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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/11/145167/despite_new_sources_europe_still_relies_on_russian_oil?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/10/11/145167/despite_new_sources_europe_still_relies_on_russian_oil?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Despite New Sources, Europe Still Relies On Russian Oil\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "With Drought, New Scrutiny Over Fracking's Water Use",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140331science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.imgur.com/ttmAyey.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to almond orchards in Wasco, California, where fracking has led to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NOTE: Updated October 10th with updates in bold. Originally published March 31st, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought and shrinking water supplies are putting a spotlight on hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” and its thirst for freshwater. In other states, the controversial technique is a heavy water consumer, using millions of gallons of freshwater to extract oil or gas from each well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, fracking uses less water on average than in other states, according to industry data. But that trend is shifting, as oil companies make a play for the Monterey Shale, though to be the largest untapped oil resource in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern San Joaquin Valley is the site of rising tensions between farming and fracking, as the two industries are increasingly coming into contact. While farmers fallow land and pull up orchards, they’re asking whether there’s enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pump Jacks and Almond Orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just coming off the bloom period and the bees are leaving the orchard,” says farmer Keith Gardiner, walking through rows of almond trees near Wasco, a small town north of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bring up the state’s drought and Gardiner reacts the way a lot of farmers do – with a frown and a shake of the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, we’ve got major investments in these trees and we can’t lay idle for a year,” he says. “They have to have water every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to spot what’s adding to Gardiner’s concerns: oil wells are sprinkled throughout the orchards here. Pump jacks slowly bob into sight above the treetops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it the best farm ground in the world but it also holds some of the best deposits of minerals called the Monterey Shale,” he says. “And the new technology has allowed the oil companies to be able to extract that through the fracking process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15952\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, California, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil drilling has steadily grown around Wasco over the last decade, making it one of California’s newer developments. It’s known as the “Rose” oil field, so-named because Wasco was once the rose-growing capital of the state. Individual oil wells here are nicknamed after varieties of roses, like “Betty Boop” and “Purple Tiger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlocking the Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new interest is due to the Monterey Shale, a layer of rock about two miles under the surface. Twenty-five oil wells have been fracked in this 10-square-mile area. Water is injected into the well at high pressure, along with sand and chemicals. The process creates tiny cracks in the rock, freeing up the oil. Fracking generally takes a few weeks, after which the oil well produces for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology has fueled expansive oil and gas booms in other states. In Pennsylvania, it’s been for natural gas. In North Dakota and Texas, it’s been for oil. In those fields, fracking uses several million gallons of water for each oil well. California hasn’t seen the same boom – at least, not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the Monterey formation,” says Dave Miner, an exploration manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of California’s largest oil producers. He shows off a piece of smooth, gray rock at their Bakersfield headquarters. “There is oil in this particular rock,” he says. “You can touch it and it won’t come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your point of view, the rock Miner is holding is either California’s biggest energy opportunity or its biggest environmental threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Shale holds what could be the largest oil resource in the country: 13.7 billion barrels \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7190\">according to one estimate\u003c/a>. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Federal officials changed their estimate in May to 600 million barrels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">over uncertainties about how much oil could be recovered\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner says oil companies are experimenting with how to use fracking to access it, given California’s complex geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to get this oil out,” he says. “We’re in very early days trying to figure out what might make this work and be economic. It may take several years. It may take longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Relatively Low in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades in some of the oldest oil fields near Bakersfield. But as interest in the less-developed Monterey Shale has grown, so have concerns over water contamination and water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, protesters in Sacramento called for a moratorium on fracking. “Governor Brown, California doesn’t want our water depleted from fracking or any hydraulic drilling methods,” said Latrice Carter of Carson, California, speaking to the crowd. The city of Carson recently \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/19/local/la-me-0320-carson-drilling-20140320\">approved a 45-day moratorium\u003c/a> on oil drilling, amid fears around fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California today, hydraulic fracturing uses very small amounts of water,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that all together, fracking operations across the state used 105 million gallons of water last year. That’s the same amount of water that 650 homes use in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While oil fields in Texas use an average of 1-to-4 million gallons per well, an average frack job in California uses 134,000 gallons of water, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers/view\">report from Ceres\u003c/a>, a sustainability think tank. One acre of almond trees uses six times that amount annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8zOgu9O1L5lTIhWWVEgBHTV49aaFbArt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a lot of water in the big picture,” says Hull. “Companies are looking very diligently at ways to reduce that number. It’s expensive to use freshwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Higher in Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Monterey Shale is explored, fracking operations could require more water. In the Rose oil field near Wasco, fracking uses from half a million to a million gallons of water per well, substantially more than other oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference has to do with how the wells are drilled. In older fields, wells are drilled directly down. In parts of the Monterey Shale, the well makes a sharp horizontal turn, extending as far as a mile along the layer of rock. Horizontal drilling has become common in other oil and gas formations where fracking is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s fair to say that if this technology that has proved so successful in other parts of the country can be as successful here, that we will see water consumption for hydraulic fracturing going up,” Hull says. “The longer-reach, horizontal wells will use higher volumes of water but you’ll need fewer wells to produce the same amount of oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/iwst_index.html\">permits filed for the first time\u003c/a> this year under new state regulations, oil companies are planning about 250 new fracking jobs as of March that would draw water mostly from local water districts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px;padding-right: 60px\">\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Under new rules, California oil companies must alert the state prior to fracking, disclosing the water volume and water source. The data above represents about 250 fracking jobs planned as of March 2014. Overall, the water use is the same as the annual demand of 260 homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the districts, like the Belridge Water Storage District and the West Kern Water District, rely on water from the State Water Project, which is fed through the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">highly-stressed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. With the lack of rainfall, state officials have warned districts that little to no water will come from the project this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Aera Energy says the company has banked enough water to meet its needs this year. A representative for Chevron says one of their suppliers has imposed water restrictions, but it hasn’t significantly affected their operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers Wary Over Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for higher water use doesn’t sit well with some San Joaquin Valley farmers. “They’re competing for the same water that we’re using for our farms,” says Keith Gardiner. “That’s taken away from the farm fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an added pressure,” says Greg Wegis of Wegis and Young, a farming operation near Bakersfield. “From what I’ve seen, in some of the fracking wells, they’re using 3-to-4 acre-feet per well. That’s not helping the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a big push to try to figure out how to use some less desirable water that we can’t really farm with,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tensions have been high around Wasco, other parts of the farming community want to see fracking and farming coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oil and agriculture are the heartbeat of Kern County’s economy,” said Benjamin McFarland, director of the Kern County Farm Bureau. “In terms of the Monterey Shale development, that’s been a lot of new activity that we haven’t seen in the past on farmland. So there’s been more interaction that requires communication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say expanding fracking would bring jobs to parts of the state with serious unemployment. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://gen.usc.edu/news/monterey-shale.htm\">study from the University of Southern California\u003c/a>, developing the Monterey Shale could produce up to $24 billion in tax revenue and as many as 2.8 million jobs by the end of the decade, though some of those jobs would be temporary. It could also reverse California’s shrinking oil production, which has been on the decline since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15957\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\" alt=\"Almond orchards north of Bakersfield, where fracking has lead to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond orchards north of Bakersfield. The drought has lead local farmers to rely heavily on groundwater. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking in Water-Stressed Areas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amounts of water used by the oil industry are still a tiny fraction of what’s used by California agriculture. But some fear there will be a localized impact from fracking, because it happens in some of the most water-stressed parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we combine the fracking and the drought question together, it’s just making a bad situation worse,” says Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist and professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater in the southern San Joaquin Valley has been dramatically over-pumped in the last 50 years, a trend that gets worse during drought years like this one. That pressure comes largely from agriculture, says Famiglietti, but he believes fracking doesn’t help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to decide: is it in our best interest to use those water resources, especially when they’re under stress, for that purpose, even if it means depleting the resources of a small town?” says Famiglietti. “Or do we not want to do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Recycled Water for Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”c75386035aa9ab592a7ad0d259e54872″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking traditionally uses freshwater instead of salty or briny water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies generally have easy access to briny water, since it’s produced from the rock formation along with the oil. It generally hasn’t been used for fracking, because the salts could react with chemicals in the fracking fluids, which are added to suspend sand particles in the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly in other parts of the country, oil and gas companies are using recycled water to reduce their freshwater demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s that need for freshwater that had people asking: how do we do this without freshwater?” says Walter Dale, strategic business manager for water solutions for Halliburton. The company runs fracking operations for several oil and gas companies around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About two years ago, we started saying, ‘Look, we don’t need freshwater anymore,’” he says. “We can now make frack fluids out of impaired waters but we just have to change the formulas in the frack fluids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halliburton has started offering its technology last year, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Win5Mr52Aa0\">H20 Forward\u003c/a>. Some companies also treat water from their operations, so it’s fresh enough to use in fracking again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15955\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15955\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in the Rose oil field near Wasco, California. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in the Rose oil field. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our highest levels of interest are in the Permian and the Bakken,” Dale says, mentioning oil fields in Texas and North Dakota. The highest adoption of water recycling is found in Pennsylvania, where water disposal is more expensive. “The Marcellus is probably the leader when it comes to recycling. They do recycle roughly 80 percent of their waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dale says he’s had conversations with some California oil companies, though it’s in early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California actually has the opportunity to look at the lessons learned in the last 4-to-5 years in the industry and implement some of those technologies to begin their field development,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fracking operations in California are already using recycled water, though most use freshwater, according to permits filed with state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oil company, Occidental, says it plans to use recycled water in a handful of fracking wells this year. Representatives from Chevron and Aera Energy say the companies are investigating ways to reduce their reliance on freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the state legislature is turning its attention to water use in all forms around California, including in the oil and gas industry. State Senator Fran Pavley introduced a bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1281\">SB 1281\u003c/a>, that would require oil companies to disclose the amounts of water they use in all operations, not just fracking. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: The bill was signed by Governor Brown in September.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.imgur.com/ttmAyey.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to almond orchards in Wasco, California, where fracking has led to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NOTE: Updated October 10th with updates in bold. Originally published March 31st, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought and shrinking water supplies are putting a spotlight on hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” and its thirst for freshwater. In other states, the controversial technique is a heavy water consumer, using millions of gallons of freshwater to extract oil or gas from each well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, fracking uses less water on average than in other states, according to industry data. But that trend is shifting, as oil companies make a play for the Monterey Shale, though to be the largest untapped oil resource in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern San Joaquin Valley is the site of rising tensions between farming and fracking, as the two industries are increasingly coming into contact. While farmers fallow land and pull up orchards, they’re asking whether there’s enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pump Jacks and Almond Orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just coming off the bloom period and the bees are leaving the orchard,” says farmer Keith Gardiner, walking through rows of almond trees near Wasco, a small town north of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bring up the state’s drought and Gardiner reacts the way a lot of farmers do – with a frown and a shake of the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, we’ve got major investments in these trees and we can’t lay idle for a year,” he says. “They have to have water every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to spot what’s adding to Gardiner’s concerns: oil wells are sprinkled throughout the orchards here. Pump jacks slowly bob into sight above the treetops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it the best farm ground in the world but it also holds some of the best deposits of minerals called the Monterey Shale,” he says. “And the new technology has allowed the oil companies to be able to extract that through the fracking process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15952\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, California, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil drilling has steadily grown around Wasco over the last decade, making it one of California’s newer developments. It’s known as the “Rose” oil field, so-named because Wasco was once the rose-growing capital of the state. Individual oil wells here are nicknamed after varieties of roses, like “Betty Boop” and “Purple Tiger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlocking the Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new interest is due to the Monterey Shale, a layer of rock about two miles under the surface. Twenty-five oil wells have been fracked in this 10-square-mile area. Water is injected into the well at high pressure, along with sand and chemicals. The process creates tiny cracks in the rock, freeing up the oil. Fracking generally takes a few weeks, after which the oil well produces for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology has fueled expansive oil and gas booms in other states. In Pennsylvania, it’s been for natural gas. In North Dakota and Texas, it’s been for oil. In those fields, fracking uses several million gallons of water for each oil well. California hasn’t seen the same boom – at least, not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the Monterey formation,” says Dave Miner, an exploration manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of California’s largest oil producers. He shows off a piece of smooth, gray rock at their Bakersfield headquarters. “There is oil in this particular rock,” he says. “You can touch it and it won’t come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your point of view, the rock Miner is holding is either California’s biggest energy opportunity or its biggest environmental threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Shale holds what could be the largest oil resource in the country: 13.7 billion barrels \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7190\">according to one estimate\u003c/a>. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Federal officials changed their estimate in May to 600 million barrels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">over uncertainties about how much oil could be recovered\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner says oil companies are experimenting with how to use fracking to access it, given California’s complex geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to get this oil out,” he says. “We’re in very early days trying to figure out what might make this work and be economic. It may take several years. It may take longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Relatively Low in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades in some of the oldest oil fields near Bakersfield. But as interest in the less-developed Monterey Shale has grown, so have concerns over water contamination and water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, protesters in Sacramento called for a moratorium on fracking. “Governor Brown, California doesn’t want our water depleted from fracking or any hydraulic drilling methods,” said Latrice Carter of Carson, California, speaking to the crowd. The city of Carson recently \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/19/local/la-me-0320-carson-drilling-20140320\">approved a 45-day moratorium\u003c/a> on oil drilling, amid fears around fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California today, hydraulic fracturing uses very small amounts of water,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that all together, fracking operations across the state used 105 million gallons of water last year. That’s the same amount of water that 650 homes use in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While oil fields in Texas use an average of 1-to-4 million gallons per well, an average frack job in California uses 134,000 gallons of water, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers/view\">report from Ceres\u003c/a>, a sustainability think tank. One acre of almond trees uses six times that amount annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a lot of water in the big picture,” says Hull. “Companies are looking very diligently at ways to reduce that number. It’s expensive to use freshwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Higher in Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Monterey Shale is explored, fracking operations could require more water. In the Rose oil field near Wasco, fracking uses from half a million to a million gallons of water per well, substantially more than other oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference has to do with how the wells are drilled. In older fields, wells are drilled directly down. In parts of the Monterey Shale, the well makes a sharp horizontal turn, extending as far as a mile along the layer of rock. Horizontal drilling has become common in other oil and gas formations where fracking is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s fair to say that if this technology that has proved so successful in other parts of the country can be as successful here, that we will see water consumption for hydraulic fracturing going up,” Hull says. “The longer-reach, horizontal wells will use higher volumes of water but you’ll need fewer wells to produce the same amount of oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/iwst_index.html\">permits filed for the first time\u003c/a> this year under new state regulations, oil companies are planning about 250 new fracking jobs as of March that would draw water mostly from local water districts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px;padding-right: 60px\">\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Under new rules, California oil companies must alert the state prior to fracking, disclosing the water volume and water source. The data above represents about 250 fracking jobs planned as of March 2014. Overall, the water use is the same as the annual demand of 260 homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the districts, like the Belridge Water Storage District and the West Kern Water District, rely on water from the State Water Project, which is fed through the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">highly-stressed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. With the lack of rainfall, state officials have warned districts that little to no water will come from the project this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Aera Energy says the company has banked enough water to meet its needs this year. A representative for Chevron says one of their suppliers has imposed water restrictions, but it hasn’t significantly affected their operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers Wary Over Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for higher water use doesn’t sit well with some San Joaquin Valley farmers. “They’re competing for the same water that we’re using for our farms,” says Keith Gardiner. “That’s taken away from the farm fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an added pressure,” says Greg Wegis of Wegis and Young, a farming operation near Bakersfield. “From what I’ve seen, in some of the fracking wells, they’re using 3-to-4 acre-feet per well. That’s not helping the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a big push to try to figure out how to use some less desirable water that we can’t really farm with,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tensions have been high around Wasco, other parts of the farming community want to see fracking and farming coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oil and agriculture are the heartbeat of Kern County’s economy,” said Benjamin McFarland, director of the Kern County Farm Bureau. “In terms of the Monterey Shale development, that’s been a lot of new activity that we haven’t seen in the past on farmland. So there’s been more interaction that requires communication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say expanding fracking would bring jobs to parts of the state with serious unemployment. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://gen.usc.edu/news/monterey-shale.htm\">study from the University of Southern California\u003c/a>, developing the Monterey Shale could produce up to $24 billion in tax revenue and as many as 2.8 million jobs by the end of the decade, though some of those jobs would be temporary. It could also reverse California’s shrinking oil production, which has been on the decline since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15957\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\" alt=\"Almond orchards north of Bakersfield, where fracking has lead to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond orchards north of Bakersfield. The drought has lead local farmers to rely heavily on groundwater. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking in Water-Stressed Areas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amounts of water used by the oil industry are still a tiny fraction of what’s used by California agriculture. But some fear there will be a localized impact from fracking, because it happens in some of the most water-stressed parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we combine the fracking and the drought question together, it’s just making a bad situation worse,” says Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist and professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater in the southern San Joaquin Valley has been dramatically over-pumped in the last 50 years, a trend that gets worse during drought years like this one. That pressure comes largely from agriculture, says Famiglietti, but he believes fracking doesn’t help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to decide: is it in our best interest to use those water resources, especially when they’re under stress, for that purpose, even if it means depleting the resources of a small town?” says Famiglietti. “Or do we not want to do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Recycled Water for Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking traditionally uses freshwater instead of salty or briny water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies generally have easy access to briny water, since it’s produced from the rock formation along with the oil. It generally hasn’t been used for fracking, because the salts could react with chemicals in the fracking fluids, which are added to suspend sand particles in the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly in other parts of the country, oil and gas companies are using recycled water to reduce their freshwater demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s that need for freshwater that had people asking: how do we do this without freshwater?” says Walter Dale, strategic business manager for water solutions for Halliburton. The company runs fracking operations for several oil and gas companies around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About two years ago, we started saying, ‘Look, we don’t need freshwater anymore,’” he says. “We can now make frack fluids out of impaired waters but we just have to change the formulas in the frack fluids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halliburton has started offering its technology last year, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Win5Mr52Aa0\">H20 Forward\u003c/a>. Some companies also treat water from their operations, so it’s fresh enough to use in fracking again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15955\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15955\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in the Rose oil field near Wasco, California. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in the Rose oil field. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our highest levels of interest are in the Permian and the Bakken,” Dale says, mentioning oil fields in Texas and North Dakota. The highest adoption of water recycling is found in Pennsylvania, where water disposal is more expensive. “The Marcellus is probably the leader when it comes to recycling. They do recycle roughly 80 percent of their waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dale says he’s had conversations with some California oil companies, though it’s in early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California actually has the opportunity to look at the lessons learned in the last 4-to-5 years in the industry and implement some of those technologies to begin their field development,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fracking operations in California are already using recycled water, though most use freshwater, according to permits filed with state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oil company, Occidental, says it plans to use recycled water in a handful of fracking wells this year. Representatives from Chevron and Aera Energy say the companies are investigating ways to reduce their reliance on freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the state legislature is turning its attention to water use in all forms around California, including in the oil and gas industry. State Senator Fran Pavley introduced a bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1281\">SB 1281\u003c/a>, that would require oil companies to disclose the amounts of water they use in all operations, not just fracking. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: The bill was signed by Governor Brown in September.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots",
"headTitle": "Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update October 10th:\u003c/strong> Fracking bans are on the November ballots in Mendocino, San Benito and Santa Barbara Counties. Butte County voters could see a measure on the 2016 ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, July 14th: \u003c/strong>Opponents of hydraulic fracturing — or fracking — have pushed for a statewide moratorium on the controversial oil production technique. With those efforts stalled in the state legislature, activists are taking the fight to the county level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copying tactics that have worked in Colorado and New York, activists have qualified November ballot measures that would ban fracking in two counties and possibly others, trying a piecemeal approach to banning fracking in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/W2NeqeaSFTc\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies use fracking to squeeze more oil out of rocks. Water mixed with sand and chemicals is injected underground at high pressure to create tiny fractures. The sand props open the cracks, so oil can flow out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”w4nKuhIm9gQiH3d9tzQJf1PP2G6IOC4d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators have debated a moratorium on fracking for the past four years, but the bills have repeatedly failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Benito County Qualifies First\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a parking lot in San Juan Bautista, an hour south of San Jose, volunteers paint signs that read, “Protect our water. Ban fracking in San Benito County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We collected enough signatures to qualify in 14 days which was maybe a state record,” says Andy Hsia-Coron of San Benito Rising, the group that’s rallying support for a fracking ban on San Benito County’s November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”d9531efb2815df8ad2fe5db4dd70d801″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ballot measure is largely pre-emptive. While San Benito County has a handful of oil wells in production, oil companies haven’t reported using fracking there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we don’t want you to frack in San Benito County,” Hsia-Coron says. “We know this a county with a lot of oil potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hisa-Coron says his group is collaborating with activists across the country. Cities in Colorado and New York have banned fracking over concerns about groundwater contamination and land impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger Fight in Santa Barbara\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity,” says Rebecca Claassen of the Santa Barbara County Water Guardians, a volunteer group that’s put a measure on the local ballot to ban fracking on unincorporated land in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity.’\u003ccite>— Rebecca Claassen, Santa Barbara County Water Guardians\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Claassen says the legacy of Santa Barbara’s 1969 oil spill came up often as her group gathered 20,000 signatures for measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Home of the first major oil spill in the United States,” she says. “In ’69, there were hundreds of thousands of gallons of oil pouring into the ocean and washing up on these beaches here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling support for the ban are economic concerns. “We have a lot of agriculture and tourism that both depend on clean water,” Claassen says, “and so the risks of water contamination really resonated with most everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claasen’s group is facing an uphill battle, because Santa Barbara’s oil industry is much larger than San Benito’s. When the measure came up at county supervisors meeting, industry workers turned out in force with concerns about their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banning More Than Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s attempting to outlaw all methods of oil extraction, not only fracking, but a number of other means of well stimulating,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that develops oil projects. “It is an absolute anti-hydrocarbon initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, Nahabedian is meeting with rancher Skip Ramsey about putting an oil well on his land outside of San Ardo, an hour south of Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\" alt=\"Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration (right) talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has hit Ramsey’s ranch hard, drying up feed for his cattle months sooner than expected. He says royalty payments from an oil well would go a long way for his family and his ranch. “To just support college educations,” he says, “and I’d like to increase my water capability to raise more feed for my cattle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian says if the San Benito measure passes, it could stand in the way of deals like this one. “It’s difficult to make the same sort of offers to landowners in this area with this sort of uncertainty hanging the balance,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can drill for it or you can kill for it.’\u003ccite>— Armen Nahabedian, Citadel Exploration\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say very simply — and some people say very crudely — that you can drill for it or you can kill for it, but that’s just the truth,” he says. “I’m a veteran from Operation Iraqi Freedom, and I have a firm belief that it’s our social responsibility and our civil responsibility to become a domestic producer that’s totally independent of foreign oil supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19348\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\" alt=\"About 60 percent of oil pumped in California uses steam injection or similar methods, something the ballot measures seek to ban. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 60 percent of oil pumped in California is produced with steam injection or similar methods, which would also be banned under the ballot measures. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would hurt oil production in our state, particularly in regions that are more economically depressed like the Central Valley,” says Sabrina Lockheart of Californians for Energy Independence, an advocacy group that’s funded in part by the oil industry and is fighting the local fracking bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">are currently drafting new regulations\u003c/a> for fracking, ones that the oil industry says are more than enough to ensure fracking is done safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re the strongest regulations in the country as it relates to fracking,” Lockheart says. “It includes conducting a science-based study, disclosure of the chemicals used, monitoring protected groundwater and prior notification of surrounding landowners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Andy Hsia-Coron don’t believe those regulations go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure that if we pass these initiatives in November,” he says, “that dozens of counties will be filing their initiatives and it can even be done a city level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Santa Cruz County supervisors voted to pass a fracking ban. Voters in San Benito and Santa Barbara counties will vote on bans in November. Activists in Butte and Mendocino counties are still working to qualify ballot measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/158339780&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Activists are hoping local residents will do what state legislators haven’t done -- shut down the controversial oil production technique known as hydraulic fracturing.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update October 10th:\u003c/strong> Fracking bans are on the November ballots in Mendocino, San Benito and Santa Barbara Counties. Butte County voters could see a measure on the 2016 ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, July 14th: \u003c/strong>Opponents of hydraulic fracturing — or fracking — have pushed for a statewide moratorium on the controversial oil production technique. With those efforts stalled in the state legislature, activists are taking the fight to the county level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copying tactics that have worked in Colorado and New York, activists have qualified November ballot measures that would ban fracking in two counties and possibly others, trying a piecemeal approach to banning fracking in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/W2NeqeaSFTc\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies use fracking to squeeze more oil out of rocks. Water mixed with sand and chemicals is injected underground at high pressure to create tiny fractures. The sand props open the cracks, so oil can flow out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators have debated a moratorium on fracking for the past four years, but the bills have repeatedly failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Benito County Qualifies First\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a parking lot in San Juan Bautista, an hour south of San Jose, volunteers paint signs that read, “Protect our water. Ban fracking in San Benito County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We collected enough signatures to qualify in 14 days which was maybe a state record,” says Andy Hsia-Coron of San Benito Rising, the group that’s rallying support for a fracking ban on San Benito County’s November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ballot measure is largely pre-emptive. While San Benito County has a handful of oil wells in production, oil companies haven’t reported using fracking there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we don’t want you to frack in San Benito County,” Hsia-Coron says. “We know this a county with a lot of oil potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hisa-Coron says his group is collaborating with activists across the country. Cities in Colorado and New York have banned fracking over concerns about groundwater contamination and land impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bigger Fight in Santa Barbara\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity,” says Rebecca Claassen of the Santa Barbara County Water Guardians, a volunteer group that’s put a measure on the local ballot to ban fracking on unincorporated land in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We see a battle for sure, but we also see a great opportunity.’\u003ccite>— Rebecca Claassen, Santa Barbara County Water Guardians\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Claassen says the legacy of Santa Barbara’s 1969 oil spill came up often as her group gathered 20,000 signatures for measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Home of the first major oil spill in the United States,” she says. “In ’69, there were hundreds of thousands of gallons of oil pouring into the ocean and washing up on these beaches here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling support for the ban are economic concerns. “We have a lot of agriculture and tourism that both depend on clean water,” Claassen says, “and so the risks of water contamination really resonated with most everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claasen’s group is facing an uphill battle, because Santa Barbara’s oil industry is much larger than San Benito’s. When the measure came up at county supervisors meeting, industry workers turned out in force with concerns about their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banning More Than Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s attempting to outlaw all methods of oil extraction, not only fracking, but a number of other means of well stimulating,” says Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration, a company that develops oil projects. “It is an absolute anti-hydrocarbon initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, Nahabedian is meeting with rancher Skip Ramsey about putting an oil well on his land outside of San Ardo, an hour south of Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19346\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking3.jpg\" alt=\"Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Armen Nahabedian of Citadel Exploration (right) talks with rancher Skip Ramsey about an oil project. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought has hit Ramsey’s ranch hard, drying up feed for his cattle months sooner than expected. He says royalty payments from an oil well would go a long way for his family and his ranch. “To just support college educations,” he says, “and I’d like to increase my water capability to raise more feed for my cattle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian says if the San Benito measure passes, it could stand in the way of deals like this one. “It’s difficult to make the same sort of offers to landowners in this area with this sort of uncertainty hanging the balance,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nahabedian’s company doesn’t use fracking, but it does use another oil extraction technique that the initiatives would ban, called cyclic steam injection. Oil in California is heavy, so producers inject steam underground to loosen it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can drill for it or you can kill for it.’\u003ccite>— Armen Nahabedian, Citadel Exploration\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Steam injection is an old technique,” he says. “We’ve been using it in the industry since the early 1960s. It’s not much different than cleaning a dirty engine block.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of oil produced in California is extracted with steam injection and similar methods, making it more common than fracking. Nahabedian says banning steam injection would mean the state’s refineries would have to look at importing oil from outside the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say very simply — and some people say very crudely — that you can drill for it or you can kill for it, but that’s just the truth,” he says. “I’m a veteran from Operation Iraqi Freedom, and I have a firm belief that it’s our social responsibility and our civil responsibility to become a domestic producer that’s totally independent of foreign oil supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19348\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/fracking1.jpg\" alt=\"About 60 percent of oil pumped in California uses steam injection or similar methods, something the ballot measures seek to ban. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 60 percent of oil pumped in California is produced with steam injection or similar methods, which would also be banned under the ballot measures. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would hurt oil production in our state, particularly in regions that are more economically depressed like the Central Valley,” says Sabrina Lockheart of Californians for Energy Independence, an advocacy group that’s funded in part by the oil industry and is fighting the local fracking bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">are currently drafting new regulations\u003c/a> for fracking, ones that the oil industry says are more than enough to ensure fracking is done safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re the strongest regulations in the country as it relates to fracking,” Lockheart says. “It includes conducting a science-based study, disclosure of the chemicals used, monitoring protected groundwater and prior notification of surrounding landowners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Andy Hsia-Coron don’t believe those regulations go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure that if we pass these initiatives in November,” he says, “that dozens of counties will be filing their initiatives and it can even be done a city level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Santa Cruz County supervisors voted to pass a fracking ban. Voters in San Benito and Santa Barbara counties will vote on bans in November. Activists in Butte and Mendocino counties are still working to qualify ballot measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Are Consumers or Corporations Responsible for Reducing Carbon Emissions?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/\" target=\"_blank\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121939\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-121939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/12/RS7953_185719392-scr-640x422.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Jerry Brown (Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"343\" height=\"226\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown (Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking at the U.N. Climate Summit in New York Tuesday, Gov. Jerry Brown said California is ahead of the pack when it comes to lowering greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the U.N. Private Sector Forum, Brown cited laws requiring more alternative energy sources, more electric vehicles and better insulation in buildings. He also acknowledged that the centerpiece of California's climate change efforts -- a cap-and-trade market mandating permits for pollution -- has come under political fire. Energy companies are warning cap-and-trade will lead to higher gasoline costs next year. But Brown said so far so good when it comes to gas prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Luckily the price of oil has been coming down ever since those ads went on the air just a month or so ago,\" he said. \"So somebody’s watching over California.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, state officials have acknowledged gas prices will likely go up -- possibly by more than a dime a gallon -- when the cap-and-trade program expands to cover transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown also said that while carbon has led to \"progress and prosperity,\" that progress \"now has the dark shadow of the toxicity of carbon itself. The pollution, the smog, the health effects, the rising sea level -- in California, the forest fires which are now burning for more days than historically was ever imaginable -- it's real, it's here and we've got to put a price on carbon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloomberg News today takes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-09-24/brown-says-global-lead-on-zero-emissions-beating-forecast\" target=\"_blank\">further look at California's leadership on climate change\u003c/a>, including the proliferation of electric vehicles, reporting that 40 percent of plug-in electric vehicle sales occur in California. For more, check out\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/category/climate/\" target=\"_blank\"> KQED Science's climate coverage\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are Brown's full remarks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The California story is a very hopeful one. It's a story of Republican and Democratic governors pioneering innovative climate strategies. It's not been easy, it's not without contest, but we're making real progress. In fact, the people themselves have been involved when those who oppose carbon pricing put the measure to a popular referendum. And in that vote just a few years ago, the people voted overwhelmingly to stay the course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what do we have? Well, we've got a goal to have one-third of our electricity sector renewable by 2020. We're at 23 percent today and we will make it probably in the next three or four years, and then we'll go beyond that. We have a goal of a million electric cars - we have 100,000 on the roads today - and we have the toughest vehicle emission standards anywhere in the country. In fact, the country now has adopted the California standard. And I want to point out that that standard was developed under a special prerogative given to California when Ronald Reagan was governor and Richard Nixon was president. Our climate law was enacted by my Republican predecessor Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the efforts that we're making in California don't derive from one party or one politician - they're the work of activists, business people and elected representatives. We also, over the last 30 years, have developed the toughest building standards anywhere in the country, which have saved California literally tens of billions of dollars in avoided energy costs. Same thing with appliance standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, now the great challenge is to stay the course. Even today, as we speak, there are advertisements being purchased on the airwaves of California in an attempt to persuade the people that cap-and-trade should somehow go away. That it's going to raise the price of oil. Luckily the price of oil has been coming down ever since those ads went on the air just a month or so ago. So, somebody's watching over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon really has been at the basis of the incredible progress and prosperity and affluence that so many people enjoy. But that progress now has the dark shadow of the toxicity of carbon itself. The pollution, the smog, the health effects, the rising sea level - in California, the forest fires which are now burning for more days than historically was ever imaginable - it's real, it's here and we've got to put a price on carbon. Which we have, we have a $13 price on carbon and our cap-and-trade system covers 85 percent of greenhouse gases. And yet, California is expected to outproduce - in terms of GDP, California is looking forward to very solid growth, higher than the national level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can do carbon pricing, you can do renewable energy, you can do building standards and you can get it done and you can still have a very vibrant economy. So that's what we have and I want to thank all of you here today because this is a heroic challenge that we have to face. And this is probably the greatest assemblage of committed people to get it done. So, I think we're on the right path. Thank you.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121939\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-121939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/12/RS7953_185719392-scr-640x422.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Jerry Brown (Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"343\" height=\"226\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown (Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking at the U.N. Climate Summit in New York Tuesday, Gov. Jerry Brown said California is ahead of the pack when it comes to lowering greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the U.N. Private Sector Forum, Brown cited laws requiring more alternative energy sources, more electric vehicles and better insulation in buildings. He also acknowledged that the centerpiece of California's climate change efforts -- a cap-and-trade market mandating permits for pollution -- has come under political fire. Energy companies are warning cap-and-trade will lead to higher gasoline costs next year. But Brown said so far so good when it comes to gas prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Luckily the price of oil has been coming down ever since those ads went on the air just a month or so ago,\" he said. \"So somebody’s watching over California.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, state officials have acknowledged gas prices will likely go up -- possibly by more than a dime a gallon -- when the cap-and-trade program expands to cover transportation fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown also said that while carbon has led to \"progress and prosperity,\" that progress \"now has the dark shadow of the toxicity of carbon itself. The pollution, the smog, the health effects, the rising sea level -- in California, the forest fires which are now burning for more days than historically was ever imaginable -- it's real, it's here and we've got to put a price on carbon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloomberg News today takes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-09-24/brown-says-global-lead-on-zero-emissions-beating-forecast\" target=\"_blank\">further look at California's leadership on climate change\u003c/a>, including the proliferation of electric vehicles, reporting that 40 percent of plug-in electric vehicle sales occur in California. For more, check out\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/category/climate/\" target=\"_blank\"> KQED Science's climate coverage\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are Brown's full remarks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The California story is a very hopeful one. It's a story of Republican and Democratic governors pioneering innovative climate strategies. It's not been easy, it's not without contest, but we're making real progress. In fact, the people themselves have been involved when those who oppose carbon pricing put the measure to a popular referendum. And in that vote just a few years ago, the people voted overwhelmingly to stay the course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what do we have? Well, we've got a goal to have one-third of our electricity sector renewable by 2020. We're at 23 percent today and we will make it probably in the next three or four years, and then we'll go beyond that. We have a goal of a million electric cars - we have 100,000 on the roads today - and we have the toughest vehicle emission standards anywhere in the country. In fact, the country now has adopted the California standard. And I want to point out that that standard was developed under a special prerogative given to California when Ronald Reagan was governor and Richard Nixon was president. Our climate law was enacted by my Republican predecessor Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the efforts that we're making in California don't derive from one party or one politician - they're the work of activists, business people and elected representatives. We also, over the last 30 years, have developed the toughest building standards anywhere in the country, which have saved California literally tens of billions of dollars in avoided energy costs. Same thing with appliance standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, now the great challenge is to stay the course. Even today, as we speak, there are advertisements being purchased on the airwaves of California in an attempt to persuade the people that cap-and-trade should somehow go away. That it's going to raise the price of oil. Luckily the price of oil has been coming down ever since those ads went on the air just a month or so ago. So, somebody's watching over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon really has been at the basis of the incredible progress and prosperity and affluence that so many people enjoy. But that progress now has the dark shadow of the toxicity of carbon itself. The pollution, the smog, the health effects, the rising sea level - in California, the forest fires which are now burning for more days than historically was ever imaginable - it's real, it's here and we've got to put a price on carbon. Which we have, we have a $13 price on carbon and our cap-and-trade system covers 85 percent of greenhouse gases. And yet, California is expected to outproduce - in terms of GDP, California is looking forward to very solid growth, higher than the national level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can do carbon pricing, you can do renewable energy, you can do building standards and you can get it done and you can still have a very vibrant economy. So that's what we have and I want to thank all of you here today because this is a heroic challenge that we have to face. And this is probably the greatest assemblage of committed people to get it done. So, I think we're on the right path. Thank you.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Are Consumers or Corporations Responsible for Reducing Carbon Emissions?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Are Consumers or Corporations Responsible for Reducing Carbon Emissions?\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "From KQED Education Do Now: Climate change has been on the minds of a lot of people with the release of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report and the third National Climate Assessment. Who is responsible for curtailing carbon emissions?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Are Consumers or Corporations Responsible for Reducing Carbon Emissions?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/09/16/are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=are-consumers-or-corporations-responsible-for-reducing-carbon-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Are Consumers or Corporations Responsible for Reducing Carbon Emissions?\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Two New Studies Underline How Methane Matters to Global Carbon Cycle",
"headTitle": "Two New Studies Underline How Methane Matters to Global Carbon Cycle | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/unhelpfulgas.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/unhelpfulgas.png\" alt=\"Gas is unhelpful in weaning us from carbon\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red and green lines in graph A show that gas supply, whether high (red) or low (green), does not appreciably affect carbon emissions under any given policy. “RPS” is “renewable portfolio standard,” a policy like the state of California’s that requires a percentage of renewable energy. An RPS forces gas to compete directly with coal. Graph B shows total carbon emissions over the next 40 years under different policies; the RPS option makes gas most effective as a bridge fuel by replacing coal. Figure 4 of Shearer et al., “The effect of natural gas supplies on US renewable energy and CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions” (\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/9/094008/article\">open access\u003c/a>), \u003ci>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/i> (Christine Shearer/UC Irvine)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stanford geoscientist Ken Caldeira often says that the fossil-fuel energy system “uses the sky as a waste dump.” Carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), the waste created by burning fossil fuels, has been building up in the atmosphere for centuries. CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are setting new records every year, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/\">Global Carbon Project\u003c/a>, and 2014’s emissions of this greenhouse gas will exceed the 40 billion ton level. The world’s nations are meeting in New York to start hammering out goals and strategies to reduce carbon consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas—methane or CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>—is often called a “bridge fuel” that will help us move away from the carbon-based energy system. As its chemical formula suggests, it relies on burning hydrogen, which yields harmless water as its waste product, more than burning carbon. And methane is abundant in the ground, and the industry is mature. There’s a lot to like about methane, and the arguments are strong. By economics and government policy, methane is already replacing coal as America’s preferred fuel for power generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two major problems with methane are that it still burns carbon (although less than half as much as coal) and that the gas itself is a potent greenhouse gas. Wherever it leaks into the air, methane does harm. Two new studies shed light on each of these problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/9/094008/article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal Environmental Research Letters, lead author Christine Shearer of UC Irvine argues that moving to methane might not yield us any gain in the fight against carbon. Her research team started with forecasts of the natural-gas supply from 23 different experts. This “expert elicitation” approach doesn’t nail down a precise estimate, but it does a good job of defining the range of plausible possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then used an energy model named MARKAL to see how those forecasts would change the mix of energy-producing technology, and the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions that result, between 2015 and 2055. No matter how much methane is available, the results are pretty much the same: methane competes with coal, in line with the “bridge fuel” scenario, but it also competes with renewable fuels (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass, tidal, etc.). Total carbon emissions differ by less than 10 percent under the whole range of gas supplies. The way to make the biggest change in emissions, the study suggests, is climate policy. Without a policy that requires movement toward renewable energy and away from fossil fuels, natural gas will still leave the sky as a waste dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shearer’s study assumes that natural gas production has little or no methane leakage. But \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL061503/abstract\">a study in this month’s Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> led by Eric Kort, of the University of Michigan, used seven years of satellite observations to look at the large gas fields of the Four Corners region in the Southwest. It found that the area emitted nearly 600,000 tons of methane per year, or 1.8 times as much methane as the best “bottom-up” inventory suggested. That is, when a satellite looks down at the actual atmosphere, it finds twice as much methane as we estimate from surveying known methane sources on the ground. Probably it’s a combination of emissions going undetected and emissions going unreported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we end up needing a world carbon monitoring network, along the lines of our current nuclear bomb testing network, this is probably how it will be done.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Natural gas is often called a \"bridge fuel\" that will help ease us off of carbon-based energy. But a study suggests that without policies to push us toward renewables and away from fossil fuels, natural gas will still leave the sky as a waste dump.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/unhelpfulgas.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/unhelpfulgas.png\" alt=\"Gas is unhelpful in weaning us from carbon\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red and green lines in graph A show that gas supply, whether high (red) or low (green), does not appreciably affect carbon emissions under any given policy. “RPS” is “renewable portfolio standard,” a policy like the state of California’s that requires a percentage of renewable energy. An RPS forces gas to compete directly with coal. Graph B shows total carbon emissions over the next 40 years under different policies; the RPS option makes gas most effective as a bridge fuel by replacing coal. Figure 4 of Shearer et al., “The effect of natural gas supplies on US renewable energy and CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions” (\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/9/094008/article\">open access\u003c/a>), \u003ci>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/i> (Christine Shearer/UC Irvine)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stanford geoscientist Ken Caldeira often says that the fossil-fuel energy system “uses the sky as a waste dump.” Carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), the waste created by burning fossil fuels, has been building up in the atmosphere for centuries. CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are setting new records every year, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/\">Global Carbon Project\u003c/a>, and 2014’s emissions of this greenhouse gas will exceed the 40 billion ton level. The world’s nations are meeting in New York to start hammering out goals and strategies to reduce carbon consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas—methane or CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>—is often called a “bridge fuel” that will help us move away from the carbon-based energy system. As its chemical formula suggests, it relies on burning hydrogen, which yields harmless water as its waste product, more than burning carbon. And methane is abundant in the ground, and the industry is mature. There’s a lot to like about methane, and the arguments are strong. By economics and government policy, methane is already replacing coal as America’s preferred fuel for power generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two major problems with methane are that it still burns carbon (although less than half as much as coal) and that the gas itself is a potent greenhouse gas. Wherever it leaks into the air, methane does harm. Two new studies shed light on each of these problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/9/094008/article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal Environmental Research Letters, lead author Christine Shearer of UC Irvine argues that moving to methane might not yield us any gain in the fight against carbon. Her research team started with forecasts of the natural-gas supply from 23 different experts. This “expert elicitation” approach doesn’t nail down a precise estimate, but it does a good job of defining the range of plausible possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then used an energy model named MARKAL to see how those forecasts would change the mix of energy-producing technology, and the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions that result, between 2015 and 2055. No matter how much methane is available, the results are pretty much the same: methane competes with coal, in line with the “bridge fuel” scenario, but it also competes with renewable fuels (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass, tidal, etc.). Total carbon emissions differ by less than 10 percent under the whole range of gas supplies. The way to make the biggest change in emissions, the study suggests, is climate policy. Without a policy that requires movement toward renewable energy and away from fossil fuels, natural gas will still leave the sky as a waste dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shearer’s study assumes that natural gas production has little or no methane leakage. But \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL061503/abstract\">a study in this month’s Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a> led by Eric Kort, of the University of Michigan, used seven years of satellite observations to look at the large gas fields of the Four Corners region in the Southwest. It found that the area emitted nearly 600,000 tons of methane per year, or 1.8 times as much methane as the best “bottom-up” inventory suggested. That is, when a satellite looks down at the actual atmosphere, it finds twice as much methane as we estimate from surveying known methane sources on the ground. Probably it’s a combination of emissions going undetected and emissions going unreported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we end up needing a world carbon monitoring network, along the lines of our current nuclear bomb testing network, this is probably how it will be done.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Crude oil by rail continues to be a growing trend nationwide. The amount of oil and other “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afpm.org/other-products/\">refined petroleum products\u003c/a>” carried by trains climbed nine percent in the first seven months of this year, compared to the first seven months last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Energy Information Administration lays it all out in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=17751&src=email&utm_content=bufferbfa53&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\">article published\u003c/a> this morning, which includes this chart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21097\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 575px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/EIAcrudebyrail.png\" alt=\"(EIA)\" width=\"575\" height=\"284\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(EIA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in California, the increase in crude-by-rail shipments puts the national numbers — proportionally speaking — to shame. Sixty-six percent more oil came into California by rail in the first half of this year, compared to the first half of last year, according to numbers from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Though keep in mind, the national chart is tracking barrels per day, while the state numbers are barrels per month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21100\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/chart_2.png\" alt=\"Data from the California Energy Commission. \" width=\"600\" height=\"371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fiery derailments and explosions in other parts of the country have drawn attention to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/california-has-little-say-over-oil-train-safety/\">safety problems\u003c/a> with the rail cars used to transport oil. Last summer in Quebec, a train carrying crude from North Dakota’s Bakken formation exploded in the town of Lac-Mégantic and killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposing safety improvements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in carrying crude oil by train is happening because there’s an oil boom in North America. To get all that oil from Alberta, North Dakota and \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">other places\u003c/a> to refineries here in California, oil companies must use trains. There are no pipelines coming into California from other states. Most of California’s oil is either drilled here in the state, or arrives by ship from Alaska or overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil traveling by rail into California still accounts for a small percentage of all the crude California processes. If oil-by-rail terminals that are proposed in Benicia, Pittsburg, Santa Maria and Bakersfield go through, then that proportion could rise from one percent to more than 20 percent. Of the two Bay Area projects, the one in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/benicia-extends-public-comment-period-on-bay-area-crude-by-rail/\">Benicia is currently under review\u003c/a>, and the one in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">Pittsburg\u003c/a> is on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in the Bay Area, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railways is currently delivering oil to a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/25/revealed-volatile-oil-train-routes-in-california/\">rail yard in Richmond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Crude oil by rail continues to be a growing trend nationwide. The amount of oil and other “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afpm.org/other-products/\">refined petroleum products\u003c/a>” carried by trains climbed nine percent in the first seven months of this year, compared to the first seven months last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Energy Information Administration lays it all out in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=17751&src=email&utm_content=bufferbfa53&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\">article published\u003c/a> this morning, which includes this chart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21097\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 575px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/EIAcrudebyrail.png\" alt=\"(EIA)\" width=\"575\" height=\"284\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(EIA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in California, the increase in crude-by-rail shipments puts the national numbers — proportionally speaking — to shame. Sixty-six percent more oil came into California by rail in the first half of this year, compared to the first half of last year, according to numbers from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Though keep in mind, the national chart is tracking barrels per day, while the state numbers are barrels per month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21100\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/chart_2.png\" alt=\"Data from the California Energy Commission. \" width=\"600\" height=\"371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fiery derailments and explosions in other parts of the country have drawn attention to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/california-has-little-say-over-oil-train-safety/\">safety problems\u003c/a> with the rail cars used to transport oil. Last summer in Quebec, a train carrying crude from North Dakota’s Bakken formation exploded in the town of Lac-Mégantic and killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/23/feds-propose-new-safety-rules-for-oil-trains/\">proposing safety improvements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in carrying crude oil by train is happening because there’s an oil boom in North America. To get all that oil from Alberta, North Dakota and \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2014_crude_by_rail.html\">other places\u003c/a> to refineries here in California, oil companies must use trains. There are no pipelines coming into California from other states. Most of California’s oil is either drilled here in the state, or arrives by ship from Alaska or overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil traveling by rail into California still accounts for a small percentage of all the crude California processes. If oil-by-rail terminals that are proposed in Benicia, Pittsburg, Santa Maria and Bakersfield go through, then that proportion could rise from one percent to more than 20 percent. Of the two Bay Area projects, the one in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/benicia-extends-public-comment-period-on-bay-area-crude-by-rail/\">Benicia is currently under review\u003c/a>, and the one in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">Pittsburg\u003c/a> is on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in the Bay Area, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railways is currently delivering oil to a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/25/revealed-volatile-oil-train-routes-in-california/\">rail yard in Richmond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Richmond Approves Contentious Chevron Project",
"headTitle": "Richmond Approves Contentious Chevron Project | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16478\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/RS9520_Chevron032714-JoshC-5195-scr-e1397259831604.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/RS9520_Chevron032714-JoshC-5195-scr-e1397259831604.jpg\" alt=\"The partially-built hydrogen plant. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16478\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The partially-built hydrogen plant, on hold since a 2009 court ruling. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Richmond’s city council approved the $1 billion project after a six-hour hearing marked by sharp divisions of opinion. The upgrade at Chevron’s Richmond refinery will allow the company to refine higher-sulfur crude oil. It’s a smaller version of a project the company first proposed in 2005, and which was stopped by a lawsuit in 2009. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modernization project, as Chevron calls it, centers around the construction of a new hydrogen plant. Hydrogen is used to clean sulfur out of crude oil. Chevron is looking to refine higher-sulfur crude, also known as sour crude or dirty crude, because, the company says, that’s what they’re getting from declining oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project that passed the council late Tuesday night is a revised version of Chevron’s proposal. Known as Alternative 11, the project caps greenhouse gas emissions; instead of no \u003cem>net\u003c/em> increase, there will be no increase in greenhouse gas emissions, period. With the upgrade, Chevron will be able to process more sulfur, but Alternative 11 permits Chevron to process less than the company originally wanted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternative 11 could actually reduce the amount of crude oil moving through the refinery. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to have to do more to refine higher-sulfur crude, which means it’s going to have to use more energy to refine that higher-sulfur crude, which means it won’t have enough energy left over to refine as much crude,” explained Jennifer Hernandez, an attorney with Holland & Knight, and the city’s lead consultant on the project. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternative 11 got the endorsement of Attorney General Kamala Harris. It’s what the Richmond \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/07/11/round-2-of-richmond-hearing-on-chevron-refinery-plan/\">planning commission approved\u003c/a>, too, and last week Chevron got on board with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planning commission had recommended additional pollution control conditions be placed on the project. The city council didn’t approve those, but did pass two other last-minute conditions. One requires Chevron to replace all pipes that are at risk of corroding. (A ruptured pipe was the cause of a refinery fire in August 2012 that sent thousands of people to local hospitals.) The other requires Chevron to install more equipment to improve particulate matter testing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of people attended Tuesday night’s city council meeting, and dozens commented on the project. People turned out in blue-and-white baseball tees for Chevron, neon green t-shirts for the Asian Pacific Environmental Network and red t-shirts for the struggling Doctors Medical Center, whose supporters wanted funding from the project. There was applause, foot-stomping and an occasional hoot from the crowd. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public comments centered on jobs, money, air pollution and Chevron’s role in Richmond. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know any community that wouldn’t want a billion-dollar project,” said Tom Waller, a resident of Hercules. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Francis Adams said, as a teacher, she found Chevron to be a good partner to the community. “Whenever I asked them for anything at the school,” she said, “they always had me come down, and they gave me a check.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t give our kids backpacks and ice cream, and then give them asthma and cancer,” thundered Richmond resident Rebecca Auerbach. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the agreement, Chevron is also giving $90 million in money and land for community investments. The money would go to scholarships, job training and greenhouse gas reduction programs in the city. The land is a 60-acre in-kind donation of Chevron’s property, to be set aside for a solar farm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of glass half-empty or half-full we got about 70 percent of what we wanted,” said Andrés Soto of Communities for a Better Environment. He said he thinks the project as it stands now is better than the 2008 version, which CBE sued over, and better than what it was a month ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, he said CBE is considering its options. Representatives of the group hinted at a possible lawsuit at Tuesday’s hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, this project is headed to court. The Contra Costa Superior Court must lift its order prohibiting Chevron from moving ahead with the project; the order is still in place from the earlier lawsuit. Chevron officials say they hope they’ll be cleared to move ahead in early 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16478\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/RS9520_Chevron032714-JoshC-5195-scr-e1397259831604.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/RS9520_Chevron032714-JoshC-5195-scr-e1397259831604.jpg\" alt=\"The partially-built hydrogen plant. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16478\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The partially-built hydrogen plant, on hold since a 2009 court ruling. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Richmond’s city council approved the $1 billion project after a six-hour hearing marked by sharp divisions of opinion. The upgrade at Chevron’s Richmond refinery will allow the company to refine higher-sulfur crude oil. It’s a smaller version of a project the company first proposed in 2005, and which was stopped by a lawsuit in 2009. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modernization project, as Chevron calls it, centers around the construction of a new hydrogen plant. Hydrogen is used to clean sulfur out of crude oil. Chevron is looking to refine higher-sulfur crude, also known as sour crude or dirty crude, because, the company says, that’s what they’re getting from declining oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project that passed the council late Tuesday night is a revised version of Chevron’s proposal. Known as Alternative 11, the project caps greenhouse gas emissions; instead of no \u003cem>net\u003c/em> increase, there will be no increase in greenhouse gas emissions, period. With the upgrade, Chevron will be able to process more sulfur, but Alternative 11 permits Chevron to process less than the company originally wanted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternative 11 could actually reduce the amount of crude oil moving through the refinery. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to have to do more to refine higher-sulfur crude, which means it’s going to have to use more energy to refine that higher-sulfur crude, which means it won’t have enough energy left over to refine as much crude,” explained Jennifer Hernandez, an attorney with Holland & Knight, and the city’s lead consultant on the project. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternative 11 got the endorsement of Attorney General Kamala Harris. It’s what the Richmond \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/07/11/round-2-of-richmond-hearing-on-chevron-refinery-plan/\">planning commission approved\u003c/a>, too, and last week Chevron got on board with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planning commission had recommended additional pollution control conditions be placed on the project. The city council didn’t approve those, but did pass two other last-minute conditions. One requires Chevron to replace all pipes that are at risk of corroding. (A ruptured pipe was the cause of a refinery fire in August 2012 that sent thousands of people to local hospitals.) The other requires Chevron to install more equipment to improve particulate matter testing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of people attended Tuesday night’s city council meeting, and dozens commented on the project. People turned out in blue-and-white baseball tees for Chevron, neon green t-shirts for the Asian Pacific Environmental Network and red t-shirts for the struggling Doctors Medical Center, whose supporters wanted funding from the project. There was applause, foot-stomping and an occasional hoot from the crowd. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public comments centered on jobs, money, air pollution and Chevron’s role in Richmond. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know any community that wouldn’t want a billion-dollar project,” said Tom Waller, a resident of Hercules. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Francis Adams said, as a teacher, she found Chevron to be a good partner to the community. “Whenever I asked them for anything at the school,” she said, “they always had me come down, and they gave me a check.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t give our kids backpacks and ice cream, and then give them asthma and cancer,” thundered Richmond resident Rebecca Auerbach. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the agreement, Chevron is also giving $90 million in money and land for community investments. The money would go to scholarships, job training and greenhouse gas reduction programs in the city. The land is a 60-acre in-kind donation of Chevron’s property, to be set aside for a solar farm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of glass half-empty or half-full we got about 70 percent of what we wanted,” said Andrés Soto of Communities for a Better Environment. He said he thinks the project as it stands now is better than the 2008 version, which CBE sued over, and better than what it was a month ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, he said CBE is considering its options. Representatives of the group hinted at a possible lawsuit at Tuesday’s hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, this project is headed to court. The Contra Costa Superior Court must lift its order prohibiting Chevron from moving ahead with the project; the order is still in place from the earlier lawsuit. Chevron officials say they hope they’ll be cleared to move ahead in early 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Propose New Safety Rules for Oil Trains",
"headTitle": "Feds Propose New Safety Rules for Oil Trains | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19737\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/10880scr_fab34f3151f07aa-e1406166428720.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/10880scr_fab34f3151f07aa-e1406166428720.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars lined up in a rail yard in Richmond. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars lined up in a rail yard in Richmond. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Transportation is \u003ca href=\"http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_75F600DC57D81471F96C328EB5DF9177527E1000/filename/Proposed_Rulemaking_Enhanced_Tank_Car_Standards_and_Operational_Controls_for_High_Hazard_Flammable_Trains_PHMSA_2012_0082_%28HM_251%29_RIN_2137_AE91.pdf\">proposing regulations\u003c/a> that would make trains carrying oil safer. There have been several fiery oil train derailments in other parts of the country in the past year, and last July, a train carrying crude oil from North Dakota’s Bakken formation exploded in the town of \u003cspan class=\"st\">Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, killing 47 people\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules include lower speed limits, better brakes and safer rail cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re pleased to see that these recommendations were made,” said Kelly Huston, a deputy director at California’s Office of Emergency Services. State regulators have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/california-has-little-say-over-oil-train-safety/\">pushing for tighter federal regulations\u003c/a> on oil trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, one train a week carries a minimum of one million gallons of Bakken from North Dakota to a rail yard in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with the proposed rules, the D.O.T. also \u003ca href=\"http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_10B6171B1F17B07B32E437ADB3AC37F61DD70400/filename/07_21_14_Operation_Safe_Delivery_Report.pdf\">issued a report\u003c/a> finding that crude from the Bakken is more volatile than crude from other parts of the U.S., and that “there is an increased risk of a significant incident involving this material due to the significant volume that is transported, the routes and the extremely long distances it is moving by rail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt we’re going to have better tank cars,” said Patti Goldman, an attorney with Earthjustice. She welcomes the rules, but says she doesn’t like the timeline, which doesn’t require the unsafe rail cars to be phased out until October, 2017. “It’s just going to happen too slowly and for too small a part of the hazardous shipments that we have on the rails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Earthjustice \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/PetitionforEmergencyOrderReBakkenCrudeRailCars.pdf\">filed a petition\u003c/a> asking for older rail cars to be phased out immediately. \u003ca href=\"http://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardousMaterials/Pages/Oil-By-Rail.aspx\">According to California officials\u003c/a>, as much as 82 percent of crude oil shipped in the U.S. — including the Bakken crude — is carried in old tank cars that cannot protect against explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trains delivered more than six million barrels of oil to California \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">last year\u003c/a>, from North Dakota, Alberta, Wyoming and other western states. State officials project that by 2016, the amount of crude traveling into California by train could surpass 100 million barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huston said the regulations are just one piece of improving crude-by-rail safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also have to provide better training for our first responders,” he said. “We should expand our hazardous materials response capability in the state, and we should look at regulating and inspecting the railroads more closely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California recently hired more rail safety inspectors. Huston said the OES is now evaluating what training the hazardous materials response teams need, and whether the teams are located in the best places to respond if there were an oil train accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Association of American Railroads, an industry group, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aar.org/newsandevents/Press-Releases/Pages/AAR-Responds-to-US-DOT-Proposed-Rule-on-Safety-of-Moving-Flammable-Liquids-by-Rail.aspx#.U8_7C7GU58E\">statement\u003c/a> it’s reviewing the D.O.T.’s proposals. A spokesman for the Western States Petroleum Association, which represents oil refiners, said they needed more time to review the regulations before commenting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The D.O.T. is now \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/us-dot-announces-comprehensive-proposed-rulemaking-safe-transportation-crude-oil\">accepting public comment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There have been several fiery oil train derailments in other parts of the country in the past year. The new rules include lower speed limits, better brakes and safer rail cars. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt we’re going to have better tank cars,” said Patti Goldman, an attorney with Earthjustice. She welcomes the rules, but says she doesn’t like the timeline, which doesn’t require the unsafe rail cars to be phased out until October, 2017. “It’s just going to happen too slowly and for too small a part of the hazardous shipments that we have on the rails.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Earthjustice \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/PetitionforEmergencyOrderReBakkenCrudeRailCars.pdf\">filed a petition\u003c/a> asking for older rail cars to be phased out immediately. \u003ca href=\"http://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardousMaterials/Pages/Oil-By-Rail.aspx\">According to California officials\u003c/a>, as much as 82 percent of crude oil shipped in the U.S. — including the Bakken crude — is carried in old tank cars that cannot protect against explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trains delivered more than six million barrels of oil to California \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">last year\u003c/a>, from North Dakota, Alberta, Wyoming and other western states. State officials project that by 2016, the amount of crude traveling into California by train could surpass 100 million barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huston said the regulations are just one piece of improving crude-by-rail safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also have to provide better training for our first responders,” he said. “We should expand our hazardous materials response capability in the state, and we should look at regulating and inspecting the railroads more closely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California recently hired more rail safety inspectors. Huston said the OES is now evaluating what training the hazardous materials response teams need, and whether the teams are located in the best places to respond if there were an oil train accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Association of American Railroads, an industry group, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aar.org/newsandevents/Press-Releases/Pages/AAR-Responds-to-US-DOT-Proposed-Rule-on-Safety-of-Moving-Flammable-Liquids-by-Rail.aspx#.U8_7C7GU58E\">statement\u003c/a> it’s reviewing the D.O.T.’s proposals. A spokesman for the Western States Petroleum Association, which represents oil refiners, said they needed more time to review the regulations before commenting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The D.O.T. is now \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/us-dot-announces-comprehensive-proposed-rulemaking-safe-transportation-crude-oil\">accepting public comment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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