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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanches aren’t something most skiers and snowboarders have to think about. That’s because ski areas take preventative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the backside of \u003ca href=\"http://www.squaw.com/\">Squaw Valley Ski Resort\u003c/a>, two ski patrollers drop into a black diamond run known as Granite Chief. Below them are mounds of fresh, untouched powder – more than seven feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patrollers are throwing explosive charges onto the slopes to trigger smaller, less dangerous avalanches. Booms ring out across the mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow\">The Science of Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The Sierras are known for getting tons of snow really quick,” says Will Paden, the avalanche forecaster at Squaw Valley Ski Resort. “We’re constantly trying to start the avalanches so that we don’t let the snow pack build up to be too deep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paden says on a day like today, they’ll use more than a thousand pounds of explosives to make the ski area safe. But the job isn’t over when the snow stops falling. The snowpack is constantly changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day could be perfect powder and then that afternoon the wind can pick up and put wind crust on top of that perfect powder and make it difficult skiing,” says Paden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanche forecasting is even more technical. “We had a lot of riming in this snow and some graupel events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To translate that, you have to go inside the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a slope outside of Truckee, Brandon Schwartz uses a shovel to cut a cross-section in the snow. As a forecaster with the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, Schwartz has dug thousands of avalanche pits like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vernal-pool\" width=\"260\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\">\u003cem>An avalanche near Echo Summit in Lake Tahoe.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Travis Feist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>“We can feel the different hardness of all the layers that have formed in the snow that’s fallen over the last two to three days,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz is looking for weak layers of snow, which is where avalanches begin. He pulls out a saw and slices through the snow to isolate a one foot wide column. Then he places his shovel on top. “And we’ll just start to load on top of it first with ten taps just from my wrist, just from lifting my wrist and letting gravity pull my hand down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those taps simulate what a little weight would do to the snowpack, either from more snow falling or from a skier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz points to where the snowpack has broken away along a straight line. “So we got a pretty significant crack all the way across the column here. Definitely a difference in strength there and that’s what makes up the layers of snow pack and when we have these layers of different characteristics then we start to get some of the ingredients for a slab avalanche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and his team travel into the backcountry every day to assess the avalanche danger in the Tahoe region. Of the 36 people who died in avalanches across the United States last winter, almost all of them were in the backcountry. A large storm like this one means today the danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what makes some snow weaker than other snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we have snow on the ground, a whole bunch of really interesting things happen. You think of the snow as being rather static, but it’s not at all,” says Jeff Dozier, an environmental scientist at the University of California-Santa Barbara who studies how snow impacts California’s water supply. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozier says to understand what’s happening, you have go all the way down to the level of a snowflake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the snow falls, the snow crystals will start to stick together. As they sit there, the crystals grow rounder and bond together. “And if you shovel snow, you see this. If you shovel snow when it’s new, you can stick the shovel in the snow and you can lift it. You shovel snow when it’s old, it’s hard to break that block of snow loose from its neighbor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a lot of snow falls quickly like it does in the Sierras, this bonding process may not happen fast enough to support the snowpack, which leads to avalanches. The warmer a snowpack is, the faster it bonds. But if it’s colder, sometimes a different kind of crystal grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically the temperature at the base of the snowpack – this is gonna be around zero degrees C. But on a very cold night, the temperature at the surface say might be -20 degrees C,” says Dozier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difference in temperature can create another shape of crystal – a faceted crystal. “They’re sort of angular. They don’t bond together very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These crystals look like grains of sugar and they create weak layers deep in the snowpack. A better understanding of snow crystals could help avalanche forecasters. Dozier says it could also help water managers trying to anticipate the snowpack melt in the spring, an event that’s critical to the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avalanche forecaster Brandon Schwartz in the field:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/zdUJ2KI4EQs?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.623317 -122.02352\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow\">The Science of Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The Sierras are known for getting tons of snow really quick,” says Will Paden, the avalanche forecaster at Squaw Valley Ski Resort. “We’re constantly trying to start the avalanches so that we don’t let the snow pack build up to be too deep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paden says on a day like today, they’ll use more than a thousand pounds of explosives to make the ski area safe. But the job isn’t over when the snow stops falling. The snowpack is constantly changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day could be perfect powder and then that afternoon the wind can pick up and put wind crust on top of that perfect powder and make it difficult skiing,” says Paden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanche forecasting is even more technical. “We had a lot of riming in this snow and some graupel events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To translate that, you have to go inside the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a slope outside of Truckee, Brandon Schwartz uses a shovel to cut a cross-section in the snow. As a forecaster with the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, Schwartz has dug thousands of avalanche pits like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vernal-pool\" width=\"260\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\">\u003cem>An avalanche near Echo Summit in Lake Tahoe.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Travis Feist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>“We can feel the different hardness of all the layers that have formed in the snow that’s fallen over the last two to three days,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz is looking for weak layers of snow, which is where avalanches begin. He pulls out a saw and slices through the snow to isolate a one foot wide column. Then he places his shovel on top. “And we’ll just start to load on top of it first with ten taps just from my wrist, just from lifting my wrist and letting gravity pull my hand down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those taps simulate what a little weight would do to the snowpack, either from more snow falling or from a skier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz points to where the snowpack has broken away along a straight line. “So we got a pretty significant crack all the way across the column here. Definitely a difference in strength there and that’s what makes up the layers of snow pack and when we have these layers of different characteristics then we start to get some of the ingredients for a slab avalanche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and his team travel into the backcountry every day to assess the avalanche danger in the Tahoe region. Of the 36 people who died in avalanches across the United States last winter, almost all of them were in the backcountry. A large storm like this one means today the danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what makes some snow weaker than other snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we have snow on the ground, a whole bunch of really interesting things happen. You think of the snow as being rather static, but it’s not at all,” says Jeff Dozier, an environmental scientist at the University of California-Santa Barbara who studies how snow impacts California’s water supply. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozier says to understand what’s happening, you have go all the way down to the level of a snowflake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the snow falls, the snow crystals will start to stick together. As they sit there, the crystals grow rounder and bond together. “And if you shovel snow, you see this. If you shovel snow when it’s new, you can stick the shovel in the snow and you can lift it. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/Windmade2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The first global consumer label that identifies a product made from wind power.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am composing this blog post on a computer that was likely assembled in a factory that runs on electricity made from coal. The aluminum for the case and other parts of the computer probably came from a smelter powered by natural gas. The electricity powering the computer here in California could come from a combination of natural gas, from hydropower, wind power, or a solar thermal plant that uses the Sun’s energy to create steam, turn a turbine and make electricity. But this is educated guesswork on my part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pick up a chocolate bar, coffee, or other stuff at Trader Joe’s and read the label to see where it was made, whether or not it’s organic, if the people who grew it were paid a just wage, and how much high-fructose corn syrup is involved. Doesn’t it seem like the next step is to know what kind of energy was used to make it? Soon you’ll be able to go to a store and buy a product you know was made from pure, clean wind energy.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwec.net/\">Global Wind Energy Council\u003c/a>, WWF, the LEGO Group, the UN Global Compact, and others announced an initiative to create the first global consumer label that identifies a product made from wind power; they call themselves the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windmade.org\">WindMade\u003c/a> consortium. The announcement came in late January at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland—the uber gathering of world-grade economic movers and shakers. The consortium plans to disseminate the WindMade label through what it calls a “good corporate citizen initiative” that includes 6,200 corporations in more than 130 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that this will create a strong element of consumer pull which will accelerate the pace of wind energy development globally,” says Ditley Engel, CEO and President of \u003ca href=\"http://www.vestas.com/\">Vestas Wind Systems\u003c/a>, who pioneered the initiative. But it’s not just wind energy the consortium is pushing. The group wants to create labels for products made from solar energy, biomass, and other renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WindMade labeling initiative is a global effort to promote energy and resource conservation to corporations; but it is reaching corporations through their customers. A global TNS Gallup survey of 25,000 people in 20 different markets showed that 92% of respondents believe that renewable energy is a good way to combat global climate change, and most of them would choose a wind-made product even if they had to pay a premium for it. Corporations, at least the ones that make things, have to please their customers, as well as their shareholders, in order to compete and stay in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that voluntary certification is one key to raising the bar for mainstream performance,” says James Leape, Director General of WWF. “We hope to see WindMade develop into a good example of a standard for corporations to close the gag between ambition and reality in the important area of renewable energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the WindMade consortium plans to announce more details of the program, in particular how the certification process will work. PricewaterhouseCoopers—a member of the consortium and the folks who tally the scores and keep the Oscar winners secret until Oscar Night—is leading the effort to develop and monitor the certification process. And the winner is—everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/cool-roof1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Making cool roofs in Philadelphia. Photo by Scott Wagner, Energy Coordinating Agency \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are cool roofs and not so cool roofs, and it has nothing to do with fashion. A cool roof reflects the non-visible part of the sun into space, reducing the atmospheric temperature, and reducing the temperature of whatever is beneath the roof. The same phenomenon is true on a global scale, if you consider the Arctic circle to be the roof of the world. As global average temperature increases, the Arctic becomes warmer, the snow melts, and seawater takes its place. Snow is a great reflector of invisible light; seawater isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cities of the United States, it has been common to roof buildings with tar and gravel. But the result of that practice is that the summer temperatures in many large cities is up to 5°F higher during the day and 20°F higher at night than in the surrounding suburban and rural areas, where there is more green space. Lately, in cities like Chicago and San Francisco, builders are using white roofs or colored roofs that reflect light in the invisible range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical white roof is made using a highly reflective elastomeric covering. But there are colored roofing shingles that look a lot like the traditional composite shingles that you find everywhere on houses. Only the reflective shingles reduce roof temperatures by 50°F to 60°F in the summer, reducing cooling load and air conditioning bills. Scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://coolcolor.lbl.gov\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> helped produce the reflective coatings that allow shingles to be something other than pure white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Solar Energy Center in Cocoa, Florida, does research on cool roofs at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/about/facilities/frf.htm\">Flexible Roof Facility\u003c/a>, where they measure the effects on attic temperature and heat flux using various roofing materials. Experiments show that a white metal roof decreases heat flux by 44% compared to traditional black shingles. This translates into 15% less cooling energy use in the house below and a 15% drop in cooling bills. Not a huge amount, but imagine if even one home in ten had a cool roof; the total effect on U.S. energy use in the summer would be significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley of California, simulations done by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/coolroofs\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> predict annual savings of more than 400 kWh for every 1,000 square feet of highly reflective roof surface. Because of the energy and money savings, cool roofs have been a prescriptive requirement in California’s Title 24 building codes since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/cool-roof1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Making cool roofs in Philadelphia. Photo by Scott Wagner, Energy Coordinating Agency \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are cool roofs and not so cool roofs, and it has nothing to do with fashion. A cool roof reflects the non-visible part of the sun into space, reducing the atmospheric temperature, and reducing the temperature of whatever is beneath the roof. The same phenomenon is true on a global scale, if you consider the Arctic circle to be the roof of the world. As global average temperature increases, the Arctic becomes warmer, the snow melts, and seawater takes its place. Snow is a great reflector of invisible light; seawater isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cities of the United States, it has been common to roof buildings with tar and gravel. But the result of that practice is that the summer temperatures in many large cities is up to 5°F higher during the day and 20°F higher at night than in the surrounding suburban and rural areas, where there is more green space. Lately, in cities like Chicago and San Francisco, builders are using white roofs or colored roofs that reflect light in the invisible range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical white roof is made using a highly reflective elastomeric covering. But there are colored roofing shingles that look a lot like the traditional composite shingles that you find everywhere on houses. Only the reflective shingles reduce roof temperatures by 50°F to 60°F in the summer, reducing cooling load and air conditioning bills. Scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://coolcolor.lbl.gov\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> helped produce the reflective coatings that allow shingles to be something other than pure white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Solar Energy Center in Cocoa, Florida, does research on cool roofs at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/about/facilities/frf.htm\">Flexible Roof Facility\u003c/a>, where they measure the effects on attic temperature and heat flux using various roofing materials. Experiments show that a white metal roof decreases heat flux by 44% compared to traditional black shingles. This translates into 15% less cooling energy use in the house below and a 15% drop in cooling bills. Not a huge amount, but imagine if even one home in ten had a cool roof; the total effect on U.S. energy use in the summer would be significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley of California, simulations done by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/coolroofs\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> predict annual savings of more than 400 kWh for every 1,000 square feet of highly reflective roof surface. Because of the energy and money savings, cool roofs have been a prescriptive requirement in California’s Title 24 building codes since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Rivers in the Sky Can Lead to Flooding on the Ground",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/quest1.jpg\">\u003cem>Severe flooding in Sacramento during 1861-1862 storms.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Earth's 4.5 billion year history is riddled with the evidence of landscape-altering events that would be considered rare and catastrophic from a human perspective. Some of the 'normal' events that shape the Earth's surface occur at intervals longer than the lifespan of a human. For example, let's say that an abrupt event (an earthquake, flood, or tsunami) occurs, on average, once every 500 years. Such an event would have occurred more than \u003cem>5,000 times\u003c/em> since our species has walked the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have our grandparents and great-grandparents (and written/photographed history for that matter) to remind of us events that did happen. But there's nothing quite like direct experience. The stories of natural disasters that occurred many generations ago seem far away and detached from our current world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we deal with this? One tool to remind ourselves of what is possible when it comes to 'rare' natural events is science. Under the right circumstances and analyzed with the proper tools the geologic record holds clues to how often such events might occur (frequency) and how significant there effects might have been (magnitude). Combining this type of work with sophisticated modeling of the processes at work can provide insight into what to expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following on the very successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/scenario/\">ShakeOut Scenario\u003c/a> of 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey's Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) is working on another large-scale disaster awareness project. But instead of an earthquake, this one is about large storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is nicknamed \u003cstrong>ARkStorm\u003c/strong>, which refers to storms related to atmospheric rivers (the 'AR') that occur on average once every 500 to 1,000 years ('k' refers to 1,000). The image below is from a USGS publication released last week about the ARkStorm scenario (\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">Open File Report 2010-1312\u003c/a>) and shows an example of an atmospheric river in the Pacific in 2004. In this example, this relatively narrow arm of high water vapor content extends across the ocean basin to the town of Cazedero, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11596 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"605\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg 901w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1-800x559.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm scenario similar to what is described in the ARkStorm report happened in California in the winter of 1861-1862. A series of powerful storms lasting a month flooded much of the Central Valley -- people described it as an inland sea. The ARkStorm scenario has happened before and is scientifically realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to earthquakes, it's not so much a matter of \u003cem>if\u003c/em> a storm scenario like this will occur but \u003cem>when\u003c/em>. The point of an initiative like ARkStorm is about raising the collective awareness of what is possible. I think Californians are, for the most part, aware of the seismic hazards we face. Adding a super-storm to the list is not meant to be sensational or scary -- it's meant to communicate the inevitable so we are prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about how different agencies and authorities will be participating in \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a>, check out this short video put together by the USGS:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/UQHeidsBhyI?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/UQHeidsBhyI?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">Thanks to Bay Area geologist and About.com 'guide' Andrew Alden for mentioning this story \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2011/01/14/arkstorm-rivers-in-the-atmosphere.htm\">last week\u003c/a> on his blog.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/quest1.jpg\">\u003cem>Severe flooding in Sacramento during 1861-1862 storms.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Earth's 4.5 billion year history is riddled with the evidence of landscape-altering events that would be considered rare and catastrophic from a human perspective. Some of the 'normal' events that shape the Earth's surface occur at intervals longer than the lifespan of a human. For example, let's say that an abrupt event (an earthquake, flood, or tsunami) occurs, on average, once every 500 years. Such an event would have occurred more than \u003cem>5,000 times\u003c/em> since our species has walked the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have our grandparents and great-grandparents (and written/photographed history for that matter) to remind of us events that did happen. But there's nothing quite like direct experience. The stories of natural disasters that occurred many generations ago seem far away and detached from our current world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we deal with this? One tool to remind ourselves of what is possible when it comes to 'rare' natural events is science. Under the right circumstances and analyzed with the proper tools the geologic record holds clues to how often such events might occur (frequency) and how significant there effects might have been (magnitude). Combining this type of work with sophisticated modeling of the processes at work can provide insight into what to expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following on the very successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/scenario/\">ShakeOut Scenario\u003c/a> of 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey's Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) is working on another large-scale disaster awareness project. But instead of an earthquake, this one is about large storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is nicknamed \u003cstrong>ARkStorm\u003c/strong>, which refers to storms related to atmospheric rivers (the 'AR') that occur on average once every 500 to 1,000 years ('k' refers to 1,000). The image below is from a USGS publication released last week about the ARkStorm scenario (\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">Open File Report 2010-1312\u003c/a>) and shows an example of an atmospheric river in the Pacific in 2004. In this example, this relatively narrow arm of high water vapor content extends across the ocean basin to the town of Cazedero, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11596 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"605\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg 901w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1-800x559.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm scenario similar to what is described in the ARkStorm report happened in California in the winter of 1861-1862. A series of powerful storms lasting a month flooded much of the Central Valley -- people described it as an inland sea. The ARkStorm scenario has happened before and is scientifically realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to earthquakes, it's not so much a matter of \u003cem>if\u003c/em> a storm scenario like this will occur but \u003cem>when\u003c/em>. The point of an initiative like ARkStorm is about raising the collective awareness of what is possible. I think Californians are, for the most part, aware of the seismic hazards we face. Adding a super-storm to the list is not meant to be sensational or scary -- it's meant to communicate the inevitable so we are prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about how different agencies and authorities will be participating in \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a>, check out this short video put together by the USGS:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/UQHeidsBhyI?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/UQHeidsBhyI?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">Thanks to Bay Area geologist and About.com 'guide' Andrew Alden for mentioning this story \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2011/01/14/arkstorm-rivers-in-the-atmosphere.htm\">last week\u003c/a> on his blog.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/lightbulb1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Say goodbye to an old friend. Photo by WikiMedia. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know which light bulb I mean. It’s the one you’ve burned your hands on when trying to unscrew it too soon after it’s been turned off. It’s the one you put in the lamp in your living room to read by in your comfortable chair; the one you use to light the stairways at night. It’s the 100-watt incandescent that uses practically the same technology put together by Thomas Edison in 1879. It’s a metal filament inside a glass vacuum that gives off light and heat when exposed to an electric current. Say goodbye. It’s out of our hands. It’s a goner. I’m guessing it won’t go quietly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little late to say goodbye in California, where 100-watt incandescents have been effectively banned since January 1. The rest of the country will catch up to us next year, when the popular light bulb will be banned everywhere in the United States. It is not really an outright ban that is clearing the shelves of 100-watt incandescents in 2012, followed by the 75-watt bulb in 2013, and the 60- and 40-watt bulbs beginning in 2014. What’s killing the familiar bulb is an act of Congress that mandated efficiency standards that incandescents cannot meet: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.1eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/eisa.html\">Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007\u003c/a>. As the standard for watts per lumen (a measure of light output) become higher and higher, the familiar bulbs will begin disappearing from store shelves. It will be illegal to manufacture the less efficient bulbs in the United States or import them from abroad. A few special use incandescents will still be allowed, for example 3-way bulbs and appliance bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most popular incandescents will gradually give way to more efficient halogen, fluorescent and compact fluorescent lights, and solid state lighting (SSL) devices like \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode\">light emitting diodes (LED)\u003c/a>. The reduction in total energy use and green house gas emissions in the United States will be dramatic. According to an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/fact-sheet/eisa-2007-provisions-analysis\">American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) \u003c/a>the efficient light bulb provisions of the EISA will reduce national energy use by 60 terra-watt hours (terra equals trillion) of energy and reduce national emissions by 12 million metric tons of carbon by the year 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incandescents are already banned in Europe, but according to Ira Eisenstein, writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://homeenergypros.lbl.gov/forum/topics/say-farewell-to-the-100watt\">Home Energy Pros blog space\u003c/a>, some stores there are selling 100-watt incandescents under the name “100-watt heat source.” Look for the creative American mind and the market to come up with similar workarounds in the United States. But gradually the incandescent bulb will be a thing of memory, while cleaner, more efficient, and longer lasting light sources become much less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look for more on the phaseout of the incandescent on the QUEST radio segment airing on Monday, January 24.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/lightbulb1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Say goodbye to an old friend. Photo by WikiMedia. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know which light bulb I mean. It’s the one you’ve burned your hands on when trying to unscrew it too soon after it’s been turned off. It’s the one you put in the lamp in your living room to read by in your comfortable chair; the one you use to light the stairways at night. It’s the 100-watt incandescent that uses practically the same technology put together by Thomas Edison in 1879. It’s a metal filament inside a glass vacuum that gives off light and heat when exposed to an electric current. Say goodbye. It’s out of our hands. It’s a goner. I’m guessing it won’t go quietly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little late to say goodbye in California, where 100-watt incandescents have been effectively banned since January 1. The rest of the country will catch up to us next year, when the popular light bulb will be banned everywhere in the United States. It is not really an outright ban that is clearing the shelves of 100-watt incandescents in 2012, followed by the 75-watt bulb in 2013, and the 60- and 40-watt bulbs beginning in 2014. What’s killing the familiar bulb is an act of Congress that mandated efficiency standards that incandescents cannot meet: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.1eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/eisa.html\">Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007\u003c/a>. As the standard for watts per lumen (a measure of light output) become higher and higher, the familiar bulbs will begin disappearing from store shelves. It will be illegal to manufacture the less efficient bulbs in the United States or import them from abroad. A few special use incandescents will still be allowed, for example 3-way bulbs and appliance bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most popular incandescents will gradually give way to more efficient halogen, fluorescent and compact fluorescent lights, and solid state lighting (SSL) devices like \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode\">light emitting diodes (LED)\u003c/a>. The reduction in total energy use and green house gas emissions in the United States will be dramatic. According to an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/fact-sheet/eisa-2007-provisions-analysis\">American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) \u003c/a>the efficient light bulb provisions of the EISA will reduce national energy use by 60 terra-watt hours (terra equals trillion) of energy and reduce national emissions by 12 million metric tons of carbon by the year 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incandescents are already banned in Europe, but according to Ira Eisenstein, writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://homeenergypros.lbl.gov/forum/topics/say-farewell-to-the-100watt\">Home Energy Pros blog space\u003c/a>, some stores there are selling 100-watt incandescents under the name “100-watt heat source.” Look for the creative American mind and the market to come up with similar workarounds in the United States. But gradually the incandescent bulb will be a thing of memory, while cleaner, more efficient, and longer lasting light sources become much less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look for more on the phaseout of the incandescent on the QUEST radio segment airing on Monday, January 24.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California's Redwoods Face Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>After more than a century of logging, California's old-growth redwood forests are only a fraction of what they once were. Today, they \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=24723\">remain in a narrow coastal band\u003c/a> that extends from Monterey Bay to the Oregon border. Most ancient redwoods are protected in parks. But now they are facing a new threat -- climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coast redwoods are among the largest living organisms on the planet. Their trunks can grow to 25 feet in diameter. Much of the tree is hidden from our view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From down here, you can tell that they're tall but you can't tell too much about each tree,\" says Steve Sillett, a botany professor at Humboldt State University who has researched these trees for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really study them, Sillett says, you have to go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece; height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[audio:http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/12/2010-12-20-quest.mp3|titles=California's Redwoods Face Climate Change]\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/radio/californias-redwoods-face-climate-change\">California's Redwoods Face Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece; height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Climbing a 360-foot redwood isn't for the faint of heart. Today, Sillett and his team are climbing one of the tallest trees in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=434\">Montgomery Woods State Reserve\u003c/a> in Mendocino County. It's taller than a 35-story building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't use spikes or spurs. We don't injure the tree in any way when we're climbing it.\" Sillett and his research partner, Marie Antoine, clip their climbing harnesses onto long ropes that are fixed high in the tree. They pull themselves up with an ascender -- a metal clamp that slides up the rope and provides traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sillett was one of the first scientists to explore the old-growth redwood canopy. Their treetops are home to an entire ecosystem of animals, fern thickets as big as a bus and even other trees that grow among the redwood branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most freaked out I have ever been was when we found the first salamander up there. And I am 3-hundred feet up in a tree and there is a salamander cruising around,\" says Sillett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climbing Giants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Sillett and Antoine are measuring the tree in an unprecedented way by doing complete structural inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They start by measuring the trunk. Dangling gracefully from ropes, they stretch a tape measure around the tree. \"Let's do our first wrap at 40, so I'll go to 40,\" Sillett yells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They continue down, measuring at different intervals. \"Three twenty-one point seven. So that's over 10 feet diameter,\" says Sillett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They'll also measure every branch. \"We did have one tree that had 472 branches and 206 segments in it, which took about four days.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sillett and his team are measuring hundreds of redwoods like this as \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/science/index.shtml\">part of a $2.5 million dollar study\u003c/a> funded by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a>. With the data, he generates a 3D model of each tree. Once they measure the trees again in three years, the models will tell him how much the redwoods are growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some years, there's a lot of growth, and some years there's almost no growth. And sometimes there's dieback and recovery,\" says Sillett. \"We suspect that the really tall trees, the tallest trees in the world, are among the most sensitive things to climate change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tall trees, Sillett says, are already under a great deal of stress. Simply lifting water hundreds of feet from the roots to the tree tops is difficult. And with the temperature and precipitation changes predicted by climate change models, these tall trees may show climate impacts first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists aren't just looking into future. They're also looking at the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog Key to Redwoods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd Dawson, a scientist at UC Berkeley, holds a skinny tool that drills into a redwood tree and pulls out a thin core sample. The core shows the tree's growth rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can see there's some very large rings here, so it was clear that when this tree was young, it was putting on a lot of growth every single year,\" says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rings further from the tree's center - the newer rings - look much smaller, though Dawson isn't sure why. \"They respond to changes in rainfall in a wetter year or a dryer year in how much wood they put on. But not only the rainfall or the temperature is important. For the coastal redwoods, it's also the fog.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods get their water from two places: rain and California's notorious coastal fog. Dawson says the trees are giant fog collectors. They actually absorb it through their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fog is a very important water subsidy for these trees, and it's been declining over the last 50, 60, 100 years,\" says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson and others are looking into whether there's a link between a warming climate and \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-02/uoc--fhd021110.php\">the decline in fog\u003c/a>. \"We're quite concerned about what those declines in fog actually mean for the future growth of the redwoods that grow along the coast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's where the tree rings come in. By analyzing oxygen isotopes in the wood, Dawson can tell how much of the tree's water came from fog vs. rain in any given year. That gives him a forensic record of how the climate has affected the tree's growth. Given that some of these trees are thousands of years old, it's a long record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can then put that into models and predict: what are these trees going to respond to in the future? We may lose redwoods permanently at the drier, warmer ends of their range.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson says if that happens, what they're learning in this soggy forest will help them protect redwoods. That could mean preserving more forests or even planting trees in new locations that one day may become a better environment for redwood trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/O6KVJCAQOwk\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After more than a century of logging, California's old-growth redwood forests are only a fraction of what they once were. Today, they \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=24723\">remain in a narrow coastal band\u003c/a> that extends from Monterey Bay to the Oregon border. Most ancient redwoods are protected in parks. But now they are facing a new threat -- climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coast redwoods are among the largest living organisms on the planet. Their trunks can grow to 25 feet in diameter. Much of the tree is hidden from our view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From down here, you can tell that they're tall but you can't tell too much about each tree,\" says Steve Sillett, a botany professor at Humboldt State University who has researched these trees for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really study them, Sillett says, you have to go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece; height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/radio/californias-redwoods-face-climate-change\">California's Redwoods Face Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece; height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Climbing a 360-foot redwood isn't for the faint of heart. Today, Sillett and his team are climbing one of the tallest trees in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=434\">Montgomery Woods State Reserve\u003c/a> in Mendocino County. It's taller than a 35-story building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't use spikes or spurs. We don't injure the tree in any way when we're climbing it.\" Sillett and his research partner, Marie Antoine, clip their climbing harnesses onto long ropes that are fixed high in the tree. They pull themselves up with an ascender -- a metal clamp that slides up the rope and provides traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sillett was one of the first scientists to explore the old-growth redwood canopy. Their treetops are home to an entire ecosystem of animals, fern thickets as big as a bus and even other trees that grow among the redwood branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most freaked out I have ever been was when we found the first salamander up there. And I am 3-hundred feet up in a tree and there is a salamander cruising around,\" says Sillett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climbing Giants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Sillett and Antoine are measuring the tree in an unprecedented way by doing complete structural inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They start by measuring the trunk. Dangling gracefully from ropes, they stretch a tape measure around the tree. \"Let's do our first wrap at 40, so I'll go to 40,\" Sillett yells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They continue down, measuring at different intervals. \"Three twenty-one point seven. So that's over 10 feet diameter,\" says Sillett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They'll also measure every branch. \"We did have one tree that had 472 branches and 206 segments in it, which took about four days.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sillett and his team are measuring hundreds of redwoods like this as \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/science/index.shtml\">part of a $2.5 million dollar study\u003c/a> funded by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a>. With the data, he generates a 3D model of each tree. Once they measure the trees again in three years, the models will tell him how much the redwoods are growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some years, there's a lot of growth, and some years there's almost no growth. And sometimes there's dieback and recovery,\" says Sillett. \"We suspect that the really tall trees, the tallest trees in the world, are among the most sensitive things to climate change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tall trees, Sillett says, are already under a great deal of stress. Simply lifting water hundreds of feet from the roots to the tree tops is difficult. And with the temperature and precipitation changes predicted by climate change models, these tall trees may show climate impacts first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists aren't just looking into future. They're also looking at the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog Key to Redwoods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd Dawson, a scientist at UC Berkeley, holds a skinny tool that drills into a redwood tree and pulls out a thin core sample. The core shows the tree's growth rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can see there's some very large rings here, so it was clear that when this tree was young, it was putting on a lot of growth every single year,\" says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rings further from the tree's center - the newer rings - look much smaller, though Dawson isn't sure why. \"They respond to changes in rainfall in a wetter year or a dryer year in how much wood they put on. But not only the rainfall or the temperature is important. For the coastal redwoods, it's also the fog.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods get their water from two places: rain and California's notorious coastal fog. Dawson says the trees are giant fog collectors. They actually absorb it through their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fog is a very important water subsidy for these trees, and it's been declining over the last 50, 60, 100 years,\" says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson and others are looking into whether there's a link between a warming climate and \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-02/uoc--fhd021110.php\">the decline in fog\u003c/a>. \"We're quite concerned about what those declines in fog actually mean for the future growth of the redwoods that grow along the coast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's where the tree rings come in. By analyzing oxygen isotopes in the wood, Dawson can tell how much of the tree's water came from fog vs. rain in any given year. That gives him a forensic record of how the climate has affected the tree's growth. Given that some of these trees are thousands of years old, it's a long record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can then put that into models and predict: what are these trees going to respond to in the future? We may lose redwoods permanently at the drier, warmer ends of their range.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson says if that happens, what they're learning in this soggy forest will help them protect redwoods. That could mean preserving more forests or even planting trees in new locations that one day may become a better environment for redwood trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/O6KVJCAQOwk\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers meet in the area between the city of Lodi and the Carquinez Strait to form what we simply refer to as ‘The Delta’ in central and northern California. The term ‘delta’ is derived from the triangle-shaped Greek letter of the same name and was originally applied to where the Nile River meets the Mediterranean Sea. The triangular shape forms as the single Nile River channel splits into numerous smaller river channels, which then split again, and so on, spreading out over a vast low-lying area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/delta3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest411.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version of the Nile Delta.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has this classic, triangular shape but with a major caveat — it’s inverted. That is, instead of the delta splitting into numerous channels in a downstream direction, it is characterized by numerous channels coming together in a downstream direction. The geologic history of the greater Bay Area helps explain this rather unique delta geometry. Unlike the Nile, Amazon, Mississippi, and other major river systems, the location where the Sacramento-San Joaquin rivers meet sea level is: (1) well inland of the coast and (2) strongly controlled by the topography of the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51.jpg 962w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51-400x271.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51-800x541.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51-960x650.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is known as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.answers.com/topic/bay-head-delta\">bay-head delta\u003c/a>, which is when a delta forms at the head of a large estuary like the San Francisco Bay. When \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/02/the-importance-of-studying-the-history-of-sea-level-change-in-san-francisco-bay/\">sea level was much lower during the last ice age\u003c/a> the river met the sea at the position of the Farallon Islands. As sea level rose and the valleys that are now the Bay flooded, the river mouth moved inland to its current position. The complex topography of the Bay Area — a result of active faulting associated with the San Andreas, Hayward, and other faults — has forced the channels in the delta to come together at Carquinez Strait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/gmap.html\">sea-level rise will affect the delta region\u003c/a>, especially Suisun and Grizzly Bays, significantly. Even a relatively small rise will change the character of these wetland areas. Further east, near Antioch and Lodi, the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.com/usgs/california-delta-subsidence/\">delta is actively subsiding (sinking)\u003c/a>, which could exacerbate the negative effects of a rising sea level even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cem>Images: (1) Nile River Delta; credit: \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg\">Wikipedia\u003c/a>, (2) Basemap from \u003ca href=\"http://www.flashearth.com/\">FlashEarth\u003c/a>, annotation by me.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.09771315431724 -121.56623837538064\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers meet in the area between the city of Lodi and the Carquinez Strait to form what we simply refer to as ‘The Delta’ in central and northern California. The term ‘delta’ is derived from the triangle-shaped Greek letter of the same name and was originally applied to where the Nile River meets the Mediterranean Sea. The triangular shape forms as the single Nile River channel splits into numerous smaller river channels, which then split again, and so on, spreading out over a vast low-lying area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/delta3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest411.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version of the Nile Delta.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has this classic, triangular shape but with a major caveat — it’s inverted. That is, instead of the delta splitting into numerous channels in a downstream direction, it is characterized by numerous channels coming together in a downstream direction. The geologic history of the greater Bay Area helps explain this rather unique delta geometry. Unlike the Nile, Amazon, Mississippi, and other major river systems, the location where the Sacramento-San Joaquin rivers meet sea level is: (1) well inland of the coast and (2) strongly controlled by the topography of the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11170\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51.jpg 962w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51-400x271.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51-800x541.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/quest51-960x650.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is known as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.answers.com/topic/bay-head-delta\">bay-head delta\u003c/a>, which is when a delta forms at the head of a large estuary like the San Francisco Bay. When \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/02/the-importance-of-studying-the-history-of-sea-level-change-in-san-francisco-bay/\">sea level was much lower during the last ice age\u003c/a> the river met the sea at the position of the Farallon Islands. As sea level rose and the valleys that are now the Bay flooded, the river mouth moved inland to its current position. The complex topography of the Bay Area — a result of active faulting associated with the San Andreas, Hayward, and other faults — has forced the channels in the delta to come together at Carquinez Strait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/skiing1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Skiing at Tahoe’s Squaw Valley, the resort with the best report card in the country. Photo: Jeff Engerbretson.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning a ski trip this winter? Environmentally minded skiers might want to take a look at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php\">Ski Area Report Card\u003c/a> before making travel plans. The recently released Report Card gives every ski area in the country a score, based on the resort’s greenness. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php?nav=how_we_grade\">grading criteria\u003c/a> encompasses everything from recycling the refuse of mid-mountain lunch lodges to using biodiesel to fuel snowmobiles. \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php?nav=browse2&state=California\">California’s ski areas\u003c/a> fared well: Tahoe’s Squaw Valley was ranked the greenest in the nation, and Alpine Meadows wasn’t far behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the ski industry’s biggest environmental sins is snowmaking, which often involves taking water out of streams, or adding low quality water to the watershed. Other environmental impacts include carbon emissions from ski lifts and erosion of steep slopes. The worst offense is developing undisturbed land to expand ski area terrain and build new parking lots and hotels. This can wreck habitat for threatened and endangered species. However, there wasn’t much new ski area development over the past year, primarily because of the slow economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Ski Area Citizens’ Coalition (the amalgam of skiers and environmental groups that developed the Report Card), 90% of ski areas in the Western US are on public land administered by the Forest Service. In my opinion, environmentally conscientious ski areas are a good use of public land. I think of skiing as a way to be in nature and enjoy the outdoors—although you could argue that there isn’t much that’s natural about the corduroy-like texture of treeless, groomed slopes. But as I carve through fresh powder, look out over mountain vistas, and watch from the chairlift as voles scurry over the snow, I definitely get that small-speck-in-a-big-beautiful-world feeling. I should disclose that I was a ski bum in Alta, Utah (Ski Area Report Card grade: B) before I blew out both my ACLs and limped off to graduate school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re concerned about your ski-related carbon emissions, I suggest you live like a ski town local: live close to the mountain, and ski the backcountry. No need for carbon-spewing chairlifts when you can get yourself up the mountain on your own power—but watch out for \u003ca href=\"http://travel.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/travel/12explorer-avalanche.html\">avalanches\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8793 -122.245\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"order": 9
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
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