window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"science_1924420": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1924420",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1924420",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1924401,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-520x345.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 345
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-1024x576.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-160x106.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 106
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-960x638.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 638
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-375x249.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 249
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"height": 680
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-1020x677.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 677
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-800x531.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 531
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-768x510.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 510
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b-240x159.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 159
}
},
"publishDate": 1527121706,
"modified": 1527121862,
"caption": "Cities have gone to court to have oil companies pay for the cost of rising sea levels.",
"description": "Cities have gone to court to have oil companies pay for the cost of rising sea levels.",
"title": "RS7907_8365001059_f1153c875a_b",
"credit": "Sarah Craig/Flickr",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1924378": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1924378",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1924378",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1924376,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378.jpg",
"width": 6000,
"height": 4000
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-530999378-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1527110401,
"modified": 1527110441,
"caption": "Sea spray and fog with industrial smog shrouds Californian beach with industrial smoke stacks.",
"description": null,
"title": "Sea spray and fog with industrial smog shrouds Californian beach",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1923738": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1923738",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1923738",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1923652,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-960x641.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 641
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429.jpg",
"width": 5443,
"height": 3633
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1020x681.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 681
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1180x788.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 788
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1200x801.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 801
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-800x534.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 534
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1920x1282.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1282
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1180x788.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 788
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-1920x1282.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1282
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-768x513.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 513
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS29464_SOLAR_021318_429-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1525898447,
"modified": 1531124147,
"caption": "The six funds from Norway, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and New Zealand released a joint framework Friday to encourage investors to take climate-related risks into consideration when investing.",
"description": null,
"title": "SOLARPANELS",
"credit": "Lauren Hanussak/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1923285": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1923285",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1923285",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1920881,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130.jpg",
"width": 5472,
"height": 3648
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-835911130-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1525199689,
"modified": 1525199706,
"caption": "High voltage post or High voltage tower",
"description": null,
"title": "High voltage post or High voltage tower",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1922116": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1922116",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1922116",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1922037,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-520x357.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 357
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-160x110.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 110
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-960x659.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 659
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-375x257.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 257
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206.jpg",
"width": 3261,
"height": 2238
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-1020x700.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 700
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-1180x810.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 810
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-800x549.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 549
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-1920x1318.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1318
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-1180x810.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 810
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-1920x1318.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1318
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-768x527.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 527
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-928658206-240x165.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 165
}
},
"publishDate": 1522951540,
"modified": 1522951584,
"caption": "Attorney General Jeff Sessions gestures as he speaks at the California Peace Officers' Association 26th Annual Law Enforcement Legislative Day on March 7, 2018 in Sacramento, California.",
"description": null,
"title": "Attorney General Jeff Sessions Makes A Sanctuary Jurisdiction Announcement In Sacramento",
"credit": "Stephen Lam/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1922244": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1922244",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1922244",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1922241,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-520x265.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 265
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-160x81.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 81
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-960x489.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 489
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-375x191.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 191
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649.jpg",
"width": 3000,
"height": 1528
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-1020x520.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 520
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-1180x601.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 601
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-800x407.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 407
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-1920x978.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 978
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-1180x601.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 601
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-1920x978.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 978
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-768x391.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 391
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/GettyImages-57314649-240x122.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 122
}
},
"publishDate": 1523300665,
"modified": 1523300704,
"caption": "Factories on the Wirral peninsular on April 11, 2006, Cheshire, England. ",
"description": null,
"title": "Energy Consumption and Recycling In Europe",
"credit": "Christopher Furlong/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1921973": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1921973",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1921973",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1921972,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7.jpg",
"width": 3190,
"height": 2392
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/ap_16307548601916-eea239aaa3450d532644193cab771650d300d1c7-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1522703975,
"modified": 1522704042,
"caption": "Gas is pumped into vehicles at a BP gas station in Hoboken, N.J. in 2016.The Obama administration moved to nearly double fuel-economy standards by 2025, but the EPA now is moving to weaken them.",
"description": "Gas is pumped into vehicles at a BP gas station in Hoboken, N.J. in 2016.The Obama administration moved to nearly double fuel-economy standards by 2025, but the EPA now is moving to weaken them.",
"title": "Gas is pumped into vehicles at a BP gas station in Hoboken, N.J. in 2016.The Obama administration moved to nearly double fuel-economy standards by 2025, but the EPA now is moving to weaken them.",
"credit": "Julio Cortez/AP",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_711650": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_711650",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "711650",
"found": true
},
"parent": 711545,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/RS10628_185492786-sfi-400x280.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 280
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/RS10628_185492786-sfi.jpg",
"width": 515,
"height": 360
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/RS10628_185492786-sfi-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/RS10628_185492786-sfi-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/RS10628_185492786-sfi-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/RS10628_185492786-sfi-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/RS10628_185492786-sfi-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/RS10628_185492786-sfi-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1463701700,
"modified": 1464390198,
"caption": "Morning commuters inch toward the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Their vehicles' tailpipes emit exhaust, a precursor to harmful ozone. ",
"description": null,
"title": "Bay Bridge Traffic",
"credit": "Justin Sullivan/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1921493": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1921493",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1921493",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1921475,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130.jpg",
"width": 5662,
"height": 3775
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/iStock-817713130-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1521648691,
"modified": 1521648709,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Burning chimney",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1921134": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1921134",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1921134",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1921133,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-949x576.jpg",
"width": 949,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a.jpg",
"width": 949,
"height": 712
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/gettyimages-517220950-78751c5e5b764316d2d5318b2c64c7552d9e1f6a-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1521058947,
"modified": 1521058947,
"caption": null,
"description": "Albert Einstein.",
"title": "Albert Einstein.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1920720": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1920720",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1920720",
"found": true
},
"parent": 0,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005.jpg",
"width": 2500,
"height": 1667
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS5932_005-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1520262399,
"modified": 1520262630,
"caption": "In Richmond, CA, where the Chevron refinery is located, people of color are 70 percent of the population, according to the Bay Area Census.",
"description": null,
"title": "RS5932_005",
"credit": "Deborah Svoboda/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1920486": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1920486",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1920486",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1920482,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-960x641.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 641
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1282
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-1020x681.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 681
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-1180x788.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 788
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-800x534.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 534
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-1920x1282.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1282
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-1180x788.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 788
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-1920x1282.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1282
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-768x513.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 513
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29639_CPP_009-qut-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1519856900,
"modified": 1519858761,
"caption": "Students from the Melrose Leadership Academy and Urban Promise Academy hold signs and march at a rally outside of City Hall, calling for the Environmental Protection Agency to protect the Clean Power Plan, in San Francisco, Calif., on Wednesday, February 28, 2017.",
"description": null,
"title": "CPP",
"credit": "Lauren Hanussak/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_science_1924376": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1924376",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1924376",
"name": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1922241": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1922241",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1922241",
"name": "Mead Gruver\u003cbr />Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1921972": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1921972",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1921972",
"name": "Nathan Rott, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1921475": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1921475",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1921475",
"name": "KQED SCIENCE",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1921133": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1921133",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1921133",
"name": "Marcelo Gleiser\u003cbr />NPR Cosmos & Culture",
"isLoading": false
},
"mpeterson": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11223",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11223",
"found": true
},
"name": "Molly Peterson",
"firstName": "Molly",
"lastName": "Peterson",
"slug": "mpeterson",
"email": "mpeterson@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "Molly Peterson reports for KQED science and news on climate change, catastrophe and risk. Previously she was environment correspondent at Southern California Public Radio. Her work has also appeared at The New York Times, The Guardian, on NPR, at High Country News, on Code Switch, and other national outlets. She has been honored with awards from Public Radio News Directors Incorporated, Investigative Reporters and Editors, the Society for Professional Journalists, the Los Angeles Press Club, and RTNDA Edward R. Murrow awards, among others.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "Mollydacious",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/radiomolly/",
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Molly Peterson | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/mpeterson"
},
"aahmed": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11428",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11428",
"found": true
},
"name": "Amel Ahmed",
"firstName": "Amel",
"lastName": "Ahmed",
"slug": "aahmed",
"email": "aahmed@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Amel Ahmed is a reporter for KQED. Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "amelscript",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": []
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Amel Ahmed | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/aahmed"
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"science_category_energy": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_33",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "33",
"score": 12.797476
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "energy",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "Energy",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "science",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 18
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/science?category=energy",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 18
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"science_1924401": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1924401",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1924401",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1527170409000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1527170409,
"format": "audio",
"title": "Cities vs. Big Oil: Judge Asks for More Information in Climate Lawsuit",
"headTitle": "Cities vs. Big Oil: Judge Asks for More Information in Climate Lawsuit | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>[audio mp3=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/ClimateLiabilityWestervelt180525.mp3\"][/audio]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: May 24, 6:00 p.m.\u003cbr>\nby Amy Westervelt\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit brought by Oakland and San Francisco against large oil companies will move forward. But not because Judge William Alsup ruled on the oil companies’ motions to dismiss the case at today’s hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead Alsup is asking both sides to prepare additional written arguments by next week. He’s requested each provide a \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">10-page brief outlining whether he needs to balance the benefits of fossil fuels with their impacts in this case, and why. \u003c/span>He’s also given them two months to collect more evidence, in the form of documents and interviews. The additional evidence is meant to clarify whether the case is within the jurisdiction of the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A final ruling on the motions to dismiss is expected in August. If the case does move forward, it could be the first of its kind to go to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">It’s a make-or-break day in court for the Bay Area cities claiming oil companies are legally responsible for climate change impacts. On Thursday, a federal judge will hear arguments about \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-con\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">whether to dismiss claims\u003c/span>\u003c/a> from San Francisco and Oakland against Chevron, Shell, BP, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Climate change is a serious issue but litigation is not a serious solution to the problem,” says Josh Lipshutz, a partner at Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, the firm representing Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The cities argue that carbon emissions from the fossil fuels produced, refined and sold by the companies are directly responsible for changing climate and for its key impact along Bay Area shorelines: rising seas. Last September, cities brought claims under California public nuisance law, which has offered relief where companies fail to notify customers of the dangers of their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">San Francisco and Oakland are seeking millions of dollars to help the region adapt to rising sea levels. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">state-commissioned report on climate change\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last year found that sea levels could swell by more than three feet by century’s end, and in catastrophic emissions scenarios, by as much as 10 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>’Climate change is a serious issue but litigation is not a serious solution to the problem.’\u003ccite>Josh Lipshutz, Lawyer for Chevron\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Lawyers for the oil companies countered, successfully, that federal law governs the companies’ activity, forcing the cities to \u003cspan class=\"s2\">amend\u003c/span> their initial claims. The companies also maintain that no federal common law claim exists to provide the cities a remedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Climate science \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434\">has played a prominent role\u003c/a> in the early stages of the legal dispute. District Court Judge William Alsup drew attention to the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\">when he took the unorthodox step\u003c/a> of asking both sides for a “climate tutorial,” back in March. At the same time, he also invited the Trump Administration to weigh in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a friend-of-the-court brief, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/2018051\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">filed two weeks ago\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the federal Justice Department has argued that the Clean Air Act preempts the cities’ common law claims, and that federal regulators — not courts — should handle the problems of carbon emissions and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Three states – California, New Jersey, and Washington – \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180503_docket-317-cv-06011_amicus-motion-1.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">have sought the right to file an amicus brief\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on behalf of San Francisco and Oakland, while Republican attorneys general from 15 states, including Colorado, Kansas, and Louisiana, \u003ca href=\"https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/INAG/2018/04/20/file_attachments/994064/Amicus%2BBrief%2B224-1.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">have sided\u003c/span>\u003c/a> with the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the Thursday hearing, Judge Alsup could agree to dismiss the case on the spot, order the cities to amend their claims further, or permit the case to proceed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">As the dispute between these two cities and five oil companies has proceeded in one federal courtroom, in another, similar legal claims are taking a more circuitous route forward. In March, federal District Court Judge Vince Chhabria sent claims from three other local jurisdictions – San Mateo County, Marin, and Imperial Beach – to state court. Those claims remain in legal limbo while the industry defendants seek to move them back to federal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">If Alsup sends San Francisco and Oakland’s claims forward to trial, it would be the first climate liability case to get that far.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": true,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 713,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 8
},
"modified": 1704927892,
"excerpt": "Federal Judge William Alsup did not rule on the case after Thursday's hearing, but asked both sides to come back with more information.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Federal Judge William Alsup did not rule on the case after Thursday's hearing, but asked both sides to come back with more information.",
"title": "Cities vs. Big Oil: Judge Asks for More Information in Climate Lawsuit | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Cities vs. Big Oil: Judge Asks for More Information in Climate Lawsuit",
"datePublished": "2018-05-24T07:00:09-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:04:52-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "cities-vs-big-oil-climate-case-reaches-turning-point-in-federal-court",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/05/ClimateLiabilityWestervelt180525.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1924401/cities-vs-big-oil-climate-case-reaches-turning-point-in-federal-court",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "audio",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"mp3": "https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/ClimateLiabilityWestervelt180525.mp3",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: May 24, 6:00 p.m.\u003cbr>\nby Amy Westervelt\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit brought by Oakland and San Francisco against large oil companies will move forward. But not because Judge William Alsup ruled on the oil companies’ motions to dismiss the case at today’s hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead Alsup is asking both sides to prepare additional written arguments by next week. He’s requested each provide a \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">10-page brief outlining whether he needs to balance the benefits of fossil fuels with their impacts in this case, and why. \u003c/span>He’s also given them two months to collect more evidence, in the form of documents and interviews. The additional evidence is meant to clarify whether the case is within the jurisdiction of the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A final ruling on the motions to dismiss is expected in August. If the case does move forward, it could be the first of its kind to go to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">It’s a make-or-break day in court for the Bay Area cities claiming oil companies are legally responsible for climate change impacts. On Thursday, a federal judge will hear arguments about \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-con\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">whether to dismiss claims\u003c/span>\u003c/a> from San Francisco and Oakland against Chevron, Shell, BP, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Climate change is a serious issue but litigation is not a serious solution to the problem,” says Josh Lipshutz, a partner at Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, the firm representing Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The cities argue that carbon emissions from the fossil fuels produced, refined and sold by the companies are directly responsible for changing climate and for its key impact along Bay Area shorelines: rising seas. Last September, cities brought claims under California public nuisance law, which has offered relief where companies fail to notify customers of the dangers of their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">San Francisco and Oakland are seeking millions of dollars to help the region adapt to rising sea levels. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">state-commissioned report on climate change\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last year found that sea levels could swell by more than three feet by century’s end, and in catastrophic emissions scenarios, by as much as 10 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>’Climate change is a serious issue but litigation is not a serious solution to the problem.’\u003ccite>Josh Lipshutz, Lawyer for Chevron\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Lawyers for the oil companies countered, successfully, that federal law governs the companies’ activity, forcing the cities to \u003cspan class=\"s2\">amend\u003c/span> their initial claims. The companies also maintain that no federal common law claim exists to provide the cities a remedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Climate science \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434\">has played a prominent role\u003c/a> in the early stages of the legal dispute. District Court Judge William Alsup drew attention to the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\">when he took the unorthodox step\u003c/a> of asking both sides for a “climate tutorial,” back in March. At the same time, he also invited the Trump Administration to weigh in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a friend-of-the-court brief, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/2018051\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">filed two weeks ago\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the federal Justice Department has argued that the Clean Air Act preempts the cities’ common law claims, and that federal regulators — not courts — should handle the problems of carbon emissions and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Three states – California, New Jersey, and Washington – \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180503_docket-317-cv-06011_amicus-motion-1.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">have sought the right to file an amicus brief\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on behalf of San Francisco and Oakland, while Republican attorneys general from 15 states, including Colorado, Kansas, and Louisiana, \u003ca href=\"https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/INAG/2018/04/20/file_attachments/994064/Amicus%2BBrief%2B224-1.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">have sided\u003c/span>\u003c/a> with the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the Thursday hearing, Judge Alsup could agree to dismiss the case on the spot, order the cities to amend their claims further, or permit the case to proceed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">As the dispute between these two cities and five oil companies has proceeded in one federal courtroom, in another, similar legal claims are taking a more circuitous route forward. In March, federal District Court Judge Vince Chhabria sent claims from three other local jurisdictions – San Mateo County, Marin, and Imperial Beach – to state court. Those claims remain in legal limbo while the industry defendants seek to move them back to federal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">If Alsup sends San Francisco and Oakland’s claims forward to trial, it would be the first climate liability case to get that far.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1924401/cities-vs-big-oil-climate-case-reaches-turning-point-in-federal-court",
"authors": [
"11223"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_2873",
"science_43",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_5193",
"science_182",
"science_3370",
"science_206"
],
"featImg": "science_1924420",
"label": "source_science_1924401"
},
"science_1924376": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1924376",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1924376",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1527110820000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1527110820,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Checking the Math On Cap And Trade, Some Experts Say It’s Not Adding Up",
"headTitle": "Checking the Math On Cap And Trade, Some Experts Say It’s Not Adding Up | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As California accelerates its efforts to reduce greenhouses gases over the next decade, experts are pointing to vulnerabilities in its celebrated cap-and-trade system, weaknesses that could make the state’s goals difficult—even impossible—to reach.[contextly_sidebar id=”0xCbhs39gK6664SED8MRTuo0WlzFiHJZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade, featuring a market where permission to pollute is bought and sold, is a key mechanism California uses to lower the volume of harmful discharges by industries that are subject to state emissions caps. But as the California Air Resources Board ponders a major retrofitting of the highly complex program, state analysts say that in a little over a decade emissions could soar much higher than the legally binding level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Checking the math on cap and trade has taken on urgency this year because the state is leaning more heavily on the system to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The air board \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projects\u003c/a> the program will account for about 46 percent of annual reductions in coming years, a figure that has surprised many experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One calculation is out of California’s control: a possible political shift in Ontario, Canada, after provincial elections there next month. One leading candidate has vowed to dismantle the province’s cap-and-trade system, which participates in California’s emissions-trading market. A Canadian withdrawal could undermine California officials’ message about its stability and growth as they recruit other states and nations to join.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far more troubling are red flags highlighted in reports from academia, the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office, independent market experts and other major carbon markets, all concluding that California has a serious problem with too many unused pollution credits.[contextly_sidebar id=”pydcypHcJLfS22mjQ4Zv0n7XyuPAqYX6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cap-and-trade system, major polluters must either produce fewer greenhouse gases to comply with California’s emissions caps or buy credits to offset their excess emissions from companies that pollute less. Credits are traded at state-sanctioned auctions and on secondary markets. And the state gives some free to utilities, natural-gas suppliers and industries that are vulnerable to out-of-state competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have not yet needed to use up the allowances to stay within state emissions limits and probably won’t have to in the next couple of years, according to some analysts, who estimate there are hundreds of millions of unused credits in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a glut of credits that could allow businesses to keep polluting past state limits in later years, after the overall cap becomes more restrictive. Unless the oversupply is addressed, experts say, polluters will have no incentive to cut emissions to required levels by 2030; instead, industries could continue polluting and use banked allowances to offset their emissions and technically keep them under the cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislative Analyst’s Office foresees a reckoning, \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3719\">estimating\u003c/a> that because of excess allowances, actual emissions could be as much as 30 percent over the statewide target by 2030.[contextly_sidebar id=”1FUOJxcgGZAGZ3NWS0BDBo2Jwfxkmd4X”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One analyst likened the problem to a game of musical chairs that starts with too many chairs and allows participants to save seats for later. The issue has plagued both the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/reform-of-eu-carbon-trading-scheme-agreed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Union’s\u003c/a> carbon-trading system and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.rggi.org/sites/default/files/Uploads/Program-Review/12-19-2017/Announcement_Completed_Model_Rule.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative\u003c/a>, a consortium of nine eastern U.S. states that sells credits for the electricity sector. Both markets have put policies in place to limit surpluses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, lawmakers instructed the air board to examine the issue last year, and the agency has steadfastly maintained that the surplus of credits will not imperil California’s fight against climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who oversees much of the cap-and-trade program for the air board, has testified numerous times before the Legislature on this topic. On each occasion she has assured lawmakers that the system is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not believe that there are unused allowances in the system that will hinder our goals for 2020,” she told CALmatters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She didn’t address how allowances might play out in subsequent years. But the agency forecasts that the state will also meet its 2030 target, when emissions limits will tighten dramatically, the number of free allowances will come down and the cap-and-trade program will expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the skeptics is Ontario’s environmental oversight agency. The commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/climate-change/2017/From-Plan-to-Progress.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual report\u003c/a> in January stated flatly that California has an oversupply of allowances that could last for the life of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the board believes…they don’t have an oversupply problem,” said \u003ca href=\"https://eco.on.ca/about-us/commissioner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dianne Saxe\u003c/a>, the environmental commissioner of Ontario. “Frankly, we don’t understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disconnect will be addressed this week in a hearing before the newly formed Joint \u003ca href=\"http://climatechangepolicies.legislature.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Legislative Committee on Climate Change Policies\u003c/a>. The committee chairman, Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia, a Democrat from Coachella, said the air board will be grilled on how it intends to manage allowances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our numbers don’t pencil out to be the same numbers they propose,” Garcia said. “We will go back and reexamine the numbers they are projecting. We have some questions about how they got there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward is an energy economist with the climate-change think tank Near Zero and teaches environmental law at Stanford University. He’s also a member of the newly established Independent Emissions Market Advisory Committee that is charged with reviewing the mechanics of cap and trade. He says the air board not only got its \u003ca href=\"http://wp.nearzero.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Near-Zero-Post-2020-Caps-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projections\u003c/a> wrong but also used an incorrect model for its calculations. The board’s most recent estimates are off by 10 percent and used a model that the agency identified in 2010 as problematic, he said in an interview.[contextly_sidebar id=”U5xXa4nbIchABlRUuFPmPSS0WtwtOvua”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t emphasize enough, this is a basic question of scientific integrity,” Cullenward said. The board has been reluctant to engage outside experts on the issue of allowances, “in a rush to justify that this is not a problem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota said external studies have not taken into account that allowances are set aside if they have gone unsold for 24 months—a “self-ratcheting mechanism,” she said, that prevents a glut on the market. The Canadian study, she said, relied on a flawed analysis conducted by Chris Busch, research director at Energy Innovation, a San Francisco-based climate-change and clean-energy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxe, the environment commissioner, stood behind the report’s conclusions, saying, “We did our own analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch, who was among the first researchers to identify the oversupply problem, is a longtime supporter of California’s cap-and-trade system, which he calls the best designed in the world. Busch said he used the air board’s own data to reach his \u003ca href=\"http://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/WCI-oversupply-grows-February-update.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conclusions\u003c/a> about allowances, which he said were conservative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I sought to engage the air board to evaluate what they thought of the numbers,” he said. “They didn’t want to engage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota said she had not read all of the recent reports, but the air board is taking all the research and criticisms seriously.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1216,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 27
},
"modified": 1704927896,
"excerpt": "State analysts say that in a little over a decade emissions could soar much higher than the legally binding level.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "State analysts say that in a little over a decade emissions could soar much higher than the legally binding level.",
"title": "Checking the Math On Cap And Trade, Some Experts Say It’s Not Adding Up | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Checking the Math On Cap And Trade, Some Experts Say It’s Not Adding Up",
"datePublished": "2018-05-23T14:27:00-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:04:56-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Environment",
"path": "/science/1924376/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As California accelerates its efforts to reduce greenhouses gases over the next decade, experts are pointing to vulnerabilities in its celebrated cap-and-trade system, weaknesses that could make the state’s goals difficult—even impossible—to reach.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade, featuring a market where permission to pollute is bought and sold, is a key mechanism California uses to lower the volume of harmful discharges by industries that are subject to state emissions caps. But as the California Air Resources Board ponders a major retrofitting of the highly complex program, state analysts say that in a little over a decade emissions could soar much higher than the legally binding level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Checking the math on cap and trade has taken on urgency this year because the state is leaning more heavily on the system to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The air board \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projects\u003c/a> the program will account for about 46 percent of annual reductions in coming years, a figure that has surprised many experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One calculation is out of California’s control: a possible political shift in Ontario, Canada, after provincial elections there next month. One leading candidate has vowed to dismantle the province’s cap-and-trade system, which participates in California’s emissions-trading market. A Canadian withdrawal could undermine California officials’ message about its stability and growth as they recruit other states and nations to join.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far more troubling are red flags highlighted in reports from academia, the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office, independent market experts and other major carbon markets, all concluding that California has a serious problem with too many unused pollution credits.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cap-and-trade system, major polluters must either produce fewer greenhouse gases to comply with California’s emissions caps or buy credits to offset their excess emissions from companies that pollute less. Credits are traded at state-sanctioned auctions and on secondary markets. And the state gives some free to utilities, natural-gas suppliers and industries that are vulnerable to out-of-state competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies have not yet needed to use up the allowances to stay within state emissions limits and probably won’t have to in the next couple of years, according to some analysts, who estimate there are hundreds of millions of unused credits in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a glut of credits that could allow businesses to keep polluting past state limits in later years, after the overall cap becomes more restrictive. Unless the oversupply is addressed, experts say, polluters will have no incentive to cut emissions to required levels by 2030; instead, industries could continue polluting and use banked allowances to offset their emissions and technically keep them under the cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislative Analyst’s Office foresees a reckoning, \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3719\">estimating\u003c/a> that because of excess allowances, actual emissions could be as much as 30 percent over the statewide target by 2030.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One analyst likened the problem to a game of musical chairs that starts with too many chairs and allows participants to save seats for later. The issue has plagued both the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/reform-of-eu-carbon-trading-scheme-agreed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Union’s\u003c/a> carbon-trading system and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.rggi.org/sites/default/files/Uploads/Program-Review/12-19-2017/Announcement_Completed_Model_Rule.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative\u003c/a>, a consortium of nine eastern U.S. states that sells credits for the electricity sector. Both markets have put policies in place to limit surpluses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, lawmakers instructed the air board to examine the issue last year, and the agency has steadfastly maintained that the surplus of credits will not imperil California’s fight against climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who oversees much of the cap-and-trade program for the air board, has testified numerous times before the Legislature on this topic. On each occasion she has assured lawmakers that the system is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not believe that there are unused allowances in the system that will hinder our goals for 2020,” she told CALmatters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She didn’t address how allowances might play out in subsequent years. But the agency forecasts that the state will also meet its 2030 target, when emissions limits will tighten dramatically, the number of free allowances will come down and the cap-and-trade program will expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the skeptics is Ontario’s environmental oversight agency. The commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/climate-change/2017/From-Plan-to-Progress.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual report\u003c/a> in January stated flatly that California has an oversupply of allowances that could last for the life of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the board believes…they don’t have an oversupply problem,” said \u003ca href=\"https://eco.on.ca/about-us/commissioner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dianne Saxe\u003c/a>, the environmental commissioner of Ontario. “Frankly, we don’t understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disconnect will be addressed this week in a hearing before the newly formed Joint \u003ca href=\"http://climatechangepolicies.legislature.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Legislative Committee on Climate Change Policies\u003c/a>. The committee chairman, Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia, a Democrat from Coachella, said the air board will be grilled on how it intends to manage allowances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our numbers don’t pencil out to be the same numbers they propose,” Garcia said. “We will go back and reexamine the numbers they are projecting. We have some questions about how they got there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward is an energy economist with the climate-change think tank Near Zero and teaches environmental law at Stanford University. He’s also a member of the newly established Independent Emissions Market Advisory Committee that is charged with reviewing the mechanics of cap and trade. He says the air board not only got its \u003ca href=\"http://wp.nearzero.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Near-Zero-Post-2020-Caps-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projections\u003c/a> wrong but also used an incorrect model for its calculations. The board’s most recent estimates are off by 10 percent and used a model that the agency identified in 2010 as problematic, he said in an interview.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t emphasize enough, this is a basic question of scientific integrity,” Cullenward said. The board has been reluctant to engage outside experts on the issue of allowances, “in a rush to justify that this is not a problem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota said external studies have not taken into account that allowances are set aside if they have gone unsold for 24 months—a “self-ratcheting mechanism,” she said, that prevents a glut on the market. The Canadian study, she said, relied on a flawed analysis conducted by Chris Busch, research director at Energy Innovation, a San Francisco-based climate-change and clean-energy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxe, the environment commissioner, stood behind the report’s conclusions, saying, “We did our own analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch, who was among the first researchers to identify the oversupply problem, is a longtime supporter of California’s cap-and-trade system, which he calls the best designed in the world. Busch said he used the air board’s own data to reach his \u003ca href=\"http://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/WCI-oversupply-grows-February-update.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conclusions\u003c/a> about allowances, which he said were conservative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I sought to engage the air board to evaluate what they thought of the numbers,” he said. “They didn’t want to engage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota said she had not read all of the recent reports, but the air board is taking all the research and criticisms seriously.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1924376/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1924376"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_505",
"science_121",
"science_1627",
"science_194",
"science_192"
],
"featImg": "science_1924378",
"label": "source_science_1924376"
},
"science_1923652": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1923652",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1923652",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1525849317000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1525849317,
"format": "audio",
"title": "In a First, California Will Require Solar Panels On All New Homes",
"headTitle": "In a First, California Will Require Solar Panels On All New Homes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Wednesday, the California Energy Commission unanimously voted to approve new energy standards that will require all new homes in California to have solar panels and other measures geared toward making buildings more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just a milestone. There’s a hell of a lot of work to do between now and 2020,” said chairman Robert Weisenmiller. “The bottom line is we’re going to stay focused on making this happen, and happen smoothly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission held a hearing before the vote to solicit public comment from various trade groups. The majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one manufacturing trade group, however, urged the commission to delay the move. A spokesperson for the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute expressed concern over late changes in the standards that would affect high efficiency air filters and water heaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the request, a representative for the commission said there’s no valid legal basis for the delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that we’re good to go,” the representative said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Energy Commission\u003c/a> is expected to approve \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new standards\u003c/a> on Wednesday that will require solar panels for nearly all new homes starting in 2020, marking an historic leap in the state’s efforts to slash greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future.’\u003ccite>State Senator Scott Wiener\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new standards will apply to homes, condos and multi-family buildings up to three stories high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move would be a key step in meeting the state’s ambitious zero net energy goals, says state Senator Scott Wiener (D-San Francisco). In 2007, the energy commission called for all new residential buildings to produce as much energy as they consume by 2020. New commercial buildings have to meet the standard by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who led the successful effort to pass a solar mandate for San Francisco construction in 2016, says solar energy is a necessary component of California’s zero net energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to achieve zero net energy, you have to have a renewable energy source,” says Wiener. “With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future, and this is one step in that direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the step is significant, California has been preparing for the transition to solar energy for years, according to a spokeswoman for the state energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”93h9RBR6lqw8T1KvE3fdh7sWuT8MWkTU”]”We update energy codes every three years and in 2013 we required that all new homes be solar-ready,” says spokeswoman Amber Beck. “Homes had to have a certain amount of space on the roof so a homeowner could add a solar panel later on if he chooses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making California homes more energy-efficient is part of a broader initiative to shrink the state’s greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electricity consumed by residential and commercial buildings is responsible for 14 percent of the state’s greenhouse pollutants, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cpucblog.aspx?id=12374&blogid=1551\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/a> \u003cspan id=\"ctl00_MainContent_BlogEntries1\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics, though, question the wisdom of the transition to solar at a time when California is struggling with a dire housing crisis and skyrocketing housing costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, only 12 percent of households can afford a median-priced home, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.paragon-re.com/trend/bay-area-housing-affordability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent report\u003c/a> by Paragon Real Estate Group. And in California overall, half as many people can afford median priced housing as in the rest of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It absolutely will increase the cost of homes,” says Lisa Vorderbrueggen, director of governmental affairs for the Bay Area Building Industry Association. “But on the other hand, increasing the energy efficiency of homes has long been a state priority, so there’s no free lunch. We certainly would like to see local jurisdictions reduce costs elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy commission’s Beck says the solar mandate will add about $40 a month to the average monthly mortgage payment. But, she adds, the new standards will cut energy use by more than half, and homeowners can expect to save about $80 per month in energy costs over the course of a 30-year mortgage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who has made housing affordability \u003cspan class=\"st\">a centerpiece of his agenda\u003c/span>, says homeowners will also have the option of leasing their solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have a third party come in and install and maintain those solar panels,” he says, “so they end up paying for themselves over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides the solar mandate, the new standards to be voted on Wednesday include lighting upgrades for all new commercial buildings and high-rise construction above three stories, a transition that will help buildings use 30 percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, new ventilation requirements will apply to new homes and healthcare facilities. The measures \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will protect\u003c/a> residents from air pollution originating from outdoor and indoor sources, according to the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 916,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 26
},
"modified": 1704927924,
"excerpt": "Starting in 2020, the new standards mark an historic leap in the state's quest to slash greenhouse emissions.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Starting in 2020, the new standards mark an historic leap in the state's quest to slash greenhouse emissions.",
"title": "In a First, California Will Require Solar Panels On All New Homes | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "In a First, California Will Require Solar Panels On All New Homes",
"datePublished": "2018-05-09T00:01:57-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:05:24-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/05/Miller2waySolarPanels.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Energy",
"path": "/science/1923652/in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Wednesday, the California Energy Commission unanimously voted to approve new energy standards that will require all new homes in California to have solar panels and other measures geared toward making buildings more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just a milestone. There’s a hell of a lot of work to do between now and 2020,” said chairman Robert Weisenmiller. “The bottom line is we’re going to stay focused on making this happen, and happen smoothly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission held a hearing before the vote to solicit public comment from various trade groups. The majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one manufacturing trade group, however, urged the commission to delay the move. A spokesperson for the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute expressed concern over late changes in the standards that would affect high efficiency air filters and water heaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the request, a representative for the commission said there’s no valid legal basis for the delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that we’re good to go,” the representative said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Energy Commission\u003c/a> is expected to approve \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new standards\u003c/a> on Wednesday that will require solar panels for nearly all new homes starting in 2020, marking an historic leap in the state’s efforts to slash greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future.’\u003ccite>State Senator Scott Wiener\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new standards will apply to homes, condos and multi-family buildings up to three stories high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move would be a key step in meeting the state’s ambitious zero net energy goals, says state Senator Scott Wiener (D-San Francisco). In 2007, the energy commission called for all new residential buildings to produce as much energy as they consume by 2020. New commercial buildings have to meet the standard by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who led the successful effort to pass a solar mandate for San Francisco construction in 2016, says solar energy is a necessary component of California’s zero net energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to achieve zero net energy, you have to have a renewable energy source,” says Wiener. “With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future, and this is one step in that direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the step is significant, California has been preparing for the transition to solar energy for years, according to a spokeswoman for the state energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”We update energy codes every three years and in 2013 we required that all new homes be solar-ready,” says spokeswoman Amber Beck. “Homes had to have a certain amount of space on the roof so a homeowner could add a solar panel later on if he chooses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making California homes more energy-efficient is part of a broader initiative to shrink the state’s greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electricity consumed by residential and commercial buildings is responsible for 14 percent of the state’s greenhouse pollutants, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cpucblog.aspx?id=12374&blogid=1551\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/a> \u003cspan id=\"ctl00_MainContent_BlogEntries1\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics, though, question the wisdom of the transition to solar at a time when California is struggling with a dire housing crisis and skyrocketing housing costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, only 12 percent of households can afford a median-priced home, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.paragon-re.com/trend/bay-area-housing-affordability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent report\u003c/a> by Paragon Real Estate Group. And in California overall, half as many people can afford median priced housing as in the rest of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It absolutely will increase the cost of homes,” says Lisa Vorderbrueggen, director of governmental affairs for the Bay Area Building Industry Association. “But on the other hand, increasing the energy efficiency of homes has long been a state priority, so there’s no free lunch. We certainly would like to see local jurisdictions reduce costs elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy commission’s Beck says the solar mandate will add about $40 a month to the average monthly mortgage payment. But, she adds, the new standards will cut energy use by more than half, and homeowners can expect to save about $80 per month in energy costs over the course of a 30-year mortgage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who has made housing affordability \u003cspan class=\"st\">a centerpiece of his agenda\u003c/span>, says homeowners will also have the option of leasing their solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have a third party come in and install and maintain those solar panels,” he says, “so they end up paying for themselves over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides the solar mandate, the new standards to be voted on Wednesday include lighting upgrades for all new commercial buildings and high-rise construction above three stories, a transition that will help buildings use 30 percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, new ventilation requirements will apply to new homes and healthcare facilities. The measures \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will protect\u003c/a> residents from air pollution originating from outdoor and indoor sources, according to the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1923652/in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes",
"authors": [
"11428"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_1845",
"science_138"
],
"featImg": "science_1923738",
"label": "source_science_1923652"
},
"science_1920881": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1920881",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1920881",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1525357903000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1525357903,
"format": "standard",
"title": "California's Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion",
"headTitle": "California’s Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Disruption in the electricity market is afoot as more California neighborhoods move away from big companies to locally owned power providers. This model, known as Community Choice Aggregation, appeals to customers interested in cleaner, more affordable power, and the break up of utility monopolies.[contextly_sidebar id=”XAyuBuZ6v0uUS1C2BKO5IniYyxoQVnQ6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A CCA trade group estimates that by 2020 more than half of California’s residents will be served by a CCA. Currently, \u003ca href=\"https://cal-cca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there are 13 active CCAs\u003c/a> in the state. More than 80 California cities are in the process of considering, or forming, a CCA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Local, green electricity-on-the-cheap faces its own battles, however. Skeptics worry CCAs do little to nothing to reduce overall green-house gas emissions. Some caution CCAs may be stifling investment in clean power infrastructure by taking customers away from traditional utilities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A state law passed in 2002 allowed the formation of these locally-owned agencies. In the North Bay, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Clean Energy \u003c/a>was the first CCA to purchase electricity on behalf of its residents.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\nSome traditional investor-owned utilities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">such as Pacific Gas and Electric Co., have put a positive spin on the movement, painting a rosy picture of a collaborative synergy with CCAs, rather than a threat to their business model.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We respect the energy choices that are available to customers and we will continue to cooperate with local governments as they develop these CCA programs,” says Paul Doherty, spokesperson at PG&E, which serves central and northern California.[contextly_sidebar id=”IKllBgL1cc4hgXuqKuyfXW7uLglVnZew”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the setup, PG&E \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">provides billing, transmission, and distribution services for CCA customers. The only thing a CCA does is select its energy portfolio and then sell energy to customers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We view [PG&E]\u003cem>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>as a partner,” says Annie Henderson, the spokesperson at \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Community Energy\u003c/a>, which is rolling out services in June for Alameda County and eleven of its cities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But California energy analysts say those talking points belie a more complicated, if not delicate, relationship. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>The Cost of Escape\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Utilities are not willing to let their customers go without a fight. \u003c/span>PG&E and other traditional utilities are engaged in a contentious dispute with CCAs over “exit fees.” These fees are the cost utilities want to recoup each month from CCA customers for power projects they invested on behalf of those customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind Turbines line the hillsides outside Bakersfield, California. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The assumption was that those customers would stay in our service territory, and that we would need to serve them,” PG&E Senior Vice President Steven Malnight\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rtoinsider.com/community-choice-aggregator-cca-48422/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> told state senators last year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> during a hearing on the matter. “Today, we know that reality is significantly different.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April, PG&E and two other energy companies \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20170425_pge_and_other_california_energy_companies_propose_reforms_to_support_the_states_clean_energy_goals_protect_customer_choice_and_ensure_customer_equality_\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">submitted a joint filing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the California Public Utilities Commission proposing a new mechanism for calculating the fee, known as the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment, that would serve to raise the cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CPUC is currently overseeing the issue in a series of hearings and is expected \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M211/K795/211795024.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to submit\u003c/a> a ruling in July.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has already\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegoenergydistrict.org/fair-exit-fees.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> raised this fee\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at least twice, including in 2015, when the fees jumped between 44 – 127\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>percent, depending on the locale. (In 2015 the fee for an average CCA customer \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2015/12/22/pge-nearly-doubles-fee-for-those-who-leave-for-clean-energy-programs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jumped to about $13 from $6.70\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CCAs and other community advocates \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PCIA/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have strongly come out\u003c/a> against the proposal arguing that it threatens to make CCAs less affordable.[contextly_sidebar id=”JpRa9fEWPmAEEPOZLUPPjSOF8pxK0MVk”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, What is Fair?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>However, allowing CCA customers to walk away from investments made on their behalf risks disproportionately punishing remaining utility customers, says Severin Borenstein, energy policy expert at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has argued, and I think there is something to this and so does the PUC, that this [exit] fee was set too low,” says Borenstein. When customers depart the CCA should pay for their share of contracts, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And CCAs have completely rejected that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923407\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923407 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Diego harbor glows under the night sky. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But community advocates say customers shouldn’t be on the hook for risky business choices made by shareholder-owned companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may be called public utilities but it’s a misnomer because they operate for profit and not for the benefit of the public,” says April Rose Maurath Sommer, whose nonprofit Protect Our Communities Foundation, provided testimony at a recent PUC hearing.[contextly_sidebar id=”iPTDjaiBleBB5dv7W9dvhA6QQHuWDN44″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She says that shareholders should bare the burden of poor management decisions. Those decisions include over-procuring electricity which has led to a costly power glut in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Much Power\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A 2017\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-electricity-capacity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> report by the Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that state regulators continued approving the opening of new power plants even as electricity consumption in the state decreased. As a result, these power plants will produce at least 21 percent more electricity than California needs by 2020, according to the LA Times.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that hasn’t translated to lower costs for residents, who pay among the highest rates in the nation. While electricity consumption in California has decreased by 2.6 percent since 2008, the LA Times says that customers are still paying $6.8 billion more for power than they did then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customers are paying nearly double the amount of what the rest of the country pays in order to cover the costs of these power plants. And that’s likely to continue for the near future. Customers will contribute “many billions of dollars” because regulators approved higher rates to compensate utilities for reckless investments, according to the LA Times.[contextly_sidebar id=”CkKsUGfXgGt6jkypUYwJ4xgTfS9NYzY4″]\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E in particular fought hard in 2010 to secure approval for the Colusa power plant, an investment that will cost its customers more than $700 million over the plant’s lifespan. The plant has operated “far below capacity” since launching, reports the LA Times.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same 2017 hearing in Sacramento, comments made by regulators suggest that the California Public Utilities Commission is not equipped to deal with these challenges.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We are being deregulated from the bottom up, and there is no real plan as to how it fits together,” CPUC president Michael Picker told lawmakers. “I am looking to you for direction.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CPUC report issued on Thursday explored the recent developments in the energy market and attempts to outline the main challenges. The aim of the report is to “jumpstart a conversation” and to provide guidance for policymakers, according to the accompanying press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan,” a statement issued by CPUC President Michael Picker warns. “If California policy makers are not careful, we could drift slowly back into another predicament like the energy crisis of 2001.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs, however, take issue with the report’s characterizations of the changing energy landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highly regulated locally controlled CCAs were designed to help correct the problems from the energy crisis and they are performing as intended – delivering reliable, affordable and clean energy to local customers, while exceeding the state’s GHG goals,” said Beth Vaughan, the executive director of CalCCA, a trade association that represents the interests of CCAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Green Comparisons\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Along with affordability, many customers enrolling in community choice programs are expecting a different, greener type of energy than what the incumbent utilities have offered.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But experts say so far the actual numbers don’t reflect a significant difference.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923410\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Gas & Electric repair truck parked on a San Francisco street. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20180220_pge_clean_energy_deliveries_already_meet_future_goals\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> obtains nearly\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 80 percent of its electricity from carbon free resources while 33 percent comes from renewable sources. By comparison, homes covered by EBCE will be powered by 85 percent carbon-free power and at least 38 percent renewable energy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Commercial customers in Albany and Hayward will be powered by 100 percent carbon-free power at the same rate as PG&E.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think in general the difference isn’t all that huge,” says Borenstein. “PG&E is offering an extremely green portfolio.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Musical Chairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, questions remain over where CCAs are procuring their energy from and whether their entry into the market will help reduce overall greenhouse emissions.[contextly_sidebar id=”EA3qE4w9ywR6M9xJMceykln1EFSta4r4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CCAs are simply obtaining electricity from the existing grid rather than generating new energy, then that purchase has not actually increased the total amount of green power. According to Borenstein, it’s simply “reshuffling” what’s already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs have been under a lot of pressure to ensure that the electricity they provide is actually creating cleaner power, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Merely buying renewable energy doesn’t necessarily mean that the purchase is increasing the total amount of renewable energy on the grid, or decreasing greenhouse gases,” says Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs would need to invest in the requisite infrastructure allowing them to produce renewable energy. But critics say that CCAs don’t have the financial standing needed to invest in such projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, none of the CCAs have a credit rating and the first rule of business is ‘credit is fundamental to doing business,’” Jan Smutny-Jones, CEO of the Independent Energy Producers Association, told industry publication Utility Dive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Borenstein says that CCAs have increasingly become more sensitive to this. “At first they were doing things that customers would have found disappointing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear where EBCE will be purchasing its electricity from. According to their website, “The power portfolio is currently under development, but the intent is to purchase as much electricity as possible from sources located in California at prices that remain competitive with PG&E. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some however, the challenges CCAs may stumble on as they get off the ground are worth the trade-off if it means breaking a monopoly.[contextly_sidebar id=”FrYrE5SsTJYjYdBcAVi1K5ULnTKkffCH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With community choice aggregation, now people can choose between locally controlled retail energy or Pacific Gas and Electric,” says James Sweeney, management science and engineering professor at Stanford University. “So the first step is about local control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the challenges CCAs may face as they get off the ground, Borenstein says that opening up California’s electricity market to retail competition is likely to benefit the average Californians in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1803,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 45
},
"modified": 1704927941,
"excerpt": "Giant utilities like PG&E jockey to recoup costs as customers slide away. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Giant utilities like PG&E jockey to recoup costs as customers slide away. ",
"title": "California's Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California's Big Energy Utilities Face Local Rebellion",
"datePublished": "2018-05-03T07:31:43-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:05:41-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "locally-owned-providers-take-on-californias-power-monopoly",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Environment",
"path": "/science/1920881/locally-owned-providers-take-on-californias-power-monopoly",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Disruption in the electricity market is afoot as more California neighborhoods move away from big companies to locally owned power providers. This model, known as Community Choice Aggregation, appeals to customers interested in cleaner, more affordable power, and the break up of utility monopolies.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A CCA trade group estimates that by 2020 more than half of California’s residents will be served by a CCA. Currently, \u003ca href=\"https://cal-cca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there are 13 active CCAs\u003c/a> in the state. More than 80 California cities are in the process of considering, or forming, a CCA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Local, green electricity-on-the-cheap faces its own battles, however. Skeptics worry CCAs do little to nothing to reduce overall green-house gas emissions. Some caution CCAs may be stifling investment in clean power infrastructure by taking customers away from traditional utilities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A state law passed in 2002 allowed the formation of these locally-owned agencies. In the North Bay, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Clean Energy \u003c/a>was the first CCA to purchase electricity on behalf of its residents.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\nSome traditional investor-owned utilities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">such as Pacific Gas and Electric Co., have put a positive spin on the movement, painting a rosy picture of a collaborative synergy with CCAs, rather than a threat to their business model.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We respect the energy choices that are available to customers and we will continue to cooperate with local governments as they develop these CCA programs,” says Paul Doherty, spokesperson at PG&E, which serves central and northern California.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the setup, PG&E \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">provides billing, transmission, and distribution services for CCA customers. The only thing a CCA does is select its energy portfolio and then sell energy to customers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We view [PG&E]\u003cem>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>as a partner,” says Annie Henderson, the spokesperson at \u003ca href=\"https://ebce.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Community Energy\u003c/a>, which is rolling out services in June for Alameda County and eleven of its cities.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But California energy analysts say those talking points belie a more complicated, if not delicate, relationship. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>The Cost of Escape\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Utilities are not willing to let their customers go without a fight. \u003c/span>PG&E and other traditional utilities are engaged in a contentious dispute with CCAs over “exit fees.” These fees are the cost utilities want to recoup each month from CCA customers for power projects they invested on behalf of those customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-518012227-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind Turbines line the hillsides outside Bakersfield, California. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The assumption was that those customers would stay in our service territory, and that we would need to serve them,” PG&E Senior Vice President Steven Malnight\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rtoinsider.com/community-choice-aggregator-cca-48422/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> told state senators last year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> during a hearing on the matter. “Today, we know that reality is significantly different.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April, PG&E and two other energy companies \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20170425_pge_and_other_california_energy_companies_propose_reforms_to_support_the_states_clean_energy_goals_protect_customer_choice_and_ensure_customer_equality_\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">submitted a joint filing\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the California Public Utilities Commission proposing a new mechanism for calculating the fee, known as the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment, that would serve to raise the cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CPUC is currently overseeing the issue in a series of hearings and is expected \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M211/K795/211795024.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to submit\u003c/a> a ruling in July.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has already\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegoenergydistrict.org/fair-exit-fees.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> raised this fee\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at least twice, including in 2015, when the fees jumped between 44 – 127\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>percent, depending on the locale. (In 2015 the fee for an average CCA customer \u003ca href=\"https://www.almanacnews.com/news/2015/12/22/pge-nearly-doubles-fee-for-those-who-leave-for-clean-energy-programs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jumped to about $13 from $6.70\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CCAs and other community advocates \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PCIA/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have strongly come out\u003c/a> against the proposal arguing that it threatens to make CCAs less affordable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, What is Fair?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>However, allowing CCA customers to walk away from investments made on their behalf risks disproportionately punishing remaining utility customers, says Severin Borenstein, energy policy expert at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has argued, and I think there is something to this and so does the PUC, that this [exit] fee was set too low,” says Borenstein. When customers depart the CCA should pay for their share of contracts, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And CCAs have completely rejected that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923407\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1923407 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-692318646-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Diego harbor glows under the night sky. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But community advocates say customers shouldn’t be on the hook for risky business choices made by shareholder-owned companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may be called public utilities but it’s a misnomer because they operate for profit and not for the benefit of the public,” says April Rose Maurath Sommer, whose nonprofit Protect Our Communities Foundation, provided testimony at a recent PUC hearing.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She says that shareholders should bare the burden of poor management decisions. Those decisions include over-procuring electricity which has led to a costly power glut in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Much Power\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A 2017\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-electricity-capacity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> report by the Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that state regulators continued approving the opening of new power plants even as electricity consumption in the state decreased. As a result, these power plants will produce at least 21 percent more electricity than California needs by 2020, according to the LA Times.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that hasn’t translated to lower costs for residents, who pay among the highest rates in the nation. While electricity consumption in California has decreased by 2.6 percent since 2008, the LA Times says that customers are still paying $6.8 billion more for power than they did then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customers are paying nearly double the amount of what the rest of the country pays in order to cover the costs of these power plants. And that’s likely to continue for the near future. Customers will contribute “many billions of dollars” because regulators approved higher rates to compensate utilities for reckless investments, according to the LA Times.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E in particular fought hard in 2010 to secure approval for the Colusa power plant, an investment that will cost its customers more than $700 million over the plant’s lifespan. The plant has operated “far below capacity” since launching, reports the LA Times.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same 2017 hearing in Sacramento, comments made by regulators suggest that the California Public Utilities Commission is not equipped to deal with these challenges.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We are being deregulated from the bottom up, and there is no real plan as to how it fits together,” CPUC president Michael Picker told lawmakers. “I am looking to you for direction.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CPUC report issued on Thursday explored the recent developments in the energy market and attempts to outline the main challenges. The aim of the report is to “jumpstart a conversation” and to provide guidance for policymakers, according to the accompanying press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, we are deregulating electric markets through dozens of different decisions and legislative actions, but we do not have a plan,” a statement issued by CPUC President Michael Picker warns. “If California policy makers are not careful, we could drift slowly back into another predicament like the energy crisis of 2001.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs, however, take issue with the report’s characterizations of the changing energy landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highly regulated locally controlled CCAs were designed to help correct the problems from the energy crisis and they are performing as intended – delivering reliable, affordable and clean energy to local customers, while exceeding the state’s GHG goals,” said Beth Vaughan, the executive director of CalCCA, a trade association that represents the interests of CCAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Green Comparisons\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Along with affordability, many customers enrolling in community choice programs are expecting a different, greener type of energy than what the incumbent utilities have offered.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But experts say so far the actual numbers don’t reflect a significant difference.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923410\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923410\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/iStock-944869306-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Gas & Electric repair truck parked on a San Francisco street. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">PG&E\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20180220_pge_clean_energy_deliveries_already_meet_future_goals\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> obtains nearly\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 80 percent of its electricity from carbon free resources while 33 percent comes from renewable sources. By comparison, homes covered by EBCE will be powered by 85 percent carbon-free power and at least 38 percent renewable energy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Commercial customers in Albany and Hayward will be powered by 100 percent carbon-free power at the same rate as PG&E.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think in general the difference isn’t all that huge,” says Borenstein. “PG&E is offering an extremely green portfolio.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Musical Chairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, questions remain over where CCAs are procuring their energy from and whether their entry into the market will help reduce overall greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CCAs are simply obtaining electricity from the existing grid rather than generating new energy, then that purchase has not actually increased the total amount of green power. According to Borenstein, it’s simply “reshuffling” what’s already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs have been under a lot of pressure to ensure that the electricity they provide is actually creating cleaner power, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Merely buying renewable energy doesn’t necessarily mean that the purchase is increasing the total amount of renewable energy on the grid, or decreasing greenhouse gases,” says Borenstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCAs would need to invest in the requisite infrastructure allowing them to produce renewable energy. But critics say that CCAs don’t have the financial standing needed to invest in such projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, none of the CCAs have a credit rating and the first rule of business is ‘credit is fundamental to doing business,’” Jan Smutny-Jones, CEO of the Independent Energy Producers Association, told industry publication Utility Dive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Borenstein says that CCAs have increasingly become more sensitive to this. “At first they were doing things that customers would have found disappointing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear where EBCE will be purchasing its electricity from. According to their website, “The power portfolio is currently under development, but the intent is to purchase as much electricity as possible from sources located in California at prices that remain competitive with PG&E. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some however, the challenges CCAs may stumble on as they get off the ground are worth the trade-off if it means breaking a monopoly.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With community choice aggregation, now people can choose between locally controlled retail energy or Pacific Gas and Electric,” says James Sweeney, management science and engineering professor at Stanford University. “So the first step is about local control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the challenges CCAs may face as they get off the ground, Borenstein says that opening up California’s electricity market to retail competition is likely to benefit the average Californians in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1920881/locally-owned-providers-take-on-californias-power-monopoly",
"authors": [
"11428"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_2889",
"science_194",
"science_1916",
"science_135",
"science_192",
"science_3370",
"science_813"
],
"featImg": "science_1923285",
"label": "source_science_1920881"
},
"science_1922037": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1922037",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1922037",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1523368875000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1523368875,
"format": "standard",
"title": "California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands",
"headTitle": "California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.[contextly_sidebar id=”sK92V9fMLxxVMFicYKmfUA37cfBeZBmt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.[contextly_sidebar id=”tDvVCJXAC02E3drmXcSZGdBrMkZbdOiK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IYTR9q4Ma734TYhUCB9sivFVD2S9i0y6”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.[contextly_sidebar id=”lfQGINmX1ayg6vxqxlv3Jiw0nZQJ5Vl9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1325,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 38
},
"modified": 1704928028,
"excerpt": "Legal experts say California's latest battle with the Trump Administration presents a novel situation.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Legal experts say California's latest battle with the Trump Administration presents a novel situation.",
"title": "California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands",
"datePublished": "2018-04-10T07:01:15-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:07:08-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "california-trump-administration-clash-over-sale-of-public-lands",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Environment",
"path": "/science/1922037/california-trump-administration-clash-over-sale-of-public-lands",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1922037/california-trump-administration-clash-over-sale-of-public-lands",
"authors": [
"11428"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_39",
"science_3424",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_192",
"science_1712",
"science_3514"
],
"featImg": "science_1922116",
"label": "source_science_1922037"
},
"science_1922241": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1922241",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1922241",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1523314827000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1523314827,
"format": "standard",
"title": "10 Teams Advance in International Carbon Dioxide Competition",
"headTitle": "10 Teams Advance in International Carbon Dioxide Competition | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A $20 million international competition to make profitable products from a gas that otherwise would contribute to global warming has entered its final stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists in the contest sponsored by a U.S. energy company and a group of Canadian oil sands producers have shown in a lab they can use carbon dioxide from power plants to potentially turn a profit making everything from concrete to methanol, an alcohol used in a range of products.[contextly_sidebar id=”ozexLDEtLHzrUKaHmWU2485uuX4uP10b”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists announced Monday — from India, China, Scotland, Canada and the U.S. — will collect $5 million in prize money, or $500,000 apiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teams also get the chance to put their ideas to work using much larger volumes of CO2 obtained from actual power plant emissions. The 1 metric ton of CO2 they will need to use daily is 10 times more than they had to demonstrate in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ton is still only about 1 percent of a power plant’s daily output of CO2. But the competition is more about inspiring than immediate solutions to climate change, said Marcius Extavour, senior director of energy and resources for the XPRIZE Foundation organizing the contest.[contextly_sidebar id=”FR5pE3YPpyk9SubIfy2pa6aUReRbVgOs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about opening people’s minds and really demonstrating what is possible,” Extavour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the finalists will compete to make use of actual flue gases from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant. The other five will compete at a gas-fired power plant in Alberta, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting this summer, they will have a year to practice at the plants before data collection for competition begins. The two winners, one at each site, will each collect a $7.5 million grand prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemistry is why the competition has two tracks. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the Wyoming Integrated Test Center, a new research facility at the Dry Fork Station coal-fired power plant near Gillette, are about double those at the Alberta Carbon Conversion Technology Centre, a new research facility at the Shepard Energy Centre gas-fired power plant in Calgary, Alberta.[contextly_sidebar id=”VBJ5NyD2v8hkuy5uJzZ6c211OG4H21M6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists scored highest among 20 semifinalists on how much CO2 they could put to use, as well as the value of their products. Making concrete, for example, scores high on volume but not product value, while making relatively small amounts of pricey carbon fiber scores low on volume but high on value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists include C2CNT, a team from Ashburn, Virginia, making carbon nanotubes, and CarbonCure, of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, which already has been using carbon dioxide on a commercial scale to chemically create limestone in concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonCure works with almost 100 concrete plants in the U.S. and Canada but gets its CO2 from a variety of sources, said Jennifer Wagner, CarbonCure’s XPRIZE team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the technology works. We know there is an environmental benefit and an economic benefit to the concrete producers,” Wagner said. “What we need to show for the purposes of the XPRIZE is that technology can score the highest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides saving concrete producers money, the process can potentially reduce demand for cement from plants that are responsible for up to 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition is sponsored by NRG Energy and Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance. XPRIZE is an organizer of technological innovation contests including one that awarded $10 million for the first private organization to launch a manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 604,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1704928030,
"excerpt": "A $20 million competition to make profitable products from a greenhouse gas is down to 10 finalists.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A $20 million competition to make profitable products from a greenhouse gas is down to 10 finalists.",
"title": "10 Teams Advance in International Carbon Dioxide Competition | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "10 Teams Advance in International Carbon Dioxide Competition",
"datePublished": "2018-04-09T16:00:27-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:07:10-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "10-teams-advance-in-international-carbon-dioxide-competition",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Mead Gruver\u003cbr />Associated Press",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1922241/10-teams-advance-in-international-carbon-dioxide-competition",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A $20 million international competition to make profitable products from a gas that otherwise would contribute to global warming has entered its final stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists in the contest sponsored by a U.S. energy company and a group of Canadian oil sands producers have shown in a lab they can use carbon dioxide from power plants to potentially turn a profit making everything from concrete to methanol, an alcohol used in a range of products.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists announced Monday — from India, China, Scotland, Canada and the U.S. — will collect $5 million in prize money, or $500,000 apiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teams also get the chance to put their ideas to work using much larger volumes of CO2 obtained from actual power plant emissions. The 1 metric ton of CO2 they will need to use daily is 10 times more than they had to demonstrate in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ton is still only about 1 percent of a power plant’s daily output of CO2. But the competition is more about inspiring than immediate solutions to climate change, said Marcius Extavour, senior director of energy and resources for the XPRIZE Foundation organizing the contest.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about opening people’s minds and really demonstrating what is possible,” Extavour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the finalists will compete to make use of actual flue gases from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant. The other five will compete at a gas-fired power plant in Alberta, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting this summer, they will have a year to practice at the plants before data collection for competition begins. The two winners, one at each site, will each collect a $7.5 million grand prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemistry is why the competition has two tracks. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the Wyoming Integrated Test Center, a new research facility at the Dry Fork Station coal-fired power plant near Gillette, are about double those at the Alberta Carbon Conversion Technology Centre, a new research facility at the Shepard Energy Centre gas-fired power plant in Calgary, Alberta.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists scored highest among 20 semifinalists on how much CO2 they could put to use, as well as the value of their products. Making concrete, for example, scores high on volume but not product value, while making relatively small amounts of pricey carbon fiber scores low on volume but high on value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists include C2CNT, a team from Ashburn, Virginia, making carbon nanotubes, and CarbonCure, of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, which already has been using carbon dioxide on a commercial scale to chemically create limestone in concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonCure works with almost 100 concrete plants in the U.S. and Canada but gets its CO2 from a variety of sources, said Jennifer Wagner, CarbonCure’s XPRIZE team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the technology works. We know there is an environmental benefit and an economic benefit to the concrete producers,” Wagner said. “What we need to show for the purposes of the XPRIZE is that technology can score the highest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides saving concrete producers money, the process can potentially reduce demand for cement from plants that are responsible for up to 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition is sponsored by NRG Energy and Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance. XPRIZE is an organizer of technological innovation contests including one that awarded $10 million for the first private organization to launch a manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1922241/10-teams-advance-in-international-carbon-dioxide-competition",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1922241"
],
"categories": [
"science_29",
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_37",
"science_39",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_1404",
"science_194",
"science_192",
"science_2164",
"science_554",
"science_309"
],
"featImg": "science_1922244",
"label": "source_science_1922241"
},
"science_1921972": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1921972",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1921972",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1522704196000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1522704196,
"format": "standard",
"title": "EPA Moves To Weaken Landmark Fuel Efficiency Rules",
"headTitle": "EPA Moves To Weaken Landmark Fuel Efficiency Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration today \u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to weaken fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for automobiles, saying the current ones are inappropriate and wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-anticipated move is a win for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied for lower fuel-economy standards. It’s also a rejection of one of former President Barack Obama’s biggest efforts to combat climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QfUGaDbIHqcY1JRkHpkaOE16MgcR5n0o”]In making the announcement, Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, accused Obama of making incorrect assumptions when setting the standards, which led to them being set “too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, working with California, aimed to nearly double the fleet wide average fuel economy for passenger cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automobile emissions and transportation are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the largest sources\u003c/a> of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s EPA is abandoning those goals and says it will work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to set more appropriate standards at a later date.[contextly_sidebar id=”IXBWYDYsS0Q8BSuLFcqAU1VGIKondheQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move puts the Trump administration on the path toward another legal showdown with California, which has said that it will keep the stricter air standards in place. The state has a federal waiver under the Clean Air Act that allows it to set \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/26/521590802/in-conflict-with-trump-agenda-california-sets-stricter-auto-emissions-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own standards for vehicle emissions\u003c/a>. Twelve other states follow California’s lead, and together they account for a third of all car sales in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” said Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, in a statement. She accused EPA of aiming to “demolish the nation’s clean car program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the federal government and California work together to set shared auto emissions and fuel economy standards. Car manufacturers want uniformity nationwide, so they’re not having to build different types of vehicles for consumers in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”g2CCVDMEc35bEmI6e9k1QYuI0D829yIx”]But the Trump administration and California are at odds on a number of issues, and it’s unclear if either side would be willing to make a concession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country,” Pruitt said in a statement. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to working with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement said California’s environmental waiver “is still being reexamined by EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown also criticized the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any split in the nation’s car market would be troublesome for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied the Trump administration to lower the standards. They argued that with low gas prices, consumers are buying more larger vehicles — SUV’s and pickup trucks — making the push for fuel-efficient electric vehicles and hybrids a costly burden. Lowering the fuel economy standards, they said, would give them more flexibility to meet consumer demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of industry analysis at the automotive website Edmunds, said in a statement that flexibility will come with a cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate reality is that this decision comes with a logistical nightmare in the short term,” she said. If states divide into a patchwork of competing fuel economy standards, while a long court battle drags out, “it puts automakers in a very challenging scenario from a product development perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Moves+To+Weaken+Landmark+Fuel+Efficiency+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 654,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 19
},
"modified": 1704928046,
"excerpt": "The EPA is rejecting a key part of Obama's efforts to address climate change. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The EPA is rejecting a key part of Obama's efforts to address climate change. ",
"title": "EPA Moves To Weaken Landmark Fuel Efficiency Rules | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "EPA Moves To Weaken Landmark Fuel Efficiency Rules",
"datePublished": "2018-04-02T14:23:16-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:07:26-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=598888447&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Nathan Rott, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Mon, 02 Apr 2018 17:11:33 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Mon, 02 Apr 2018 17:11:33 -0400",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules?ft=nprml&f=598888447",
"nprImageAgency": "AP",
"nprImageCredit": "Julio Cortez",
"source": "Climate",
"nprStoryId": "598888447",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Mon, 02 Apr 2018 17:11:00 -0400",
"path": "/science/1921972/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration today \u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to weaken fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for automobiles, saying the current ones are inappropriate and wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-anticipated move is a win for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied for lower fuel-economy standards. It’s also a rejection of one of former President Barack Obama’s biggest efforts to combat climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In making the announcement, Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, accused Obama of making incorrect assumptions when setting the standards, which led to them being set “too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, working with California, aimed to nearly double the fleet wide average fuel economy for passenger cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automobile emissions and transportation are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the largest sources\u003c/a> of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s EPA is abandoning those goals and says it will work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to set more appropriate standards at a later date.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move puts the Trump administration on the path toward another legal showdown with California, which has said that it will keep the stricter air standards in place. The state has a federal waiver under the Clean Air Act that allows it to set \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/26/521590802/in-conflict-with-trump-agenda-california-sets-stricter-auto-emissions-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own standards for vehicle emissions\u003c/a>. Twelve other states follow California’s lead, and together they account for a third of all car sales in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” said Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, in a statement. She accused EPA of aiming to “demolish the nation’s clean car program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the federal government and California work together to set shared auto emissions and fuel economy standards. Car manufacturers want uniformity nationwide, so they’re not having to build different types of vehicles for consumers in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But the Trump administration and California are at odds on a number of issues, and it’s unclear if either side would be willing to make a concession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country,” Pruitt said in a statement. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to working with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement said California’s environmental waiver “is still being reexamined by EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown also criticized the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any split in the nation’s car market would be troublesome for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied the Trump administration to lower the standards. They argued that with low gas prices, consumers are buying more larger vehicles — SUV’s and pickup trucks — making the push for fuel-efficient electric vehicles and hybrids a costly burden. Lowering the fuel economy standards, they said, would give them more flexibility to meet consumer demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of industry analysis at the automotive website Edmunds, said in a statement that flexibility will come with a cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate reality is that this decision comes with a logistical nightmare in the short term,” she said. If states divide into a patchwork of competing fuel economy standards, while a long court battle drags out, “it puts automakers in a very challenging scenario from a product development perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Moves+To+Weaken+Landmark+Fuel+Efficiency+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1921972/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1921972"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_2948",
"science_5178",
"science_2080",
"science_2164",
"science_554"
],
"featImg": "science_1921973",
"label": "source_science_1921972"
},
"science_1921958": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1921958",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1921958",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1522697655000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1522697655,
"format": "aside",
"title": "EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California",
"headTitle": "EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914261\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914261 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"When this photo was taken in 2009, self-driving cars seemed a distant promise. Now they're becoming a new challenge for highway engineers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California leaders vow a fight to preserve the state’s strict tailpipe emissions limits. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> announced \u003c/a>on Monday that it has rejected an Obama-era plan to cut tailpipe emissions for cars and light trucks. The statement also signaled an oncoming legal battle over California’s own stricter emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is in America’s best interest to have a national standard,” said EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt. “Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, California officials immediately fired off condemnations of the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watch out for this belated April Fools’ Day trick,” said Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Air Resources Board Chair Mary Nichols noted that the decision changes nothing in California and the 12 other states with strong emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decision takes the U.S. auto industry backward,” she said in a statement, “and we will vigorously defend the existing clean vehicle standards and fight to preserve one national clean vehicle program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it completed a review that will affect vehicles for model years 2022-2025 but it did not specify details on new standards, which it said would be forthcoming. Current regulations from the EPA require the fleet of new vehicles to get 36 miles per gallon in real-world driving by 2025. That’s about 10 mpg over the existing standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is part of a broader effort by the Trump administration to dismantle environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruit said that the Obama administration cut the rule-making process short for political expediency and “made assumptions about the standards that didn’t comport with reality, and set the standards too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Obama Administration’s determination was wrong,” said Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automakers \u003ca href=\"https://autoalliance.org/2018/04/02/auto-alliance-statement-response-epas-announcement-midterm-review-fuel-economy-ghg-program/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">applauded\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the right decision, and we support the Administration for pursuing a data-driven effort and a single national program as it works to finalize future standards,” said Gloria Bergquist, vice president, communications and public affairs for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 406,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 15
},
"modified": 1704928048,
"excerpt": "The Obama-era standards were part of a larger commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The Obama-era standards were part of a larger commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ",
"title": "EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "EPA Rejects Fuel Efficiency Standards, Signals Fight With California",
"datePublished": "2018-04-02T12:34:15-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:07:28-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "trump-administration-rejects-fuel-efficiency-standards",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1921958/trump-administration-rejects-fuel-efficiency-standards",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914261\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914261 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"When this photo was taken in 2009, self-driving cars seemed a distant promise. Now they're becoming a new challenge for highway engineers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California leaders vow a fight to preserve the state’s strict tailpipe emissions limits. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> announced \u003c/a>on Monday that it has rejected an Obama-era plan to cut tailpipe emissions for cars and light trucks. The statement also signaled an oncoming legal battle over California’s own stricter emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is in America’s best interest to have a national standard,” said EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt. “Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, California officials immediately fired off condemnations of the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Watch out for this belated April Fools’ Day trick,” said Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Air Resources Board Chair Mary Nichols noted that the decision changes nothing in California and the 12 other states with strong emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decision takes the U.S. auto industry backward,” she said in a statement, “and we will vigorously defend the existing clean vehicle standards and fight to preserve one national clean vehicle program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA said it completed a review that will affect vehicles for model years 2022-2025 but it did not specify details on new standards, which it said would be forthcoming. Current regulations from the EPA require the fleet of new vehicles to get 36 miles per gallon in real-world driving by 2025. That’s about 10 mpg over the existing standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is part of a broader effort by the Trump administration to dismantle environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruit said that the Obama administration cut the rule-making process short for political expediency and “made assumptions about the standards that didn’t comport with reality, and set the standards too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Obama Administration’s determination was wrong,” said Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automakers \u003ca href=\"https://autoalliance.org/2018/04/02/auto-alliance-statement-response-epas-announcement-midterm-review-fuel-economy-ghg-program/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">applauded\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the right decision, and we support the Administration for pursuing a data-driven effort and a single national program as it works to finalize future standards,” said Gloria Bergquist, vice president, communications and public affairs for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1921958/trump-administration-rejects-fuel-efficiency-standards",
"authors": [
"11428"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_2948",
"science_192",
"science_2080",
"science_3370",
"science_452"
],
"featImg": "science_711650",
"label": "source_science_1921958"
},
"science_1921475": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1921475",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1921475",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1521645553000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1521645553,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial",
"headTitle": "Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:56pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup wraps up today’s first ever court-mandated climate crash course by showing off his very cool space tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Alsup shows off his space tie for science day \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976547821204619264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup has tie (painted?) with what looks like a Hubble snapshot of deep space – yellow galaxies on blue. He’s ready to science!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Nathanael Johnson (@SavorTooth) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SavorTooth/status/976475761132453889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:553pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup tells attorneys for the other defendants that they have two weeks to sign on to Chevron’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge is issuing an order to other defendants explaining whether they agree with every statement Boutrous said. “You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us.” They’ve got two weeks \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976546870322388992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Concluding the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, Judge Alsup tells counsel for other fossil fuel defendants that they have 2 weeks to file statements specifying whether they disagree with any points / concessions made by Chevron’s attorney. Should be interesting to see their responses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976547719975133189?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:45pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Judge Alsup poses an interesting question about wildfires: Don’t they emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air? Is that a tiny factor in the overall rise of CO2 emissions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson observes that the judge may be trying to compare wildfire CO2 emissions to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wuebbles tells the judge that while he has not done the math on fire emissions, it is small compared to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 3 percent of annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from wildfires, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.forestfoundation.org/wildfires-and-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Forest Foundation\u003c/a>. The Los Angeles Daily News \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/14/in-californias-wildfires-a-looming-threat-to-climate-goals-smolders/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that in less than one week, wildfires in Southern California released harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:19pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Climate science has advanced in the years since 2012, notes Nobel-prize winning climate researcher Wuebbles. He is responding to Chevron’s tactic of limiting their tutorial to certain years, a move that some say serves to downplay the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Plaintiff cities get Don Wuebbles up there to say that “science did not stop” after 2012, when IPCC 5 stops…he’s here to talk to the National Climate Assessment \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\">https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538039680868352?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wuebbles wrote a chapter of the IPCC and is clarifying that the 2017 National Climate Assessment has newer reliable science in it as well \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538368182923264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:18pm: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>To wrap up the climate tutorial, city plaintiffs have called Donald Wuebbles, lead author of the U.S. National Climate Assessment, to speak about the best available science on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Seventeen of the last 18 years are the warmest on record, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Wuebbles?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Wuebbles\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976539725606481920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:16pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> And that’s a wrap for Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s Boutrous finishes main presentation on science with a quote from Oakland’s bond disclosure (about not being able to predict natural events)…which isn’t exactly peer-reviewed. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976537517875871744?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:11pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interesting strategy being employed by the defense is to limit reports on sea level rise to certain years, a tactic which some say is misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s presentation on sea level rise focuses on IPCC from 2013, which means observations end a couple of years before that. Sea level rise science has advanced significantly since the last IPCC, as Gary Griggs indicated earlier. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534296033837056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This is why a judge’s “tutorial” on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climate\u003c/a> can be dangerous: what recourse is there when Chevron presents data and graphics that are completely misleading? How do they get challenged? \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/976534289335701505?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:55am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron just informed Judge Alsup that he is presenting on behalf of his client alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting: Alsup to Chevron attny I thought you were presenting for all the defendants. Do they agree with you? Boutrous: I’m just presenting for Chevron. Alsup: Okay at some point I’m going to ask them all if they agree. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateTutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateTutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976530769165172736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Both presentations also strongly influenced by Judge’s self-directed research, questions, and interests. When Chevron lawyer can’t answer scientific questions, Alsup has been more likely to let it go. Alsup pressed scientists further. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\">https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534880979791872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:48am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Along with attempting to poke holes at the certainty of climate science, the defense is also arguing that the \u003cem>extraction\u003c/em> of fossil fuels is not the problem, rather its the \u003cem>use\u003c/em> of their product. That would seem to relate back to their earlier “collective responsibility” argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s lawyer at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> – “IPCC does not say it’s the extraction of fossil fuels [that causes climate change], it’s the energy use – the economic activity – that generates emissions.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976526523103506433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>11:27am:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Judge Alsup is apparently a fan of physicist Svante Arrhenius, who in 1896, made the first estimate of climate sensitivity, calculating that surface temperatures would rise by 4-6°C if carbon dioxide emissions doubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup professes admiration for Arrhenius: ‘Don’t you think it’s amazing that that guy..with just the back of an envelope with pencil and paper, could have made that projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable?’ Chevron atty agrees: ‘These scientists are brilliant.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Debra Kahn (@debra_kahn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debra_kahn/status/976521407466106880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup shows his science nerd side. Marvels that at end of 19th C. Svante Arrhenius predicted roughly the same temp rise from CO2 increase as modern models. “He was one guy in an early age and using his brain and some data … You have to admire that.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976520479090425856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The strategy apparently being employed by Chevron lawyers is to argue that climate science is filled with uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">At the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, it appears that Chevron’s strategy is to portray climate science as a field that is characterised by significant uncertainty and conflicting scientific theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976519729614475264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">“That’s how science works. It’s trial and error…It’s cumulative; it’s self-correcting.” – Chevron lawyer emphasizes uncertainty of Arrhenius’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatescience?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatescience\u003c/a> in 1951. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976516202867580928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s graphs seem mostly to end around 2010 or 2012, which helps minimize the visual impact of the record temperatures in more recent years \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976525027276288001?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:10am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’S Molly Peterson reports that during the summary portion of early 20th century climate science, Judge Alsup interrupted the Chevron attorney to point out that he skipped meterologist Guy Callendar’s landmark 1938 report linking fossil fuels to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about Callendar’s findings at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/22/guy-callendar-climate-fossil-fuels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Someone established a Twitter account in 2014 for Guy Callendar, the scientist referenced by Judge Alsup in the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\">https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976521896782016512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10:58am: \u003c/strong>Remarks on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the defense’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge and Chevron attorney seem to establish that since 1951, it’s been accepted that CO2 has a warming effect. Oil company attorney isn’t great at answering judge’s science questions; does it matter? Hard to say. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976517515999244288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting that Alsup was quick to prevent plaintiffs from “getting political” but hasn’t said anything about Chevron critiquing policies of SF & Oakland, and those recommended by IPCC, in first five minutes of presentation \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976506236253302784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:35am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron is largely relying on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron presenting a history of IPCC summaries, not a history of science as requested. And then, warming is partly “how people are living their lives.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976508965252055041?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters at the hearing note that no experts are presenting on behalf of the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Defendants leaving science to lawyer, plaintiffs to scientists. Both OK, just noting difference in strategy. Probably woulda been good to have a scientist answer Alsup on solar fluctuations, tho. Lawyer says “it just happens” 🤷🏻♀️\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976512549582598144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>10:16am: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Environmental journalist Warren Cornwall:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">No indication so far that oil companies will be calling scientists to talk to Judge Alsup today. Chevron attorney is doing the talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976506832331026433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Avi Garbow, former general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells KQED that Chevron supports\u003c/a> the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Garbow. “Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, oil industry lawyers will argue that the courtroom is not the proper forum for tackling climate change issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:11am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Climate reporter Amy Westervelt tweeting from the courtroom:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Griggs: 10-year flood that would have come once every 10 years is now coming 10 times a year. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976504429149958144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:41am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Retired Judge Alice C. Hill, whose work now focuses on preparing for the impacts of climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfareblog.com/catastrophic-risks-climate-change-us-turns-its-back-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writing in\u003c/a> national security blog \u003cem>LawFare:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This isn’t the stuff of science fiction. It is happening already, right here in the United States. It just gets worse—a lot worse—the more carbon we send up into the atmosphere. Just as America suffers, so will the rest of the world. And some of their suffering will spill back onto us. We already have plenty of examples of how climate impacts in other countries threaten global stability and our national security. These include the historic drought in Syria that drove over a million people, mostly young men, to move to cities in search of work and which, in turn, contributed to civil unrest and unprecedented mass migration.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a> is done with his presentation. The next witness for plaintiffs is \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a>, professor of Earth Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Grigg will focus on how sea level rise is affecting San Franciso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Griggs: Showing chart of sea level rise, steep rate of increase 20,000 years ago and then even steeper rate of increase today. Discussion of lower sea levels thousands of years ago, including ancient peoples crossing the land bridge to North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Deborah Moore (@debmoore_UCS) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debmoore_UCS/status/976495452383096832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:14am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>On the question of liability for the impacts of climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen notes it is possible to trace CO2 emissions directly to products sold by individual companies. Highly relevant to question of \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> for fossil fuel companies. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976489073966657536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Now we’re getting to a key legal point in this climate lawsuit against oil companies. Myles Allen tells Judge Alsup “It’s possible to trace these emissions directly to products sold by individual companies.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976489669650075648?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:05am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Today’s tutorial, a key early step in the case, is divided into two parts. The first part is 60 minutes and will have both sides presenting the history of climate change study. The second portion will have both sides present the best available science on climate science, including data on coastal flooding and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">It’s kind of a climate change greatest hits: Allen recaps how Roger Revelle in 1957 made the crucial observation that simple chemistry limits the amount of carbon dioxide that the oceans can take up. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976487828765908992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:42am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Jessica Wentz, a lawyer at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\u003c/a>, is live tweeting from Judge Alsup’s courtroom in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen: “the important point here is that we don’t just have a theory… we have direct observations from space” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976482927843225600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A report \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/files/2018/02/Adler-2018-02-U.S.-Climate-Change-Litigation-in-the-Age-of-Trump-Year-One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued by the Sabin Center\u003c/a> in February titled “\u003cem>U.S. Climate Change Litigation in the Age of Trump\u003c/em>,” finds that lawsuits calling for climate protections exceeded those that opposed climate deregulation by roughly 3:1 (73% to 27%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cases mark a surge in “municipalities suing fossil fuel companies under state common law and a suite of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits seeking transparency from the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:36am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’s Craig Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes that oil industry lawyers\u003c/a> will not try to debate climate science during today’s hearing. Their strategy instead will be to have the case thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:29am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> First mention of Sventus Arrenhius, who wrote what’s widely considered to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/Arrhenius%201906,%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first paper on climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molly Peterson\u003c/a> reports that Judge Alsup is establishing himself as an active questioner in the climate tutorial, interrupting Allen and asking for clarification on powerpoint graphs.\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:19am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The first expert presenting to Judge Alsup is the Environmental Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, who is arguing for liability for oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">First presenter for plaintiffs at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> tutorial is Myles Allen, Oxford professor who has advocated for quantifying human responsibility\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\">https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976476202742398976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:15am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> A federal judge in San Francisco is getting a five-hour crash course on climate science today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge William Alsup is presiding over a lawsuit filed by Oakland and San Francisco against\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of climate change impacts. Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow our blog for special live coverage. KQED’s Molly Peterson is also tweeting live from the courtroom at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mollydacious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921476 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2677,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 98
},
"modified": 1704928081,
"excerpt": "Special live coverage of today's climate science tutorial taking place in a San Francisco federal court. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Special live coverage of today's climate science tutorial taking place in a San Francisco federal court. ",
"title": "Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial",
"datePublished": "2018-03-21T08:19:13-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:08:01-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "live-blog-federal-judge-oversees-climate-change-tutorial",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "KQED SCIENCE",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1921475/live-blog-federal-judge-oversees-climate-change-tutorial",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:56pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup wraps up today’s first ever court-mandated climate crash course by showing off his very cool space tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Alsup shows off his space tie for science day \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976547821204619264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup has tie (painted?) with what looks like a Hubble snapshot of deep space – yellow galaxies on blue. He’s ready to science!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Nathanael Johnson (@SavorTooth) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SavorTooth/status/976475761132453889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:553pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup tells attorneys for the other defendants that they have two weeks to sign on to Chevron’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge is issuing an order to other defendants explaining whether they agree with every statement Boutrous said. “You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us.” They’ve got two weeks \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976546870322388992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Concluding the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, Judge Alsup tells counsel for other fossil fuel defendants that they have 2 weeks to file statements specifying whether they disagree with any points / concessions made by Chevron’s attorney. Should be interesting to see their responses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976547719975133189?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:45pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Judge Alsup poses an interesting question about wildfires: Don’t they emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air? Is that a tiny factor in the overall rise of CO2 emissions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson observes that the judge may be trying to compare wildfire CO2 emissions to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wuebbles tells the judge that while he has not done the math on fire emissions, it is small compared to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 3 percent of annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from wildfires, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.forestfoundation.org/wildfires-and-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Forest Foundation\u003c/a>. The Los Angeles Daily News \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/14/in-californias-wildfires-a-looming-threat-to-climate-goals-smolders/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that in less than one week, wildfires in Southern California released harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:19pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Climate science has advanced in the years since 2012, notes Nobel-prize winning climate researcher Wuebbles. He is responding to Chevron’s tactic of limiting their tutorial to certain years, a move that some say serves to downplay the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Plaintiff cities get Don Wuebbles up there to say that “science did not stop” after 2012, when IPCC 5 stops…he’s here to talk to the National Climate Assessment \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\">https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538039680868352?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wuebbles wrote a chapter of the IPCC and is clarifying that the 2017 National Climate Assessment has newer reliable science in it as well \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538368182923264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:18pm: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>To wrap up the climate tutorial, city plaintiffs have called Donald Wuebbles, lead author of the U.S. National Climate Assessment, to speak about the best available science on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Seventeen of the last 18 years are the warmest on record, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Wuebbles?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Wuebbles\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976539725606481920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:16pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> And that’s a wrap for Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s Boutrous finishes main presentation on science with a quote from Oakland’s bond disclosure (about not being able to predict natural events)…which isn’t exactly peer-reviewed. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976537517875871744?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:11pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interesting strategy being employed by the defense is to limit reports on sea level rise to certain years, a tactic which some say is misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s presentation on sea level rise focuses on IPCC from 2013, which means observations end a couple of years before that. Sea level rise science has advanced significantly since the last IPCC, as Gary Griggs indicated earlier. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534296033837056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This is why a judge’s “tutorial” on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climate\u003c/a> can be dangerous: what recourse is there when Chevron presents data and graphics that are completely misleading? How do they get challenged? \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/976534289335701505?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:55am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron just informed Judge Alsup that he is presenting on behalf of his client alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting: Alsup to Chevron attny I thought you were presenting for all the defendants. Do they agree with you? Boutrous: I’m just presenting for Chevron. Alsup: Okay at some point I’m going to ask them all if they agree. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateTutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateTutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976530769165172736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Both presentations also strongly influenced by Judge’s self-directed research, questions, and interests. When Chevron lawyer can’t answer scientific questions, Alsup has been more likely to let it go. Alsup pressed scientists further. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\">https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534880979791872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:48am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Along with attempting to poke holes at the certainty of climate science, the defense is also arguing that the \u003cem>extraction\u003c/em> of fossil fuels is not the problem, rather its the \u003cem>use\u003c/em> of their product. That would seem to relate back to their earlier “collective responsibility” argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s lawyer at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> – “IPCC does not say it’s the extraction of fossil fuels [that causes climate change], it’s the energy use – the economic activity – that generates emissions.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976526523103506433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>11:27am:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Judge Alsup is apparently a fan of physicist Svante Arrhenius, who in 1896, made the first estimate of climate sensitivity, calculating that surface temperatures would rise by 4-6°C if carbon dioxide emissions doubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup professes admiration for Arrhenius: ‘Don’t you think it’s amazing that that guy..with just the back of an envelope with pencil and paper, could have made that projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable?’ Chevron atty agrees: ‘These scientists are brilliant.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Debra Kahn (@debra_kahn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debra_kahn/status/976521407466106880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup shows his science nerd side. Marvels that at end of 19th C. Svante Arrhenius predicted roughly the same temp rise from CO2 increase as modern models. “He was one guy in an early age and using his brain and some data … You have to admire that.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976520479090425856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The strategy apparently being employed by Chevron lawyers is to argue that climate science is filled with uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">At the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, it appears that Chevron’s strategy is to portray climate science as a field that is characterised by significant uncertainty and conflicting scientific theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976519729614475264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">“That’s how science works. It’s trial and error…It’s cumulative; it’s self-correcting.” – Chevron lawyer emphasizes uncertainty of Arrhenius’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatescience?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatescience\u003c/a> in 1951. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976516202867580928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s graphs seem mostly to end around 2010 or 2012, which helps minimize the visual impact of the record temperatures in more recent years \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976525027276288001?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:10am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’S Molly Peterson reports that during the summary portion of early 20th century climate science, Judge Alsup interrupted the Chevron attorney to point out that he skipped meterologist Guy Callendar’s landmark 1938 report linking fossil fuels to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about Callendar’s findings at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/22/guy-callendar-climate-fossil-fuels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Someone established a Twitter account in 2014 for Guy Callendar, the scientist referenced by Judge Alsup in the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\">https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976521896782016512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10:58am: \u003c/strong>Remarks on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the defense’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge and Chevron attorney seem to establish that since 1951, it’s been accepted that CO2 has a warming effect. Oil company attorney isn’t great at answering judge’s science questions; does it matter? Hard to say. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976517515999244288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting that Alsup was quick to prevent plaintiffs from “getting political” but hasn’t said anything about Chevron critiquing policies of SF & Oakland, and those recommended by IPCC, in first five minutes of presentation \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976506236253302784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:35am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron is largely relying on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron presenting a history of IPCC summaries, not a history of science as requested. And then, warming is partly “how people are living their lives.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976508965252055041?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters at the hearing note that no experts are presenting on behalf of the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Defendants leaving science to lawyer, plaintiffs to scientists. Both OK, just noting difference in strategy. Probably woulda been good to have a scientist answer Alsup on solar fluctuations, tho. Lawyer says “it just happens” 🤷🏻♀️\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976512549582598144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>10:16am: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Environmental journalist Warren Cornwall:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">No indication so far that oil companies will be calling scientists to talk to Judge Alsup today. Chevron attorney is doing the talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976506832331026433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Avi Garbow, former general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells KQED that Chevron supports\u003c/a> the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Garbow. “Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, oil industry lawyers will argue that the courtroom is not the proper forum for tackling climate change issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:11am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Climate reporter Amy Westervelt tweeting from the courtroom:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Griggs: 10-year flood that would have come once every 10 years is now coming 10 times a year. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976504429149958144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:41am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Retired Judge Alice C. Hill, whose work now focuses on preparing for the impacts of climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfareblog.com/catastrophic-risks-climate-change-us-turns-its-back-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writing in\u003c/a> national security blog \u003cem>LawFare:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This isn’t the stuff of science fiction. It is happening already, right here in the United States. It just gets worse—a lot worse—the more carbon we send up into the atmosphere. Just as America suffers, so will the rest of the world. And some of their suffering will spill back onto us. We already have plenty of examples of how climate impacts in other countries threaten global stability and our national security. These include the historic drought in Syria that drove over a million people, mostly young men, to move to cities in search of work and which, in turn, contributed to civil unrest and unprecedented mass migration.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a> is done with his presentation. The next witness for plaintiffs is \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a>, professor of Earth Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Grigg will focus on how sea level rise is affecting San Franciso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Griggs: Showing chart of sea level rise, steep rate of increase 20,000 years ago and then even steeper rate of increase today. Discussion of lower sea levels thousands of years ago, including ancient peoples crossing the land bridge to North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Deborah Moore (@debmoore_UCS) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debmoore_UCS/status/976495452383096832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:14am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>On the question of liability for the impacts of climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen notes it is possible to trace CO2 emissions directly to products sold by individual companies. Highly relevant to question of \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> for fossil fuel companies. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976489073966657536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Now we’re getting to a key legal point in this climate lawsuit against oil companies. Myles Allen tells Judge Alsup “It’s possible to trace these emissions directly to products sold by individual companies.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976489669650075648?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:05am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Today’s tutorial, a key early step in the case, is divided into two parts. The first part is 60 minutes and will have both sides presenting the history of climate change study. The second portion will have both sides present the best available science on climate science, including data on coastal flooding and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">It’s kind of a climate change greatest hits: Allen recaps how Roger Revelle in 1957 made the crucial observation that simple chemistry limits the amount of carbon dioxide that the oceans can take up. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976487828765908992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:42am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Jessica Wentz, a lawyer at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\u003c/a>, is live tweeting from Judge Alsup’s courtroom in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen: “the important point here is that we don’t just have a theory… we have direct observations from space” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976482927843225600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A report \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/files/2018/02/Adler-2018-02-U.S.-Climate-Change-Litigation-in-the-Age-of-Trump-Year-One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued by the Sabin Center\u003c/a> in February titled “\u003cem>U.S. Climate Change Litigation in the Age of Trump\u003c/em>,” finds that lawsuits calling for climate protections exceeded those that opposed climate deregulation by roughly 3:1 (73% to 27%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cases mark a surge in “municipalities suing fossil fuel companies under state common law and a suite of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits seeking transparency from the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:36am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’s Craig Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes that oil industry lawyers\u003c/a> will not try to debate climate science during today’s hearing. Their strategy instead will be to have the case thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:29am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> First mention of Sventus Arrenhius, who wrote what’s widely considered to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/Arrhenius%201906,%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first paper on climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molly Peterson\u003c/a> reports that Judge Alsup is establishing himself as an active questioner in the climate tutorial, interrupting Allen and asking for clarification on powerpoint graphs.\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:19am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The first expert presenting to Judge Alsup is the Environmental Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, who is arguing for liability for oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">First presenter for plaintiffs at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> tutorial is Myles Allen, Oxford professor who has advocated for quantifying human responsibility\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\">https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976476202742398976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:15am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> A federal judge in San Francisco is getting a five-hour crash course on climate science today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge William Alsup is presiding over a lawsuit filed by Oakland and San Francisco against\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of climate change impacts. Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow our blog for special live coverage. KQED’s Molly Peterson is also tweeting live from the courtroom at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mollydacious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921476 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1921475/live-blog-federal-judge-oversees-climate-change-tutorial",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1921475"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_32",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_37",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_3253",
"science_192",
"science_3370",
"science_2288",
"science_5183"
],
"featImg": "science_1921493",
"label": "source_science_1921475"
},
"science_1921133": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1921133",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1921133",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1521059818000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1521059818,
"format": "standard",
"title": "The Universe According To Albert Einstein",
"headTitle": "The Universe According To Albert Einstein | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Albert Einstein \u003ca href=\"http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol1-doc/69\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would have been 139 years old Wednesday\u003c/a>. Happy Birthday!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein’s science, and general views on humanity, have profoundly changed the way we see ourselves and the world we live in. He was not faultless, as no human is. He was an absent father and unfaithful husband. He lived in very different times, and — right or wrong from our current standards — we must analyze facts within their cultural context. Einstein epitomizes the intellectual freedom and courageous creativity that, combined with an unbeatable work ethic, defines true genius.[contextly_sidebar id=”vN9YATQGU7BoSj3Jy3gO1Jf0zTYeouMY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To shake the foundations of knowledge one needs at least two things: to believe deeply in his ideas and to have the courage to go against the established order. In the sciences, to be successful in shaking the foundations of knowledge so as to promote change, one also needs to be right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trailblazer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen Einstein came into the science scene at the turn of the 20th century, physics was in crisis. The physics developed from Galileo up to 1899 had three pillars: mechanics, electromagnetism and thermodynamics, the study of heat. And the three pillars were on shaky ground, as physicists couldn’t use them to explain a series of phenomena that had been recently discovered in the lab and in the skies. New ideas were badly needed, but not much was coming forth. It was the perfect moment for a trailblazer.[contextly_sidebar id=”qqjKekIIshGd4WKBMzxIowvPsormcqKm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there was trouble with light and its propagation. After a debate that lasted for centuries, people were convinced that light was a wave. (The other option, defended by Issac Newton, was that light was made of little bulletlike particles.) That being the case, and as with any other wave, light had to propagate in a material medium. Water waves, for example, travel in water; sound waves in air. Light? Well, for us to see light from distant stars, the medium had to be transparent. It also had to be very light so as not to slow down the orbits of planets. Finally, it had to be very rigid, so as to allow for the propagation of very fast waves: It was well-known by then that light traveled at about 186,000 miles per second in empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What kind of medium could this be? Stumped, the greatest physicists of the 19th century came up with a wild idea: Imagine that all of space is filled with an imponderable medium called the ether. What it was, no one knew. Its sole purpose was to allow light to propagate. With hindsight, we could call it magical stuff. Even as attempts to find it failed, physicists would not let go. The alternative, having light propagating in empty space, sounded even crazier.[contextly_sidebar id=”HXTnz2DVxc4UotpOF75lD1Q0EGQNgWjq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Einstein. In 1905, he proposes his special theory of relativity, whereby he singlehandedly destroyed the notions of absolute space and time, and the need for an ether. According to the theory, now one of the greatest success stories in the history of thought, the notions of space as a rigid stage at which things just happen and of time as a steadily flowing river, are just an illusion caused by our myopic view of reality. And it’s all light’s fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space would only be a rigid stage and time would only be a steady river if light could travel from Point A to Point B instantaneously. (That is if light traveled with an infinite speed.) But it doesn’t. Our illusion is corrected once we incorporate the fact that light has a finite speed of propagation, even if it’s so ridiculously high. (In fact, it is its enormous value that makes our illusions so persistent and convincing.) Once the correction is factored into our studies of motion, everything changes. An observer at rest that measures the length of a moving bus will obtain a different result from the passengers in the bus. To her, the moving bus will be shorter. If she also saw a clock attached to the bus, she would notice that the seconds pass slower for it than for the watch on her wrist. Amazed, she would conclude that moving objects shorten in the direction of their motion and that moving clocks tick slower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15531 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/15530-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"415\">The effects, called length contraction and time dilation, become more pronounced as the speed of the moving object approaches the speed of light. Remarkably, Einstein also showed, in a second paper he wrote that same year, that no object with mass could ever reach the speed of light. Mass itself grows with speed and becomes infinitely large at the speed of light. Only light itself, or another entity with no mass, could travel at light speed. And by the way, all this is perfectly consistent with light traveling in empty space. No ether. Light is like nothing else in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1915, Einstein expanded his theory to include motions with variable speeds (i.e., with acceleration). His theory of general relativity, arguably one of the towering achievements of the human intellect, imprinted the plasticity of space and time into the fabric of the universe itself. Now, the presence of any material object (or merely energy) could bend space and alter the flow of time. Space and time became literally pliable. For example, a light ray from a distant star would be deviated from a straight line as it passed by the sun. (It does as it passes by you, too, but the bending is so small as to be literally immeasurable.) In 1919, two expeditions were sent to test Einstein’s prediction of this phenomenon. Their data, despite bad weather and measurement issues, were conclusive: Einstein was right.[contextly_sidebar id=”kgXU8Ok5VQvxvsAezFDVnCbOYz2zhstN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later on, Einstein’s prediction for the flow of time was also confirmed: Time slows down in strong gravity. A clock on the top of the Empire State Building ticks faster than one on the ground. But the effect is tiny: If you were to spend your lifetime on top of the Empire State Building \u003ca href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8020988/Einsteins-theory-of-relativity-works-on-a-human-scale-the-higher-you-are-the-faster-you-age.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you would lose 104 millionths of a second\u003c/a>. Even more fun: In a 79-year lifetime, the cells in your brain age faster than those in your feet by about 45 billionths of a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein was the first to apply his ideas of space and time plasticity to the universe as a whole. In 1919, he devised a model for the entire universe: a static, spherical, perfectly symmetric cosmos, with matter homogeneously distributed everywhere, reflecting a mix of Platonic perfection and of Ockham’s Razor. That first model, even if wrong, became the inspiration for all the work on modern cosmology that followed it, including the now widely-accepted \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/big-bang-model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Bang\u003c/a> model, whereby the universe emerged from an event 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since. \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes\">Black holes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational waves\u003c/a>, all of this follows from Einstein’s general theory. Oh yes, and so does the accuracy of your GPS, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit5/gps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">needs elements from both the special and the general theories\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, all this relativity stuff was only one of Einstein’s playgrounds. The other, his muse and demon, was quantum theory. Next week, I’ll take it up from here, and explain why Einstein got his Nobel prize for his ideas on the nature of light (being both a wave and a particle) and not for relativity. And why he was haunted by the quantum ghost to the end of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cem> As this article was being edited, we learned of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/13/221053162/stephen-hawking-who-awed-both-scientists-and-the-public-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Stephen Hawking’s passing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. An uncanny coincidence, he was fond of telling that he was born on the 300th anniversary of Galileo’s death; and now, he passes away on the 139th anniversary of Einstein’s birth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Stephen Hawking was one of those rare life heroes who shone above all of us as a beacon. Not just as a brilliant physicist whose contributions to our understanding of the universe and of black holes will remain forever in the annals of science, but also as a life-loving, amazingly resilient person. He had the generosity of heart to share his knowledge and inspire millions of readers around the globe. His love for life must be celebrated and remembered by all of us, scientists or not.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and writer — and a professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the director of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ice.dartmouth.edu\">Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement\u003c/a>\u003cem> at Dartmouth, co-founder of 13.7 and an active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://marcelogleiser.com/books/the-simple-beauty-of-the-unexpected-a-natural-philosophers-quest-for-trout-and-the-meaning-of-everything\">The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything\u003c/a>\u003cem>. You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a>\u003cem> and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Universe+According+To+Albert+Einstein%3A+Relativity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1503,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 18
},
"modified": 1704928113,
"excerpt": "When Einstein, born 139 years ago on Wednesday, came onto the science scene, physics was in crisis. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "When Einstein, born 139 years ago on Wednesday, came onto the science scene, physics was in crisis. ",
"title": "The Universe According To Albert Einstein | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "The Universe According To Albert Einstein",
"datePublished": "2018-03-14T13:36:58-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:08:33-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "the-universe-according-to-albert-einstein",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=593156411&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Marcelo Gleiser\u003cbr />NPR Cosmos & Culture",
"nprStoryDate": "Wed, 14 Mar 2018 11:17:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Wed, 14 Mar 2018 15:28:27 -0400",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/03/14/593156411/the-universe-according-to-albert-einstein-relativity?ft=nprml&f=593156411",
"nprImageAgency": "Bettmann Archive",
"nprImageCredit": "Bettmann",
"source": "Physics",
"nprStoryId": "593156411",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Wed, 14 Mar 2018 15:28:00 -0400",
"path": "/science/1921133/the-universe-according-to-albert-einstein",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Albert Einstein \u003ca href=\"http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol1-doc/69\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would have been 139 years old Wednesday\u003c/a>. Happy Birthday!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein’s science, and general views on humanity, have profoundly changed the way we see ourselves and the world we live in. He was not faultless, as no human is. He was an absent father and unfaithful husband. He lived in very different times, and — right or wrong from our current standards — we must analyze facts within their cultural context. Einstein epitomizes the intellectual freedom and courageous creativity that, combined with an unbeatable work ethic, defines true genius.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To shake the foundations of knowledge one needs at least two things: to believe deeply in his ideas and to have the courage to go against the established order. In the sciences, to be successful in shaking the foundations of knowledge so as to promote change, one also needs to be right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trailblazer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen Einstein came into the science scene at the turn of the 20th century, physics was in crisis. The physics developed from Galileo up to 1899 had three pillars: mechanics, electromagnetism and thermodynamics, the study of heat. And the three pillars were on shaky ground, as physicists couldn’t use them to explain a series of phenomena that had been recently discovered in the lab and in the skies. New ideas were badly needed, but not much was coming forth. It was the perfect moment for a trailblazer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there was trouble with light and its propagation. After a debate that lasted for centuries, people were convinced that light was a wave. (The other option, defended by Issac Newton, was that light was made of little bulletlike particles.) That being the case, and as with any other wave, light had to propagate in a material medium. Water waves, for example, travel in water; sound waves in air. Light? Well, for us to see light from distant stars, the medium had to be transparent. It also had to be very light so as not to slow down the orbits of planets. Finally, it had to be very rigid, so as to allow for the propagation of very fast waves: It was well-known by then that light traveled at about 186,000 miles per second in empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What kind of medium could this be? Stumped, the greatest physicists of the 19th century came up with a wild idea: Imagine that all of space is filled with an imponderable medium called the ether. What it was, no one knew. Its sole purpose was to allow light to propagate. With hindsight, we could call it magical stuff. Even as attempts to find it failed, physicists would not let go. The alternative, having light propagating in empty space, sounded even crazier.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Einstein. In 1905, he proposes his special theory of relativity, whereby he singlehandedly destroyed the notions of absolute space and time, and the need for an ether. According to the theory, now one of the greatest success stories in the history of thought, the notions of space as a rigid stage at which things just happen and of time as a steadily flowing river, are just an illusion caused by our myopic view of reality. And it’s all light’s fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space would only be a rigid stage and time would only be a steady river if light could travel from Point A to Point B instantaneously. (That is if light traveled with an infinite speed.) But it doesn’t. Our illusion is corrected once we incorporate the fact that light has a finite speed of propagation, even if it’s so ridiculously high. (In fact, it is its enormous value that makes our illusions so persistent and convincing.) Once the correction is factored into our studies of motion, everything changes. An observer at rest that measures the length of a moving bus will obtain a different result from the passengers in the bus. To her, the moving bus will be shorter. If she also saw a clock attached to the bus, she would notice that the seconds pass slower for it than for the watch on her wrist. Amazed, she would conclude that moving objects shorten in the direction of their motion and that moving clocks tick slower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15531 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/15530-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"415\">The effects, called length contraction and time dilation, become more pronounced as the speed of the moving object approaches the speed of light. Remarkably, Einstein also showed, in a second paper he wrote that same year, that no object with mass could ever reach the speed of light. Mass itself grows with speed and becomes infinitely large at the speed of light. Only light itself, or another entity with no mass, could travel at light speed. And by the way, all this is perfectly consistent with light traveling in empty space. No ether. Light is like nothing else in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1915, Einstein expanded his theory to include motions with variable speeds (i.e., with acceleration). His theory of general relativity, arguably one of the towering achievements of the human intellect, imprinted the plasticity of space and time into the fabric of the universe itself. Now, the presence of any material object (or merely energy) could bend space and alter the flow of time. Space and time became literally pliable. For example, a light ray from a distant star would be deviated from a straight line as it passed by the sun. (It does as it passes by you, too, but the bending is so small as to be literally immeasurable.) In 1919, two expeditions were sent to test Einstein’s prediction of this phenomenon. Their data, despite bad weather and measurement issues, were conclusive: Einstein was right.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later on, Einstein’s prediction for the flow of time was also confirmed: Time slows down in strong gravity. A clock on the top of the Empire State Building ticks faster than one on the ground. But the effect is tiny: If you were to spend your lifetime on top of the Empire State Building \u003ca href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8020988/Einsteins-theory-of-relativity-works-on-a-human-scale-the-higher-you-are-the-faster-you-age.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you would lose 104 millionths of a second\u003c/a>. Even more fun: In a 79-year lifetime, the cells in your brain age faster than those in your feet by about 45 billionths of a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein was the first to apply his ideas of space and time plasticity to the universe as a whole. In 1919, he devised a model for the entire universe: a static, spherical, perfectly symmetric cosmos, with matter homogeneously distributed everywhere, reflecting a mix of Platonic perfection and of Ockham’s Razor. That first model, even if wrong, became the inspiration for all the work on modern cosmology that followed it, including the now widely-accepted \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/big-bang-model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Bang\u003c/a> model, whereby the universe emerged from an event 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since. \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes\">Black holes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational waves\u003c/a>, all of this follows from Einstein’s general theory. Oh yes, and so does the accuracy of your GPS, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit5/gps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">needs elements from both the special and the general theories\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, all this relativity stuff was only one of Einstein’s playgrounds. The other, his muse and demon, was quantum theory. Next week, I’ll take it up from here, and explain why Einstein got his Nobel prize for his ideas on the nature of light (being both a wave and a particle) and not for relativity. And why he was haunted by the quantum ghost to the end of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cem> As this article was being edited, we learned of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/13/221053162/stephen-hawking-who-awed-both-scientists-and-the-public-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Stephen Hawking’s passing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. An uncanny coincidence, he was fond of telling that he was born on the 300th anniversary of Galileo’s death; and now, he passes away on the 139th anniversary of Einstein’s birth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Stephen Hawking was one of those rare life heroes who shone above all of us as a beacon. Not just as a brilliant physicist whose contributions to our understanding of the universe and of black holes will remain forever in the annals of science, but also as a life-loving, amazingly resilient person. He had the generosity of heart to share his knowledge and inspire millions of readers around the globe. His love for life must be celebrated and remembered by all of us, scientists or not.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and writer — and a professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the director of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ice.dartmouth.edu\">Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement\u003c/a>\u003cem> at Dartmouth, co-founder of 13.7 and an active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://marcelogleiser.com/books/the-simple-beauty-of-the-unexpected-a-natural-philosophers-quest-for-trout-and-the-meaning-of-everything\">The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything\u003c/a>\u003cem>. You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a>\u003cem> and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Universe+According+To+Albert+Einstein%3A+Relativity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1921133/the-universe-according-to-albert-einstein",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1921133"
],
"categories": [
"science_28",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_42"
],
"tags": [
"science_672",
"science_309",
"science_577"
],
"featImg": "science_1921134",
"label": "source_science_1921133"
},
"science_1920328": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1920328",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1920328",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1520260214000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1520260214,
"format": "standard",
"title": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods",
"headTitle": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is getting an Environmental Justice Bureau charged with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/20/bike-car-or-train-which-commute-has-the-worst-air-pollution-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking into polluters\u003c/a> who operate in low-income and minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution. In fact, they usually go hand in hand.’\u003ccite>Vien Truong, Green for All\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for state Attorney General Xavier Becerra says the new team will have four lawyers when it’s fully staffed, and is funded from the department’s existing budget. It’s unclear, however, where the funds are being apportioned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The harsh reality is that some communities in California – particularly low-income communities and communities of color – continue to bear the brunt of pollution from industrial development, poor land use decisions, transportation, and trade corridors,” Becerra said in a statement. “Meeting the needs of these communities requires our focused attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pollution Follows Poverty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in minority neighborhoods. One long-term \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that reviewed 30 years of demographic data found a “consistent pattern” of placing hazardous waste sites where poor people and people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Minorities and low-income communities are seen as the path of least resistance because they have fewer resources and political clout to oppose the siting of unwanted facilities,” said the 2016 report, published by the University of Michigan and University of Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ddd8eFNoCX4pnjsLz68jDKO0soOYCwDw”]Another long-term \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty\u003c/em>, found more than half of all people in the U.S. who live within 1.86 miles of a hazardous waste facility are minorities, exposing neighborhoods dominated by people of color to higher rates of air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new environmental justice unit will focus on cleaning up contaminated drinking water; reducing exposure to toxics in consumer products; and penalizing illegal discharges to air and water affecting low-income and minority neighborhoods. The office will continue to challenge federal decisions that could affect the health of vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the issues the new unit is expected to look at includes a federal case concerning the storage of coal at the Port of Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Gm3fR5HiYhpFWii7VSdOZw7MixnAyNjE”]A spokesman for Becerra’s office said the state joined the suit by filing an \u003cem>amicus\u003c/em> brief in support of Oakland’s coal ordinance in order to “send a strong message that the time for taking advantage of communities of color is no more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra’s new unit has injected optimism among local activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution — in fact, they usually go hand in hand,” said Vien Truong, director of Oakland-based nonprofit Green For All. “Families across the state will breathe a sigh of relief with the promise of justice and accountability for polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> introduced by Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) would establish an environmental justice fund for monies from penalties and court settlements, which can then be used for further investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California vs. Trump\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has emerged as a prominent challenger to the Trump administration’s efforts to restructure U.S. environmental policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight,” Governor Jerry Brown said during a speech to the American Geophysical Union last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Trump took office, Becerra has filed more than two dozen lawsuits against the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Interior, and others. The lawsuits include challenges to federal decisions to repeal fracking regulations and suspend a 2015 rule that would have protected more California rivers under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Justice Bureau is part of a broader effort by Becerra to clamp down on polluters in the state. According to his office, almost half of the 26\u003cb> \u003c/b>federal lawsuits he has filed so far have focused on children’s access to clean air and drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8epGbOrco4QRXafClKjAijgiwnLEsYSf”]The announcement of the unit comes just weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eliminated a key Clinton-era measure that regulated air pollutants such as arsenic, mercury and lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is among the most dangerous actions that the Trump EPA has taken yet against public health,” John Walke, clean air director at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/180125-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Becerra’s office says positions in the new unit will be filled soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 775,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 23
},
"modified": 1704928146,
"excerpt": "California has a new Environmental Justice Bureau but just where the funding is coming from remains unclear.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "California has a new Environmental Justice Bureau but just where the funding is coming from remains unclear.",
"title": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods",
"datePublished": "2018-03-05T06:30:14-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:09:06-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "as-trump-reshapes-environmental-policy-california-launches-environmental-unit-to-protect-minorities",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1920328/as-trump-reshapes-environmental-policy-california-launches-environmental-unit-to-protect-minorities",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is getting an Environmental Justice Bureau charged with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/20/bike-car-or-train-which-commute-has-the-worst-air-pollution-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking into polluters\u003c/a> who operate in low-income and minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution. In fact, they usually go hand in hand.’\u003ccite>Vien Truong, Green for All\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for state Attorney General Xavier Becerra says the new team will have four lawyers when it’s fully staffed, and is funded from the department’s existing budget. It’s unclear, however, where the funds are being apportioned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The harsh reality is that some communities in California – particularly low-income communities and communities of color – continue to bear the brunt of pollution from industrial development, poor land use decisions, transportation, and trade corridors,” Becerra said in a statement. “Meeting the needs of these communities requires our focused attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pollution Follows Poverty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in minority neighborhoods. One long-term \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that reviewed 30 years of demographic data found a “consistent pattern” of placing hazardous waste sites where poor people and people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Minorities and low-income communities are seen as the path of least resistance because they have fewer resources and political clout to oppose the siting of unwanted facilities,” said the 2016 report, published by the University of Michigan and University of Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Another long-term \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty\u003c/em>, found more than half of all people in the U.S. who live within 1.86 miles of a hazardous waste facility are minorities, exposing neighborhoods dominated by people of color to higher rates of air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new environmental justice unit will focus on cleaning up contaminated drinking water; reducing exposure to toxics in consumer products; and penalizing illegal discharges to air and water affecting low-income and minority neighborhoods. The office will continue to challenge federal decisions that could affect the health of vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the issues the new unit is expected to look at includes a federal case concerning the storage of coal at the Port of Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A spokesman for Becerra’s office said the state joined the suit by filing an \u003cem>amicus\u003c/em> brief in support of Oakland’s coal ordinance in order to “send a strong message that the time for taking advantage of communities of color is no more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra’s new unit has injected optimism among local activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution — in fact, they usually go hand in hand,” said Vien Truong, director of Oakland-based nonprofit Green For All. “Families across the state will breathe a sigh of relief with the promise of justice and accountability for polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> introduced by Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) would establish an environmental justice fund for monies from penalties and court settlements, which can then be used for further investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California vs. Trump\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has emerged as a prominent challenger to the Trump administration’s efforts to restructure U.S. environmental policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight,” Governor Jerry Brown said during a speech to the American Geophysical Union last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Trump took office, Becerra has filed more than two dozen lawsuits against the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Interior, and others. The lawsuits include challenges to federal decisions to repeal fracking regulations and suspend a 2015 rule that would have protected more California rivers under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Justice Bureau is part of a broader effort by Becerra to clamp down on polluters in the state. According to his office, almost half of the 26\u003cb> \u003c/b>federal lawsuits he has filed so far have focused on children’s access to clean air and drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The announcement of the unit comes just weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eliminated a key Clinton-era measure that regulated air pollutants such as arsenic, mercury and lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is among the most dangerous actions that the Trump EPA has taken yet against public health,” John Walke, clean air director at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/180125-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Becerra’s office says positions in the new unit will be filled soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1920328/as-trump-reshapes-environmental-policy-california-launches-environmental-unit-to-protect-minorities",
"authors": [
"11428"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_39",
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_505",
"science_1754",
"science_5181"
],
"featImg": "science_1920720",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1920482": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1920482",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1920482",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1519861519000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1519861519,
"format": "audio",
"title": "Protesters, Policymakers and a Polar Bear Try to Protect Clean Power Plan",
"headTitle": "Protesters, Policymakers and a Polar Bear Try to Protect Clean Power Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s top energy and environment officials today protested the federal rollback of the Clean Power Plan — an ambitious effort to slash carbon pollution from power plants nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency chief Scott Pruitt \u003ca href=\"http://ago.wv.gov/publicresources/epa/Documents/Opening%20Core%20Brief%20-%20file-stamped%20(M0119247xCECC6).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">led a charge against\u003c/a> the Clean Power Plan when it was proposed by the Obama Administration in 2015, claiming it was an overreach of the government’s regulatory authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”cfVQJvVrvXF3bMZ9NTEWTqsVZNPAmsmx”]Since appointed by President Trump to lead the EPA, Pruitt \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/electric-utility-generating-units-repealing-clean-power-plan-0\">has sought to scrap\u003c/a> the plan. Now the agency is seeking comment about whether and how to do that, at a series of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920484\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920484\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Environmental Protection Agency listens to community comment and concern regarding the Clean Power Plan at the San Francisco Public Library in San Francisco, Calif., on Wednesday, February 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Protesters, Oregon state leaders, and members of the public also showed up to the event, which was billed as a “listening session.” Air Resources Board chairwoman \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/leadership/mary-d-nichols\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary Nichols\u003c/a> pointedly asked federal officials who they were listening to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it the voices, the outdated technologies of the past? Or the ever-growing numbers of people across this country who are demanding clean energy?” Nichols said. “We in California have already made our choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920485 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-1020x1528.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"959\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-1020x1528.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-800x1198.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-768x1150.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-960x1438.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-520x779.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters, ranging from students to religious proponents to mothers hold signs at a rally outside of City Hall, calling for the Environmental Protection Agency to protect the Clean Power Plan, in San Francisco, Calif., on Wednesday, February 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s choices mean the state already exceeds the Clean Power Plan’s intended goals, and then some — a point Nichols and other officials made repeatedly. But they also argued that climate change remains a major threat to infrastructure, health and other assets in the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”fBjGGD3gEI7TFwFF1xOhm8jDpQpH3wjR”]The California Energy Commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/executive/smith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Courtney Smith\u003c/a> said that the reducing greenhouse gas emissions is “critical to the resilience of [the] power sector, as the impacts of climate are threatening critical infrastructure and making it more difficult for us to ensure reliability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith also pointed to climate-driven catastrophes like wildfires, heat waves and sea level rise as risk factors that the Clean Power Plan could help mitigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without the ability to plan for this unpredictable loss, near-term needs must be met with natural gas, which increases greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/clean-power-plan-proposed-repeal-how-comment\">is accepting comments\u003c/a> on the Clean Power Plan through April 26th.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 426,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 12
},
"modified": 1704928161,
"excerpt": "California’s top energy and environment officials are protesting the federal rollback of the Clean Power Plan – an ambitious effort to slash carbon pollution from power plants nationwide.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "California’s top energy and environment officials are protesting the federal rollback of the Clean Power Plan – an ambitious effort to slash carbon pollution from power plants nationwide.",
"title": "Protesters, Policymakers and a Polar Bear Try to Protect Clean Power Plan | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Protesters, Policymakers and a Polar Bear Try to Protect Clean Power Plan",
"datePublished": "2018-02-28T15:45:19-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T15:09:21-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/03/PetersonEPAHearing.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate Change",
"path": "/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s top energy and environment officials today protested the federal rollback of the Clean Power Plan — an ambitious effort to slash carbon pollution from power plants nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental Protection Agency chief Scott Pruitt \u003ca href=\"http://ago.wv.gov/publicresources/epa/Documents/Opening%20Core%20Brief%20-%20file-stamped%20(M0119247xCECC6).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">led a charge against\u003c/a> the Clean Power Plan when it was proposed by the Obama Administration in 2015, claiming it was an overreach of the government’s regulatory authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Since appointed by President Trump to lead the EPA, Pruitt \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/electric-utility-generating-units-repealing-clean-power-plan-0\">has sought to scrap\u003c/a> the plan. Now the agency is seeking comment about whether and how to do that, at a series of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920484\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920484\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29632_CPP_002-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Environmental Protection Agency listens to community comment and concern regarding the Clean Power Plan at the San Francisco Public Library in San Francisco, Calif., on Wednesday, February 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Protesters, Oregon state leaders, and members of the public also showed up to the event, which was billed as a “listening session.” Air Resources Board chairwoman \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/leadership/mary-d-nichols\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary Nichols\u003c/a> pointedly asked federal officials who they were listening to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it the voices, the outdated technologies of the past? Or the ever-growing numbers of people across this country who are demanding clean energy?” Nichols said. “We in California have already made our choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920485 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-1020x1528.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"959\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-1020x1528.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-800x1198.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-768x1150.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-960x1438.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/RS29634_CPP_007-qut-520x779.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters, ranging from students to religious proponents to mothers hold signs at a rally outside of City Hall, calling for the Environmental Protection Agency to protect the Clean Power Plan, in San Francisco, Calif., on Wednesday, February 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s choices mean the state already exceeds the Clean Power Plan’s intended goals, and then some — a point Nichols and other officials made repeatedly. But they also argued that climate change remains a major threat to infrastructure, health and other assets in the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The California Energy Commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/executive/smith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Courtney Smith\u003c/a> said that the reducing greenhouse gas emissions is “critical to the resilience of [the] power sector, as the impacts of climate are threatening critical infrastructure and making it more difficult for us to ensure reliability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith also pointed to climate-driven catastrophes like wildfires, heat waves and sea level rise as risk factors that the Clean Power Plan could help mitigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without the ability to plan for this unpredictable loss, near-term needs must be met with natural gas, which increases greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/clean-power-plan-proposed-repeal-how-comment\">is accepting comments\u003c/a> on the Clean Power Plan through April 26th.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan",
"authors": [
"11223"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35"
],
"tags": [
"science_2889",
"science_2080",
"science_813",
"science_3514"
],
"featImg": "science_1920486",
"label": "source_science_1920482"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026PresidentialReducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/science?category=energy": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 204,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 409,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"science_1924401",
"science_1924376",
"science_1923652",
"science_1920881",
"science_1922037",
"science_1922241",
"science_1921972",
"science_1921958",
"science_1921475",
"science_1921133",
"science_1920328",
"science_1920482"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science_category_energy": {
"isLoading": true
},
"science_33": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_33",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "33",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "energy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/energy"
},
"source_science_1924401": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1924401",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1924376": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1924376",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1923652": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1923652",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Energy",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1920881": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1920881",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1922037": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1922037",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1922241": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1922241",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1921972": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1921972",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1921958": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1921958",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1921475": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1921475",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1921133": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1921133",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Physics",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1920482": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1920482",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate Change",
"isLoading": false
},
"science_31": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_31",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "31",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 33,
"slug": "climate",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/climate"
},
"science_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 37,
"slug": "environment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/environment"
},
"science_40": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/news"
},
"science_2873": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2873",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2873",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Oceans",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Oceans Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2873,
"slug": "oceans",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/oceans"
},
"science_43": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_43",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "43",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Radio",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Radio Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 45,
"slug": "radio",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/radio"
},
"science_98": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_98",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "98",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 102,
"slug": "water",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/water"
},
"science_5193": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5193",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5193",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Chevron",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Chevron Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5193,
"slug": "chevron",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/chevron"
},
"science_182": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_182",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "182",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 186,
"slug": "climate-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-2"
},
"science_3370": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3370",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3370",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featured",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featured Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3370,
"slug": "featured",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featured"
},
"science_206": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_206",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "206",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "sea level rise",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "sea level rise Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 210,
"slug": "sea-level-rise",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/sea-level-rise"
},
"science_505": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_505",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "505",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "air pollution",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "air pollution Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 511,
"slug": "air-pollution",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/air-pollution"
},
"science_121": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_121",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "121",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cap and trade",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cap and trade Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 125,
"slug": "cap-and-trade",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/cap-and-trade"
},
"science_1627": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1627",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1627",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "carbon emissions",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "carbon emissions Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1636,
"slug": "carbon-emissions",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/carbon-emissions"
},
"science_194": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_194",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "194",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate change",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate change Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 198,
"slug": "climate-change",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-change"
},
"science_192": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_192",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "192",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 196,
"slug": "environment-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/environment-2"
},
"science_1845": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1845",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1845",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "california energy commission",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "california energy commission Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1856,
"slug": "california-energy-commission",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/california-energy-commission"
},
"science_138": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_138",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "138",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "solar",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "solar Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 142,
"slug": "solar",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/solar"
},
"science_2889": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2889",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2889",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "clean energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "clean energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2889,
"slug": "clean-energy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/clean-energy"
},
"science_1916": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1916",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1916",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "coal",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "coal Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1927,
"slug": "coal",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/coal"
},
"science_135": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_135",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "135",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "electricity",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "electricity Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 139,
"slug": "electricity",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/electricity"
},
"science_813": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_813",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "813",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "news",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "news Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 820,
"slug": "news-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/news-2"
},
"science_39": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_39",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "39",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 41,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/health"
},
"science_3424": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3424",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3424",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future of You Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3424,
"slug": "kqed-future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/kqed-future-of-you"
},
"science_1712": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1712",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1712",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "oil and gas production",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "oil and gas production Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1722,
"slug": "oil-and-gas-production",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/oil-and-gas-production"
},
"science_3514": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3514",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3514",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Trump Administration",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Trump Administration Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3514,
"slug": "trump-administration",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/trump-administration"
},
"science_29": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_29",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "29",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Chemistry",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Chemistry Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 31,
"slug": "chemistry",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/chemistry"
},
"science_37": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_37",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "37",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Events",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Events Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 39,
"slug": "events",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/events"
},
"science_1404": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1404",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1404",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "carbon dioxide",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "carbon dioxide Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1413,
"slug": "carbon-dioxide",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/carbon-dioxide"
},
"science_2164": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2164",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2164",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "greenhouse gas emissions",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "greenhouse gas emissions Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2175,
"slug": "greenhouse-gas-emissions",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/greenhouse-gas-emissions"
},
"science_554": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_554",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "554",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "pollution",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "pollution Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 560,
"slug": "pollution",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/pollution"
},
"science_309": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_309",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "309",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 314,
"slug": "science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/science"
},
"science_2948": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2948",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2948",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "automobiles",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "automobiles Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2948,
"slug": "automobiles",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/automobiles"
},
"science_5178": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5178",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5178",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "California",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "California Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5178,
"slug": "california",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/california"
},
"science_2080": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2080",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2080",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "EPA",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "EPA Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2091,
"slug": "epa",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/epa"
},
"science_452": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_452",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "452",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "greenhouse gas",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "greenhouse gas Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 458,
"slug": "greenhouse-gas",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/greenhouse-gas"
},
"science_32": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_32",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "32",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Education",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Education Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 34,
"slug": "education",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/education"
},
"science_3253": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3253",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3253",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3253,
"slug": "climate-science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-science"
},
"science_2288": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2288",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2288",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "oil and gas petroleum",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "oil and gas petroleum Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2300,
"slug": "oil-and-gas-petroleum",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/oil-and-gas-petroleum"
},
"science_5183": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5183",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5183",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "San Francisco",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "San Francisco Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5183,
"slug": "san-francisco",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/san-francisco"
},
"science_28": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_28",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "28",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Astronomy",
"description": "Explore the universe with KQED Science! Dive into the latest astronomy news, discover celestial events, and unravel the mysteries of outer space.",
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "Explore the universe with KQED Science! Dive into the latest astronomy news, discover celestial events, and unravel the mysteries of outer space.",
"title": "Astronomy Articles | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 30,
"slug": "astronomy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/astronomy"
},
"science_42": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_42",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "42",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Physics",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Physics Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 44,
"slug": "physics",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/physics"
},
"science_672": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_672",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "672",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "physics",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "physics Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 678,
"slug": "physics-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/physics-2"
},
"science_577": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_577",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "577",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "space",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "space Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 583,
"slug": "space",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/space"
},
"science_1754": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1754",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1754",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "environmental justice",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "environmental justice Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1764,
"slug": "environmental-justice",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/environmental-justice"
},
"science_5181": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5181",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5181",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5181,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/health"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
}
}
