way too complicated for a person of average intelligence to crack. In fact, the technology Ben Rubin is using is a variation on state-of-the-art World War II cryptography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, it \u003cem>did\u003c/em> take a genius to figure out: Alan Turing, a pioneer of modern-day computing and the subject of that movie, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theimitationgamemovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Imitation Game.”\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In World War II, the Germans developed something called “the enigma machine,” a diabolical typewriter with several rotating discs in the back. Every time you pressed, say, an “a,” a different letter popped up on the paper. Totally confusing. The messages are almost impossible to crack, unless you \u003cem>also\u003c/em> have an enigma machine, and directions so that your rotating discs are set up the exact same way they are at headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Because Some of You Are Seriously Curious\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mcX7iO_XCFA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mcX7iO_XCFA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with San Jose Semaphore, Ben isn’t using an enigma machine, and neither are you. So he has to include the key to decode the message in the transmission. Periodically, the discs will flash a line, which, when decoded, says something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>START MESSAGE TRANSMISSION 2-4-1: ROTUNDA\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nor\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>START MESSAGE TRANSMISSION 2-2-6: FACTION\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It always begins with “Start message transmission.” And then three numbers. And then a word. This is followed by chunks of text that make no sense unless you realize that the “start message” line is actually a header — a key — with the information necessary to decode the paragraph that follows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the way that the German enigma operators needed, at the beginning of each day, to establish certain settings in the machine,” Ben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, just for fun, Ben added another confusing element, inspired by the fact planes headed to and from San Jose International Airport fly incessantly over downtown. Every time an airplane passes close by Adobe’s office towers, the orange discs spin wildly for a bit, before returning to their regularly scheduled programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as complicated as all of this sounds, the code was cracked within a month of installation by Bob Mayo and Mark Snesrud, two scientists who were in town for a conference. They spotted the semaphore and became obsessed. They wrote an entire \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/pdf/decoding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scientific paper\u003c/a> explaining how they broke the code. The first sentence they decoded was …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The beginning of that performance was clear enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All they had to do then was plug that sentence in to Google, and presto: It’s a line from Thomas Pynchon’s \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Crying of Lot 49.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a novel that [Pynchon] wrote in the late ’60s that’s set in a kind of proto-Silicon Valley part of California,” Ben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message was the entire book, from end to end, which took about three months to transmit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was both impressed and disappointed that it had fallen so quickly,” Ben laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he came up with a second code (a tougher code!) that hasn’t been cracked in four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get a lot of, ‘I think it says: Buy Adobe products,’ ” Siri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think ‘Beam me up, Scotty,’ was probably the funniest one,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope, it’s not that either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, folks: If the first code was “The Crying of Lot 49,” the second code is not going to be so obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to know who knows what the code is?” Siri teases. “Only two people in the world — the artist and then one other person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, she won’t give it up. But she does drop a hint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t need to be a book. It could just be a series of words put together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is our listener, Geoff, going to try to crack the code?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to leave that to greater minds than me. But I can’t wait to see who cracks it. I think this will be great,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a crack at decoding \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/transmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Jose Semaphore’s new message\u003c/a>. And let us know if you solve it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This podcast features music by Yusuke Tsutsumi (“Untitled 9”) and Eric & Ryan Kilkenny (“Bongo Avenger”).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "SFO Grappling With Emergency Repairs to Eroded Seawall",
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"content": "\u003cp>Amid heightened concerns about rising sea levels around the Bay Area, San Francisco International Airport officials are scrambling to make emergency repairs to a seriously damaged concrete wall that protects SFO's airfield from the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airport's top official called the damage to the seawall along SFO's perimeter \"an imminent threat to airport property\" \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=4732576&GUID=1041EB59-2564-44DE-8144-2B1CC10D691A\" target=\"_blank\">in a letter\u003c/a> to the Airport Commission in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am declaring an emergency due to unforeseeable and unexpected erosion damages to the seawall,\" wrote SFO Airport Director Ivar Satero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Budget and Finance Committee approved $1.5 million in airport capital improvement funds to pay for emergency construction work to shore up the wall. The full board is expected to vote on the work next Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The section of seawall in need of repair is located at the end of runways 19L and 19R, which are primarily used for departing flights. The erosion problems are located at the base of the wall, according to SFO spokesman Doug Yakel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Water is starting to kind of seep into this area, and that's causing some erosion,\" Yakel said. \"We don't want to wait for the wall to fail. We want to make the repairs before it becomes an issue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear if sea level rise is to blame. SFO officials have yet to determine a definitive cause for the erosion, according to Yakel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11198195\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11198195\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-800x582.jpg\" alt=\"A segment of the damaged seawall at San Francisco International Airport.\" width=\"800\" height=\"582\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-800x582.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-1020x742.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-1180x858.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-960x698.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-240x175.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-375x273.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-520x378.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A segment of the damaged seawall at San Francisco International Airport. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of SFO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Airport Commission earlier this fall approved the job, which will take place on the northeast section of SFO's property that protects it from flooding, king tides, high waves and storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emergency declaration allows the airport to fast-track repair work. SFO officials are in the process of getting permit approvals from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, airport staff observed the damage. Several weeks later a geotechnical consultant found \"seepage problems\" and a potential sinkhole, Satero's letter states. \"If this repair is not completed before the rain season, the seawall may fail and flooding is likely to occur,\" Satero said. The letter also said the repair work should have been completed by Nov. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to AGS, a San Francisco-based engineering firm hired by SFO, the section of seawall was in \"critical condition\" and repairs were needed before the rainy season when \"the seawall was likely to fail and allow flooding,\" according to a \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=4805188&GUID=73F0A245-56F7-4C8F-B142-EA3729FE4180\" target=\"_blank\">memo \u003c/a>written by the Board of Supervisors' budget and legislative analyst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That flooding could occur on all eight of the airport's runways and taxiways, according to Geri Rayca, the manager of SFO's Planning, Design and Construction Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airport officials say putting the contract for the work up for competitive bidding would take too long. They selected the Dutra Group, a marine construction and dredging firm, to make the repairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short-term emergency work involves placing 2,000 feet of riprap, a layer of stones and concrete chunks, at the site, as well as repairs to the seawall's asphalt pavement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airport officials expect the repairs to take a month to be completed. A crane on the bay side of the seawall will do the work, and SFO operations are \u003cem>not\u003c/em> expected to be affected, Cathy Widener, SFO's manager of government affairs, said during Wednesday's hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long-term work to prevent flooding at the airport from sea level rise, a decade-long project called the Shoreline Protection Project, will cost $60 million, according to SFO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, airport officials are working on increasing inspections of the entirety of SFO's 8-mile perimeter seawall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now those inspections are done intermittently, Widener said. \"Airport staff ... are currently working developing a more rigorous program.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Peter Jon Shuler contributed reporting to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Amid heightened concerns about rising sea levels around the Bay Area, San Francisco International Airport officials are scrambling to make emergency repairs to a seriously damaged concrete wall that protects SFO's airfield from the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airport's top official called the damage to the seawall along SFO's perimeter \"an imminent threat to airport property\" \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=4732576&GUID=1041EB59-2564-44DE-8144-2B1CC10D691A\" target=\"_blank\">in a letter\u003c/a> to the Airport Commission in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am declaring an emergency due to unforeseeable and unexpected erosion damages to the seawall,\" wrote SFO Airport Director Ivar Satero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Budget and Finance Committee approved $1.5 million in airport capital improvement funds to pay for emergency construction work to shore up the wall. The full board is expected to vote on the work next Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The section of seawall in need of repair is located at the end of runways 19L and 19R, which are primarily used for departing flights. The erosion problems are located at the base of the wall, according to SFO spokesman Doug Yakel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Water is starting to kind of seep into this area, and that's causing some erosion,\" Yakel said. \"We don't want to wait for the wall to fail. We want to make the repairs before it becomes an issue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear if sea level rise is to blame. SFO officials have yet to determine a definitive cause for the erosion, according to Yakel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11198195\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11198195\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-800x582.jpg\" alt=\"A segment of the damaged seawall at San Francisco International Airport.\" width=\"800\" height=\"582\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-800x582.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-1020x742.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-1180x858.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-960x698.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-240x175.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-375x273.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/sfo-seawall-1920-520x378.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A segment of the damaged seawall at San Francisco International Airport. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of SFO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Airport Commission earlier this fall approved the job, which will take place on the northeast section of SFO's property that protects it from flooding, king tides, high waves and storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emergency declaration allows the airport to fast-track repair work. SFO officials are in the process of getting permit approvals from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, airport staff observed the damage. Several weeks later a geotechnical consultant found \"seepage problems\" and a potential sinkhole, Satero's letter states. \"If this repair is not completed before the rain season, the seawall may fail and flooding is likely to occur,\" Satero said. The letter also said the repair work should have been completed by Nov. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to AGS, a San Francisco-based engineering firm hired by SFO, the section of seawall was in \"critical condition\" and repairs were needed before the rainy season when \"the seawall was likely to fail and allow flooding,\" according to a \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=4805188&GUID=73F0A245-56F7-4C8F-B142-EA3729FE4180\" target=\"_blank\">memo \u003c/a>written by the Board of Supervisors' budget and legislative analyst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That flooding could occur on all eight of the airport's runways and taxiways, according to Geri Rayca, the manager of SFO's Planning, Design and Construction Division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airport officials say putting the contract for the work up for competitive bidding would take too long. They selected the Dutra Group, a marine construction and dredging firm, to make the repairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short-term emergency work involves placing 2,000 feet of riprap, a layer of stones and concrete chunks, at the site, as well as repairs to the seawall's asphalt pavement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airport officials expect the repairs to take a month to be completed. A crane on the bay side of the seawall will do the work, and SFO operations are \u003cem>not\u003c/em> expected to be affected, Cathy Widener, SFO's manager of government affairs, said during Wednesday's hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long-term work to prevent flooding at the airport from sea level rise, a decade-long project called the Shoreline Protection Project, will cost $60 million, according to SFO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, airport officials are working on increasing inspections of the entirety of SFO's 8-mile perimeter seawall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now those inspections are done intermittently, Widener said. \"Airport staff ... are currently working developing a more rigorous program.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Peter Jon Shuler contributed reporting to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Environmentalists Gird for Battle With a Trump Administration",
"headTitle": "Environmentalists Gird for Battle With a Trump Administration | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump says environmental regulations are stifling the U.S. economy. He has vowed to roll back some of those rules, and he’s also taken aim at the international climate agreement signed in Paris last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, environmentalists are getting ready to fight back. Some are soliciting donations by invoking an inevitable legal battle. And environmental attorneys are preparing their defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The thing that made a global deal in Paris possible — making it voluntary — now gives Trump a fairly easy way out.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Natural Resources Defense Council attorney \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/john-walke\">John Walke\u003c/a> says that if Trump tries to roll back environmental rules, the group’s strategy will be: Sue, baby, sue. “We and other citizens groups will go to court, and the courts will overturn those actions,” Walke promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers usually say they’re going to win, but Walke has some evidence to back up his claims. NRDC and former Democratic Rep. Henry Waxman examined court rulings on the Clean Air Act during the George W. Bush and Obama administrations. Mostly, environmental groups sued to keep the Bush-era Environmental Protection Agency from relaxing regulations. Industry groups mostly sued the Obama EPA to stop or delay regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results were striking,” Walke says. “Most Clean Air Act lawsuits brought against the Bush administration were successful. Most lawsuits brought by industry against the Obama administration were unsuccessful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the NRDC’s count, environmental lawyers challenging the Bush EPA won 27 times and lost 11. Industry’s win-loss ratio against Obama’s EPA was 5 to 15. Walke says one reason is the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. That’s where almost all clean-air lawsuits are litigated. He says it’s a court that knows the Clean Air Act well and is committed to upholding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Trump could change or rescind a regulation, though, there’s a lot of red tape for a Trump EPA to get through. Says Walke: “They have to seek public comment, they have to make sure their actions are consistent with science and the law, founded upon studies that just cannot be made up by people who are climate deniers, for example.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So long-standing regulations are tough to overturn. But more recent ones may be vulnerable to congressional nullification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress can invoke something called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/part-I/chapter-8\">Congressional Review Act\u003c/a>. It gives Congress the power to rescind regulations within 60 working days of their enactment, if the president approves. So any regulation enacted 60 working days before Trump’s inauguration could be vulnerable to the new Republican-led Congress. Several new rules, such as limits on methane emissions from oil and gas operations, fall in that category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s other big target is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/22/475266801/earth-day-brings-celebrations-signing-of-historic-climate-pact\">climate deal agreed to in Paris last year\u003c/a>. Nearly 200 countries set goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Trump first said he wants to drop out. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503156456/trump-says-he-has-open-mind-on-climate-but-staff-pick-raises-questions\">Then he said he is “open” to it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not know what the Trump administration is going to do” on the Paris deal, says Andrew Light, who helped negotiate the Paris deal for the U.S. State Department and is now with the World Resources Institute and George Mason University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has several options that would effectively pull the U.S. out of the Paris accord. If he does, Light’s worried that the other big greenhouse gas emitter — China — could pull out, too. “If the United States is not on board and if China is not on board,” he says, “then we’re not actually going to achieve these goals” to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese diplomats have said their government would stick with the Paris deal even if the U.S. doesn’t. But even if China does, its government could decide to downsize its emissions targets. And others might follow. “I think we will see a lot of countries begin to have an internal domestic debate,” Light says, “about whether or not it still makes sense to hold onto and keep up the ambition they expressed at Paris in a world where potentially we could see the United States back down. And that’s what really concerns me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>India is one example. Light notes that while the government is officially dedicated to working to slow climate change, some 300 million Indians lack electricity. “You really are talking about intense pressure for not only more solar,” Light says, “but for a lot more coal, which will have a tremendous impact on the climate balance sheet for the entire planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, several countries, including China, are planning to invest billions of dollars financing and building new coal-fired power plants in the developing world. The Obama administration has been trying to persuade them not to, but Light says a U.S. withdrawal from Paris might well scotch that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing that made a global deal in Paris possible — making it voluntary — now gives Trump a fairly easy way out. There’s no penalty and no court for environmentalists to appeal to. But Light says there is a diplomatic strategy: Urge foreign governments to walk away from any deal with the U.S. — trade, security, whatever — unless climate action is on the table. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Environmentalists+Gird+For+Battle+With+A+Trump+Administration&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump says environmental regulations are stifling the U.S. economy. He has vowed to roll back some of those rules, and he’s also taken aim at the international climate agreement signed in Paris last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, environmentalists are getting ready to fight back. Some are soliciting donations by invoking an inevitable legal battle. And environmental attorneys are preparing their defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The thing that made a global deal in Paris possible — making it voluntary — now gives Trump a fairly easy way out.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Natural Resources Defense Council attorney \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/john-walke\">John Walke\u003c/a> says that if Trump tries to roll back environmental rules, the group’s strategy will be: Sue, baby, sue. “We and other citizens groups will go to court, and the courts will overturn those actions,” Walke promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers usually say they’re going to win, but Walke has some evidence to back up his claims. NRDC and former Democratic Rep. Henry Waxman examined court rulings on the Clean Air Act during the George W. Bush and Obama administrations. Mostly, environmental groups sued to keep the Bush-era Environmental Protection Agency from relaxing regulations. Industry groups mostly sued the Obama EPA to stop or delay regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results were striking,” Walke says. “Most Clean Air Act lawsuits brought against the Bush administration were successful. Most lawsuits brought by industry against the Obama administration were unsuccessful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the NRDC’s count, environmental lawyers challenging the Bush EPA won 27 times and lost 11. Industry’s win-loss ratio against Obama’s EPA was 5 to 15. Walke says one reason is the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. That’s where almost all clean-air lawsuits are litigated. He says it’s a court that knows the Clean Air Act well and is committed to upholding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Trump could change or rescind a regulation, though, there’s a lot of red tape for a Trump EPA to get through. Says Walke: “They have to seek public comment, they have to make sure their actions are consistent with science and the law, founded upon studies that just cannot be made up by people who are climate deniers, for example.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So long-standing regulations are tough to overturn. But more recent ones may be vulnerable to congressional nullification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress can invoke something called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/part-I/chapter-8\">Congressional Review Act\u003c/a>. It gives Congress the power to rescind regulations within 60 working days of their enactment, if the president approves. So any regulation enacted 60 working days before Trump’s inauguration could be vulnerable to the new Republican-led Congress. Several new rules, such as limits on methane emissions from oil and gas operations, fall in that category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s other big target is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/22/475266801/earth-day-brings-celebrations-signing-of-historic-climate-pact\">climate deal agreed to in Paris last year\u003c/a>. Nearly 200 countries set goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Trump first said he wants to drop out. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503156456/trump-says-he-has-open-mind-on-climate-but-staff-pick-raises-questions\">Then he said he is “open” to it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not know what the Trump administration is going to do” on the Paris deal, says Andrew Light, who helped negotiate the Paris deal for the U.S. State Department and is now with the World Resources Institute and George Mason University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has several options that would effectively pull the U.S. out of the Paris accord. If he does, Light’s worried that the other big greenhouse gas emitter — China — could pull out, too. “If the United States is not on board and if China is not on board,” he says, “then we’re not actually going to achieve these goals” to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese diplomats have said their government would stick with the Paris deal even if the U.S. doesn’t. But even if China does, its government could decide to downsize its emissions targets. And others might follow. “I think we will see a lot of countries begin to have an internal domestic debate,” Light says, “about whether or not it still makes sense to hold onto and keep up the ambition they expressed at Paris in a world where potentially we could see the United States back down. And that’s what really concerns me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>India is one example. Light notes that while the government is officially dedicated to working to slow climate change, some 300 million Indians lack electricity. “You really are talking about intense pressure for not only more solar,” Light says, “but for a lot more coal, which will have a tremendous impact on the climate balance sheet for the entire planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, several countries, including China, are planning to invest billions of dollars financing and building new coal-fired power plants in the developing world. The Obama administration has been trying to persuade them not to, but Light says a U.S. withdrawal from Paris might well scotch that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing that made a global deal in Paris possible — making it voluntary — now gives Trump a fairly easy way out. There’s no penalty and no court for environmentalists to appeal to. But Light says there is a diplomatic strategy: Urge foreign governments to walk away from any deal with the U.S. — trade, security, whatever — unless climate action is on the table. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Environmentalists+Gird+For+Battle+With+A+Trump+Administration&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "To Save S.F. Bay and Its Dying Delta, State Aims to Replumb California",
"title": "To Save S.F. Bay and Its Dying Delta, State Aims to Replumb California",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he report’s findings were unequivocal: Given the current pace of water diversions, the San Francisco Bay and the Delta network of rivers and marshes are ecological goners, with many of its native fish species now experiencing a “sixth extinction,” environmental science’s most-dire definition of ecosystem collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a vast, soaked marsh and channel fed by the gushing Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the Delta has diminished dramatically over the previous century as those rivers and their mountain tributaries have been diverted to irrigate Central Valley farms and Bay Area urbanity. With winnowing supplies of Chinook salmon available for food, Orcas off the coast are starving. So, too, are seals and fish-eating birds. And the Gulf of the Farallones, a national marine sanctuary, is suffering from a lack of freshwater fed by the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those \u003ca href=\"http://thebayinstitute.org/sf-bay-freshwater-starved-estuary\">grim conclusions\u003c/a> in this fall’s report by scientists at the Bay Institute, an environmental group focused on the bay’s ecosystem, would normally have set off alarm bells -- except that those warnings have been sounding for decades. That’s about as long as state agencies have been in the planning process to re-plumb the region that supplies close to half of California’s water and supports world-leading agricultural production, fisheries and tourism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s goal: recalibrate the water flows that have drained vital rivers down to as low as 10 percent of their natural levels -- just a fifth of the 60 percent flow scientists say is necessary to preserve the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">As is the way with California water policy, everyone’s share of water is going to be cut, so no one is happy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But the mechanism for change -- the state water board’s much-anticipated \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/bay_delta_plan/docs/091516_bay_delta_plan_update.pdf\">update to its Bay-Delta plan\u003c/a> -- is running “way, way behind,” according to board officials. The plan hasn’t had a significant update in more than two decades. And recent progress has been agonizingly slow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of the plan’s phases -- setting targets for turning the tap on and off on the vanishing San Joaquin river, and for reducing water salinity -- has been six years in the making and runs thousands of pages long. It isn’t expected to be finalized until next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After analyzing possible flow rates, the state board’s staff, in its draft, sets a target that would have to be met: an “adaptive range” of 30 to 50 percent of the average unimpeded water flow for the San Joaquin River and its key tributaries, the Merced, Stanislaus and Tuolumne rivers. Such a flow, averaging about 40 percent, will “provide reasonable protection of fish and wildlife while moderating impacts to water supply for drinking water and agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11196911\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-800x801.jpg\" alt=\"Fed by mountain tributaries, the San Joaquin River runs up the spine of California before flowing into Delta. \" width=\"800\" height=\"801\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11196911\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-800x801.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-960x962.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-240x240.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-375x376.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-520x521.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-150x150.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed.jpg 1092w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fed by mountain tributaries, the San Joaquin River runs up the spine of California before flowing into Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a later phase, at best a few years down the road, the state will play the role of Solomon, determining which competing parties get what amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is the way with California water policy, everyone’s share of water is going to be cut, so no one is happy. Farmers predict fallowing of crops, Bay Area officials say impeding development will drive up housing prices, rural counties say the policies are inhibiting growth, and environmental groups still insist that not enough water is being set aside to maintain the health of the complex water system and the fish and wildlife that depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, as the tedious, divisive planning process creeps along, the region’s economy is at a standstill. Farms and harbors are in disrepair, private sector investments have withered, and residents are waiting for a consistent policy from Sacramento. Further adding to the uncertainty is the incipient presidency of Donald Trump, who, while campaigning in Fresno in May, proclaimed that it was “insane” to “shove water out to the sea” on behalf of endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nobody knows quite what to expect from a Trump administration, but it could try to undermine the state effort by withholding federal funds for restoration of the San Joaquin River and by relaxing federal Endangered Species Act protections. A Republican-controlled Congress also could weigh in by passing federal laws governing how water is divvied up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/192854703\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all know that the Delta as it exists today is not sustainable,” said Michael George, who serves as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/delta_watermaster/\">Delta Watermaster\u003c/a> for the state Water Resources Control Board. “People have been waiting for a policy and no one is making any long term investments because the policy is so uncertain. There’s wariness. Nobody in the Delta wants Sacramento to do anything other than go away,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s not enough water to satisfy all takers and that is not likely to change. What will have to change is the way scarce water supplies are allocated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a game of musical chairs right now and we are missing about three chairs,” said Chris Scheuring, a water lawyer for the California Farm Bureau Federation, which is fighting to preserve water supplies on behalf of the state’s powerful agriculture industry. “It’s a zero-sum game and somebody has to lose. The drought has intensified. Climate change is on the horizon. We have a declining snow pack. This is putting us on the path of an epic train wreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"0GTRc1ycrHuw6wLMwHNzxaYw9ah96JKo\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation has come down to powerful forces wrestling over a few drops. At any given time more than 80 percent of the water that would naturally flow through the various rivers, tributaries and sloughs feeding the Delta and Bay is siphoned off for storage, agricultural or municipal use. What comes out the south end, or into the San Francisco Bay, is often less a flow than a trickle. The San Joaquin River, for example, at some points has become almost a dry bed, its key tributaries also tapped (the Tuolumne, for example, feeds the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir that supports San Francisco.) As a result, last year less than 10 percent of the San Joaquin River’s water was available to replenish the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic collapse of the estuary has driven the three-inch \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/species/delta_smelt.cfm\">Delta Smelt\u003c/a> to the brink of extinction and decimated the Sacramento Splittail, as well as two runs of chinook salmon, Central Valley steelhead, among others. The first phase of the state’s plan, by setting its 40 percent flow target, attempts to help fish populations recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11196917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The tiny, endangered Delta Smelt is vanishing -- a consequence of an over-tapped estuary.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11196917\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tiny, endangered Delta Smelt is vanishing -- a consequence of an over-tapped estuary.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although that flow would amount to a veritable flood in sections that are seeing less than 10 percent of natural levels, it would still be one-third below the board’s own \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/docs/final_rpt080310.pdf\">2010 analysis\u003c/a> that pegged 60 percent flow as best for fisheries recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the 40 standard does anything beneficial for the fish, it sends them to extinction less quickly,” said Jon Rosenfield, the lead scientist on the Bay Institute report. “Chinook salmon are the hardiest fish species we know of. They colonized every watershed from Monterey through Alaska to Japan. If Chinook salmon cannot live in your rivers, something is very, very wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water board chairwoman Felicia Marcus stressed that a 60 percent standard represents “what fish would have asked for if the fish could talk\" -- and that the final plan must balance the needs of all water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"zwUSnVdn9A9beMdKuq0HZiMu4qKojGZf\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was stunned to see that over half the time we are diverting 80 and as much as 90 percent of water out of these rivers. That’s gonna be tough on these fish,” she said. “At the same time, people have to realize you can’t put it all back. We’re coming to grips with where we’ve been and where we need to go. We need to figure out how to share the rivers and water more thoughtfully, between human use and nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s good for the fish is often in conflict with the reality of a region that has been markedly altered by human hands. Nineteenth-century federal policy that favored bending nature to boost commerce meant draining the Delta’s marshes and swamps to make way for farming islands and ever-growing settlement. Today an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/DeltaTransformed_SFEI_110414.pdf\">estimated 98 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/DeltaTransformed_SFEI_110414.pdf\">percent\u003c/a> of the Delta’s historic tidal wetlands have disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have enough water to serve all of the demands that we put on it,” George said. It’s not farms versus fish, not cities versus rural areas, not North verses South. It’s an all-of-the-above crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11196919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Wildlife on the Farallones -- a marine sanctuary outside San Francisco Bay -- are also suffering due to a lack of freshwater flowing from the Delta.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11196919\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife on the Farallones -- a marine sanctuary outside San Francisco Bay -- are also suffering due to a lack of freshwater flowing from the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the Delta’s farm-to-town economy is dormant, as investors have waited for consistent signals from Sacramento about the future of water policy. Farm machinery sits rusting and once-busy marinas and docks are choked with mats of invasive water hyacinth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The economy is stagnant, uncertainty about policy has been hanging there for a decade,” said Jeffrey Michael, director of the Center for Business and Policy Research at the University of the Pacific in Stockton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The farm bureau’s Scheuring said growers have adopted new water methods that have enabled them to produce twice the value of crops with the same amount of water as they required 30 years ago. Now, he says, farmers can’t give up any more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither can San Francisco, according to Charles Sheehan, spokesman for the city’s Public Utilities Commission. The region’s 2.6 million frugal customers are already consuming water at less than half the statewide average, he said. Less water has meant shorter showers, browner public parks and, officials say, restrictive economic development. More restrictions could restrict new development, further driving up home prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crisis also takes a toll on other industries. A federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/commercial/fus/fus15/documents/02_Commercial2015.pdf\">report\u003c/a> showed the value of California’s fishing harvest plummeted 53 percent last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, people are lining up to recount tales of water woes. Often at the top of their lungs. In recent months, Stanislaus County officials flatly accused state water officials of lying -- and the rhetoric at a Merced County Board of Supervisors meeting got so overheated that one citizen compared the impact of the Delta plan on farmers to the Holocaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not the most comfortable place to be, people are always mad at you,\" said Marcus, the state water board’s chair. \"But we are going to make these decisions. Either you help us make the decision or we are going to move.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters.org is a nonprofit news venture devoted to coverage of state policy and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With the current pace of water diversions, S.F. Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are ecological goners, a recent report says.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/about/staff/julie-cart/\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\">CALmatters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he report’s findings were unequivocal: Given the current pace of water diversions, the San Francisco Bay and the Delta network of rivers and marshes are ecological goners, with many of its native fish species now experiencing a “sixth extinction,” environmental science’s most-dire definition of ecosystem collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a vast, soaked marsh and channel fed by the gushing Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the Delta has diminished dramatically over the previous century as those rivers and their mountain tributaries have been diverted to irrigate Central Valley farms and Bay Area urbanity. With winnowing supplies of Chinook salmon available for food, Orcas off the coast are starving. So, too, are seals and fish-eating birds. And the Gulf of the Farallones, a national marine sanctuary, is suffering from a lack of freshwater fed by the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those \u003ca href=\"http://thebayinstitute.org/sf-bay-freshwater-starved-estuary\">grim conclusions\u003c/a> in this fall’s report by scientists at the Bay Institute, an environmental group focused on the bay’s ecosystem, would normally have set off alarm bells -- except that those warnings have been sounding for decades. That’s about as long as state agencies have been in the planning process to re-plumb the region that supplies close to half of California’s water and supports world-leading agricultural production, fisheries and tourism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s goal: recalibrate the water flows that have drained vital rivers down to as low as 10 percent of their natural levels -- just a fifth of the 60 percent flow scientists say is necessary to preserve the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">As is the way with California water policy, everyone’s share of water is going to be cut, so no one is happy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But the mechanism for change -- the state water board’s much-anticipated \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/bay_delta_plan/docs/091516_bay_delta_plan_update.pdf\">update to its Bay-Delta plan\u003c/a> -- is running “way, way behind,” according to board officials. The plan hasn’t had a significant update in more than two decades. And recent progress has been agonizingly slow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of the plan’s phases -- setting targets for turning the tap on and off on the vanishing San Joaquin river, and for reducing water salinity -- has been six years in the making and runs thousands of pages long. It isn’t expected to be finalized until next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After analyzing possible flow rates, the state board’s staff, in its draft, sets a target that would have to be met: an “adaptive range” of 30 to 50 percent of the average unimpeded water flow for the San Joaquin River and its key tributaries, the Merced, Stanislaus and Tuolumne rivers. Such a flow, averaging about 40 percent, will “provide reasonable protection of fish and wildlife while moderating impacts to water supply for drinking water and agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11196911\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-800x801.jpg\" alt=\"Fed by mountain tributaries, the San Joaquin River runs up the spine of California before flowing into Delta. \" width=\"800\" height=\"801\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11196911\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-800x801.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-960x962.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-240x240.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-375x376.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-520x521.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed-150x150.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Watershed.jpg 1092w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fed by mountain tributaries, the San Joaquin River runs up the spine of California before flowing into Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a later phase, at best a few years down the road, the state will play the role of Solomon, determining which competing parties get what amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is the way with California water policy, everyone’s share of water is going to be cut, so no one is happy. Farmers predict fallowing of crops, Bay Area officials say impeding development will drive up housing prices, rural counties say the policies are inhibiting growth, and environmental groups still insist that not enough water is being set aside to maintain the health of the complex water system and the fish and wildlife that depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, as the tedious, divisive planning process creeps along, the region’s economy is at a standstill. Farms and harbors are in disrepair, private sector investments have withered, and residents are waiting for a consistent policy from Sacramento. Further adding to the uncertainty is the incipient presidency of Donald Trump, who, while campaigning in Fresno in May, proclaimed that it was “insane” to “shove water out to the sea” on behalf of endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nobody knows quite what to expect from a Trump administration, but it could try to undermine the state effort by withholding federal funds for restoration of the San Joaquin River and by relaxing federal Endangered Species Act protections. A Republican-controlled Congress also could weigh in by passing federal laws governing how water is divvied up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/192854703\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all know that the Delta as it exists today is not sustainable,” said Michael George, who serves as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/delta_watermaster/\">Delta Watermaster\u003c/a> for the state Water Resources Control Board. “People have been waiting for a policy and no one is making any long term investments because the policy is so uncertain. There’s wariness. Nobody in the Delta wants Sacramento to do anything other than go away,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s not enough water to satisfy all takers and that is not likely to change. What will have to change is the way scarce water supplies are allocated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a game of musical chairs right now and we are missing about three chairs,” said Chris Scheuring, a water lawyer for the California Farm Bureau Federation, which is fighting to preserve water supplies on behalf of the state’s powerful agriculture industry. “It’s a zero-sum game and somebody has to lose. The drought has intensified. Climate change is on the horizon. We have a declining snow pack. This is putting us on the path of an epic train wreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation has come down to powerful forces wrestling over a few drops. At any given time more than 80 percent of the water that would naturally flow through the various rivers, tributaries and sloughs feeding the Delta and Bay is siphoned off for storage, agricultural or municipal use. What comes out the south end, or into the San Francisco Bay, is often less a flow than a trickle. The San Joaquin River, for example, at some points has become almost a dry bed, its key tributaries also tapped (the Tuolumne, for example, feeds the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir that supports San Francisco.) As a result, last year less than 10 percent of the San Joaquin River’s water was available to replenish the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic collapse of the estuary has driven the three-inch \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/species/delta_smelt.cfm\">Delta Smelt\u003c/a> to the brink of extinction and decimated the Sacramento Splittail, as well as two runs of chinook salmon, Central Valley steelhead, among others. The first phase of the state’s plan, by setting its 40 percent flow target, attempts to help fish populations recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11196917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The tiny, endangered Delta Smelt is vanishing -- a consequence of an over-tapped estuary.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11196917\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Delta-Smelt.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tiny, endangered Delta Smelt is vanishing -- a consequence of an over-tapped estuary.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although that flow would amount to a veritable flood in sections that are seeing less than 10 percent of natural levels, it would still be one-third below the board’s own \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/docs/final_rpt080310.pdf\">2010 analysis\u003c/a> that pegged 60 percent flow as best for fisheries recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the 40 standard does anything beneficial for the fish, it sends them to extinction less quickly,” said Jon Rosenfield, the lead scientist on the Bay Institute report. “Chinook salmon are the hardiest fish species we know of. They colonized every watershed from Monterey through Alaska to Japan. If Chinook salmon cannot live in your rivers, something is very, very wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water board chairwoman Felicia Marcus stressed that a 60 percent standard represents “what fish would have asked for if the fish could talk\" -- and that the final plan must balance the needs of all water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was stunned to see that over half the time we are diverting 80 and as much as 90 percent of water out of these rivers. That’s gonna be tough on these fish,” she said. “At the same time, people have to realize you can’t put it all back. We’re coming to grips with where we’ve been and where we need to go. We need to figure out how to share the rivers and water more thoughtfully, between human use and nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s good for the fish is often in conflict with the reality of a region that has been markedly altered by human hands. Nineteenth-century federal policy that favored bending nature to boost commerce meant draining the Delta’s marshes and swamps to make way for farming islands and ever-growing settlement. Today an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/DeltaTransformed_SFEI_110414.pdf\">estimated 98 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/DeltaTransformed_SFEI_110414.pdf\">percent\u003c/a> of the Delta’s historic tidal wetlands have disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have enough water to serve all of the demands that we put on it,” George said. It’s not farms versus fish, not cities versus rural areas, not North verses South. It’s an all-of-the-above crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11196919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Wildlife on the Farallones -- a marine sanctuary outside San Francisco Bay -- are also suffering due to a lack of freshwater flowing from the Delta.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11196919\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SeaLions.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife on the Farallones -- a marine sanctuary outside San Francisco Bay -- are also suffering due to a lack of freshwater flowing from the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the Delta’s farm-to-town economy is dormant, as investors have waited for consistent signals from Sacramento about the future of water policy. Farm machinery sits rusting and once-busy marinas and docks are choked with mats of invasive water hyacinth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The economy is stagnant, uncertainty about policy has been hanging there for a decade,” said Jeffrey Michael, director of the Center for Business and Policy Research at the University of the Pacific in Stockton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The farm bureau’s Scheuring said growers have adopted new water methods that have enabled them to produce twice the value of crops with the same amount of water as they required 30 years ago. Now, he says, farmers can’t give up any more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither can San Francisco, according to Charles Sheehan, spokesman for the city’s Public Utilities Commission. The region’s 2.6 million frugal customers are already consuming water at less than half the statewide average, he said. Less water has meant shorter showers, browner public parks and, officials say, restrictive economic development. More restrictions could restrict new development, further driving up home prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crisis also takes a toll on other industries. A federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/commercial/fus/fus15/documents/02_Commercial2015.pdf\">report\u003c/a> showed the value of California’s fishing harvest plummeted 53 percent last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, people are lining up to recount tales of water woes. Often at the top of their lungs. In recent months, Stanislaus County officials flatly accused state water officials of lying -- and the rhetoric at a Merced County Board of Supervisors meeting got so overheated that one citizen compared the impact of the Delta plan on farmers to the Holocaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not the most comfortable place to be, people are always mad at you,\" said Marcus, the state water board’s chair. \"But we are going to make these decisions. Either you help us make the decision or we are going to move.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Satellite Study Documents Sinking of S.F. Apartment Tower",
"title": "Satellite Study Documents Sinking of S.F. Apartment Tower",
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"content": "\u003cp>Engineers in San Francisco have tunneled underground to try and understand the sinking of the 58-story \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/09/14/san-francisco-officials-search-for-answers-as-millennium-tower-sinks/\" target=\"_blank\">Millennium Tower\u003c/a>. Now comes an analysis from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Satellites_confirm_sinking_of_San_Francisco_tower\" target=\"_blank\">has released detailed data\u003c/a> from satellite imagery that show the skyscraper at Mission and Fremont streets is continuing to sink at a steady rate — and perhaps faster than previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The luxury high-rise that opened its doors in 2009 has been dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/14/us/california-today-sinking-millennium-tower.html\" target=\"_blank\">Leaning Tower of San Francisco\u003c/a>. It has sunk about 16 inches into landfill and is tilting several inches to the northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dispute over the building's construction in the seismically active city has spurred numerous lawsuits involving the developer, the city and owners of its multimillion-dollar apartments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers have estimated the building is sinking at a rate of about 1-inch per year. The Sentinel-1 twin satellites show almost double that rate, based on data collected from April 2015 to September 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The satellite data show the Millennium Tower sank 1.6 to 1.8 inches over a recent one-year period and almost double that amount — 2.6 to 2.9 inches — over its 17-month observation period, said Petar Marinkovic, founder and chief scientist of PPO Labs, which analyzed the satellite's radar imagery for the ESA along with Norway-based research institute Norut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What can be concluded from our data, is that the Millennium Tower is sinking at a steady rate,\" Marinkovic said in a telephone interview Monday from The Hague, Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11198114\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-800x471.jpg\" alt=\"Radar data show movement in San Francisco. Green indicates no detected movement. Yellow, orange and red indicate where structures are sinking.\" width=\"800\" height=\"471\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11198114\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-800x471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-160x94.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-1020x601.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-1180x695.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-960x566.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-240x141.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-375x221.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar data show movement in San Francisco. Green indicates no detected movement. Yellow, orange and red indicate where structures are sinking. \u003ccite>(European Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data detected a small slowdown this summer but one that needs further analysis, he said, and does not change the overall data. \"There is quite a steady subsidence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sentinel-1 study is not focused on the Millennium Tower but is part of a larger mission by the European Space Agency tracking urban ground movement around the world, and particularly subsidence \"hotspots\" in Europe, said Pierre Potin, Sentinel-1 mission manager for the ESA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ESA decided to conduct regular observations of the San Francisco Bay Area, including the Hayward Fault, since it is prone to tectonic movement and earthquakes, said Potin, who is based in Italy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from the satellite, which is orbiting about 400 miles from the Earth's surface, was recorded every 24 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The building's developer, Millennium Partners, insists the building is safe for occupancy and could withstand an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developer spokesman P.J. Johnston said he had no direct comment on the satellite data but issued a statement saying that the Millennium Tower is a state-of-the-art building that was \"designed and constructed to the extraordinarily high standards\" mandated by San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He reiterated the developers' belief that construction of the adjacent Transbay Terminal complex, which has involved extensive excavation deep underground, is responsible for the tower's problems. The Millennium developers have said the removal of groundwater from beneath the Millennium Tower has caused it to sink and tilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A city agency, the Transbay Joint Powers Authority, has said the Millennium Tower's \"inadequate foundation\" is responsible for the sinking and tilting. The tower is supported by piles driven 60 to 90 feet into landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers hired by the building and its developers have drilled deep holes around the building to test soil samples to determine if the building has stopped sinking, and if there's a way to fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the building's tenants, Jerry Dodson, says that developers have given tenants the impression that the sinking was slowing and stopping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To have the space agency looking at it debunks what (developers) have put out there. Now we know it's continuing to sink at an accelerated rate,\" said Dodson, an attorney who has helped organize homeowners' lawsuits. \"I can tell you that satellite data is way more accurate that digging in the dirt.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Jocelyn Gecker\u003cbr />Associated Press\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Engineers in San Francisco have tunneled underground to try and understand the sinking of the 58-story \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/09/14/san-francisco-officials-search-for-answers-as-millennium-tower-sinks/\" target=\"_blank\">Millennium Tower\u003c/a>. Now comes an analysis from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Satellites_confirm_sinking_of_San_Francisco_tower\" target=\"_blank\">has released detailed data\u003c/a> from satellite imagery that show the skyscraper at Mission and Fremont streets is continuing to sink at a steady rate — and perhaps faster than previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The luxury high-rise that opened its doors in 2009 has been dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/14/us/california-today-sinking-millennium-tower.html\" target=\"_blank\">Leaning Tower of San Francisco\u003c/a>. It has sunk about 16 inches into landfill and is tilting several inches to the northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dispute over the building's construction in the seismically active city has spurred numerous lawsuits involving the developer, the city and owners of its multimillion-dollar apartments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers have estimated the building is sinking at a rate of about 1-inch per year. The Sentinel-1 twin satellites show almost double that rate, based on data collected from April 2015 to September 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The satellite data show the Millennium Tower sank 1.6 to 1.8 inches over a recent one-year period and almost double that amount — 2.6 to 2.9 inches — over its 17-month observation period, said Petar Marinkovic, founder and chief scientist of PPO Labs, which analyzed the satellite's radar imagery for the ESA along with Norway-based research institute Norut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What can be concluded from our data, is that the Millennium Tower is sinking at a steady rate,\" Marinkovic said in a telephone interview Monday from The Hague, Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11198114\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-800x471.jpg\" alt=\"Radar data show movement in San Francisco. Green indicates no detected movement. Yellow, orange and red indicate where structures are sinking.\" width=\"800\" height=\"471\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11198114\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-800x471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-160x94.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-1020x601.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-1180x695.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-960x566.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-240x141.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-375x221.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/SinkingBldgs-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar data show movement in San Francisco. Green indicates no detected movement. Yellow, orange and red indicate where structures are sinking. \u003ccite>(European Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data detected a small slowdown this summer but one that needs further analysis, he said, and does not change the overall data. \"There is quite a steady subsidence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sentinel-1 study is not focused on the Millennium Tower but is part of a larger mission by the European Space Agency tracking urban ground movement around the world, and particularly subsidence \"hotspots\" in Europe, said Pierre Potin, Sentinel-1 mission manager for the ESA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ESA decided to conduct regular observations of the San Francisco Bay Area, including the Hayward Fault, since it is prone to tectonic movement and earthquakes, said Potin, who is based in Italy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from the satellite, which is orbiting about 400 miles from the Earth's surface, was recorded every 24 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The building's developer, Millennium Partners, insists the building is safe for occupancy and could withstand an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developer spokesman P.J. Johnston said he had no direct comment on the satellite data but issued a statement saying that the Millennium Tower is a state-of-the-art building that was \"designed and constructed to the extraordinarily high standards\" mandated by San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He reiterated the developers' belief that construction of the adjacent Transbay Terminal complex, which has involved extensive excavation deep underground, is responsible for the tower's problems. The Millennium developers have said the removal of groundwater from beneath the Millennium Tower has caused it to sink and tilt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A city agency, the Transbay Joint Powers Authority, has said the Millennium Tower's \"inadequate foundation\" is responsible for the sinking and tilting. The tower is supported by piles driven 60 to 90 feet into landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers hired by the building and its developers have drilled deep holes around the building to test soil samples to determine if the building has stopped sinking, and if there's a way to fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the building's tenants, Jerry Dodson, says that developers have given tenants the impression that the sinking was slowing and stopping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To have the space agency looking at it debunks what (developers) have put out there. Now we know it's continuing to sink at an accelerated rate,\" said Dodson, an attorney who has helped organize homeowners' lawsuits. \"I can tell you that satellite data is way more accurate that digging in the dirt.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. Public Lands Open for Oil Development?",
"headTitle": "U.S. Public Lands Open for Oil Development? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Donald Trump’s election portends a major shift in how one of America’s greatest bulwarks against the impacts of climate change will be protected and used for fossil fuel development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and conservationists are just beginning to grasp what may lay ahead for more than 600 million acres of national forests, monuments, parks, conservation areas and other federal public lands. But, they say Trump’s statements promoting fossil fuels development on public lands make it clear that the days of managing these lands with renewable energy, conservation and climate change in mind may soon be over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal lands make up roughly \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf\">27 percent\u003c/a> of the land area of the U.S. — equivalent to the landmass of California, Texas and Alaska combined. The forests they preserve store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and federal lands act as a living laboratory for scientists to study the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. Public lands protect biological diversity and vast ecosystems that act as a major defense against the effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public lands also account for about 24 percent of all fossil fuels produced in the U.S. They’re the source of 21 percent of the oil, 14 percent of the natural gas and 40 percent of the coal produced in the country, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/federallands/pdf/eia-federallandsales.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Trump has detailed few specifics about how he’d like to see public lands management change in the coming years, two policy proposals provide clues:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, his energy plan calls for vigorously promoting fossil fuels development. Canceling restrictions on energy production — including oil, natural gas and coal on federal land — is among the first directives Trump says he will make in his initial days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the GOP in its \u003ca href=\"//localhost/about/blank\">2016 platform\u003c/a> called on Congress to reduce the amount of land the federal government manages by creating a way to transfer land to individual states. The party believes states know how to manage land within their borders better than the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enacting those changes won’t be easy because they’ll face both the headwinds of the energy market, which has favored natural gas production over coal in recent years, and the federal government’s bureaucracy, which can easily bog down sweeping policy shifts in red tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once Trump is inaugurated, the GOP will control both Congress and the White House for the first time since the Republican Party announced support for the government to shrink its land holdings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal role in managing public land was front-and-center earlier this year during the armed takeover of an Oregon national wildlife refuge by a group calling for states to take control of federal land. The land transfer movement is led by local government officials across the West who are sympathetic to anti-government groups’ demands for public lands to be given to the states. \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcn.org/articles/trump-met-with-a-leader-of-the-land-transfer-movement\">Trump met with\u003c/a> one of the movement’s leaders in October, suggesting that federal ownership of public land is inefficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past eight years, the Obama administration has done little to slow oil and gas development on public lands. As part of its climate strategy, however, the administration has created renewable energy development zones in Southwestern states and placed a moratorium on future coal leasing while it assesses the impact federal coal development has on climate change. Just this week, it announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-announces-offshore-oil-and-gas-leasing-plan-2017-2022\">plan to halt\u003c/a> oil and gas leasing in waters off the coast of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch.jpg\" alt=\"Mayflower Gulch is a popular hiking and cross-country skiing area within Arapaho National Forest in Colorado.\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayflower Gulch is a popular hiking and cross-country skiing area within Arapaho National Forest in Colorado. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land use plans adopted by local districts of federal agencies have also restricted some fossil fuels leasing and development in some areas, including around national parks in eastern Utah and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://headwaterseconomics.org/staff/ray-rasker/\">Ray Rasker\u003c/a>, executive director of Headwaters Economics, an independent research group focusing on the economic implications of land management decisions in the West, said Trump’s vision for unfettered fossil fuels development on public lands will run up against market forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a myth fossil fuel development is subject to roadblocks,” Rasker said. “Energy development is driven by price, technology (e.g. fracking) and geology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump could lift Obama’s moratorium on future coal leasing, but that won’t bring the coal industry back from its decades-long decline or herald the opening of new coal mines across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason coal prices have dropped is due to reduced international demand and the rise of cheaper natural gas in the production of electricity,” Rasker said. “It has nothing to do with regulatory restrictions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolling back any land use plans that restrict fossil fuels development would take a long time as Trump administration proposals work through the bureaucratic process, said \u003ca href=\"http://lawweb.colorado.edu/profiles/profile.jsp?id=189\">Mark Squillace\u003c/a>, a natural resources law professor at the University of Colorado-Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Trump wants to develop some of the lands where leasing has been disallowed, he will first need to amend the plans,” Squillace said. “That’s a public process that takes time. The next step is leasing. This, too, is a public process that will eat up a fair amount of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest.jpg\" alt=\"Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona has been expanded in recent years, and is one of the few national parks in the West surrounded mostly by private, state and tribal lands.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona has been expanded in recent years, and is one of the few national parks in the West surrounded mostly by private, state and tribal lands. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trump’s desire to expedite oil, gas and coal development on federal lands conflicts with the GOP’s goal to get the federal government out of the land management business, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a time when Trump has talked about increasing public lands energy development, in part, at least to increase federal revenues, transferring the lands and minerals would mean that he would have to forego those revenues at least down the road,” Squillace said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://faculty.publicpolicy.umd.edu/nelson/home\">Robert H. Nelson\u003c/a>, a professor of public policy at the University of Maryland specializing in public lands management, who supports the transfer of federal public lands to the states, said state control of land currently owned by the federal government would promote more innovative land management practices. That would be especially true in drought-stricken areas of California and other parts of the West, where forest management has increased the risk of catastrophic wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it would do is open things up for a tremendous amount of change and experimentation,” Nelson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research shows that such a patchwork of land management strategies across states can serve to undermine the intact ecosystems necessary to withstand climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need large connected wild landscapes to protect the air, water, and wildlife that is affected by climate change,” said \u003ca href=\"http://wilderness.org/bios/staff/alan-rowsome\">Alan Rowsome\u003c/a>, government relations director at the Wilderness Society. “If you don’t have those large protected landscapes, you’re going to start to see species and ecosystems that aren’t able to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Managing public lands so they encompass broad landscapes is a philosophy several federal agencies underscored when they signed a \u003ca href=\"http://nawpanet.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/6-MOU-Wilderness-WILD9-eng.pdf\">memorandum of understanding\u003c/a> with Canada in 2009. The memo says that vast swathes of public wild lands across political boundaries \u003ca href=\"http://nawpanet.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NAWPA-CCWG-Brochure.pdf\">are critical\u003c/a> to human and wildlife adaptation to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah.jpg\" alt=\"The federal Wilderness Act was passed in 1964 and today protects more than 109 million acres of federal public land nationwide. The Rawah Wilderness in northern Colorado was one of America's very first wilderness areas.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal Wilderness Act was passed in 1964 and today protects more than 109 million acres of federal public land nationwide. The Rawah Wilderness in northern Colorado was one of America’s very first wilderness areas. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service and other agencies echoed that view in \u003ca href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/9/774.abstract\">a study\u003c/a> they published in September in the journal BioScience. The study shows that America’s patchwork of public lands needs to be more cohesive and broad to allow ecosystems to withstand the ravages of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are calling for a national habitat conservation system that would use a broad strategy across vast regions of public and private lands to help America’s wildlife survive climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transferring lands to states would make such a strategy more difficult, and environmental groups are gearing up to fight any changes to public lands policy that would that would allow them to be privatized or drop protections for the ecosystems they protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The platform of the GOP is for the first time aligned with efforts to seize public lands that have been led by industry front groups and fringe militia groups, said Mark Allison, executive director of the New Mexico Wilderness Alliance, an Albuquerque-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmwild.org/\">conservation group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are absolutely preparing for the worst and fully expect efforts to fundamentally dismantle the last 100 years of commitment to our nation’s public lands,” Allison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.geosinstitute.org/contact/2-dominick-dellasala\">Dominick DellaSala\u003c/a>, chief scientist at the Oregon-based climate change think tank Geos Institute, said opposition to the deregulation or disposal of public lands will be fierce from both environmental groups and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of Americans love their public lands and will not stand for giving them to the states or private sector as that would be catastrophic ecologically and economically,” DellaSala said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Donald Trump’s election portends a major shift in how one of America’s greatest bulwarks against the impacts of climate change will be protected and used for fossil fuel development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and conservationists are just beginning to grasp what may lay ahead for more than 600 million acres of national forests, monuments, parks, conservation areas and other federal public lands. But, they say Trump’s statements promoting fossil fuels development on public lands make it clear that the days of managing these lands with renewable energy, conservation and climate change in mind may soon be over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal lands make up roughly \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf\">27 percent\u003c/a> of the land area of the U.S. — equivalent to the landmass of California, Texas and Alaska combined. The forests they preserve store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and federal lands act as a living laboratory for scientists to study the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. Public lands protect biological diversity and vast ecosystems that act as a major defense against the effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public lands also account for about 24 percent of all fossil fuels produced in the U.S. They’re the source of 21 percent of the oil, 14 percent of the natural gas and 40 percent of the coal produced in the country, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/federallands/pdf/eia-federallandsales.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Trump has detailed few specifics about how he’d like to see public lands management change in the coming years, two policy proposals provide clues:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, his energy plan calls for vigorously promoting fossil fuels development. Canceling restrictions on energy production — including oil, natural gas and coal on federal land — is among the first directives Trump says he will make in his initial days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the GOP in its \u003ca href=\"//localhost/about/blank\">2016 platform\u003c/a> called on Congress to reduce the amount of land the federal government manages by creating a way to transfer land to individual states. The party believes states know how to manage land within their borders better than the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enacting those changes won’t be easy because they’ll face both the headwinds of the energy market, which has favored natural gas production over coal in recent years, and the federal government’s bureaucracy, which can easily bog down sweeping policy shifts in red tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once Trump is inaugurated, the GOP will control both Congress and the White House for the first time since the Republican Party announced support for the government to shrink its land holdings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal role in managing public land was front-and-center earlier this year during the armed takeover of an Oregon national wildlife refuge by a group calling for states to take control of federal land. The land transfer movement is led by local government officials across the West who are sympathetic to anti-government groups’ demands for public lands to be given to the states. \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcn.org/articles/trump-met-with-a-leader-of-the-land-transfer-movement\">Trump met with\u003c/a> one of the movement’s leaders in October, suggesting that federal ownership of public land is inefficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past eight years, the Obama administration has done little to slow oil and gas development on public lands. As part of its climate strategy, however, the administration has created renewable energy development zones in Southwestern states and placed a moratorium on future coal leasing while it assesses the impact federal coal development has on climate change. Just this week, it announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-announces-offshore-oil-and-gas-leasing-plan-2017-2022\">plan to halt\u003c/a> oil and gas leasing in waters off the coast of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch.jpg\" alt=\"Mayflower Gulch is a popular hiking and cross-country skiing area within Arapaho National Forest in Colorado.\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Mayflower_Gulch-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayflower Gulch is a popular hiking and cross-country skiing area within Arapaho National Forest in Colorado. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land use plans adopted by local districts of federal agencies have also restricted some fossil fuels leasing and development in some areas, including around national parks in eastern Utah and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://headwaterseconomics.org/staff/ray-rasker/\">Ray Rasker\u003c/a>, executive director of Headwaters Economics, an independent research group focusing on the economic implications of land management decisions in the West, said Trump’s vision for unfettered fossil fuels development on public lands will run up against market forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a myth fossil fuel development is subject to roadblocks,” Rasker said. “Energy development is driven by price, technology (e.g. fracking) and geology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump could lift Obama’s moratorium on future coal leasing, but that won’t bring the coal industry back from its decades-long decline or herald the opening of new coal mines across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason coal prices have dropped is due to reduced international demand and the rise of cheaper natural gas in the production of electricity,” Rasker said. “It has nothing to do with regulatory restrictions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolling back any land use plans that restrict fossil fuels development would take a long time as Trump administration proposals work through the bureaucratic process, said \u003ca href=\"http://lawweb.colorado.edu/profiles/profile.jsp?id=189\">Mark Squillace\u003c/a>, a natural resources law professor at the University of Colorado-Boulder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Trump wants to develop some of the lands where leasing has been disallowed, he will first need to amend the plans,” Squillace said. “That’s a public process that takes time. The next step is leasing. This, too, is a public process that will eat up a fair amount of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest.jpg\" alt=\"Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona has been expanded in recent years, and is one of the few national parks in the West surrounded mostly by private, state and tribal lands.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Petrified_Forest-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona has been expanded in recent years, and is one of the few national parks in the West surrounded mostly by private, state and tribal lands. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trump’s desire to expedite oil, gas and coal development on federal lands conflicts with the GOP’s goal to get the federal government out of the land management business, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a time when Trump has talked about increasing public lands energy development, in part, at least to increase federal revenues, transferring the lands and minerals would mean that he would have to forego those revenues at least down the road,” Squillace said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://faculty.publicpolicy.umd.edu/nelson/home\">Robert H. Nelson\u003c/a>, a professor of public policy at the University of Maryland specializing in public lands management, who supports the transfer of federal public lands to the states, said state control of land currently owned by the federal government would promote more innovative land management practices. That would be especially true in drought-stricken areas of California and other parts of the West, where forest management has increased the risk of catastrophic wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it would do is open things up for a tremendous amount of change and experimentation,” Nelson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research shows that such a patchwork of land management strategies across states can serve to undermine the intact ecosystems necessary to withstand climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need large connected wild landscapes to protect the air, water, and wildlife that is affected by climate change,” said \u003ca href=\"http://wilderness.org/bios/staff/alan-rowsome\">Alan Rowsome\u003c/a>, government relations director at the Wilderness Society. “If you don’t have those large protected landscapes, you’re going to start to see species and ecosystems that aren’t able to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Managing public lands so they encompass broad landscapes is a philosophy several federal agencies underscored when they signed a \u003ca href=\"http://nawpanet.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/6-MOU-Wilderness-WILD9-eng.pdf\">memorandum of understanding\u003c/a> with Canada in 2009. The memo says that vast swathes of public wild lands across political boundaries \u003ca href=\"http://nawpanet.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NAWPA-CCWG-Brochure.pdf\">are critical\u003c/a> to human and wildlife adaptation to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah.jpg\" alt=\"The federal Wilderness Act was passed in 1964 and today protects more than 109 million acres of federal public land nationwide. The Rawah Wilderness in northern Colorado was one of America's very first wilderness areas.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Bobby_Magill_CC_Rawah-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal Wilderness Act was passed in 1964 and today protects more than 109 million acres of federal public land nationwide. The Rawah Wilderness in northern Colorado was one of America’s very first wilderness areas. \u003ccite>(Bobby Magill/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service and other agencies echoed that view in \u003ca href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/9/774.abstract\">a study\u003c/a> they published in September in the journal BioScience. The study shows that America’s patchwork of public lands needs to be more cohesive and broad to allow ecosystems to withstand the ravages of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are calling for a national habitat conservation system that would use a broad strategy across vast regions of public and private lands to help America’s wildlife survive climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transferring lands to states would make such a strategy more difficult, and environmental groups are gearing up to fight any changes to public lands policy that would that would allow them to be privatized or drop protections for the ecosystems they protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The platform of the GOP is for the first time aligned with efforts to seize public lands that have been led by industry front groups and fringe militia groups, said Mark Allison, executive director of the New Mexico Wilderness Alliance, an Albuquerque-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmwild.org/\">conservation group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are absolutely preparing for the worst and fully expect efforts to fundamentally dismantle the last 100 years of commitment to our nation’s public lands,” Allison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.geosinstitute.org/contact/2-dominick-dellasala\">Dominick DellaSala\u003c/a>, chief scientist at the Oregon-based climate change think tank Geos Institute, said opposition to the deregulation or disposal of public lands will be fierce from both environmental groups and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of Americans love their public lands and will not stand for giving them to the states or private sector as that would be catastrophic ecologically and economically,” DellaSala said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study Finds Surprising Culprit Drives Forest Fire Behavior",
"headTitle": "Study Finds Surprising Culprit Drives Forest Fire Behavior | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Temperatures are rising \u003c/span>and forest fires, already larger and more frequent than the historical norm, are projected to increase dramatically with anthropogenic warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s the general consensus among scientists studying the relationship between fire activity and climate change in the Sierra Nevada. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/08/1609775113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released last week found an influence on past fire activity even greater than climate: human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1600, the way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change, said Valerie Trouet, associate professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona and lead coauthor of the study, published November 14 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conclusion has profound implications for the future, when higher temperatures are predicted to intensify fire activity in California. Average annual temperatures in the western United States have already risen by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.1C\u003c/span>) since 1970. With every increase of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1C\u003c/span>), the area burned annually in the Sierra Nevada is projected to increase by as much as 300 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.WDNGj9UrLcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> by the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study about humans and fire, coauthored by Alan H. Taylor of Penn State, suggests that land managers and owners can affect fire behavior through activities that make forests more resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By changing land use, we can at least buffer some of the effects of climate change,” Trouet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most useful tool to do that is fire itself, said Craig Thomas, conservation director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Forest Legacy\u003c/a>, a coalition focused on Sierra Nevada national forest issues. Using controlled fires to burn ground litter and small trees breaks the fuel continuity from the surface to the crowns of trees, where fire is more difficult to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the advice of this paper, we are going to build a real fire program with crews dedicated to lighting managed fires across many different land ownerships,” said Thomas, cochair of a statewide multiparty \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Community/PrescribedFire/FireMOUSigned.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> dedicated to increasing the use of fire to benefit natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of human-fire interactions in the Sierra surprised Trouet, Taylor and their coauthors: Carl N. Skinner of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service in Redding and Scott L. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley. They set out to determine which climatic cycles – the El Niño/La Niña cycle or the longer Pacific Decadal Oscillation – have governed the fire regime in California’s Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the fire history recorded in tree rings from 29 sites in the Sierra Nevada. They combined these with 20th-century records of annual areas burned, resulting in a fire index that spans from 1600 to last year. The scientists plotted this 415-year history against past environmental records of temperature and moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected the fire index to roughly follow the pattern of summer temperatures: a gradual rise with a sharp increase starting around 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found four periods, each around 55 years long, when the frequency and extent of forest fires clearly differed from the time interlude before or after. That led them to take a closer look at human activity over the entire era since 1600, focusing on whether human land use affected the amount of fuel available for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest period in their study was a time when Native Americans used sophisticated burning techniques to improve hunting and prepare ground for agriculture. The result was a patchy network of burned areas that reduced the ground fuels, hindering the spread of fire, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire index nearly doubled with the transition to the Spanish-Mexican period (1769–1847). Once Spanish missionaries arrived, Native American populations declined precipitously. Half the native population in California estimated in 1769 had disappeared by 1845, the study states. Disease and death brought an end to the mosaic of burned and unburned areas Native Americans had created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission era fuels built up, exacerbated by the Spanish government’s ban on the use of fire. Fires grew larger and more frequent. This is the period where the study finds the closest correlation between fire activity and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Gold Rush introduced another dramatic change in Sierra Nevada fires. It wasn’t the miners themselves but the enormous influx of people, beginning in 1848, that reduced fire activity. The new settlers brought sheep and cattle, which grazed on the grasses and other plants that would normally have been fuel for forest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in human land use triggered a shift to lower fire activity that continued to 1904, when the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> government established a fire suppression policy on federal lands. Under the regime of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokey Bear\u003c/a>,” fire activity dropped to its lowest level since 1600. Aided by sparse fuels and, after World War \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression techniques, fire activity remained well below what the study’s scientists predicted into the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to change in 1980. As the climate continued to warm, fire frequency increased once again. A century of accumulated forest fuels contributed to fire seasons that are now 78 days longer than in the 1970s, and an acreage of burned area that is expected to double by 2050. This trend is not expected to abate, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the climate is changing. It already has a strong influence on fire activity and will continue to,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires of the future will not necessarily be like the fires of the past, said Taylor, the co-lead author of the study, which has the unwieldy title “Socioecological Transitions Trigger Fire Regime Shifts and Modulate Fire-Climate Interactions in the Sierra Nevada, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">USA\u003c/span>, 1600–2015 \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CE.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires of the past were mostly surface fires. “Today we see more canopy-killing fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the near-certain future of rising temperatures and increased fire activity, the study’s strong evidence of humans’ effects on fire behavior offers opportunities to change the type and intensity of future burns, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg\" alt=\"A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \u003ccite>(C.N. Skinner/USFS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burning is one way to do that and needs to be emphasized, she said, adding, “Now we know that burning not only helps with fuel loads; it also helps to reduce the effects of climate on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers are increasing their use of prescribed burns as agency officials and the general public understand their importance. But 150 years of low activity and suppression have left an enormous fire deficit, said Thomas. To maintain healthy forests, where flames char trees without widespread destruction, Sierra Nevada land managers need to burn 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) every year, he said. Current managed ignitions total less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) through California, Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We desperately need to burn tens of thousands of acres on every forest in the Sierra Nevada – every year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are already “locked in,” said Trouet, and there is not much we can do about that for a number of decades. But by deepening our understanding of how humans affect fire regimes we can reach beyond suppression toward a sustainable system of fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“That is the foundation for the development of effective strategies to address the amplified fire effects expected with a warming climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/28/new-study-finds-surprising-culprit-drives-forest-fire-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A newly published study examined more than 400 years’ worth of information on wildfire behavior in the Sierra Nevada and compared it with temperature and moisture data. But it turned out that climate was not the biggest influencer of fire behavior.",
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"description": "A newly published study examined more than 400 years’ worth of information on wildfire behavior in the Sierra Nevada and compared it with temperature and moisture data. But it turned out that climate was not the biggest influencer of fire behavior.",
"title": "Study Finds Surprising Culprit Drives Forest Fire Behavior | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Temperatures are rising \u003c/span>and forest fires, already larger and more frequent than the historical norm, are projected to increase dramatically with anthropogenic warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s the general consensus among scientists studying the relationship between fire activity and climate change in the Sierra Nevada. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/08/1609775113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released last week found an influence on past fire activity even greater than climate: human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1600, the way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change, said Valerie Trouet, associate professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona and lead coauthor of the study, published November 14 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conclusion has profound implications for the future, when higher temperatures are predicted to intensify fire activity in California. Average annual temperatures in the western United States have already risen by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.1C\u003c/span>) since 1970. With every increase of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1C\u003c/span>), the area burned annually in the Sierra Nevada is projected to increase by as much as 300 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.WDNGj9UrLcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> by the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study about humans and fire, coauthored by Alan H. Taylor of Penn State, suggests that land managers and owners can affect fire behavior through activities that make forests more resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By changing land use, we can at least buffer some of the effects of climate change,” Trouet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most useful tool to do that is fire itself, said Craig Thomas, conservation director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Forest Legacy\u003c/a>, a coalition focused on Sierra Nevada national forest issues. Using controlled fires to burn ground litter and small trees breaks the fuel continuity from the surface to the crowns of trees, where fire is more difficult to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the advice of this paper, we are going to build a real fire program with crews dedicated to lighting managed fires across many different land ownerships,” said Thomas, cochair of a statewide multiparty \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Community/PrescribedFire/FireMOUSigned.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> dedicated to increasing the use of fire to benefit natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of human-fire interactions in the Sierra surprised Trouet, Taylor and their coauthors: Carl N. Skinner of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service in Redding and Scott L. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley. They set out to determine which climatic cycles – the El Niño/La Niña cycle or the longer Pacific Decadal Oscillation – have governed the fire regime in California’s Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the fire history recorded in tree rings from 29 sites in the Sierra Nevada. They combined these with 20th-century records of annual areas burned, resulting in a fire index that spans from 1600 to last year. The scientists plotted this 415-year history against past environmental records of temperature and moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected the fire index to roughly follow the pattern of summer temperatures: a gradual rise with a sharp increase starting around 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found four periods, each around 55 years long, when the frequency and extent of forest fires clearly differed from the time interlude before or after. That led them to take a closer look at human activity over the entire era since 1600, focusing on whether human land use affected the amount of fuel available for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest period in their study was a time when Native Americans used sophisticated burning techniques to improve hunting and prepare ground for agriculture. The result was a patchy network of burned areas that reduced the ground fuels, hindering the spread of fire, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire index nearly doubled with the transition to the Spanish-Mexican period (1769–1847). Once Spanish missionaries arrived, Native American populations declined precipitously. Half the native population in California estimated in 1769 had disappeared by 1845, the study states. Disease and death brought an end to the mosaic of burned and unburned areas Native Americans had created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission era fuels built up, exacerbated by the Spanish government’s ban on the use of fire. Fires grew larger and more frequent. This is the period where the study finds the closest correlation between fire activity and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Gold Rush introduced another dramatic change in Sierra Nevada fires. It wasn’t the miners themselves but the enormous influx of people, beginning in 1848, that reduced fire activity. The new settlers brought sheep and cattle, which grazed on the grasses and other plants that would normally have been fuel for forest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in human land use triggered a shift to lower fire activity that continued to 1904, when the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> government established a fire suppression policy on federal lands. Under the regime of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokey Bear\u003c/a>,” fire activity dropped to its lowest level since 1600. Aided by sparse fuels and, after World War \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression techniques, fire activity remained well below what the study’s scientists predicted into the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to change in 1980. As the climate continued to warm, fire frequency increased once again. A century of accumulated forest fuels contributed to fire seasons that are now 78 days longer than in the 1970s, and an acreage of burned area that is expected to double by 2050. This trend is not expected to abate, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the climate is changing. It already has a strong influence on fire activity and will continue to,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires of the future will not necessarily be like the fires of the past, said Taylor, the co-lead author of the study, which has the unwieldy title “Socioecological Transitions Trigger Fire Regime Shifts and Modulate Fire-Climate Interactions in the Sierra Nevada, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">USA\u003c/span>, 1600–2015 \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CE.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires of the past were mostly surface fires. “Today we see more canopy-killing fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the near-certain future of rising temperatures and increased fire activity, the study’s strong evidence of humans’ effects on fire behavior offers opportunities to change the type and intensity of future burns, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg\" alt=\"A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \u003ccite>(C.N. Skinner/USFS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burning is one way to do that and needs to be emphasized, she said, adding, “Now we know that burning not only helps with fuel loads; it also helps to reduce the effects of climate on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers are increasing their use of prescribed burns as agency officials and the general public understand their importance. But 150 years of low activity and suppression have left an enormous fire deficit, said Thomas. To maintain healthy forests, where flames char trees without widespread destruction, Sierra Nevada land managers need to burn 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) every year, he said. Current managed ignitions total less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) through California, Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We desperately need to burn tens of thousands of acres on every forest in the Sierra Nevada – every year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are already “locked in,” said Trouet, and there is not much we can do about that for a number of decades. But by deepening our understanding of how humans affect fire regimes we can reach beyond suppression toward a sustainable system of fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“That is the foundation for the development of effective strategies to address the amplified fire effects expected with a warming climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/28/new-study-finds-surprising-culprit-drives-forest-fire-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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