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"content": "\u003cp>Americans are using less electricity as buildings become more energy-efficient and industrial power demand weakens, and \u003ca href=\"http://mjbradley.com/benchmarking-air-emissions\">a new report\u003c/a> says that is leading to three trends: Declining carbon dioxide emissions, low electric power prices and the decline of coal, which has until recently been the primary fuel used to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the nation’s largest electric utilities have been slow to cut carbon dioxide emissions in recent years, but as coal-fired power plants are shut down and states develop more wind and solar, carbon emissions are falling more quickly, according to the report published Wednesday by Bank of America, the Natural Resources Defense Council, climate think tank \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.org/press/press-releases/air-emissions-report\">Ceres\u003c/a> and three major utilities — \u003ca href=\"http://www.exeloncorp.com/\">Exelon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://entergy.com/\">Entergy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. power plants’ carbon dioxide emissions were 14 percent higher in 2014 than they were in 1990. But the good news for the climate is that emissions fell about 15 percent between 2005 and 2014, and early data suggest that they fell another 6 percent between 2014 and 2015, reducing emissions to just above 1990 levels, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, spurred by environmental regulations under the Clean Air Act, utilities have cut their nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions — major air pollutants — by more than 75 percent since 1990, and mercury emissions were cut 55 percent since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less progress has been made in terms of reducing CO2 emissions,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generating electricity is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change both in the U.S. and across the globe and the target of the Obama administration’s most sweeping climate policy — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>. But the way Americans produce and use electricity is changing, and the climate may benefit, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More zero-carbon energy is being produced from wind and solar, and low natural gas prices and mercury pollution regulations are encouraging utilities to shutter coal-fired-power plants and open new ones that run on natural gas, which emits less carbon dioxide, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewable energy is widely expected to continue its strong growth, which will put the electricity sector in an excellent position to help the U.S. meet its international commitments,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/starla-yeh\">Starla Yeh\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst in the Climate and Clean Air Program at NRDC. “We must reach this milestone to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most progress in reducing carbon emissions from electric power plants has been made in New England and the South, where many states have cut their carbon emissions rate by greater than 20 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/industry-initiatives/electric-power/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers\">stands out\u003c/a> because the region has been traditionally resistant to renewables, but with a greater focus on shutting down coal-fired power plants, six states have cut the rate of their carbon emissions by more than 20 percent between 2008 and 2014. Those states include North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary factor is a shift away from coal and toward natural gas,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/who-we-are/ceres-staff/dan-bakal\">Dan Bakal\u003c/a>, director of electric power for Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Southern states have added renewables and use some nuclear power, but those were not major factors in their emissions reductions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states with the highest power plant carbon emissions rates are Kentucky, Wyoming, West Virginia, Indiana and Missouri — all states heavily dependent on coal, according to the report. States with the lowest emissions rates are Vermont, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new report shows electric power utilities are reducing carbon pollution that fuels climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Americans are using less electricity as buildings become more energy-efficient and industrial power demand weakens, and \u003ca href=\"http://mjbradley.com/benchmarking-air-emissions\">a new report\u003c/a> says that is leading to three trends: Declining carbon dioxide emissions, low electric power prices and the decline of coal, which has until recently been the primary fuel used to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the nation’s largest electric utilities have been slow to cut carbon dioxide emissions in recent years, but as coal-fired power plants are shut down and states develop more wind and solar, carbon emissions are falling more quickly, according to the report published Wednesday by Bank of America, the Natural Resources Defense Council, climate think tank \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.org/press/press-releases/air-emissions-report\">Ceres\u003c/a> and three major utilities — \u003ca href=\"http://www.exeloncorp.com/\">Exelon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://entergy.com/\">Entergy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. power plants’ carbon dioxide emissions were 14 percent higher in 2014 than they were in 1990. But the good news for the climate is that emissions fell about 15 percent between 2005 and 2014, and early data suggest that they fell another 6 percent between 2014 and 2015, reducing emissions to just above 1990 levels, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, spurred by environmental regulations under the Clean Air Act, utilities have cut their nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions — major air pollutants — by more than 75 percent since 1990, and mercury emissions were cut 55 percent since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less progress has been made in terms of reducing CO2 emissions,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generating electricity is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change both in the U.S. and across the globe and the target of the Obama administration’s most sweeping climate policy — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>. But the way Americans produce and use electricity is changing, and the climate may benefit, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More zero-carbon energy is being produced from wind and solar, and low natural gas prices and mercury pollution regulations are encouraging utilities to shutter coal-fired-power plants and open new ones that run on natural gas, which emits less carbon dioxide, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewable energy is widely expected to continue its strong growth, which will put the electricity sector in an excellent position to help the U.S. meet its international commitments,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/starla-yeh\">Starla Yeh\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst in the Climate and Clean Air Program at NRDC. “We must reach this milestone to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most progress in reducing carbon emissions from electric power plants has been made in New England and the South, where many states have cut their carbon emissions rate by greater than 20 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/industry-initiatives/electric-power/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers\">stands out\u003c/a> because the region has been traditionally resistant to renewables, but with a greater focus on shutting down coal-fired power plants, six states have cut the rate of their carbon emissions by more than 20 percent between 2008 and 2014. Those states include North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary factor is a shift away from coal and toward natural gas,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/who-we-are/ceres-staff/dan-bakal\">Dan Bakal\u003c/a>, director of electric power for Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Southern states have added renewables and use some nuclear power, but those were not major factors in their emissions reductions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states with the highest power plant carbon emissions rates are Kentucky, Wyoming, West Virginia, Indiana and Missouri — all states heavily dependent on coal, according to the report. States with the lowest emissions rates are Vermont, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Plans to Replace Diablo Canyon With 100 Percent Clean Energy Could Fall Short",
"headTitle": "Why Plans to Replace Diablo Canyon With 100 Percent Clean Energy Could Fall Short | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When PG&E announced plans to close California’s last remaining nuclear plant last week, it also \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20160621_in_step_with_californias_evolving_energy_policy_pge_labor_and_environmental_groups_announce_proposal_to_increase_energy_efficiency_renewables_and_storage_while_phasing_out_nuclear_power_over_the_next_decade\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a historic plan\u003c/a> to replace it with clean energy, like solar or wind, and energy efficiency gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant, which doesn’t put out carbon emissions, won’t be replaced with something that does, like natural gas, the utility said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a 100 percent clean energy transition is less certain than it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say that natural gas power plants could also play a role in replacing Diablo Canyon, because of the challenges of adding large amounts of renewable energy to the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be up to everybody to hold them accountable.’\u003ccite>Laura Wisland, Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind power \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fluctuate based on the weather conditions \u003c/a>and time of day. Natural gas plants are kept running to fill in the gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the short term, some say closing Diablo Canyon could actually boost greenhouse gas emissions, because there may not be enough renewable energy to cover the loss of the nuclear plant in the first few years after it retires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it’s committed to a greenhouse-gas free solution. Whether that happens will depend on how the utility and regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission put that plan in motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Shrinking Gap?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Diablo Canyon produces about 20 percent of PG&E’s electricity. That’s a lot of megawatts to replace. PG&E says not all of them be replaced, though, thanks to California’s “changing energy landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t need it,” said Geisha Williams, president of PG&E Electric. “There’s been so much energy efficiency. There’s been so much power that’s been generated by customers on their own private solar rooftop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California must double its energy efficiency by 2030 under a state law passed last year, SB 350, which means PG&E’s customers will need less electricity from their utility. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/28/california-preserves-solar-incentives-in-defeat-for-utilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home solar systems are booming\u003c/a>, which reduces the need for large power plants. Customers in Marin and Sonoma Counties, for example, have left PG&E and are forming their own local utilities, a process known as community choice aggregation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, PG&E is required to get more of its power from renewable sources, like solar and wind, in order to meet the state’s goal of 50 percent renewable power by 2030.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-wHtHc\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/wHtHc/5/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"330\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add all that up and PG&E says it would only need to run Diablo Canyon at half-power in the future, which makes it financially infeasible to keep open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Diablo retires, PG&E will need to replace roughly 9,000 gigawatt-hours of electricity. (In California, it takes around 6,000 gigawatt-hours to power one million households for a year). Through improved energy efficiency, PG&E expects demand to fall by 2,000 gigawatt-hours by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves a gap of roughly 7,000 gigawatt-hours to make up for the year that Diablo’s reactors go offline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To bridge that gap, PG&E plans to significantly boost the renewable energy it uses by 2031. By six years after Diablo’s retirement, PG&E says it plans to be generating 55 percent renewable power, system-wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even considering PG&E’s rapid renewable energy growth, some energy analysts say PG&E may need to turn to natural gas for the first few years after Diablo Canyon’s retirement, a move that could add to California’s greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural Gas as a ‘Bridge Fuel’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They actually increase their dependence on gas-fired generation over a short time frame because that’s really the only option that’s available to them,” said Morris Greenberg, Managing Director of North American Power at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pira.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PIRA Energy Group\u003c/a>, an energy market research firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PIRA ran an analysis of the Western electric grid and found that while the use of natural gas is currently declining in Northern California, it could rise around 34 percent from 2023 to 2026 because of Diablo’s closure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_610986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-610986 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg\" alt=\"Grid operators balance California's transmission system on a minute-by-minute basis at the Independent System Operator.\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grid operators balance California’s transmission system on a minute-by-minute basis at the Independent System Operator. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Greenberg says the analysis takes into account PG&E renewable energy goals, but not the exact specifics of the plan announced last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says there’s a reason it hasn’t spelled out exactly how it will replace Diablo’s power: it’s hard to predict how energy technology will change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I try to write down megawatt-hour by megawatt-hour what fills that gap in 2025 right now, that’s actually a losing strategy,” said Todd Strauss, PG&E’s senior director of energy policy planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposal clearly recognizes there’s lots of other things that need to be done, but we shouldn’t specify it today,” he said. “We’re committed to having Diablo Canyon’s retirement not result in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions,” Strauss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of the environmental groups that signed on to PG&E’s closure plan say there is a risk of turning to natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re determined to avoid that,” said Ralph Cavanagh of the Natural Resources Defense Council. He says there are alternatives like using energy efficiency programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all going to work together to ensure that the fears of our adversaries are not realized: that anytime you lose a nuclear plant you automatically get an uptick in fossil fuels and pollution,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ups and Downs of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar and wind power that will eventually replace Diablo Canyon is carbon-free, but they only work when the sun is out and the wind is blowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”UDvFW0KjwXA2qzfZs2eJlC9ioUH62sa1″]As clouds cover the sun or the wind dies down, the power supply drops, creating fluctuations on the electric grid. To prevent widespread outages, the state’s grid operator, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a> (ISO), has to have another source of energy ready to fill in the gap immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, it’s been natural gas power plants, which can be turned up and down as needed. That means gas plants have to be run at the same time as renewables, because once turned off, they can take hours to turn back on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as more renewable energy comes online, running renewables, natural gas and other power sources all together sometimes creates more power than the state needs. At those times, the California ISO has to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">switch off solar farms\u003c/a> to avoid overloading the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retiring Diablo Canyon could help with that problem. The nuclear plant is designed to run at a steady, constant level. Nuclear advocates have argued that the state needs this kind of “baseload” power. Others say shutting down Diablo could actually improve grid management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will reduce the need to curtail our solar power plants,” said Cavanagh. “The nuclear plant can’t be ramped up and down, so it’s occupying space on the grid that solar farms could occupy at much lower cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>TOO MUCH RENEWABLE POWER\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> On a sunny day in March, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on the grid than Californians were using. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611449\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_-Grid_Desktop.png\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO. \" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611442 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Grid_Mobile.png\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural Gas At the Ready\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as California approaches the legislative mandate of getting half its electricity from renewable sources, the grid will need more backup power ready to fill in when solar and wind power fluctuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could be at risk of running the gas fleet higher than we would otherwise run it,” said Laura Wisland of the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisland says there are a number of strategies to avoid that. Spreading solar and wind farms across a wide geographic area would prevent localized weather conditions, like cloud cover or lack of wind, from creating such large fluctuations on the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some solar farms and natural gas plants are also less flexible than they could be, because their contracts limit how often they can be turned down or turned off. Wisland says having fewer limits on that would make it easier for the grid operator to balance the ups and downs of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it plans to negotiate more flexible contracts with both new renewable projects and older ones whose contracts are expiring soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/11/too-much-solar-in-california-not-if-you-bottle-it/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy storage projects\u003c/a>, like large batteries, can also provide power to balance out solar and wind, so natural gas wouldn’t be needed as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is also looking at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\">joining its electric grid to other Western states\u003c/a>, so power can be shared more efficiently throughout the West. Instead of turning on more natural gas plants here, California could hypothetically look for clean power from other states instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it’s interested in those strategies, but state regulators must ultimately approve the decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There remains “a lot that is actually beyond PG&E, to be worked out at the California Public Utilities Commission, California ISO, and other California discussions,” says PG&E’s Strauss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If action occurs too late, then there may be some challenge to the reliability of the system,” he says. “But with a planned, deliberate approach with plenty of foresight, we’re going get reliability in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they do sign up more renewables,” Wisland cautions, “they’re going to have to be much more aware of the integration challenges and be much more careful choosing renewables to minimize those challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it will bring its plan to retire Diablo Canyon and replace it with clean energy before regulators later this year. When that happens, Wisland says, “It’s going to be up to everybody to hold them accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When PG&E announced plans to close California’s last remaining nuclear plant last week, it also \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20160621_in_step_with_californias_evolving_energy_policy_pge_labor_and_environmental_groups_announce_proposal_to_increase_energy_efficiency_renewables_and_storage_while_phasing_out_nuclear_power_over_the_next_decade\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a historic plan\u003c/a> to replace it with clean energy, like solar or wind, and energy efficiency gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant, which doesn’t put out carbon emissions, won’t be replaced with something that does, like natural gas, the utility said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a 100 percent clean energy transition is less certain than it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say that natural gas power plants could also play a role in replacing Diablo Canyon, because of the challenges of adding large amounts of renewable energy to the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be up to everybody to hold them accountable.’\u003ccite>Laura Wisland, Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind power \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fluctuate based on the weather conditions \u003c/a>and time of day. Natural gas plants are kept running to fill in the gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the short term, some say closing Diablo Canyon could actually boost greenhouse gas emissions, because there may not be enough renewable energy to cover the loss of the nuclear plant in the first few years after it retires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it’s committed to a greenhouse-gas free solution. Whether that happens will depend on how the utility and regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission put that plan in motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Shrinking Gap?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Diablo Canyon produces about 20 percent of PG&E’s electricity. That’s a lot of megawatts to replace. PG&E says not all of them be replaced, though, thanks to California’s “changing energy landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t need it,” said Geisha Williams, president of PG&E Electric. “There’s been so much energy efficiency. There’s been so much power that’s been generated by customers on their own private solar rooftop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California must double its energy efficiency by 2030 under a state law passed last year, SB 350, which means PG&E’s customers will need less electricity from their utility. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/28/california-preserves-solar-incentives-in-defeat-for-utilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home solar systems are booming\u003c/a>, which reduces the need for large power plants. Customers in Marin and Sonoma Counties, for example, have left PG&E and are forming their own local utilities, a process known as community choice aggregation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, PG&E is required to get more of its power from renewable sources, like solar and wind, in order to meet the state’s goal of 50 percent renewable power by 2030.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-wHtHc\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/wHtHc/5/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"330\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add all that up and PG&E says it would only need to run Diablo Canyon at half-power in the future, which makes it financially infeasible to keep open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Diablo retires, PG&E will need to replace roughly 9,000 gigawatt-hours of electricity. (In California, it takes around 6,000 gigawatt-hours to power one million households for a year). Through improved energy efficiency, PG&E expects demand to fall by 2,000 gigawatt-hours by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves a gap of roughly 7,000 gigawatt-hours to make up for the year that Diablo’s reactors go offline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To bridge that gap, PG&E plans to significantly boost the renewable energy it uses by 2031. By six years after Diablo’s retirement, PG&E says it plans to be generating 55 percent renewable power, system-wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even considering PG&E’s rapid renewable energy growth, some energy analysts say PG&E may need to turn to natural gas for the first few years after Diablo Canyon’s retirement, a move that could add to California’s greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural Gas as a ‘Bridge Fuel’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They actually increase their dependence on gas-fired generation over a short time frame because that’s really the only option that’s available to them,” said Morris Greenberg, Managing Director of North American Power at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pira.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PIRA Energy Group\u003c/a>, an energy market research firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PIRA ran an analysis of the Western electric grid and found that while the use of natural gas is currently declining in Northern California, it could rise around 34 percent from 2023 to 2026 because of Diablo’s closure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_610986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-610986 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg\" alt=\"Grid operators balance California's transmission system on a minute-by-minute basis at the Independent System Operator.\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grid operators balance California’s transmission system on a minute-by-minute basis at the Independent System Operator. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Greenberg says the analysis takes into account PG&E renewable energy goals, but not the exact specifics of the plan announced last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says there’s a reason it hasn’t spelled out exactly how it will replace Diablo’s power: it’s hard to predict how energy technology will change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I try to write down megawatt-hour by megawatt-hour what fills that gap in 2025 right now, that’s actually a losing strategy,” said Todd Strauss, PG&E’s senior director of energy policy planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposal clearly recognizes there’s lots of other things that need to be done, but we shouldn’t specify it today,” he said. “We’re committed to having Diablo Canyon’s retirement not result in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions,” Strauss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of the environmental groups that signed on to PG&E’s closure plan say there is a risk of turning to natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re determined to avoid that,” said Ralph Cavanagh of the Natural Resources Defense Council. He says there are alternatives like using energy efficiency programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all going to work together to ensure that the fears of our adversaries are not realized: that anytime you lose a nuclear plant you automatically get an uptick in fossil fuels and pollution,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ups and Downs of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar and wind power that will eventually replace Diablo Canyon is carbon-free, but they only work when the sun is out and the wind is blowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>As clouds cover the sun or the wind dies down, the power supply drops, creating fluctuations on the electric grid. To prevent widespread outages, the state’s grid operator, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a> (ISO), has to have another source of energy ready to fill in the gap immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, it’s been natural gas power plants, which can be turned up and down as needed. That means gas plants have to be run at the same time as renewables, because once turned off, they can take hours to turn back on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as more renewable energy comes online, running renewables, natural gas and other power sources all together sometimes creates more power than the state needs. At those times, the California ISO has to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">switch off solar farms\u003c/a> to avoid overloading the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retiring Diablo Canyon could help with that problem. The nuclear plant is designed to run at a steady, constant level. Nuclear advocates have argued that the state needs this kind of “baseload” power. Others say shutting down Diablo could actually improve grid management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will reduce the need to curtail our solar power plants,” said Cavanagh. “The nuclear plant can’t be ramped up and down, so it’s occupying space on the grid that solar farms could occupy at much lower cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>TOO MUCH RENEWABLE POWER\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> On a sunny day in March, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on the grid than Californians were using. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611449\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_-Grid_Desktop.png\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO. \" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611442 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Grid_Mobile.png\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural Gas At the Ready\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as California approaches the legislative mandate of getting half its electricity from renewable sources, the grid will need more backup power ready to fill in when solar and wind power fluctuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could be at risk of running the gas fleet higher than we would otherwise run it,” said Laura Wisland of the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisland says there are a number of strategies to avoid that. Spreading solar and wind farms across a wide geographic area would prevent localized weather conditions, like cloud cover or lack of wind, from creating such large fluctuations on the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some solar farms and natural gas plants are also less flexible than they could be, because their contracts limit how often they can be turned down or turned off. Wisland says having fewer limits on that would make it easier for the grid operator to balance the ups and downs of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it plans to negotiate more flexible contracts with both new renewable projects and older ones whose contracts are expiring soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/11/too-much-solar-in-california-not-if-you-bottle-it/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy storage projects\u003c/a>, like large batteries, can also provide power to balance out solar and wind, so natural gas wouldn’t be needed as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is also looking at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\">joining its electric grid to other Western states\u003c/a>, so power can be shared more efficiently throughout the West. Instead of turning on more natural gas plants here, California could hypothetically look for clean power from other states instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it’s interested in those strategies, but state regulators must ultimately approve the decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There remains “a lot that is actually beyond PG&E, to be worked out at the California Public Utilities Commission, California ISO, and other California discussions,” says PG&E’s Strauss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If action occurs too late, then there may be some challenge to the reliability of the system,” he says. “But with a planned, deliberate approach with plenty of foresight, we’re going get reliability in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they do sign up more renewables,” Wisland cautions, “they’re going to have to be much more aware of the integration challenges and be much more careful choosing renewables to minimize those challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it will bring its plan to retire Diablo Canyon and replace it with clean energy before regulators later this year. When that happens, Wisland says, “It’s going to be up to everybody to hold them accountable.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oil Prices May Prove Costly to Climate Goals",
"headTitle": "Oil Prices May Prove Costly to Climate Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When oil and gas prices go to extremes, such as when they crashed two years ago, scientists begin to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/low-oil-prices-may-bode-ill-for-climate-18403\">look for answers\u003c/a>about what those prices mean for climate change — especially when cheap oil encourages people to \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=WGFUPUS2&f=4\">guzzle more gasoline\u003c/a> in less fuel-efficient vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy201677\">new study\u003c/a> shows that if oil and gas prices remain at either extreme — very high or very low — for long periods of time, they are likely to prevent countries from keeping global warming from exceeding 2°C (3.6°F). That’s especially the case if countries do not have climate policies, such as carbon pricing, that try to aggressively cap carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oil and gas prices remain low — less than $55 per barrel — for decades, it will be a disincentive to develop renewable energy and decarbonize the global economy, according to the research by the World Bank and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oil and gas prices stay high for decades — $110 per barrel or more — oil demand still won’t be knocked down sufficiently to drastically reduce carbon emissions. High oil and gas prices encourage some renewables development, but their climate benefits are partially cancelled out by coal production. Coal gets a boost from high oil prices because it’s a cheaper alternative to natural gas, the research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“High oil prices will not be a climate savior any more than low prices will lead to climate catastrophe,” said study lead author \u003ca href=\"http://www.iiasa.ac.at/staff/staff.php?type=auto&visibility=visible&search=true&login=mccollum\">David McCollum\u003c/a>, an IIASA researcher. “If the world is really serious about meeting the kind of tight carbon budgets that are required for 2°C or lower, then strong climate policy signals that put a sizeable price on carbon will be needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon pricing is needed to cut greenhouse gas emissions during long periods of both low and high oil prices, he said. Cheap oil calls for a higher carbon price because there will be higher demand for fossil fuels and less incentive to develop renewables. Expensive oil calls for a lower carbon price because expanded renewables development will offset some of the emissions from increased coal production, the study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published last week in the journal Nature Energy, also underscores the “surprising” importance of natural gas prices in finding a solution to climate change, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/experts/andrew-logan\">Andrew Logan\u003c/a>, director of the oil and gas program at business and climate think tank Cires, which is unaffiliated with the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas prices and oil prices historically rise and fall together — something known as “coupling,” which has significant climate implications. When oil prices are low as they are today, the corresponding low natural gas prices encourage electric utilities to build natural gas power plants and close their coal-fired power plants, which are major contributors to climate change. Natural gas emits about half the carbon as coal when used to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says that the coupling of oil and gas prices in the future is uncertain. But if coupling continues through a decades-long period of very high oil prices, carbon emissions will rise because expensive natural gas will encourage more coal to be used for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, if coupling continues through decades of low oil prices, the climate will benefit because coal won’t be able compete with cheap natural gas. But cheap oil is likely to slow the expansion of renewables, too, undermining the climate benefit of expanded natural gas production and countries’ ability to help decarbonize the global economy, the study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a climate perspective, a reduction in coal is a good thing, whereas a reduction in renewables is not so good,” McCollum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logan said the study adds important nuance to what has been a long-standing debate over how much oil prices affect the transition to a low-carbon economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While this is just a single paper, it does suggest that we need to approach climate policy with an eye toward addressing the impacts of oil prices, particularly low oil prices,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/rob-jackson\">Rob Jackson\u003c/a>, a professor of Earth system science at Stanford University who is unaffiliated with the study, said he questions the study’s assumption that oil and natural gas prices will rise and fall together for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m unconvinced that natural gas and oil prices will stay so closely coupled,” he said, adding that more hydraulic fracturing and liquified natural gas terminals should reduce oil and gas prices’ dependence on one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t tell how much natural gas might compete with coal and renewables in the future because the paper doesn’t include such a scenario,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logan said that as oil has become a less important fuel for heating and electric power generation, there is no logical reason for oil and natural gas prices to be coupled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the shale gas revolution of the past decade and significant overcapacity in the global LNG (liquefied natural gas) market, the prices of the fuels have begun to decouple, and I suspect this trend will accelerate going forward,” Logan said. “What this paper underscores is that this change, in the near-term, has potentially significant and positive implications for the climate. Of course, in the longer term such a decoupling could prove damaging as sustained low natural gas prices are likely to hinder investment in clean energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When oil and gas prices go to extremes, such as when they crashed two years ago, scientists begin to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/low-oil-prices-may-bode-ill-for-climate-18403\">look for answers\u003c/a>about what those prices mean for climate change — especially when cheap oil encourages people to \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=WGFUPUS2&f=4\">guzzle more gasoline\u003c/a> in less fuel-efficient vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy201677\">new study\u003c/a> shows that if oil and gas prices remain at either extreme — very high or very low — for long periods of time, they are likely to prevent countries from keeping global warming from exceeding 2°C (3.6°F). That’s especially the case if countries do not have climate policies, such as carbon pricing, that try to aggressively cap carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oil and gas prices remain low — less than $55 per barrel — for decades, it will be a disincentive to develop renewable energy and decarbonize the global economy, according to the research by the World Bank and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oil and gas prices stay high for decades — $110 per barrel or more — oil demand still won’t be knocked down sufficiently to drastically reduce carbon emissions. High oil and gas prices encourage some renewables development, but their climate benefits are partially cancelled out by coal production. Coal gets a boost from high oil prices because it’s a cheaper alternative to natural gas, the research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“High oil prices will not be a climate savior any more than low prices will lead to climate catastrophe,” said study lead author \u003ca href=\"http://www.iiasa.ac.at/staff/staff.php?type=auto&visibility=visible&search=true&login=mccollum\">David McCollum\u003c/a>, an IIASA researcher. “If the world is really serious about meeting the kind of tight carbon budgets that are required for 2°C or lower, then strong climate policy signals that put a sizeable price on carbon will be needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon pricing is needed to cut greenhouse gas emissions during long periods of both low and high oil prices, he said. Cheap oil calls for a higher carbon price because there will be higher demand for fossil fuels and less incentive to develop renewables. Expensive oil calls for a lower carbon price because expanded renewables development will offset some of the emissions from increased coal production, the study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published last week in the journal Nature Energy, also underscores the “surprising” importance of natural gas prices in finding a solution to climate change, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/experts/andrew-logan\">Andrew Logan\u003c/a>, director of the oil and gas program at business and climate think tank Cires, which is unaffiliated with the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas prices and oil prices historically rise and fall together — something known as “coupling,” which has significant climate implications. When oil prices are low as they are today, the corresponding low natural gas prices encourage electric utilities to build natural gas power plants and close their coal-fired power plants, which are major contributors to climate change. Natural gas emits about half the carbon as coal when used to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says that the coupling of oil and gas prices in the future is uncertain. But if coupling continues through a decades-long period of very high oil prices, carbon emissions will rise because expensive natural gas will encourage more coal to be used for electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, if coupling continues through decades of low oil prices, the climate will benefit because coal won’t be able compete with cheap natural gas. But cheap oil is likely to slow the expansion of renewables, too, undermining the climate benefit of expanded natural gas production and countries’ ability to help decarbonize the global economy, the study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a climate perspective, a reduction in coal is a good thing, whereas a reduction in renewables is not so good,” McCollum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logan said the study adds important nuance to what has been a long-standing debate over how much oil prices affect the transition to a low-carbon economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While this is just a single paper, it does suggest that we need to approach climate policy with an eye toward addressing the impacts of oil prices, particularly low oil prices,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/rob-jackson\">Rob Jackson\u003c/a>, a professor of Earth system science at Stanford University who is unaffiliated with the study, said he questions the study’s assumption that oil and natural gas prices will rise and fall together for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m unconvinced that natural gas and oil prices will stay so closely coupled,” he said, adding that more hydraulic fracturing and liquified natural gas terminals should reduce oil and gas prices’ dependence on one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t tell how much natural gas might compete with coal and renewables in the future because the paper doesn’t include such a scenario,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logan said that as oil has become a less important fuel for heating and electric power generation, there is no logical reason for oil and natural gas prices to be coupled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the shale gas revolution of the past decade and significant overcapacity in the global LNG (liquefied natural gas) market, the prices of the fuels have begun to decouple, and I suspect this trend will accelerate going forward,” Logan said. “What this paper underscores is that this change, in the near-term, has potentially significant and positive implications for the climate. Of course, in the longer term such a decoupling could prove damaging as sustained low natural gas prices are likely to hinder investment in clean energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s last nuclear power plant is scheduled to close. Pacific Gas and Electric announced Tuesday that Diablo Canyon will shut down before the end of its useful life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big win for some environmentalists. But others say the utility is giving up on a clean energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Cx1UQX5U50o9Pn6qohuTAzdJIFLTUaNO”]For Linda Seeley, the end of nuclear power in California is something she’s been championing for 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right out there we’ve got tons of highly radioactive waste, sitting,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeley and I are at the front gate of the Diablo Canyon power plant. It’s right on the coast in Central California. Seeley is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://mothersforpeace.org/data/AboutUs\">Mothers for Peace\u003c/a> and she was one of thousands of protestors here in the early 1980s trying to stop the nuclear plant from opening. Right now, she’s inching her foot across a blue line on the pavement that says no trespassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you wanted to commit civil disobedience you would intentionally walk across the blue line,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which Seeley did and was arrested twice (even Governor Jerry Brown showed up to support the protesters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been fighting nuclear ever since, because she sees safety risks, like the ones at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-accident.aspx\">Fukushima Daiichi plant \u003c/a>that melted down in Japan five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It confirmed her worst fears about nuclear safety. Diablo Canyon is sitting next to earthquake faults and the nuclear waste is stored on site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the ultimate act of hubris to create some kind of waste that you don’t know what to do with, that is toxic,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some other environmentalists, like Michael Shellenberger, have changed their mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nuclear is just a huge part of moving towards a cleaner electrical system,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-1FJsz\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/1FJsz/4/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"617\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellenberger is a long-time environmental activist who started his own organization because he thinks nuclear power can be one solution to climate change. Nuclear doesn’t put out carbon dioxide, like burning coal and natural gas do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start to have these questions about who you are. I’m feeling really attracted to nuclear power now and I’m feeling a little shame about it,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tried to save Diablo Canyon, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/\">Pacific Gas and Electric\u003c/a> plans to shut it down in nine years. The utility is switching to renewable energy, like solar and wind, at other sites around California – as state policy requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellenberger has his doubts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You cannot power the world on wind and solar,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind and solar only work when the sun is shining and the wind is blowing, so California fills in the gaps with power from fossil fuels, like natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another environmentalist — Ralph Cavanagh with the Natural Resources Defense Council — who was involved with the PG&E negotiations said turning to dirtier fuels is not the goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re determined to avoid that,” says Cavanagh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all going to work together to ensure that the fears of our adversaries are not realized — that anytime you lose a nuclear plant you automatically get an uptick in fossil fuels and pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh says there’s still more to be done — like adding more energy storage to the grid, like big batteries. They would make up for the ups and downs of solar energy, instead of using natural gas power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of Diablo Canyon say their fight is far from over. The plan to close the nuclear plant and install more renewables still has to be approved by state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s last nuclear power plant is scheduled to close. Pacific Gas and Electric announced Tuesday that Diablo Canyon will shut down before the end of its useful life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big win for some environmentalists. But others say the utility is giving up on a clean energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>For Linda Seeley, the end of nuclear power in California is something she’s been championing for 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right out there we’ve got tons of highly radioactive waste, sitting,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeley and I are at the front gate of the Diablo Canyon power plant. It’s right on the coast in Central California. Seeley is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://mothersforpeace.org/data/AboutUs\">Mothers for Peace\u003c/a> and she was one of thousands of protestors here in the early 1980s trying to stop the nuclear plant from opening. Right now, she’s inching her foot across a blue line on the pavement that says no trespassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you wanted to commit civil disobedience you would intentionally walk across the blue line,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which Seeley did and was arrested twice (even Governor Jerry Brown showed up to support the protesters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been fighting nuclear ever since, because she sees safety risks, like the ones at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-accident.aspx\">Fukushima Daiichi plant \u003c/a>that melted down in Japan five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It confirmed her worst fears about nuclear safety. Diablo Canyon is sitting next to earthquake faults and the nuclear waste is stored on site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the ultimate act of hubris to create some kind of waste that you don’t know what to do with, that is toxic,” says Seeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some other environmentalists, like Michael Shellenberger, have changed their mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nuclear is just a huge part of moving towards a cleaner electrical system,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-1FJsz\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/1FJsz/4/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"617\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellenberger is a long-time environmental activist who started his own organization because he thinks nuclear power can be one solution to climate change. Nuclear doesn’t put out carbon dioxide, like burning coal and natural gas do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start to have these questions about who you are. I’m feeling really attracted to nuclear power now and I’m feeling a little shame about it,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tried to save Diablo Canyon, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/\">Pacific Gas and Electric\u003c/a> plans to shut it down in nine years. The utility is switching to renewable energy, like solar and wind, at other sites around California – as state policy requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellenberger has his doubts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You cannot power the world on wind and solar,” says Shellenberger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind and solar only work when the sun is shining and the wind is blowing, so California fills in the gaps with power from fossil fuels, like natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another environmentalist — Ralph Cavanagh with the Natural Resources Defense Council — who was involved with the PG&E negotiations said turning to dirtier fuels is not the goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re determined to avoid that,” says Cavanagh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all going to work together to ensure that the fears of our adversaries are not realized — that anytime you lose a nuclear plant you automatically get an uptick in fossil fuels and pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh says there’s still more to be done — like adding more energy storage to the grid, like big batteries. They would make up for the ups and downs of solar energy, instead of using natural gas power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of Diablo Canyon say their fight is far from over. The plan to close the nuclear plant and install more renewables still has to be approved by state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s last nuclear power plant will close by 2025 under \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20160621_in_step_with_californias_evolving_energy_policy_pge_labor_and_environmental_groups_announce_proposal_to_increase_energy_efficiency_renewables_and_storage_while_phasing_out_nuclear_power_over_the_next_decade\">an accord announced Tuesday\u003c/a>, ending three decades of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/07/10/license-renewal-hearings-spark-debate-over-the-future-of-diablo-canyon-nuclear-plant/\">safety debates \u003c/a>that helped fuel the national anti-nuclear power movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s largest utility, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/\">Pacific Gas & Electric Co.\u003c/a>, and environmental groups reached an agreement to replace production at Diablo Canyon nuclear plant with solar power and other energy sources that do not produce climate-changing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DG5fNMh3gaHmFTznWLrIreweGnMWNkYk”]The facility, which sits along a bluff on California’s central coast, supplies 9 percent of the state’s power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/29/activists-push-for-public-review-of-diablo-canyon-nuclear-power-plant/\">Environmentalists have pressed\u003c/a> the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to close Diablo given its proximity to seismic faults in the earthquake-prone state. One fault runs 650 yards from the plant’s reactors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worries of earthquakes fracturing the facility have been a dominant theme since PG&E first announced plans for Diablo Canyon in the 1960s. The project helped consolidate opposition to nuclear power within the country’s then-fledgling environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an historic agreement,” said Erich Pica, president of the Friends of the Earth environmental group, founded in 1969 in opposition to Diablo Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has long said the plant is safe from the largest potential earthquake in the region. But new research has led to more questions about nearby faults, their shaking potential and how the company evaluates them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, the utility agreed not to renew Diablo Canyon’s license. Closing the plant should be cheaper than operating the facility through 2044 as planned, meaning the utility probably won’t have to increase rates, PG&E said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/270255310″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing is that we ultimately got to a shared point of view about the most appropriate and responsible path forward with respect to Diablo Canyon, and how best to support the state’s energy vision,” PG&E President Tony Earley said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move ends a power source once predicted to be necessary to meet the growing energy needs of the nation’s most populous state. The industry also has waned nationally amid the rising costs of building new plants and maintaining old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plans to build new nuclear facilities in the U.S. South have faced costly delays, while proposals for others elsewhere in the country have been scratched. An abundance of inexpensive natural gas has owners of older nuclear plants wondering if the expensive repairs and maintenance are worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California Edison’s San Onofre nuclear plant, between San Diego and Los Angeles, shut down permanently in 2013 after a $670 million equipment swap failed. The same year, Duke Energy announced it would close the Crystal River Nuclear Plant in Florida after a botched repair job left it facing potentially billions of dollars in additional work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country has 61 nuclear plants, including Diablo Canyon, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. California already has banned construction of new facilities until the federal government finds a permanent disposal site for radioactive waste.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s last nuclear power plant will close by 2025 under \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20160621_in_step_with_californias_evolving_energy_policy_pge_labor_and_environmental_groups_announce_proposal_to_increase_energy_efficiency_renewables_and_storage_while_phasing_out_nuclear_power_over_the_next_decade\">an accord announced Tuesday\u003c/a>, ending three decades of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2015/07/10/license-renewal-hearings-spark-debate-over-the-future-of-diablo-canyon-nuclear-plant/\">safety debates \u003c/a>that helped fuel the national anti-nuclear power movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s largest utility, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/\">Pacific Gas & Electric Co.\u003c/a>, and environmental groups reached an agreement to replace production at Diablo Canyon nuclear plant with solar power and other energy sources that do not produce climate-changing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The facility, which sits along a bluff on California’s central coast, supplies 9 percent of the state’s power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/29/activists-push-for-public-review-of-diablo-canyon-nuclear-power-plant/\">Environmentalists have pressed\u003c/a> the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to close Diablo given its proximity to seismic faults in the earthquake-prone state. One fault runs 650 yards from the plant’s reactors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worries of earthquakes fracturing the facility have been a dominant theme since PG&E first announced plans for Diablo Canyon in the 1960s. The project helped consolidate opposition to nuclear power within the country’s then-fledgling environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an historic agreement,” said Erich Pica, president of the Friends of the Earth environmental group, founded in 1969 in opposition to Diablo Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has long said the plant is safe from the largest potential earthquake in the region. But new research has led to more questions about nearby faults, their shaking potential and how the company evaluates them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the deal, the utility agreed not to renew Diablo Canyon’s license. Closing the plant should be cheaper than operating the facility through 2044 as planned, meaning the utility probably won’t have to increase rates, PG&E said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/270255310″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/270255310″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing is that we ultimately got to a shared point of view about the most appropriate and responsible path forward with respect to Diablo Canyon, and how best to support the state’s energy vision,” PG&E President Tony Earley said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move ends a power source once predicted to be necessary to meet the growing energy needs of the nation’s most populous state. The industry also has waned nationally amid the rising costs of building new plants and maintaining old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plans to build new nuclear facilities in the U.S. South have faced costly delays, while proposals for others elsewhere in the country have been scratched. An abundance of inexpensive natural gas has owners of older nuclear plants wondering if the expensive repairs and maintenance are worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California Edison’s San Onofre nuclear plant, between San Diego and Los Angeles, shut down permanently in 2013 after a $670 million equipment swap failed. The same year, Duke Energy announced it would close the Crystal River Nuclear Plant in Florida after a botched repair job left it facing potentially billions of dollars in additional work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country has 61 nuclear plants, including Diablo Canyon, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. California already has banned construction of new facilities until the federal government finds a permanent disposal site for radioactive waste.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Nuclear Canal: When Scientists Thought H-Bombs Would Make Awesome Earthmovers",
"headTitle": "The Nuclear Canal: When Scientists Thought H-Bombs Would Make Awesome Earthmovers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>This month officials will formally open the new, expanded Panama Canal. The “inauguration,” as it’s being called, marks the largest modification of the canal since it opened in 1914.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/2016/06/tom-fowlks-panama-canal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expansion took nearly a decade\u003c/a> to complete and required moving 130 million cubic meters of earth (one cubic meter will fill a pickup truck) — all to make bigger locks to move today’s enormous cargo ships between oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was biological insanity.’\u003ccite>John Gofman,\u003cbr>\nLawrence Livermore National Laboratory\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps first envisioned it in the 19th century, the original \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dream was for a sea-level canal\u003c/a> with no need for locks to move ships up and down the steep topography of the isthmus. The French — and the Americans, who completed the job — abandoned that notion when faced with the enormous earthmoving and engineering it would require.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the advent of the atom bomb in 1945, scientists were trolling for “peaceful” uses for atomic energy and it struck them that A-bombs might make awesome earthmovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can move with such explosions great amounts of earth, very cheaply,” Teller boasted in an early promotional film for what came to be known as Project Plowshare. It was managed out of the Lawrence Radiation Lab (now \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/\">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earthmoving in the Atomic Age\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Proposed routes for a canal to be excavated with nuclear explosives:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqedscience.cartodb.com/viz/b0b97bc4-2ff7-11e6-851c-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hungarian-born Teller was a key figure in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manhattan Project\u003c/a>, which developed the first atomic bomb. For his role in developing the next generation of thermonuclear explosives, or hydrogen bombs, Teller was given the moniker, “Father of the H-bomb.” But in the 1950s, he turned his attention to finding a role for his creation in civil engineering. And what better megaproject than a whole new canal that would take the biggest ships imaginable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needn’t take a coastline as it happens to be,” he ventured. “We can make a harbor, a water-level canal, even across the American isthmus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists, politicians, they all dreamed,” recalls Tom Ramos, a physicist and unofficial historian at Livermore Lab. “The first image was this new source of energy that would solve much of the energy problems of the country, and apparently the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramos says the first notion of how nuclear power plants might work was not with a reactor, but with repeated underground detonations that would create steam to run turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That idea never took hold — probably for the best — but, applied to earthmoving, nukes seemed like a natural. Uses were hatched for mining and what is now commonly called “fracking,” breaking up underground rock formations to free up gas and oil reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_761705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-761705\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt.jpg\" alt=\"Project Carryall proposed a shortcut through the Bristol Mountains near Needles, carved out by 22 atomic fission devices.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-400x298.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-800x597.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-768x573.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-1440x1074.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-1180x880.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-960x716.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Carryall proposed a shortcut through the Bristol Mountains near Needles, carved out by 22 atomic fission devices. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nukes would carve a new harbor out of the rugged Alaskan coastline. \u003ca href=\"http://atomic-skies.blogspot.com/2014/02/project-carryall.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Carryall\u003c/a> would deploy a string of 22 atomic bombs to carve a road cut through the Bristol Mountains in California’s Mojave Desert, shortening the path for the new Interstate 40 and the Atcheson, Topeka & Santa Fe rail line. (There’s a remarkably \u003ca href=\"http://atomic-skies.blogspot.com/2014/02/project-carryall.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">detailed review\u003c/a> of the plan on the Atomic Skies history blog.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a sea-level canal was the ultimate megaproject. Teller’s team considered a couple of dozen routes through Panama, Colombia, and Nicaragua. They would blast all the way down to sea level with “250 devices in 27 separate detonations of from one to eleven megatons,” according to one scenario. At the low end of that range, each detonation would be more than 60 times the size of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. And they’d do it, they figured, for (in today’s dollars) less than it took to build the new San Francisco Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Plowshare visionaries had their way, thermonuclear devices would be busy everywhere, as one promotional film described it, “reshaping the geography of the land in dimensions never before possible, to meet the needs of man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to elements that have never been heard before now, from Craig Miller’s 1999 interview with Edward Teller.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/268374793&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was still very much a spectacle,” explains Scott Kirsch, a University of North Carolina geologist and author of “Proving Grounds: Project Plowshare and the Unrealized Dream of Nuclear Earthmoving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a kind of excitement, even as there’s a fear of apocalypse, there’s a kind of technological spectacle associated with the bomb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He means that literally. In the early 1950s, Las Vegas residents would gather in their yards to watch distant mushroom clouds from detonations at the Nevada Test Site, 90 miles north of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teller, who died in 2003, went to his grave convinced that nuclear geo-engineering was a missed opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fear,” he cited as the reason in an interview with me at his Stanford office, shortly before his death in 2003. “Unjustified fear of radiation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others begged to differ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was biological insanity,” the late John Gofman told me in a 1995 interview. Gofman (1918-2007) was associate director for biology and medicine at the lab in the early 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Oa-IqOHDr_k?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’d say, ‘Look, there’ll be some radioactivity here but not to worry. It’s below the threshold of any harm.'” Gofman, who was in many respects Teller’s polar opposite, devoted much of his career to proving that there was no known “safe” threshold for radiation exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the height of the Atomic Age frenzy, it wasn’t always easy to speak out against the projects, many of which would defy common sense by today’s standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Common sense was a little bit in short supply at the high levels,” Gofman recalled. “Washington was backing it. The five atomic energy commissioners were backing it. The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and Senate and House were backing it. This whole crazy idea was getting good backing at all levels of government and science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why? Gofman and others saw Plowshare essentially as PR for the nuclear weapons program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was absolutely thought of as a way to legitimize the weapons program,” he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s the case, it was a strategy that might have backfired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_761706\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-761706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim.jpg\" alt=\"The 1962 Sedan test shot displaced 12 million tons of earth and created a crater 320 feet deep and 1,280 feet wide at the Nevada Test Site.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-400x303.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-800x606.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-768x582.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-1440x1091.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-1180x894.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-960x728.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1962 Sedan test shot displaced 12 million tons of earth and created a crater 320 feet deep and 1,280 feet wide at the Nevada Test Site. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Plowshare tests were blasting radioactive dirt over Utah, Nevada and nearby places,” Kirsch recalls. “So, in other words, these were giving the weapons program a bad name.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filtered through current-day sensibilities, the whole idea seems like a dusty relic of the early Atomic Age — but as late as 1973, a major conference in Las Vegas was devoted to ideas for nuclear excavation. In the 1990s, Chinese government scientists were mulling over the prospects for major civil engineering projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But will anyone actually pull the trigger on nuclear excavation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the U.S., my answer would be no,” says Kirsch, although as writer Ed Regis noted in a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/09/project_plowshare_the_1950s_plan_to_use_nukes_to_make_roads_and_redirect.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">post for Slate\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Elon Musk, of the rocket firm SpaceX, has recently proposed \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/11/us/elon-musk-mars-nuclear-bomb-colbert-feat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nuking the Martian polar ice caps\u003c/a> to warm up the Red Planet—a Project Plowshare for the new millennium.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“It would be great to know what other countries are doing,” Kirsch ventures. “I think most would evaluate the hazards as far greater than the possible virtues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not Edward Teller, who as far as can be known, died with his vision intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that can be done will be done, tenfold over,” Teller declared in our Stanford interview. My worry is it will not be done in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most of Project Plowshare never got off the drawing board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did accomplish numerous tests, or “shots,” at one point blasting out a crater in southern Nevada, a quarter-mile across and deep enough to bury a 30-story building. But by the early 1960’s, growing public anxiety over radiation and nuclear test ban treaties made it virtually impossible to gather the data needed to continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soviet Union dabbled in it — once to snuff out a runaway gas well fire — but for practical purposes, the dream of atomic earthmoving remains just that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This month officials will formally open the new, expanded Panama Canal. The “inauguration,” as it’s being called, marks the largest modification of the canal since it opened in 1914.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/2016/06/tom-fowlks-panama-canal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expansion took nearly a decade\u003c/a> to complete and required moving 130 million cubic meters of earth (one cubic meter will fill a pickup truck) — all to make bigger locks to move today’s enormous cargo ships between oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was biological insanity.’\u003ccite>John Gofman,\u003cbr>\nLawrence Livermore National Laboratory\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps first envisioned it in the 19th century, the original \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dream was for a sea-level canal\u003c/a> with no need for locks to move ships up and down the steep topography of the isthmus. The French — and the Americans, who completed the job — abandoned that notion when faced with the enormous earthmoving and engineering it would require.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the advent of the atom bomb in 1945, scientists were trolling for “peaceful” uses for atomic energy and it struck them that A-bombs might make awesome earthmovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can move with such explosions great amounts of earth, very cheaply,” Teller boasted in an early promotional film for what came to be known as Project Plowshare. It was managed out of the Lawrence Radiation Lab (now \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/\">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earthmoving in the Atomic Age\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Proposed routes for a canal to be excavated with nuclear explosives:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqedscience.cartodb.com/viz/b0b97bc4-2ff7-11e6-851c-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hungarian-born Teller was a key figure in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manhattan Project\u003c/a>, which developed the first atomic bomb. For his role in developing the next generation of thermonuclear explosives, or hydrogen bombs, Teller was given the moniker, “Father of the H-bomb.” But in the 1950s, he turned his attention to finding a role for his creation in civil engineering. And what better megaproject than a whole new canal that would take the biggest ships imaginable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needn’t take a coastline as it happens to be,” he ventured. “We can make a harbor, a water-level canal, even across the American isthmus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists, politicians, they all dreamed,” recalls Tom Ramos, a physicist and unofficial historian at Livermore Lab. “The first image was this new source of energy that would solve much of the energy problems of the country, and apparently the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramos says the first notion of how nuclear power plants might work was not with a reactor, but with repeated underground detonations that would create steam to run turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That idea never took hold — probably for the best — but, applied to earthmoving, nukes seemed like a natural. Uses were hatched for mining and what is now commonly called “fracking,” breaking up underground rock formations to free up gas and oil reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_761705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-761705\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt.jpg\" alt=\"Project Carryall proposed a shortcut through the Bristol Mountains near Needles, carved out by 22 atomic fission devices.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-400x298.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-800x597.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-768x573.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-1440x1074.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-1180x880.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_ConceptArt-960x716.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Carryall proposed a shortcut through the Bristol Mountains near Needles, carved out by 22 atomic fission devices. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nukes would carve a new harbor out of the rugged Alaskan coastline. \u003ca href=\"http://atomic-skies.blogspot.com/2014/02/project-carryall.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Carryall\u003c/a> would deploy a string of 22 atomic bombs to carve a road cut through the Bristol Mountains in California’s Mojave Desert, shortening the path for the new Interstate 40 and the Atcheson, Topeka & Santa Fe rail line. (There’s a remarkably \u003ca href=\"http://atomic-skies.blogspot.com/2014/02/project-carryall.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">detailed review\u003c/a> of the plan on the Atomic Skies history blog.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a sea-level canal was the ultimate megaproject. Teller’s team considered a couple of dozen routes through Panama, Colombia, and Nicaragua. They would blast all the way down to sea level with “250 devices in 27 separate detonations of from one to eleven megatons,” according to one scenario. At the low end of that range, each detonation would be more than 60 times the size of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. And they’d do it, they figured, for (in today’s dollars) less than it took to build the new San Francisco Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Plowshare visionaries had their way, thermonuclear devices would be busy everywhere, as one promotional film described it, “reshaping the geography of the land in dimensions never before possible, to meet the needs of man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to elements that have never been heard before now, from Craig Miller’s 1999 interview with Edward Teller.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/268374793&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was still very much a spectacle,” explains Scott Kirsch, a University of North Carolina geologist and author of “Proving Grounds: Project Plowshare and the Unrealized Dream of Nuclear Earthmoving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a kind of excitement, even as there’s a fear of apocalypse, there’s a kind of technological spectacle associated with the bomb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He means that literally. In the early 1950s, Las Vegas residents would gather in their yards to watch distant mushroom clouds from detonations at the Nevada Test Site, 90 miles north of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teller, who died in 2003, went to his grave convinced that nuclear geo-engineering was a missed opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fear,” he cited as the reason in an interview with me at his Stanford office, shortly before his death in 2003. “Unjustified fear of radiation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others begged to differ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was biological insanity,” the late John Gofman told me in a 1995 interview. Gofman (1918-2007) was associate director for biology and medicine at the lab in the early 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Oa-IqOHDr_k?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’d say, ‘Look, there’ll be some radioactivity here but not to worry. It’s below the threshold of any harm.'” Gofman, who was in many respects Teller’s polar opposite, devoted much of his career to proving that there was no known “safe” threshold for radiation exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the height of the Atomic Age frenzy, it wasn’t always easy to speak out against the projects, many of which would defy common sense by today’s standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Common sense was a little bit in short supply at the high levels,” Gofman recalled. “Washington was backing it. The five atomic energy commissioners were backing it. The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and Senate and House were backing it. This whole crazy idea was getting good backing at all levels of government and science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why? Gofman and others saw Plowshare essentially as PR for the nuclear weapons program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was absolutely thought of as a way to legitimize the weapons program,” he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s the case, it was a strategy that might have backfired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_761706\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-761706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim.jpg\" alt=\"The 1962 Sedan test shot displaced 12 million tons of earth and created a crater 320 feet deep and 1,280 feet wide at the Nevada Test Site.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1455\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-400x303.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-800x606.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-768x582.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-1440x1091.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-1180x894.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/Atomic_CraterRim-960x728.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1962 Sedan test shot displaced 12 million tons of earth and created a crater 320 feet deep and 1,280 feet wide at the Nevada Test Site. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Plowshare tests were blasting radioactive dirt over Utah, Nevada and nearby places,” Kirsch recalls. “So, in other words, these were giving the weapons program a bad name.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filtered through current-day sensibilities, the whole idea seems like a dusty relic of the early Atomic Age — but as late as 1973, a major conference in Las Vegas was devoted to ideas for nuclear excavation. In the 1990s, Chinese government scientists were mulling over the prospects for major civil engineering projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But will anyone actually pull the trigger on nuclear excavation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the U.S., my answer would be no,” says Kirsch, although as writer Ed Regis noted in a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/09/project_plowshare_the_1950s_plan_to_use_nukes_to_make_roads_and_redirect.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">post for Slate\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Elon Musk, of the rocket firm SpaceX, has recently proposed \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/11/us/elon-musk-mars-nuclear-bomb-colbert-feat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nuking the Martian polar ice caps\u003c/a> to warm up the Red Planet—a Project Plowshare for the new millennium.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“It would be great to know what other countries are doing,” Kirsch ventures. “I think most would evaluate the hazards as far greater than the possible virtues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not Edward Teller, who as far as can be known, died with his vision intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that can be done will be done, tenfold over,” Teller declared in our Stanford interview. My worry is it will not be done in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most of Project Plowshare never got off the drawing board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did accomplish numerous tests, or “shots,” at one point blasting out a crater in southern Nevada, a quarter-mile across and deep enough to bury a 30-story building. But by the early 1960’s, growing public anxiety over radiation and nuclear test ban treaties made it virtually impossible to gather the data needed to continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soviet Union dabbled in it — once to snuff out a runaway gas well fire — but for practical purposes, the dream of atomic earthmoving remains just that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Water Conservation Saves Energy in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is moving away from mandatory water conservation rules. At least for now. Gov. Jerry Brown enacted mandatory 25 percent reductions across the state that went into effect last June, but this spring the State Water Resources Control Board moved to give local water agencies authority to determine how much conservation is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TNOxlEQ1VgEBJr5MHrvhR8EkwUPEzz9j”]The latest numbers from April show a hopeful sign that perhaps conservation is becoming a way of life in California – even without government mandates. The Water Resources Control Board reported that Californians cut water usage by 26.1 percent in April compared to the same month in 2013. That’s a reduction from 104 gallons (394 liters) per person a day to 77 gallons (292 liters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 60 percent of California remains in \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severe drought\u003c/a>, so diligence on water conservation is still pertinent. But the benefits extend beyond just water. Because it takes energy to move and treat water (and wastewater), water conservation also translates to energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the last year of mandatory water conservation requirements, the state reported each water supplier’s monthly tallies, so the water savings were clear. But what quantity of energy savings were realized as a result?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://cwee.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Water-Energy Efficiency\u003c/a> at the University of California, Davis, decided to find out. The group built an \u003ca href=\"https://cwee.shinyapps.io/greengov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive web application\u003c/a> which shows that California’s water conservation rate of 23.9 percent over 2013 levels between June 2015 and February 2016 saved 922,543 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity, or enough to power 135,000 houses for a year. This energy saving also translated into a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 219,653 metric tons or the equivalent of removing 50,000 cars from the road for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research also turned up interesting information about how water and energy conservation efforts stack up. Between July and September 2015 – the only period for which researchers could get overlapping water and energy data – they found that the water conservation measures resulted in a savings of 460 gigawatt hours (GWh). That’s almost identical to the amount of energy saved (459.4 GWh) through all the energy conservation programs put in place by the state’s biggest investor-owned utilities – Pacific Gas and Electric, Southern California Edison, Southern California Gas Company and San Diego Gas and Electric – which provide electricity to 80 percent of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought that was quite significant,” said Frank Loge, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at U.C. Davis and the director of the Center for Water-Energy Efficiency. Not only did water conservation realize about the same energy savings as all the energy conservation programs (like appliance rebates) of the biggest utilities, but the savings via water were way less expensive – $44.8 million for water conservation efforts, compared with $172.6 million for energy conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the researchers, said Loge, were surprised by the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to converting the water conservation savings to energy savings is in figuring out the energy intensity of water supplies, said Loge. Energy intensity is how many kilowatt hours are embedded in a million gallons of water. “In order for water to come out of your tap at home, it requires energy to be pumped into the water system, to treat the water, to pump the water to your house and you might want to consider the energy that goes into disposing of your water as well, so pumping to a wastewater treatment plant and ultimately disposing of it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy savings from these calculations are realized at the utility, not the home, level. This is cold-water conservation, explained Loge. There is another kind of energy saving through water that can be realized by individuals – hot-water saving. “If I replace my shower head, I’m saving hot water and so I’m now the recipient of that energy saving,” he said. “But for the analysis we did it was not the energy saved through hot-water conservation, it was energy saved through cold-water conservation – the water that comes to your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much Californians continue saving water, and therefore energy, remains to be seen as water suppliers are back in the driving seat when it comes to conservation rules now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What will really be telling is when we’ll be able to see what [water suppliers’] conservation programs are,” said Loge. “They might revert back to the status quo before the drought. I personally think that would not be a good direction. I think there is a lot of opportunity for people to use water more efficiently and I think we ought to be doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It takes energy to get clean drinking water to our homes. So when California embraced new conservation mandates last year, it meant savings of not just water but also energy. And researchers from UC Davis found out just how much energy.",
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"description": "It takes energy to get clean drinking water to our homes. So when California embraced new conservation mandates last year, it meant savings of not just water but also energy. And researchers from UC Davis found out just how much energy.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is moving away from mandatory water conservation rules. At least for now. Gov. Jerry Brown enacted mandatory 25 percent reductions across the state that went into effect last June, but this spring the State Water Resources Control Board moved to give local water agencies authority to determine how much conservation is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The latest numbers from April show a hopeful sign that perhaps conservation is becoming a way of life in California – even without government mandates. The Water Resources Control Board reported that Californians cut water usage by 26.1 percent in April compared to the same month in 2013. That’s a reduction from 104 gallons (394 liters) per person a day to 77 gallons (292 liters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 60 percent of California remains in \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severe drought\u003c/a>, so diligence on water conservation is still pertinent. But the benefits extend beyond just water. Because it takes energy to move and treat water (and wastewater), water conservation also translates to energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the last year of mandatory water conservation requirements, the state reported each water supplier’s monthly tallies, so the water savings were clear. But what quantity of energy savings were realized as a result?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://cwee.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Water-Energy Efficiency\u003c/a> at the University of California, Davis, decided to find out. The group built an \u003ca href=\"https://cwee.shinyapps.io/greengov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive web application\u003c/a> which shows that California’s water conservation rate of 23.9 percent over 2013 levels between June 2015 and February 2016 saved 922,543 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity, or enough to power 135,000 houses for a year. This energy saving also translated into a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 219,653 metric tons or the equivalent of removing 50,000 cars from the road for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research also turned up interesting information about how water and energy conservation efforts stack up. Between July and September 2015 – the only period for which researchers could get overlapping water and energy data – they found that the water conservation measures resulted in a savings of 460 gigawatt hours (GWh). That’s almost identical to the amount of energy saved (459.4 GWh) through all the energy conservation programs put in place by the state’s biggest investor-owned utilities – Pacific Gas and Electric, Southern California Edison, Southern California Gas Company and San Diego Gas and Electric – which provide electricity to 80 percent of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought that was quite significant,” said Frank Loge, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at U.C. Davis and the director of the Center for Water-Energy Efficiency. Not only did water conservation realize about the same energy savings as all the energy conservation programs (like appliance rebates) of the biggest utilities, but the savings via water were way less expensive – $44.8 million for water conservation efforts, compared with $172.6 million for energy conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the researchers, said Loge, were surprised by the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to converting the water conservation savings to energy savings is in figuring out the energy intensity of water supplies, said Loge. Energy intensity is how many kilowatt hours are embedded in a million gallons of water. “In order for water to come out of your tap at home, it requires energy to be pumped into the water system, to treat the water, to pump the water to your house and you might want to consider the energy that goes into disposing of your water as well, so pumping to a wastewater treatment plant and ultimately disposing of it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy savings from these calculations are realized at the utility, not the home, level. This is cold-water conservation, explained Loge. There is another kind of energy saving through water that can be realized by individuals – hot-water saving. “If I replace my shower head, I’m saving hot water and so I’m now the recipient of that energy saving,” he said. “But for the analysis we did it was not the energy saved through hot-water conservation, it was energy saved through cold-water conservation – the water that comes to your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much Californians continue saving water, and therefore energy, remains to be seen as water suppliers are back in the driving seat when it comes to conservation rules now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What will really be telling is when we’ll be able to see what [water suppliers’] conservation programs are,” said Loge. “They might revert back to the status quo before the drought. I personally think that would not be a good direction. I think there is a lot of opportunity for people to use water more efficiently and I think we ought to be doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Utilities Want To Plug In More Electric Drivers",
"headTitle": "Utilities Want To Plug In More Electric Drivers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>What region leads the nation in electric car sales? Here’s a hint, one of the city mayors drives a plug-in hybrid and Tesla Motors is located there. Well, that was kind of a big hint. Yes, the number one market for electric vehicle adoption is the San Francisco Bay Area (S.F. Mayor Ed Lee drives a Chevy Volt).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there are more than 100 public charging stations in San Francisco, electric car drivers can’t always find a place to plug in.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need more chargers and we need them yesterday.’\u003ccite>Maureen Blanc, Charge Across Town\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Standing in front of city hall near a row of private chargers reserved for the city’s electric fleet, Maureen Blanc shakes her head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t see here, which is very frustrating and they are probably buried in the parking garage,” she says, “are the public chargers for everyday people to use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanc says chargers are not always accessible. Many are inside parking garages where drivers have to pay to use them. Beyond that, she says, “There are a lot of broken chargers where you pull into a garage and they are broken or they are old.” Or, Blanc says, they are in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to grow the charging network in California, Blanc helped start an advocacy group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargeacrosstown.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charge Across Town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though most of us charge at home,” she says, “you still want to know that when you’re traveling, whether it’s to Marin or the south bay or even up to Lake Tahoe, that you’re going to get there and not have to worry about finding an electric vehicle outlet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Electric Car Driver Maureen Blanc\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric car driver Maureen Blanc \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But chargers cost money, says Dan Sperling, a member of the California Air Resources Board. He stresses that building charging stations can be a tough business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of revenue generated is fifty cents, a dollar per charge,” he says, “and so you are not going to make a lot of money from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private companies have relied, in part, on federal and state grants to help build much of California’s public charging network and now some of those grants are running out. That’s tough timing for the state’s efforts to reach its ambitious clean air goals. California has set a goal of building an infrastructure to support a million clean cars by 2020 — that’s five times the number of electric cars on the roads now. So the public charging network is going to need to scale up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are just over 9,000 public charging points, or outlets, in California right now. Those include 120v and 220v stations, plus fast chargers, which juice up a car in less than 20 minutes. But to keep pace with efforts to get more electric cars on the roads, the state needs at least 40,000 more charging points by 2020, according to one estimate by the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7iRpbksr6A4bO4sLtkOgbq30DJPt3ZAJ”]By the way, those numbers don’t include Tesla’s proprietary network, which only Tesla drivers can access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the electric car charging network another jump start, state regulators have invited California’s major utilities into the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has submitted \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/JtMotiontoAdoptSettlementAll-03-21-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan\u003c/a> to roll out thousands of electric car chargers across its service area, in central and northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our electric vehicle charging program is really targeted at multi-unit dwellings and workplace charging,” says PG&E vice president Aaron Johnson. “The idea is to deploy about 7500 chargers across that area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here’s the Controversial Part\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E wants to build, own and operate the charging stations itself. To do that, the utility wants to charge ratepayers 22 cents a month. Johnson says the plan is meant to make it easier for customers to communicate with PG&E for all of their charging needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The actual site host, the customer that is going to install the charging infrastructure, won’t have to work with multiple entities,” he explains. “They will be able to just work with us and then choose from a number of providers who are available, and we’ll also perform the maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E’s proposal to own the stations does not sit well with private charging companies or utility reform groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713859\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“PG&E is charging rate payers for the capital expenses to build a charging network,” says Scott Mercer, CEO of Volta, a San Francisco start-up that builds free plug-in charging stations and makes its money by selling ads on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer believes PG&E’s plan is akin to a utility wanting to own a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If PG&E came to me and said I would be required to pay to build the gasoline infrastructure that would give them a monopoly to profit on selling gasoline,” he says, “I’d feel a little weird about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer says utilities can help open up under-served markets like apartment buildings but he thinks PG&E’s current proposal would stifle the growth of companies like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EV charging is still very much in its early days,” he says, “so to hand over to a utility company what is a practical monopoly seems like a very dangerous thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> will decide on the PG&E plan this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Automakers plan to roll out more electric cars in the next few years. But will there be enough stations to charge them up? ",
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"title": "Utilities Want To Plug In More Electric Drivers | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What region leads the nation in electric car sales? Here’s a hint, one of the city mayors drives a plug-in hybrid and Tesla Motors is located there. Well, that was kind of a big hint. Yes, the number one market for electric vehicle adoption is the San Francisco Bay Area (S.F. Mayor Ed Lee drives a Chevy Volt).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there are more than 100 public charging stations in San Francisco, electric car drivers can’t always find a place to plug in.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need more chargers and we need them yesterday.’\u003ccite>Maureen Blanc, Charge Across Town\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Standing in front of city hall near a row of private chargers reserved for the city’s electric fleet, Maureen Blanc shakes her head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t see here, which is very frustrating and they are probably buried in the parking garage,” she says, “are the public chargers for everyday people to use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanc says chargers are not always accessible. Many are inside parking garages where drivers have to pay to use them. Beyond that, she says, “There are a lot of broken chargers where you pull into a garage and they are broken or they are old.” Or, Blanc says, they are in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to grow the charging network in California, Blanc helped start an advocacy group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargeacrosstown.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charge Across Town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though most of us charge at home,” she says, “you still want to know that when you’re traveling, whether it’s to Marin or the south bay or even up to Lake Tahoe, that you’re going to get there and not have to worry about finding an electric vehicle outlet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Electric Car Driver Maureen Blanc\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric car driver Maureen Blanc \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But chargers cost money, says Dan Sperling, a member of the California Air Resources Board. He stresses that building charging stations can be a tough business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of revenue generated is fifty cents, a dollar per charge,” he says, “and so you are not going to make a lot of money from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private companies have relied, in part, on federal and state grants to help build much of California’s public charging network and now some of those grants are running out. That’s tough timing for the state’s efforts to reach its ambitious clean air goals. California has set a goal of building an infrastructure to support a million clean cars by 2020 — that’s five times the number of electric cars on the roads now. So the public charging network is going to need to scale up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are just over 9,000 public charging points, or outlets, in California right now. Those include 120v and 220v stations, plus fast chargers, which juice up a car in less than 20 minutes. But to keep pace with efforts to get more electric cars on the roads, the state needs at least 40,000 more charging points by 2020, according to one estimate by the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>By the way, those numbers don’t include Tesla’s proprietary network, which only Tesla drivers can access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the electric car charging network another jump start, state regulators have invited California’s major utilities into the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has submitted \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/JtMotiontoAdoptSettlementAll-03-21-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan\u003c/a> to roll out thousands of electric car chargers across its service area, in central and northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our electric vehicle charging program is really targeted at multi-unit dwellings and workplace charging,” says PG&E vice president Aaron Johnson. “The idea is to deploy about 7500 chargers across that area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here’s the Controversial Part\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E wants to build, own and operate the charging stations itself. To do that, the utility wants to charge ratepayers 22 cents a month. Johnson says the plan is meant to make it easier for customers to communicate with PG&E for all of their charging needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The actual site host, the customer that is going to install the charging infrastructure, won’t have to work with multiple entities,” he explains. “They will be able to just work with us and then choose from a number of providers who are available, and we’ll also perform the maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E’s proposal to own the stations does not sit well with private charging companies or utility reform groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713859\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“PG&E is charging rate payers for the capital expenses to build a charging network,” says Scott Mercer, CEO of Volta, a San Francisco start-up that builds free plug-in charging stations and makes its money by selling ads on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer believes PG&E’s plan is akin to a utility wanting to own a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If PG&E came to me and said I would be required to pay to build the gasoline infrastructure that would give them a monopoly to profit on selling gasoline,” he says, “I’d feel a little weird about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer says utilities can help open up under-served markets like apartment buildings but he thinks PG&E’s current proposal would stifle the growth of companies like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EV charging is still very much in its early days,” he says, “so to hand over to a utility company what is a practical monopoly seems like a very dangerous thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> will decide on the PG&E plan this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Biking to Work: Cheap and Safer Than Ever",
"headTitle": "Biking to Work: Cheap and Safer Than Ever | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A crowd of helmeted cyclists cheered as Oakland Mayor Libby Shaff and councilmembers from Oakland and Piedmont cut the ribbon to celebrate the opening of a bright green dedicated bike lane on Grand Avenue, connecting the two cities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday’s event, marking the 22nd annual Bay Area Bike to Work Day, was one of four ribbon-cutting ceremonies for new dedicated bike lanes in Oakland, Piedmont and Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Changes are happening, they’re happening fast, and we have a lot to celebrate.’\u003ccite>Renee Rivera, Bike East Bay\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year, more than 19,000 participants rolled onto East Bay streets to commute to work and take advantage of various Energizer Stations that provided snacks, raffles, and support for the commuters. The huge turnout reflects a broader trend; now more than ever, East Bay residents are choosing bikes for their morning commutes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, everybody bikes. Our councilmembers bike, our mayor bikes,” says Kristine Shaff, spokeswoman for the city’s Public Works department. “People of every color, shape, and size were in the plaza and on the roadways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3.jpg\" alt=\"Oakland Mayor Libby Shaaf, Oakland City Council member Abel Guillén, Piedmont City Council member Timothy Rood and Bike East Bay's Renee Rivera cut the ribbon to celebrate a new dedicated bike lane.\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-695222\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oakland Mayor Libby Shaaf, Oakland City Council member Abel Guillén, Piedmont City Council member Timothy Rood and Bike East Bay’s Renee Rivera cut the ribbon to celebrate a new dedicated bike lane. \u003ccite>(Timothy Rood )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The number of bike commuters in Alameda County has doubled in the past five years, says Renee Rivera, executive director of Bike East Bay. The nonprofit advocacy group has been helping design and lobby for the new bike lanes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a huge turnout, lots of people out celebrating,” Rivera says. “There’s a feeling of momentum right now. Changes are happening, they’re happening fast, and we have a lot to celebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bike Commuting Made Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the four new bike lanes have protective barriers between cyclists and the traffic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels relaxed, it feels much safer. It completely transforms the experience of riding on the streets,” Rivera says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On many bikeways, cyclists ride in a narrow lane with traffic on one side and parked cars on the other, says Rivera. This can set riders up for “dooring,” in which the door of a parked car flies open and the cyclist crashes into the door and hurtles through space over the front of the door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a protected bike lane, the parked cars or another barrier like flexible posts separate the cyclist from traffic, and the cyclist rides closest to the curb. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emeryville completed a two-way protected bike lane on Christie Ave, connecting the Bay Trail north of Powell Street to the Bay Bridge bike path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley opened a protected lane on Fulton Street that connects the UC Berkeley campus and Oxford Street to Channing Way Bicycle Boulevard. The lane fills in a dangerous, two-block gap in the bike network, a project the city approved after a serious accident occurred in February. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Flexible posts block traffic from driving into a new protected bike lane in Berkeley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-695225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flexible posts block traffic from driving into a new protected bike lane in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Bike East Bay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oakland opened its first protected bike lane earlier in the week on Telegraph Ave. between 20th and 29th. Some 1,200 commuters travel the corridor every day. The new set-up uses parked cars to separate the riders. The city plans on extending the bike lane to 40th St, and eventually all the way to the Oakland border. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new projects are funded partly through Alameda County’s Measure BB, a transportation sales tax meant to pay for improvements in modes of transportation, including for bicycles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bikes are important for Oakland because we’re a little more spread out,” Shaff says. “Owning a car is not feasible for everyone. We want to make cycling as comfortable as we can for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg\" alt=\"Morning commuters pedal through the Mission District in San Francisco on Bike To Work Day. \" width=\"4000\" height=\"3000\" class=\"size-full wp-image-695223\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg 4000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4000px) 100vw, 4000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morning commuters pedal through the Mission District in San Francisco on Bike To Work Day. \u003ccite>(Lisa Marie Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco Loves Cycling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, thousands of people commuted for Bike to Work Day; a counter on Market Street ticked off 2,360 people riding for their morning commute, says Chris Cassidy, communications director for the San Francisco Bike Coalition. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riding to work has always been popular in San Francisco, home to the monthly Critical Mass cycling event. And bike commuting continues to grow, with an 8.5 percent increase in 2015 alone. The city has varying degrees of protected bike lanes: fully protected lanes that prevent cars from driving into them, lanes protected by parking, and a pilot elevated bike lane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a core principle among safer-street advocates: If you build it, then they will come,” says Cassidy. “People will walk, and bike and enjoy safer and more welcoming streets.” \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A crowd of helmeted cyclists cheered as Oakland Mayor Libby Shaff and councilmembers from Oakland and Piedmont cut the ribbon to celebrate the opening of a bright green dedicated bike lane on Grand Avenue, connecting the two cities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday’s event, marking the 22nd annual Bay Area Bike to Work Day, was one of four ribbon-cutting ceremonies for new dedicated bike lanes in Oakland, Piedmont and Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Changes are happening, they’re happening fast, and we have a lot to celebrate.’\u003ccite>Renee Rivera, Bike East Bay\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year, more than 19,000 participants rolled onto East Bay streets to commute to work and take advantage of various Energizer Stations that provided snacks, raffles, and support for the commuters. The huge turnout reflects a broader trend; now more than ever, East Bay residents are choosing bikes for their morning commutes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, everybody bikes. Our councilmembers bike, our mayor bikes,” says Kristine Shaff, spokeswoman for the city’s Public Works department. “People of every color, shape, and size were in the plaza and on the roadways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3.jpg\" alt=\"Oakland Mayor Libby Shaaf, Oakland City Council member Abel Guillén, Piedmont City Council member Timothy Rood and Bike East Bay's Renee Rivera cut the ribbon to celebrate a new dedicated bike lane.\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-695222\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oakland Mayor Libby Shaaf, Oakland City Council member Abel Guillén, Piedmont City Council member Timothy Rood and Bike East Bay’s Renee Rivera cut the ribbon to celebrate a new dedicated bike lane. \u003ccite>(Timothy Rood )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The number of bike commuters in Alameda County has doubled in the past five years, says Renee Rivera, executive director of Bike East Bay. The nonprofit advocacy group has been helping design and lobby for the new bike lanes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a huge turnout, lots of people out celebrating,” Rivera says. “There’s a feeling of momentum right now. Changes are happening, they’re happening fast, and we have a lot to celebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bike Commuting Made Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the four new bike lanes have protective barriers between cyclists and the traffic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels relaxed, it feels much safer. It completely transforms the experience of riding on the streets,” Rivera says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On many bikeways, cyclists ride in a narrow lane with traffic on one side and parked cars on the other, says Rivera. This can set riders up for “dooring,” in which the door of a parked car flies open and the cyclist crashes into the door and hurtles through space over the front of the door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a protected bike lane, the parked cars or another barrier like flexible posts separate the cyclist from traffic, and the cyclist rides closest to the curb. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emeryville completed a two-way protected bike lane on Christie Ave, connecting the Bay Trail north of Powell Street to the Bay Bridge bike path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley opened a protected lane on Fulton Street that connects the UC Berkeley campus and Oxford Street to Channing Way Bicycle Boulevard. The lane fills in a dangerous, two-block gap in the bike network, a project the city approved after a serious accident occurred in February. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Flexible posts block traffic from driving into a new protected bike lane in Berkeley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-695225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flexible posts block traffic from driving into a new protected bike lane in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Bike East Bay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oakland opened its first protected bike lane earlier in the week on Telegraph Ave. between 20th and 29th. Some 1,200 commuters travel the corridor every day. The new set-up uses parked cars to separate the riders. The city plans on extending the bike lane to 40th St, and eventually all the way to the Oakland border. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new projects are funded partly through Alameda County’s Measure BB, a transportation sales tax meant to pay for improvements in modes of transportation, including for bicycles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bikes are important for Oakland because we’re a little more spread out,” Shaff says. “Owning a car is not feasible for everyone. We want to make cycling as comfortable as we can for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg\" alt=\"Morning commuters pedal through the Mission District in San Francisco on Bike To Work Day. \" width=\"4000\" height=\"3000\" class=\"size-full wp-image-695223\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg 4000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4000px) 100vw, 4000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morning commuters pedal through the Mission District in San Francisco on Bike To Work Day. \u003ccite>(Lisa Marie Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco Loves Cycling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, thousands of people commuted for Bike to Work Day; a counter on Market Street ticked off 2,360 people riding for their morning commute, says Chris Cassidy, communications director for the San Francisco Bike Coalition. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riding to work has always been popular in San Francisco, home to the monthly Critical Mass cycling event. And bike commuting continues to grow, with an 8.5 percent increase in 2015 alone. The city has varying degrees of protected bike lanes: fully protected lanes that prevent cars from driving into them, lanes protected by parking, and a pilot elevated bike lane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a core principle among safer-street advocates: If you build it, then they will come,” says Cassidy. “People will walk, and bike and enjoy safer and more welcoming streets.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "By 2040 We'll Only See a Slight Fall in Fossil Fuels, Says Forecast",
"headTitle": "By 2040 We’ll Only See a Slight Fall in Fossil Fuels, Says Forecast | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite the urgency to cut greenhouse gas emissions as climate change bears down on the globe, fossil fuel use is not likely to change much in the coming decades. Though renewable energy will grow quickly though 2040, gasoline and diesel will still move most of the world’s vehicles, and coal will still be the largest single source of carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”C3eZwAnQafrt6zGQCUiaNR9W1uNgpYHX”]Those are the conclusions of \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/exec_summ.cfm\">a forecast\u003c/a> released by the federal government on Wednesday for how the world will use energy and what its carbon dioxide emissions will be over the next 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are five things to know about the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s World Energy Outlook 2016 and what it might mean for the climate:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Carbon Emissions Will Continue Ballooning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global carbon emissions from energy consumption are expected to grow at an average rate of 1 percent per year between 2012 and 2040, growing a total 34 percent in that time as fossil fuels provide the world with more than three quarters of its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With existing policies and regulations, worldwide energy-related carbon dioxide emissions will go from about 32 billion metric tons in 2012 to something like 43 billion metric tons out to the year 2040,” EIA administrator Adam Sieminski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developed countries are expected see their carbon emissions increase about 9 percent through 2040, but in the developing world, those emissions will spike 51 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because developing countries, particularly China and India, are likely to continue to rely mainly on fossil fuels for their energy. Those countries alone account for 59 percent of the growth in global carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Coal Will Still Be King of Carbon in 2040\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless there are unexpected changes in global climate policy over the next 25 years, coal will still be the world’s king of carbon emissions in 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal is expected to account for 38 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2040, down from 43 percent in 2012. Annual growth of coal use by that time is expected to be about 0.6 percent. In 1990, coal was responsible for 39 percent of global carbon emissions. Natural gas, by comparison, will account for 26 percent of global carbon emissions in 2040, up from 20 percent in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China is the world’s leader in coal consumption. With \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/china-coal-use-continues-to-fall-20084\">recent announcements\u003c/a> that the country will reduce its use of coal by closing down power plants and shuttering mines, the EIA expects the country’s coal use to peak by 2025 thanks to the its economic slowdown and pledge to cut emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>India is where coal will be used the most in the coming decades as its population, expected to surpass China’s by 2022, explodes and energy demand spikes. Coal produced 72 percent of India’s electricity in 2012, and that’s expected to grow 2.6 percent annually through 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Renewables Growth Soars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind, solar, hydropower and other renewables will be the globe’s fastest-growing electricity source in 2040, growing 2.9 percent annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That growth means that by 2040, renewables, coal and natural gas will each generate about 30 percent of the world’s electricity, with nuclear power and petroleum accounting for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, electricity generation from renewables will equal that of coal in 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a catch, though: If you ignore hydropower and look mainly at wind, solar and geothermal, those will generate only about 14 percent of the world’s electricity, up from 5 percent in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar power will see the most growth among all the renewables, growing by 8.3 percent each year. That doesn’t add up to much power production overall, though. Solar will account for 15 percent of newly-built renewables through 2040, with hydro and wind each accounting for 33 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Electric Vehicles: Still Not a Hit in 2040\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electric vehicles may seem poised to be the next big thing to take over the highways in the U.S. today, but globally through the next 25 years, they’re likely to be tiny players. So small that only 1 percent of the global transportation sector is projected to run on electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transportation sector of the future is likely to slurp fossil fuels in 2040. About 80 percent of all global transportation will run on gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, and 11 percent will run on natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Electricity remains a minor fuel for the world’s transportation energy use, although its importance in passenger rail remains high: In 2040, electricity will account for 40 percent of total passenger rail energy consumption,” the forecast says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Paris, Technology Are Big Wild Cards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate policies, such as the Paris Climate Agreement, and advancements in technology are major wild cards when it comes to developing computer models meant to divine how the world will actually use energy in the coming decades and what that will mean for greenhouse gas emissions, Sieminski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What actually happens in the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement will be really important,” he said. “2040 is 25 years away. There’s plenty of time for things to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology is also likely to change, and it could bring about a revolution in how the world uses energy. Advancements in battery technology could allow for the storage of more electricity more affordably, while declining costs in renewable electricity could bring major changes in transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of that is extremely difficult to model,” Sieminski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, previous forecasts missed the U.S. shale oil, gas and fracking boom that occurred over the last decade. No one guessed a decade ago that the U.S. would become the world’s chief crude oil producer as advancements in hydraulic fracturing technology flooded the U.S. market with oil and gas. That boom helped to drive down prices and encourage electric power utilities to move toward natural gas and away from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite the urgency to cut greenhouse gas emissions as climate change bears down on the globe, fossil fuel use is not likely to change much in the coming decades. Though renewable energy will grow quickly though 2040, gasoline and diesel will still move most of the world’s vehicles, and coal will still be the largest single source of carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Those are the conclusions of \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/exec_summ.cfm\">a forecast\u003c/a> released by the federal government on Wednesday for how the world will use energy and what its carbon dioxide emissions will be over the next 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are five things to know about the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s World Energy Outlook 2016 and what it might mean for the climate:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Carbon Emissions Will Continue Ballooning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global carbon emissions from energy consumption are expected to grow at an average rate of 1 percent per year between 2012 and 2040, growing a total 34 percent in that time as fossil fuels provide the world with more than three quarters of its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With existing policies and regulations, worldwide energy-related carbon dioxide emissions will go from about 32 billion metric tons in 2012 to something like 43 billion metric tons out to the year 2040,” EIA administrator Adam Sieminski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developed countries are expected see their carbon emissions increase about 9 percent through 2040, but in the developing world, those emissions will spike 51 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because developing countries, particularly China and India, are likely to continue to rely mainly on fossil fuels for their energy. Those countries alone account for 59 percent of the growth in global carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Coal Will Still Be King of Carbon in 2040\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless there are unexpected changes in global climate policy over the next 25 years, coal will still be the world’s king of carbon emissions in 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal is expected to account for 38 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2040, down from 43 percent in 2012. Annual growth of coal use by that time is expected to be about 0.6 percent. In 1990, coal was responsible for 39 percent of global carbon emissions. Natural gas, by comparison, will account for 26 percent of global carbon emissions in 2040, up from 20 percent in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China is the world’s leader in coal consumption. With \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/china-coal-use-continues-to-fall-20084\">recent announcements\u003c/a> that the country will reduce its use of coal by closing down power plants and shuttering mines, the EIA expects the country’s coal use to peak by 2025 thanks to the its economic slowdown and pledge to cut emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>India is where coal will be used the most in the coming decades as its population, expected to surpass China’s by 2022, explodes and energy demand spikes. Coal produced 72 percent of India’s electricity in 2012, and that’s expected to grow 2.6 percent annually through 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Renewables Growth Soars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind, solar, hydropower and other renewables will be the globe’s fastest-growing electricity source in 2040, growing 2.9 percent annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That growth means that by 2040, renewables, coal and natural gas will each generate about 30 percent of the world’s electricity, with nuclear power and petroleum accounting for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, electricity generation from renewables will equal that of coal in 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a catch, though: If you ignore hydropower and look mainly at wind, solar and geothermal, those will generate only about 14 percent of the world’s electricity, up from 5 percent in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar power will see the most growth among all the renewables, growing by 8.3 percent each year. That doesn’t add up to much power production overall, though. Solar will account for 15 percent of newly-built renewables through 2040, with hydro and wind each accounting for 33 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Electric Vehicles: Still Not a Hit in 2040\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electric vehicles may seem poised to be the next big thing to take over the highways in the U.S. today, but globally through the next 25 years, they’re likely to be tiny players. So small that only 1 percent of the global transportation sector is projected to run on electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transportation sector of the future is likely to slurp fossil fuels in 2040. About 80 percent of all global transportation will run on gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, and 11 percent will run on natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Electricity remains a minor fuel for the world’s transportation energy use, although its importance in passenger rail remains high: In 2040, electricity will account for 40 percent of total passenger rail energy consumption,” the forecast says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Paris, Technology Are Big Wild Cards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate policies, such as the Paris Climate Agreement, and advancements in technology are major wild cards when it comes to developing computer models meant to divine how the world will actually use energy in the coming decades and what that will mean for greenhouse gas emissions, Sieminski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What actually happens in the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement will be really important,” he said. “2040 is 25 years away. There’s plenty of time for things to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology is also likely to change, and it could bring about a revolution in how the world uses energy. Advancements in battery technology could allow for the storage of more electricity more affordably, while declining costs in renewable electricity could bring major changes in transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of that is extremely difficult to model,” Sieminski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, previous forecasts missed the U.S. shale oil, gas and fracking boom that occurred over the last decade. No one guessed a decade ago that the U.S. would become the world’s chief crude oil producer as advancements in hydraulic fracturing technology flooded the U.S. market with oil and gas. That boom helped to drive down prices and encourage electric power utilities to move toward natural gas and away from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fracking Hits Milestone as Natural Gas Use Rises in U.S.",
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"content": "\u003cp>More natural gas in the U.S. is coming from wells that have been hydraulically fractured than ever before, and fracking’s share of the country’s gas supply is continuing to rise, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=26112\">new data\u003c/a> from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the fracking boom in the U.S. has led to a major boost in natural gas consumption, and for the first time last year, natural gas contributed about the same level of greenhouse gas emissions as coal, the globe’s largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-seven percent of natural gas produced in the U.S. came from fractured wells in 2015, according to the data. That represented a total of 53 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day, up from 50 billion cubic feet in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, only 3.6 billion cubic feet of gas came from fractured wells — roughly 7 percent of total U.S. natural gas production that year. About a third of the gas produced in the U.S. is used to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural gas and crude oil production boom over the last decade was enabled by fracking — the process of injecting large amounts of water, sand and chemicals into wells at high pressure to release crude oil and natural gas locked within solid rock, usually shale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom led to the U.S. becoming the world’s largest producer of oil and flooded the market with natural gas, driving down prices. That encouraged utilities to build more electric power plants that run on natural gas instead of coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_687259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-687259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking.png\" alt=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" width=\"550\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking.png 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking-400x209.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Energy Information Administration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The shale gas boom is one of the main reasons that more electricity was generated with natural gas than coal for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/natural-gas-to-surpass-coal-for-electricity-20154\">first time\u003c/a> last year, and 2016 is poised to be the first full calendar year that natural gas is expected to eclipse coal as the nation’s chief source of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though natural gas emits about half the carbon dioxide emissions as coal, EIA \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf\">data\u003c/a> show that carbon dioxide emissions from the two energy sources have begun to nearly match each other in the U.S. as natural gas use spikes and coal consumption falls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal consumption in the U.S. emitted about 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2015 while at the same time natural gas use emitted 1.48 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though emissions are now about the same, natural gas contains more energy and can power more homes than coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You almost get twice as much energy for the same amount of emissions,” EIA analyst Perry Lindstrom said. “For the amount of energy consumed, natural gas produces fewer CO2 emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas and oil production is also susceptible to methane leaks and possible groundwater contamination, concerns that led New York state to ban fracking last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is about 86 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a climate change-driving greenhouse gas over a period of 20 years. A Harvard University \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-60-percent-of-global-methane-growth-20037\">study\u003c/a> published in February showed that the U.S. may be responsible for up to 60 percent of the growth in global atmospheric methane concentrations, possibly because of the nation’s shale gas boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If (methane) leak rates are any greater than tiny, there is probably not a climate benefit” to using natural gas, said Duke University atmospheric scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/shindell\">Drew Shindell\u003c/a>. “Fracking can be worse in some cases as sometimes small companies don’t pay much attention to leaks, but the leak issue applied to all sources, storage, and transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reining in methane leaks from oil and gas wells is a top priority of the Environmental Protection Agency, which is expected to announce a \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060030955\">new regulation\u003c/a> aiming to control leaks from new oil and gas wells this month.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More natural gas in the U.S. is coming from wells that have been hydraulically fractured than ever before, and fracking’s share of the country’s gas supply is continuing to rise, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=26112\">new data\u003c/a> from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the fracking boom in the U.S. has led to a major boost in natural gas consumption, and for the first time last year, natural gas contributed about the same level of greenhouse gas emissions as coal, the globe’s largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-seven percent of natural gas produced in the U.S. came from fractured wells in 2015, according to the data. That represented a total of 53 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day, up from 50 billion cubic feet in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, only 3.6 billion cubic feet of gas came from fractured wells — roughly 7 percent of total U.S. natural gas production that year. About a third of the gas produced in the U.S. is used to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural gas and crude oil production boom over the last decade was enabled by fracking — the process of injecting large amounts of water, sand and chemicals into wells at high pressure to release crude oil and natural gas locked within solid rock, usually shale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom led to the U.S. becoming the world’s largest producer of oil and flooded the market with natural gas, driving down prices. That encouraged utilities to build more electric power plants that run on natural gas instead of coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_687259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-687259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking.png\" alt=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" width=\"550\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking.png 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/EIA_fracking-400x209.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Energy Information Administration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The shale gas boom is one of the main reasons that more electricity was generated with natural gas than coal for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/natural-gas-to-surpass-coal-for-electricity-20154\">first time\u003c/a> last year, and 2016 is poised to be the first full calendar year that natural gas is expected to eclipse coal as the nation’s chief source of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though natural gas emits about half the carbon dioxide emissions as coal, EIA \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf\">data\u003c/a> show that carbon dioxide emissions from the two energy sources have begun to nearly match each other in the U.S. as natural gas use spikes and coal consumption falls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal consumption in the U.S. emitted about 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2015 while at the same time natural gas use emitted 1.48 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though emissions are now about the same, natural gas contains more energy and can power more homes than coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You almost get twice as much energy for the same amount of emissions,” EIA analyst Perry Lindstrom said. “For the amount of energy consumed, natural gas produces fewer CO2 emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas and oil production is also susceptible to methane leaks and possible groundwater contamination, concerns that led New York state to ban fracking last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is about 86 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a climate change-driving greenhouse gas over a period of 20 years. A Harvard University \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-60-percent-of-global-methane-growth-20037\">study\u003c/a> published in February showed that the U.S. may be responsible for up to 60 percent of the growth in global atmospheric methane concentrations, possibly because of the nation’s shale gas boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If (methane) leak rates are any greater than tiny, there is probably not a climate benefit” to using natural gas, said Duke University atmospheric scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/shindell\">Drew Shindell\u003c/a>. “Fracking can be worse in some cases as sometimes small companies don’t pay much attention to leaks, but the leak issue applied to all sources, storage, and transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reining in methane leaks from oil and gas wells is a top priority of the Environmental Protection Agency, which is expected to announce a \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060030955\">new regulation\u003c/a> aiming to control leaks from new oil and gas wells this month.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Solar Airplane Lands in Phoenix After Flight From Silicon Valley",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Solar Impulse 2 landed in the Phoenix area Monday night, welcomed by spectators at Goodyear Airport as the plane’s pilots continue their quest to be the world’s first solar powered airplane to fly around the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 745-mile trip took nearly 16 hours — less time than expected, largely due to powerful tailwinds. The plane reached a maximum altitude of 22,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"http://kjzz.org/\">member station KJZZ \u003c/a>in Phoenix, Andrew Bernier tells our Newscast unit:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The average speed of Solar Impulse 2 is 45 mph. But the tailwinds were too strong for some portions of the flight — so to slow down, the pilot had to sometimes turn the plane around and fly into the headwinds, essentially flying backward toward Phoenix. Other than that, the pilot said it was a great and sunny flight over the desert.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Swiss pilot Andre Borschberg was at the controls for the plane’s 10th stage of a round-the-world flight. Borschberg alternates flying duties with project founder Bertrand Piccard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fuel-free flight project started in March 2015, but it was put on hold in July after the plane’s batteries developed problems during a five-day flight from Japan to Hawaii. It resumed its journey last month, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/24/475473222/experimental-solar-powered-plane-completes-journey-across-the-pacific\">completing a three-day trip\u003c/a> from Hawaii to Mountain View, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Solar Impulse 2 uses energy gathered from 17,000 solar cells on its surface to power itself. The craft weighs roughly 5,000 pounds and has a wingspan of 236 feet — wider than a Boeing 747.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Two-Way reported \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/21/475113210/experimental-solar-powered-plane-takes-flight-after-9-month-delay\">when the plane left Hawaii\u003c/a>, the team hopes to end the journey \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/adventure\">where it began\u003c/a> last spring, in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Solar+Airplane+Lands+In+Phoenix+After+Flight+From+Silicon+Valley&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Solar Impulse 2 landed in the Phoenix area Monday night, welcomed by spectators at Goodyear Airport as the plane’s pilots continue their quest to be the world’s first solar powered airplane to fly around the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 745-mile trip took nearly 16 hours — less time than expected, largely due to powerful tailwinds. The plane reached a maximum altitude of 22,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"http://kjzz.org/\">member station KJZZ \u003c/a>in Phoenix, Andrew Bernier tells our Newscast unit:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The average speed of Solar Impulse 2 is 45 mph. But the tailwinds were too strong for some portions of the flight — so to slow down, the pilot had to sometimes turn the plane around and fly into the headwinds, essentially flying backward toward Phoenix. Other than that, the pilot said it was a great and sunny flight over the desert.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Swiss pilot Andre Borschberg was at the controls for the plane’s 10th stage of a round-the-world flight. Borschberg alternates flying duties with project founder Bertrand Piccard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fuel-free flight project started in March 2015, but it was put on hold in July after the plane’s batteries developed problems during a five-day flight from Japan to Hawaii. It resumed its journey last month, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/24/475473222/experimental-solar-powered-plane-completes-journey-across-the-pacific\">completing a three-day trip\u003c/a> from Hawaii to Mountain View, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Solar Impulse 2 uses energy gathered from 17,000 solar cells on its surface to power itself. The craft weighs roughly 5,000 pounds and has a wingspan of 236 feet — wider than a Boeing 747.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Two-Way reported \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/21/475113210/experimental-solar-powered-plane-takes-flight-after-9-month-delay\">when the plane left Hawaii\u003c/a>, the team hopes to end the journey \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/adventure\">where it began\u003c/a> last spring, in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Solar+Airplane+Lands+In+Phoenix+After+Flight+From+Silicon+Valley&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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