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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66060\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Diana Wall\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “The Nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">Franklin D\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">. Roosevelt\u003c/a>, February 26, 1937\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civilizations and their economies can rise and fall based on the availability of fertile, healthy soils. Dr. Diana Wall, the winner of the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tylerprize.usc.edu/press/pr2013.html\">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement\u003c/a>, has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the hidden ecosystems that lie beneath our feet. We talked with Dr. Wall about her work and why soil health and human health are so fundamentally intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Dirt\" or \"soil\" -- which term do you use?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I like soil. Dirt gives the idea that there is nothing beautiful in soil, that it is “dirty” and “dead,” yet the many organisms in soil can be extraordinarily beautiful if you put them under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your work in Antarctica and elsewhere has revealed we never really understood soil at all. How has our understanding changed?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Work in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an extreme cold desert, has shown that tiny, microscopic invertebrates can be the top animals in the food web of this type of ecosystem. They are the “elephants and tigers” of the Dry Valleys even though they are hidden in soil. One species, a nematode roundworm [called] \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oiggTr83jc\">Scottnema\u003c/a>, occupies the majority of the landscape and contributes about 7 percent to the valley soil carbon turnover, a needed contribution to regulating global carbon cycling. Soils in different locations have very different “communities” of organisms. It’s just like the life above ground -- a desert has very different species compared to a tropical forest. We have just begun to scratch the surface and explore soils to discover the exciting food webs under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/nemablog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nemablog/\">nemablog\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is biodiversity underground really as important as biodiversity above ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Absolutely! We wouldn’t see the diversity above ground if we didn’t have the diversity below ground. The species above ground, from the birds to the plant species, depend on specific communities of small organisms in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organisms in the food webs below ground work for us cleansing our water, decaying leaves and trees, and returning nutrients to make soils fertile; detoxifying chemicals; stabilizing soils and preventing erosion; and as biocontrol agents, controlling diseases that affect animals, plants, and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms-640x180.jpg\" alt=\"Worm Farms\" width=\"640\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worm farms in Antactica's McMurdo Dry Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will climate change impact life underground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Climate change can have a huge impact on life underground. What’s surprising for many is that life underground can also have a huge impact on climate change. It’s a cycle.\u003cbr>\nClimate change can alter soil moisture through droughts or excessive rainfall or soil temperatures, which affects the soil habitat, the food that the organisms eat, and the physiology of the organisms. What we’re trying to do now is to learn more about where and when these changes in soil biodiversity will affect [our ability to] sustain our food, soils, air, and life above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000022496-NatureGeosciences2\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the “elephants and tigers” found in Antarctica's soil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your favorite soil mini-beast and why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Ahh… without a doubt it is Scottnema, the small, tough, resilient nematode roundworm from the driest desert on the earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=McMurdo+Dry+Valley&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P6LVUueBN8rNsQTAlID4Bg&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1136&bih=634\">McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica\u003c/a>. It is hard to believe it survives in such a hostile environment, but it survives by changing its physiology from worm-like to a tiny “Cheerio” -- and then blows across the landscape with the cold winter winds. Despite this, this tough animal seems very sensitive to changes in temperature and to increasing soil moisture, which is a concern with increasing warming in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can soil scientists help advance our land management practices?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Let’s face it -- soils are under threat. We need lots of fertile soils to sustain our populations for the future. Soil scientists have the training to appreciate the different soil habitats and the individual contributions that soil organisms make to fertile and stable soils. All scientists can help to integrate and transfer this new knowledge about soil biodiversity for improved soil health, for the health of us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66165 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If everyone reading this interview committed to one thing to protect soil life, what should that one thing be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>They can help us protect and conserve and restore our living, teeming soils just as we protect clean air and clean water. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organisms in the food webs below ground work for us cleansing our water, decaying leaves and trees, and returning nutrients to make soils fertile; detoxifying chemicals; stabilizing soils and preventing erosion; and as biocontrol agents, controlling diseases that affect animals, plants, and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms-640x180.jpg\" alt=\"Worm Farms\" width=\"640\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worm farms in Antactica's McMurdo Dry Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will climate change impact life underground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Climate change can have a huge impact on life underground. What’s surprising for many is that life underground can also have a huge impact on climate change. It’s a cycle.\u003cbr>\nClimate change can alter soil moisture through droughts or excessive rainfall or soil temperatures, which affects the soil habitat, the food that the organisms eat, and the physiology of the organisms. What we’re trying to do now is to learn more about where and when these changes in soil biodiversity will affect [our ability to] sustain our food, soils, air, and life above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000022496-NatureGeosciences2\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the “elephants and tigers” found in Antarctica's soil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your favorite soil mini-beast and why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Ahh… without a doubt it is Scottnema, the small, tough, resilient nematode roundworm from the driest desert on the earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=McMurdo+Dry+Valley&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P6LVUueBN8rNsQTAlID4Bg&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1136&bih=634\">McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica\u003c/a>. It is hard to believe it survives in such a hostile environment, but it survives by changing its physiology from worm-like to a tiny “Cheerio” -- and then blows across the landscape with the cold winter winds. Despite this, this tough animal seems very sensitive to changes in temperature and to increasing soil moisture, which is a concern with increasing warming in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can soil scientists help advance our land management practices?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Let’s face it -- soils are under threat. We need lots of fertile soils to sustain our populations for the future. Soil scientists have the training to appreciate the different soil habitats and the individual contributions that soil organisms make to fertile and stable soils. All scientists can help to integrate and transfer this new knowledge about soil biodiversity for improved soil health, for the health of us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66165 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If everyone reading this interview committed to one thing to protect soil life, what should that one thing be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>They can help us protect and conserve and restore our living, teeming soils just as we protect clean air and clean water. Soils are being degraded at a rapid rate. We can all work to address the causes: contamination and pollution, erosion, sealing of soils by concrete, climate change, invasive plant and animal species, and the decline of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Dr. Wall’s current Antarctic research endeavors at her blog,\u003ca href=\"http://nemablog.wordpress.com/\">The World of Nematodes\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/vineyard.jpg\" alt=\"drought vineyard california napa craig miller\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prunings pile up among vines in the Napa Valley. Heavy pruning will produce lower grape yields, but require less water–and could even improve the wine. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Northern California vintners are already looking ahead to the next wine harvest and bracing for impacts as the drought deepens. Some will be hit much harder than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yield is going to be the major factor this year,” says Domenick Bianco, who oversees growing operations for Renteria Vineyard Management, which farms about 1,300 acres in the Napa Valley. Sometimes smaller yields can produce very high-quality wines. Napa growers are aggressively pruning back vines, which will concentrate precious water and nutrients on a smaller number of grape clusters. But fewer grapes still mean lower profits. “We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact,” warns Bianco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a37a03c465e397175b33c09038c5a5c4″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what that impact will be. Napa County’s grape harvest produced $656 million in 2012 — that’s just the grapes, not the wine. But the impact is almost sure to be worse in regions like the Anderson Valley and the Central Valley, which are more reliant on surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa growers say the \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/groundwater-helps-napa-vintners-weather-drought\">abundant groundwater\u003c/a> that lies under the valley should cushion them from the kind of \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/california-wine-threatened-by-drought-crisis\">water crises unfolding\u003c/a> in other winemaking regions, like Paso Robles and even Mendocino County. But they’re not taking it lightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my opinion it’s very serious,” says Hal Huffsmith, senior vice president at the Trincharo Family Estates unit of Sutter Home Winery. “Groundwater is a crutch at this point.” It’s also expensive to pump out, which further squeezes margins for growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our fields are not up to capacity. There’s not excess water in the ground for our vines to feed on,” Huffsmith explains. “It could be a very significant and serious problem going forward, as we’re not able to compensate effectively the loss of winter rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far that rainfall is looking pretty pathetic. Huffsmith says the region has logged about two inches, whereas area vintners would normally expect ten times that amount. Growers say there is still time for substantial rain to fall before the fruit emerges, though there is \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/27/draft-forecasters-say-it-might-rain-really-it-might/\">little in the forecast\u003c/a>. The lack of rain could leave vines more vulnerable to damaging insects, and there’ll be less water to ward off frost, if there are more cold snaps this winter. Growers who count on draws from the Napa River for frost protection have been told that river water won’t be available this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/vineyard.jpg\" alt=\"drought vineyard california napa craig miller\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prunings pile up among vines in the Napa Valley. Heavy pruning will produce lower grape yields, but require less water–and could even improve the wine. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Northern California vintners are already looking ahead to the next wine harvest and bracing for impacts as the drought deepens. Some will be hit much harder than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yield is going to be the major factor this year,” says Domenick Bianco, who oversees growing operations for Renteria Vineyard Management, which farms about 1,300 acres in the Napa Valley. Sometimes smaller yields can produce very high-quality wines. Napa growers are aggressively pruning back vines, which will concentrate precious water and nutrients on a smaller number of grape clusters. But fewer grapes still mean lower profits. “We could see a dramatic reduction in yield, so it could have a very large economic impact,” warns Bianco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell what that impact will be. Napa County’s grape harvest produced $656 million in 2012 — that’s just the grapes, not the wine. But the impact is almost sure to be worse in regions like the Anderson Valley and the Central Valley, which are more reliant on surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa growers say the \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/groundwater-helps-napa-vintners-weather-drought\">abundant groundwater\u003c/a> that lies under the valley should cushion them from the kind of \u003ca title=\"Wine Searcher - post\" href=\"http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2014/01/california-wine-threatened-by-drought-crisis\">water crises unfolding\u003c/a> in other winemaking regions, like Paso Robles and even Mendocino County. But they’re not taking it lightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In my opinion it’s very serious,” says Hal Huffsmith, senior vice president at the Trincharo Family Estates unit of Sutter Home Winery. “Groundwater is a crutch at this point.” It’s also expensive to pump out, which further squeezes margins for growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our fields are not up to capacity. There’s not excess water in the ground for our vines to feed on,” Huffsmith explains. “It could be a very significant and serious problem going forward, as we’re not able to compensate effectively the loss of winter rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far that rainfall is looking pretty pathetic. Huffsmith says the region has logged about two inches, whereas area vintners would normally expect ten times that amount. Growers say there is still time for substantial rain to fall before the fruit emerges, though there is \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/27/draft-forecasters-say-it-might-rain-really-it-might/\">little in the forecast\u003c/a>. The lack of rain could leave vines more vulnerable to damaging insects, and there’ll be less water to ward off frost, if there are more cold snaps this winter. Growers who count on draws from the Napa River for frost protection have been told that river water won’t be available this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new book explores how melting ice yields new shipping channels, oil resources — and profits. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/01/28/133203/entrepreneurs_looking_for_windfall_cash_in_on_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/01/28/133203/entrepreneurs_looking_for_windfall_cash_in_on_climate_change?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Entrepreneurs Looking For 'Windfall' Cash In On Climate Change\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "California Drought Loosens Some Environmental Rules",
"headTitle": "California Drought Loosens Some Environmental Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\" alt=\"The American River during 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American River during the 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">calling for water conservation\u003c/a> as the primary strategy against California’s record drought, but his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">emergency declaration\u003c/a> on Friday also opened the door for weakening some environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators can now relax water quality standards, allowing rivers and estuaries to be saltier and warmer, as they try to manage the state’s limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is making some fishing and environmental groups wary, who fear that wildlife concerns will come second to the needs of parched cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be some tough choices coming down the road on how we balance protections for the environment and water supply,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “There’s just no getting around it in critically dry years like this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/plans_policies/\">water quality control plans\u003c/a>, like the one for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">hub of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. The plan assures that a minimum amount of water is released from dams, so freshwater is provided for downstream water users and wildlife, including salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re minimum standards for protection of the estuary and they really are minimums,” said Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the drought declaration, regulators can “consider modifying requirements for reservoir releases or diversion limitations.” Dam operators may ask to reduce releases to keep water in the reservoirs, so it can be used later in the year. That could violate water quality standards in rivers below the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical that we really maintain those minimal protections so that we don’t further exacerbate the precarious nature of our native fisheries,” says Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rivers are going to be super warm and super low,” says John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Salmon are going need to help because we’ve got tens of thousands of jobs hanging in the balance that depend on California salmon runs.” \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/U.S-Fish-and-Wildlife-Service-Releases-750000-Salmon-Into-Death-Zone.pdf\">Several fishing groups are concerned\u003c/a> that young salmon released from hatcheries won’t survive the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulators Cite Needed Flexibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"344\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration on Friday. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> says the new flexibility is key for her agency to balance the needs of wildlife and farms and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just allows us to manage and operate this extraordinary circumstance in a more intelligent way,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing dam operators to hold water back now could benefit both people and wildlife, Marcus said. The water will be released later in the year, when it’s crucial for salmon runs and useful for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets reduced to ‘fish versus farms’, but it’s not that simple,” said Marcus. “Sometimes the molecule of water a fish needs is the same molecule that a farmer needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus says they’ll be looking at water quality rules on a case-by-case basis. “When we run out of water, everyone gets less water and you have to figure out how, within the small amount of control you have, how it gets allocated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just managing the needs of wildlife will be complicated. Some threatened fish species need water at different times of year than others do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we manage these limited water resources so we can preserve cold water for salmon while also providing for downstream water quality for fisheries and people?” says Obegi. “It’s going to be a real balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also controlled at certain times of year by environmental restrictions. Two large pumping plants near Tracy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">must slow operations\u003c/a> when young salmon and Delta smelt could be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7b444ffc4cea399fa30f2adddb14bbc7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts blame those environmental regulations for limiting water supplies, but state regulators say in extremely dry years like this one, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/documents/smelt_working_group/swg_notes_01-13-2014.pdf\">rules have little effect\u003c/a>. There simply isn’t enough water to pump in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just hasn’t rained,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “The environmental regulations still control pumping to some degree, but this is really about Mother Nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has said water districts in the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California can expect \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swpao/deliveries.cfm\">just five percent of their full allocation\u003c/a> from the Delta. Regulators will revisit that number after the state’s February snow survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain and we need to be smart about how we use our water supplies,” said Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Governor Jerry Brown's emergency drought declaration allows regulators to relax some water quality standards, as the state tries to balance the needs of wildlife and people.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/AmericanRiver77.jpg\" alt=\"The American River during 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American River during the 1977 drought, when freshwater flows were drastically low. (Photo: CA DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">calling for water conservation\u003c/a> as the primary strategy against California’s record drought, but his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">emergency declaration\u003c/a> on Friday also opened the door for weakening some environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators can now relax water quality standards, allowing rivers and estuaries to be saltier and warmer, as they try to manage the state’s limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is making some fishing and environmental groups wary, who fear that wildlife concerns will come second to the needs of parched cities and farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be some tough choices coming down the road on how we balance protections for the environment and water supply,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “There’s just no getting around it in critically dry years like this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/plans_policies/\">water quality control plans\u003c/a>, like the one for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">hub of the state’s water supply\u003c/a>. The plan assures that a minimum amount of water is released from dams, so freshwater is provided for downstream water users and wildlife, including salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They’re minimum standards for protection of the estuary and they really are minimums,” said Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the drought declaration, regulators can “consider modifying requirements for reservoir releases or diversion limitations.” Dam operators may ask to reduce releases to keep water in the reservoirs, so it can be used later in the year. That could violate water quality standards in rivers below the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical that we really maintain those minimal protections so that we don’t further exacerbate the precarious nature of our native fisheries,” says Obegi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rivers are going to be super warm and super low,” says John McManus of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Salmon are going need to help because we’ve got tens of thousands of jobs hanging in the balance that depend on California salmon runs.” \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/U.S-Fish-and-Wildlife-Service-Releases-750000-Salmon-Into-Death-Zone.pdf\">Several fishing groups are concerned\u003c/a> that young salmon released from hatcheries won’t survive the dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulators Cite Needed Flexibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Gov-Drought.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"344\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown cites record-low rainfall, making an emergency drought declaration on Friday. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> says the new flexibility is key for her agency to balance the needs of wildlife and farms and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just allows us to manage and operate this extraordinary circumstance in a more intelligent way,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allowing dam operators to hold water back now could benefit both people and wildlife, Marcus said. The water will be released later in the year, when it’s crucial for salmon runs and useful for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gets reduced to ‘fish versus farms’, but it’s not that simple,” said Marcus. “Sometimes the molecule of water a fish needs is the same molecule that a farmer needs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus says they’ll be looking at water quality rules on a case-by-case basis. “When we run out of water, everyone gets less water and you have to figure out how, within the small amount of control you have, how it gets allocated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just managing the needs of wildlife will be complicated. Some threatened fish species need water at different times of year than others do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we manage these limited water resources so we can preserve cold water for salmon while also providing for downstream water quality for fisheries and people?” says Obegi. “It’s going to be a real balancing act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water supplies from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are also controlled at certain times of year by environmental restrictions. Two large pumping plants near Tracy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/money-environmental-concerns-could-sink-governors-delta-water-plan/\">must slow operations\u003c/a> when young salmon and Delta smelt could be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts blame those environmental regulations for limiting water supplies, but state regulators say in extremely dry years like this one, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/documents/smelt_working_group/swg_notes_01-13-2014.pdf\">rules have little effect\u003c/a>. There simply isn’t enough water to pump in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just hasn’t rained,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. “The environmental regulations still control pumping to some degree, but this is really about Mother Nature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has said water districts in the Bay Area, Central Valley and Southern California can expect \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swpao/deliveries.cfm\">just five percent of their full allocation\u003c/a> from the Delta. Regulators will revisit that number after the state’s February snow survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, everybody is going to feel some pain and we need to be smart about how we use our water supplies,” said Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Want to Save Water? Try Some Neighborly Competition",
"headTitle": "Want to Save Water? Try Some Neighborly Competition | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The record dry weather means California water districts are ramping up conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> is encouraging some of its customers to use less by having them compete with their neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10,000 EBMUD customers have been getting personalized reports in the mail over the past year, summarizing their water use and comparing it to the consumption of similar households in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It puts it into a context,” says Richard Harris, water conservation manager at EBMUD. “Like: for similar households with three-to-four people and with a [property] lot of this size in this zip code, this is how you compare. It creates an awareness of a benchmark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison is done anonymously – no neighbors are outed by name — but Harris says the small dose of peer pressure seems to work. An \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1389391749-Watersmart_evaluation_report_FINAL_12-12-13%2800238356%29.pdf\">independent review\u003c/a> of the program found customers who got the information cut their water use by five percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13041\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - example of WaterSmart's statements for EBMUD customers.\" width=\"324\" height=\"417\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge – example of WaterSmart’s statements for EBMUD customers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were targeting two percent,” says Harris. “So five percent is a pretty good savings rate. Compare that to conservation incentives where you’re enticing someone to buy something. If you can do it through behavioral science, it’s much more cost-effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reports also make personalized recommendations for conservation measures. EBMUD found that customers getting the peer reports were twice as likely to participate in conservation programs, compared to other average customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot program was run by San Francisco start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmartsoftware.com/\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. It’s similar to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">what companies like Opower have done\u003c/a> with electricity consumption through “social norms” programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Peer pressure turns out to be the major motivator in changing behavior,” says WaterSmart Software CEO Peter Yolles. “Eight of ten people are more likely to change behavior based on social comparison than they are through saving money or saving the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolles says in these programs, about one-third of the reduction in water consumption comes from home retrofits, like low-flow faucets or toilets. Two-thirds comes from behavioral changes, like shifting outdoor watering habits. WaterSmart is also working on projects in Davis and Newport Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aee988b64727bfb1fb39cd7ce0a8fcac”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s new in my perspective and it’s gaining some traction,” says Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts are looking for new conservation techniques in light of California’s plan to cut per-capita water use 20 percent statewide by 2020 – and because of the current drought. 2013 was the driest year on record in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all feeling that,” says Harris. “As we get through the spring, we’ll see what happens in February and March. If it stays dry, we’ll likely have to enhance conservation measures and we’ll know then if we have to take additional actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD is currently considering expanding the pilot program to more customers.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Utilities find that nothing drives water savings quite like giving you a peek at your neighbors' habits.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Sprinkler.jpg\" alt=\"An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An East Bay MUD conservation program has cut water use by comparing customers with their neighbors. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The record dry weather means California water districts are ramping up conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> is encouraging some of its customers to use less by having them compete with their neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10,000 EBMUD customers have been getting personalized reports in the mail over the past year, summarizing their water use and comparing it to the consumption of similar households in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It puts it into a context,” says Richard Harris, water conservation manager at EBMUD. “Like: for similar households with three-to-four people and with a [property] lot of this size in this zip code, this is how you compare. It creates an awareness of a benchmark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison is done anonymously – no neighbors are outed by name — but Harris says the small dose of peer pressure seems to work. An \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterfoundation.org/uploads/1389391749-Watersmart_evaluation_report_FINAL_12-12-13%2800238356%29.pdf\">independent review\u003c/a> of the program found customers who got the information cut their water use by five percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13041\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/hwr-anon-ebmud-code-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - example of WaterSmart's statements for EBMUD customers.\" width=\"324\" height=\"417\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge – example of WaterSmart’s statements for EBMUD customers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We were targeting two percent,” says Harris. “So five percent is a pretty good savings rate. Compare that to conservation incentives where you’re enticing someone to buy something. If you can do it through behavioral science, it’s much more cost-effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reports also make personalized recommendations for conservation measures. EBMUD found that customers getting the peer reports were twice as likely to participate in conservation programs, compared to other average customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot program was run by San Francisco start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmartsoftware.com/\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. It’s similar to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">what companies like Opower have done\u003c/a> with electricity consumption through “social norms” programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Peer pressure turns out to be the major motivator in changing behavior,” says WaterSmart Software CEO Peter Yolles. “Eight of ten people are more likely to change behavior based on social comparison than they are through saving money or saving the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolles says in these programs, about one-third of the reduction in water consumption comes from home retrofits, like low-flow faucets or toilets. Two-thirds comes from behavioral changes, like shifting outdoor watering habits. WaterSmart is also working on projects in Davis and Newport Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s new in my perspective and it’s gaining some traction,” says Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts are looking for new conservation techniques in light of California’s plan to cut per-capita water use 20 percent statewide by 2020 – and because of the current drought. 2013 was the driest year on record in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all feeling that,” says Harris. “As we get through the spring, we’ll see what happens in February and March. If it stays dry, we’ll likely have to enhance conservation measures and we’ll know then if we have to take additional actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD is currently considering expanding the pilot program to more customers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Environmental groups are generally lauding \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/FullBudgetSummary.pdf\">Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget\u003c/a>, which includes an outline for spending revenue from the state’s carbon auctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/14/five-reasons-you-should-care-about-california%E2%80%99s-cap-and-trade-carbon-market/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> charges companies for the right to pollute. Fees are then supposed to be used for programs aimed at cutting greenhouse gas emissions and to shield consumers from any hikes in their electric bill caused by the regulation. Brown’s budget proposes how to spend $850 million from the program:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12899\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/capandtradebudget.jpg\" alt=\"(Source: Governor's Full Budget Summary)\" width=\"640\" height=\"429\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Source: Governor’s Full Budget Summary)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the revenue is required to go towards helping environmentally disadvantaged areas, with one tenth invested within those communities.[contextly_sidebar id=”981f6f2762c3416bfb4ebc29109a638d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most vulnerable to climate change are those who are low-income and communities of color,” said Mari Rose Taruc with the \u003ca href=\"http://apen4ej.org/\">Asian Pacific Environmental Network\u003c/a>. “A few of the priority investment areas include energy efficiency for low-income homes. It includes affordable transit-oriented development as part of a broader sustainable communities strategy, as well as urban forestry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the governor outraged environmentalists by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/\">“borrowing” cap-and-trade revenues\u003c/a> to balance the general fund. This year’s budget includes $100 million being repaid from that loan, plus $750 million in expected revenue from the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall budget picture is rosier than in years past, as KQED’s Sacramento bureau chief \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/09/happy-days-are-here-again-brown-unveils-106-billion-budget-draft/\">Scott Detrow explains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Brace yourself, Californians: There’s no state budget crisis this year. Repeat: \u003cem>No crisis. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown didn’t actually say those exact words this morning as he unveiled \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/BudgetSummary/BSS/BSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his spending plan\u003c/a> for the next fiscal year, but he did sound a rare note of budget optimism. “For this year, there is very good news,” Brown said. “Good news in the fiscal stability and resources available for the state of California.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Other environmental budget items include $785,000 for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">Proposition 65 reform\u003c/a>; $655 million for state parks, including $40 million to catch up on deferred maintenance; $6.7 million for oil spill prevention and response, with an eye toward the expected increase in shipments of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/04/tank-battle-activists-take-aim-at-bay-area-crude-projects/\">crude oil by rail\u003c/a>; and $618 million for water-related spending, including conservation, infrastructure, flood prevention, drinking water and habitat restoration\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked in a press conference this morning about more immediate water concerns in this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/02/2013-californias-big-dry/\">very dry year\u003c/a>, Brown said he’ll do everything “humanly possible” to address water resources, but added, “Governors can’t make it rain.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmental groups are generally lauding \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/FullBudgetSummary.pdf\">Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget\u003c/a>, which includes an outline for spending revenue from the state’s carbon auctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/14/five-reasons-you-should-care-about-california%E2%80%99s-cap-and-trade-carbon-market/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> charges companies for the right to pollute. Fees are then supposed to be used for programs aimed at cutting greenhouse gas emissions and to shield consumers from any hikes in their electric bill caused by the regulation. Brown’s budget proposes how to spend $850 million from the program:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12899\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/capandtradebudget.jpg\" alt=\"(Source: Governor's Full Budget Summary)\" width=\"640\" height=\"429\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Source: Governor’s Full Budget Summary)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the revenue is required to go towards helping environmentally disadvantaged areas, with one tenth invested within those communities.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most vulnerable to climate change are those who are low-income and communities of color,” said Mari Rose Taruc with the \u003ca href=\"http://apen4ej.org/\">Asian Pacific Environmental Network\u003c/a>. “A few of the priority investment areas include energy efficiency for low-income homes. It includes affordable transit-oriented development as part of a broader sustainable communities strategy, as well as urban forestry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the governor outraged environmentalists by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/\">“borrowing” cap-and-trade revenues\u003c/a> to balance the general fund. This year’s budget includes $100 million being repaid from that loan, plus $750 million in expected revenue from the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall budget picture is rosier than in years past, as KQED’s Sacramento bureau chief \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/09/happy-days-are-here-again-brown-unveils-106-billion-budget-draft/\">Scott Detrow explains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Brace yourself, Californians: There’s no state budget crisis this year. Repeat: \u003cem>No crisis. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown didn’t actually say those exact words this morning as he unveiled \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/2014-15/BudgetSummary/BSS/BSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his spending plan\u003c/a> for the next fiscal year, but he did sound a rare note of budget optimism. “For this year, there is very good news,” Brown said. “Good news in the fiscal stability and resources available for the state of California.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Other environmental budget items include $785,000 for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">Proposition 65 reform\u003c/a>; $655 million for state parks, including $40 million to catch up on deferred maintenance; $6.7 million for oil spill prevention and response, with an eye toward the expected increase in shipments of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/04/tank-battle-activists-take-aim-at-bay-area-crude-projects/\">crude oil by rail\u003c/a>; and $618 million for water-related spending, including conservation, infrastructure, flood prevention, drinking water and habitat restoration\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked in a press conference this morning about more immediate water concerns in this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/02/2013-californias-big-dry/\">very dry year\u003c/a>, Brown said he’ll do everything “humanly possible” to address water resources, but added, “Governors can’t make it rain.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "3 of the World's Best Scientific Aircraft Team Up for Climate Science Research",
"headTitle": "3 of the World’s Best Scientific Aircraft Team Up for Climate Science Research | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/bae146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/bae146.jpg\" alt=\"BAe-146; photo courtesy FAAM\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BAe-146; photo courtesy FAAM\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course spacecraft and astronauts and robot rovers are sexy. So are scientific submarines and their dives to the deep seafloor. But today I want to speak up for research aircraft and the plucky geniuses who maintain and fly them. They penetrate hurricanes; they peek high above thunderstorm complexes at night for a glimpse of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/sprites/a/sprites.htm\">sprites\u003c/a>; they fly over the El Niños and the poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of all, aircraft are an indispensable part of our effort to understand Earth’s climate and the atmosphere that sustains it. They’re worthy of graphic-novel treatment, if there’s an artist out there who’s up for it. Here’s the story line: Next week three of the world’s best scientific aircraft will team up on a six-week mission, called \u003ca href=\"http://www2.acd.ucar.edu/contrast\">CONTRAST\u003c/a>, to explore a key part of the world’s climate system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tropical western Pacific, south of Guam, is the opposite of Antarctica: the warmest part of the ocean. As we shiver through winter, the atmosphere above the Western Pacific Warm Pool is at its most active. The region acts like an immense chimney, with thunderstorms and other deep convective disturbances pushing huge quantities of air some 20 kilometers straight up from the sea surface. Some of this air bursts into the quiet stratosphere, where it stays for years and spreads outward across the entire world. The West Pacific chimney is where most of the stratosphere’s input of surface air happens. Models of global climate need to account for the influence of this great engine of air, but its makeup is poorly known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One notable ingredient of oceanic air is a set of organic bromine compounds emitted by sea life. Although these gases usually are swiftly neutralized by ozone within 100 meters of the sea surface, the western Pacific chimney is active enough to funnel bromine into the upper atmosphere, where it erodes the stratospheric ozone layer that protects us from damaging ultraviolet radiation. Volcanoes also inject bromine into the stratosphere, but in the Pacific chimney we can study the same process all the way up from the sea surface without dealing with a volcano’s dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three state-of-the-art aircraft will team up for \u003ca href=\"http://www2.acd.ucar.edu/contrast\">CONTRAST\u003c/a> (CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics). Two have human crews while the third, the high-altitude star, is a robot. Between them, they can cover the whole altitude range of this energetic region from the wavetops well into the stratosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The British research aircraft BAe-146, part of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, will handle the low-altitude portion up to about 6 kilometers (20,000 feet). A large plane that can carry 18 people, its focus will be on the rising clouds, where exceptionally low ozone levels allow the bromine gases (and related iodine gases) to survive far beyond their normal lives. Its data will help fill in a large gap between the sea surface and the top of the chimney. Just as important will be the differences it discovers between air inside and outside clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tackling the middle part will be the National Science Foundation’s High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (\u003ca href=\"https://www.eol.ucar.edu/observing_facilities/hiaper\">HIAPER\u003c/a>), a modified Gulfstream business jet that can reach over 15 kilometers (51,000 feet). Its previous special mission was \u003ca href=\"https://www.eol.ucar.edu/field_projects/sprites-ii\">observing sprites over the Midwest last summer\u003c/a>. It will continue the BAe-146’s measurements upward in the atmosphere. It will also gather data during the night as well as the day, because the chemical reactions in the air change dramatically when the sun goes down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/HIAPER.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/HIAPER.jpg\" alt=\"HIAPER; photo courtesy Carlye Calvin, UCAR\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">HIAPER; photo courtesy Carlye Calvin, UCAR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The high extreme, between 14 and 19 kilometers (up to 62,000 feet) will be handled by a large robot plane, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoLuUrT3_wI\">Global Hawk\u003c/a>, as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://espo.nasa.gov/missions/attrex/\">ATTREX\u003c/a> (Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment) project. This heavily instrumented, pilotless observing platform is stationed at Edwards Air Force Base and has been in use for barely a year. It can make 30-hour flights that exceed the safe limits of any human pilot. Global Hawk will deal with the stratosphere, ranging widely around the West Pacific chimney to trace its injected air and study how it changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/globalhawk.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12881\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/globalhawk.jpg\" alt=\"Global Hawk; NASA photo by C. Fratello\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global Hawk; NASA photo by C. Fratello\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All three aircraft will also be measuring temperature, humidity, and the usual suspects among atmospheric gases: ozone, water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and more. Each gas has its own story in the stratosphere that must be accounted for in global climate models. The mission is summed up in this diagram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/contrast-campaign.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12883\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12883\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/contrast-campaign.png\" alt=\"CONTRAST campaign\" width=\"600\" height=\"390\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three CONTRAST aircraft will cover the vertical range of the tropical troposphere. CPT, cold point tropopause; TTL, tropopause transition layer; CBL, convective boundary layer. Diagram by Diane Pendlebury, Univ. Toronto\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can follow this all-star team as it takes on the Chimney during CONTRAST from January 14 to February 28 on NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/tracker/\">Aircraft Tracker\u003c/a>: the BAe-146 is “FAAM BAE-146,” HIAPER is “NSF/NCAR G-V,” and Global Hawk is “Global Hawk AV6.” Give the aircraft some respect!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/bae146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/bae146.jpg\" alt=\"BAe-146; photo courtesy FAAM\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BAe-146; photo courtesy FAAM\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course spacecraft and astronauts and robot rovers are sexy. So are scientific submarines and their dives to the deep seafloor. But today I want to speak up for research aircraft and the plucky geniuses who maintain and fly them. They penetrate hurricanes; they peek high above thunderstorm complexes at night for a glimpse of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/sprites/a/sprites.htm\">sprites\u003c/a>; they fly over the El Niños and the poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of all, aircraft are an indispensable part of our effort to understand Earth’s climate and the atmosphere that sustains it. They’re worthy of graphic-novel treatment, if there’s an artist out there who’s up for it. Here’s the story line: Next week three of the world’s best scientific aircraft will team up on a six-week mission, called \u003ca href=\"http://www2.acd.ucar.edu/contrast\">CONTRAST\u003c/a>, to explore a key part of the world’s climate system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tropical western Pacific, south of Guam, is the opposite of Antarctica: the warmest part of the ocean. As we shiver through winter, the atmosphere above the Western Pacific Warm Pool is at its most active. The region acts like an immense chimney, with thunderstorms and other deep convective disturbances pushing huge quantities of air some 20 kilometers straight up from the sea surface. Some of this air bursts into the quiet stratosphere, where it stays for years and spreads outward across the entire world. The West Pacific chimney is where most of the stratosphere’s input of surface air happens. Models of global climate need to account for the influence of this great engine of air, but its makeup is poorly known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One notable ingredient of oceanic air is a set of organic bromine compounds emitted by sea life. Although these gases usually are swiftly neutralized by ozone within 100 meters of the sea surface, the western Pacific chimney is active enough to funnel bromine into the upper atmosphere, where it erodes the stratospheric ozone layer that protects us from damaging ultraviolet radiation. Volcanoes also inject bromine into the stratosphere, but in the Pacific chimney we can study the same process all the way up from the sea surface without dealing with a volcano’s dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three state-of-the-art aircraft will team up for \u003ca href=\"http://www2.acd.ucar.edu/contrast\">CONTRAST\u003c/a> (CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics). Two have human crews while the third, the high-altitude star, is a robot. Between them, they can cover the whole altitude range of this energetic region from the wavetops well into the stratosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The British research aircraft BAe-146, part of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, will handle the low-altitude portion up to about 6 kilometers (20,000 feet). A large plane that can carry 18 people, its focus will be on the rising clouds, where exceptionally low ozone levels allow the bromine gases (and related iodine gases) to survive far beyond their normal lives. Its data will help fill in a large gap between the sea surface and the top of the chimney. Just as important will be the differences it discovers between air inside and outside clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tackling the middle part will be the National Science Foundation’s High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (\u003ca href=\"https://www.eol.ucar.edu/observing_facilities/hiaper\">HIAPER\u003c/a>), a modified Gulfstream business jet that can reach over 15 kilometers (51,000 feet). Its previous special mission was \u003ca href=\"https://www.eol.ucar.edu/field_projects/sprites-ii\">observing sprites over the Midwest last summer\u003c/a>. It will continue the BAe-146’s measurements upward in the atmosphere. It will also gather data during the night as well as the day, because the chemical reactions in the air change dramatically when the sun goes down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/HIAPER.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/HIAPER.jpg\" alt=\"HIAPER; photo courtesy Carlye Calvin, UCAR\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">HIAPER; photo courtesy Carlye Calvin, UCAR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The high extreme, between 14 and 19 kilometers (up to 62,000 feet) will be handled by a large robot plane, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoLuUrT3_wI\">Global Hawk\u003c/a>, as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://espo.nasa.gov/missions/attrex/\">ATTREX\u003c/a> (Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment) project. This heavily instrumented, pilotless observing platform is stationed at Edwards Air Force Base and has been in use for barely a year. It can make 30-hour flights that exceed the safe limits of any human pilot. Global Hawk will deal with the stratosphere, ranging widely around the West Pacific chimney to trace its injected air and study how it changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12881\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/globalhawk.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12881\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12881\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/globalhawk.jpg\" alt=\"Global Hawk; NASA photo by C. Fratello\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global Hawk; NASA photo by C. Fratello\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All three aircraft will also be measuring temperature, humidity, and the usual suspects among atmospheric gases: ozone, water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and more. Each gas has its own story in the stratosphere that must be accounted for in global climate models. The mission is summed up in this diagram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/contrast-campaign.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12883\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12883\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/contrast-campaign.png\" alt=\"CONTRAST campaign\" width=\"600\" height=\"390\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three CONTRAST aircraft will cover the vertical range of the tropical troposphere. CPT, cold point tropopause; TTL, tropopause transition layer; CBL, convective boundary layer. Diagram by Diane Pendlebury, Univ. Toronto\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can follow this all-star team as it takes on the Chimney during CONTRAST from January 14 to February 28 on NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/tracker/\">Aircraft Tracker\u003c/a>: the BAe-146 is “FAAM BAE-146,” HIAPER is “NSF/NCAR G-V,” and Global Hawk is “Global Hawk AV6.” Give the aircraft some respect!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's 'Big Dry'",
"headTitle": "California’s ‘Big Dry’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/FolsomLk_Brekke_1401.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12775\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12775\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/FolsomLk_Brekke_1401.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels leave much of Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento, as a mud flat. (Dan Brekke)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake, a key reservoir on the American River, east of Sacramento, was at just 18 percent of capacity and 37 percent of “normal” as the new year began. (Dan Brekke)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t quite the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17887572\">millennium drought\u003c/a>” that desiccated Australia for nearly a decade. But for many parts of California, 2013 was the driest year on the books. After above-average rain and snow in November and December of 2012, the tap suddenly shut off just as the calendar turned over to 2013, and there’s been \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_24793713/bay-area-christmas-one-warmest-ever-no-end?source=email\">little-to-nothing since\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”465156cb80e4a3a64f79eca65dcd6813″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 5.59 inches that had fallen on San Francisco by New Year’s Eve shattered the previous dry mark of nine inches, set in 1917.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extended dry spell had water authorities and farmers on alert as early as November, when the state’s Department of Water Resources (DWR) issued its lowest-ever estimate for water deliveries from the State Water Project: five percent of what water contractors are asking for. That number is notoriously fluid, starting out on the conservative side and rising with the winter snows. In 2010, the only other year that started with a five-percent projection, officials eventually upped deliveries to 50 percent. But this season’s first official survey of the Sierra snowpack shows statewide water content at a nail-biting 20 percent of normal. Remote sensors from the northern range clocked in at 11 percent, which is a scant four percent of what water managers like to see on April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long-range forecasts have not been encouraging. Governor Jerry Brown assembled an interagency drought management task force, which began meeting in late December, and some cities have already \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2013/12/29/6032646/drought-brings-water-rationing.html\">announced water restrictions\u003c/a> — some voluntary, some not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/02/2013-californias-big-dry/carainfall_noaa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12667\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12667\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/CArainfall_NOAA-e1388542888761.jpeg\" alt=\"CArainfall_NOAA\" width=\"640\" height=\"487\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Keep in mind that about half of California’s precipitation falls in the months of December, January and February,” said Jeanine Jones, a resource manager at DWR, noting that December is already written off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even at the first of the year, we’re not at the halfway point of the rainfall season,” said Jan Null, consulting meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services, adding a note of optimism. “The halfway point of the rainy season is the last week of January.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, with most of the wet season still ahead, “Mother Nature can always throw us a curve ball,” as Jones put it. “By the time we have the February snow survey results in hand, that’s really when you make the call about which way the water year is going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first winter snow survey found the Sierra snowpack, which provides about a third of the state’s water supply, at just 20 percent of normal. Kelly Redmond, director and climatologist at the Western Regional Climate Center, says that leaves the state with no wiggle room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/127779376&color=ff6600&auto_play=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s latest three-month outlook has California’s drought likely to continue through March. The good news? “The NOAA outlooks are only slightly better than the \u003cem>Farmers’ Almanac\u003c/em>,” said Null. “They’re terrible.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/FolsomLk_Brekke_1401.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12775\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12775\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/FolsomLk_Brekke_1401.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels leave much of Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento, as a mud flat. (Dan Brekke)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake, a key reservoir on the American River, east of Sacramento, was at just 18 percent of capacity and 37 percent of “normal” as the new year began. (Dan Brekke)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t quite the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17887572\">millennium drought\u003c/a>” that desiccated Australia for nearly a decade. But for many parts of California, 2013 was the driest year on the books. After above-average rain and snow in November and December of 2012, the tap suddenly shut off just as the calendar turned over to 2013, and there’s been \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_24793713/bay-area-christmas-one-warmest-ever-no-end?source=email\">little-to-nothing since\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 5.59 inches that had fallen on San Francisco by New Year’s Eve shattered the previous dry mark of nine inches, set in 1917.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extended dry spell had water authorities and farmers on alert as early as November, when the state’s Department of Water Resources (DWR) issued its lowest-ever estimate for water deliveries from the State Water Project: five percent of what water contractors are asking for. That number is notoriously fluid, starting out on the conservative side and rising with the winter snows. In 2010, the only other year that started with a five-percent projection, officials eventually upped deliveries to 50 percent. But this season’s first official survey of the Sierra snowpack shows statewide water content at a nail-biting 20 percent of normal. Remote sensors from the northern range clocked in at 11 percent, which is a scant four percent of what water managers like to see on April 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long-range forecasts have not been encouraging. Governor Jerry Brown assembled an interagency drought management task force, which began meeting in late December, and some cities have already \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2013/12/29/6032646/drought-brings-water-rationing.html\">announced water restrictions\u003c/a> — some voluntary, some not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/02/2013-californias-big-dry/carainfall_noaa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12667\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12667\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/CArainfall_NOAA-e1388542888761.jpeg\" alt=\"CArainfall_NOAA\" width=\"640\" height=\"487\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Keep in mind that about half of California’s precipitation falls in the months of December, January and February,” said Jeanine Jones, a resource manager at DWR, noting that December is already written off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even at the first of the year, we’re not at the halfway point of the rainfall season,” said Jan Null, consulting meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services, adding a note of optimism. “The halfway point of the rainy season is the last week of January.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, with most of the wet season still ahead, “Mother Nature can always throw us a curve ball,” as Jones put it. “By the time we have the February snow survey results in hand, that’s really when you make the call about which way the water year is going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first winter snow survey found the Sierra snowpack, which provides about a third of the state’s water supply, at just 20 percent of normal. Kelly Redmond, director and climatologist at the Western Regional Climate Center, says that leaves the state with no wiggle room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/127779376&color=ff6600&auto_play=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s latest three-month outlook has California’s drought likely to continue through March. The good news? “The NOAA outlooks are only slightly better than the \u003cem>Farmers’ Almanac\u003c/em>,” said Null. “They’re terrible.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "2013: Progress, But Long Road Ahead to California Climate Goals",
"headTitle": "2013: Progress, But Long Road Ahead to California Climate Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>2013 was a pivotal year for California’s efforts to confront the increasingly ominous threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s broadest cap-and-trade program for carbon pollution kicked in, and Governor Jerry Brown joined in two \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/28/climate-pact-west-coast-states-bc-vow-to-step-up-attack-on-warming/\">new multi-state pacts\u003c/a> aimed at curbing emissions. But seven years after passing its landmark climate law, California’s journey toward attaining its climate goals has just begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12580\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12580\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/traffic.jpg\" alt=\"A key way for California to cut emissions is by boosting low- and zero-emission vehicles. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A key way for California to cut emissions is by boosting low- and zero-emission vehicles. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After years of effort by California policymakers to shrink the state’s carbon footprint, the darnedest thing happened: the economy rebounded from its three-year recession—and \u003ca title=\"Bloomberg - post\" href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-04/california-emissions-climb-in-2012-on-low-nuclear-hydro-supply.html\">so did greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past year, for instance, we’ve begun to see that emissions are rising again,” says Stanley Young with the California Air Resources Board. “But the interesting thing is that they are not rising as fast as the California economy is growing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young’s agency is charged with \u003ca title=\"CARB - scoping plan\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm\">developing rules\u003c/a> to meet the state’s legislated mandate to cut carbon emissions back to 1990 levels, by 2020. Young is not deterred by the post-recession set-back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will be able to make our 2020 goals,” he said in an interview. “That is clear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s not so clear is what happens after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our best guess is that we are well on our way to meeting the 2020 standard, so the policies that we have in place do seem to be sufficient for that,” says\u003ca title=\"LBNL - Greenblatt\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/people/jeffery-greenblatt\"> Jeff Greenblatt\u003c/a>, an energy scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. “But looking to 2030 and beyond, we’re gonna have to do more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 80 percent solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenblatt raised some eyebrows in early November when he \u003ca title=\"LBNL - Report\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/news/article/57123/estimating-policy-driven-greenh\">published projections\u003c/a> of what it will take to hit California’s long-term goal, set by executive order during the Schwarzenegger years: an 80 percent cut in emissions by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Air Board’s Young sees it, California is on a roll: “We’re seeing far more electric vehicles on the road, for instance. That’s an important part of the plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even with the recent impressive growth of plug-in electric cars, it’s early in the game. California just\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/24/california-joins-eight-state-roadmap-toward-more-electric-cars/\"> joined with seven other states\u003c/a> in a push to get 3.3 million “zero-emission” vehicles on the road by 2025. Depending on what you count, there are 25 to 30 million registered vehicles on the road right now, just in California—and Greenblatt says 80 to 90 percent would have to be zero-emission (electric or otherwise) to get to that 2050 goal, because transportation accounts for the biggest single chunk of California’s carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These cars are driving around all over the place, so you can’t capture the CO2 from their tailpipes and store it somewhere,” Greenblatt explained in a recent interview. “So it’s very important to be able to shift to a low-carbon energy carrier like electricity or like hydrogen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decarbonizing your electrical outlets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, electric cars are only as clean as the juice that powers them. Regulators say the state is on track to hit another key target for 2020: generating one-third of its electrical power from renewable sources like wind, solar and geothermal. But by Greenblatt’s reckoning, that won’t be enough for the long haul, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We essentially need our electricity system to run without any carbon emissions at all in 2050.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yikes. That’s 100 percent carbon-free electricity. But that daunting assertion doesn’t mean all renewable power, which is good because many experts agree that goal may not be possible. Some have calculated that \u003ca title=\"NPR - story\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/12/02/248230187/slashing-fossil-fuel-consumption-comes-with-a-price\">80 percent renewables\u003c/a> may be technically feasible—but not without a major update to the electrical grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may still need to burn some natural gas and capture its carbon emissions, so they don’t get into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the shutdown of Southern California Edison’s San Onofre nuclear power plant near San Diego, utilities have used natural gas to replace the carbon-free nuclear power lost from the grid. That set off alarms with environmental groups, who took to the streets in San Francisco this month, demanding that state regulators require renewable replacement power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An optimist in spite of the numbers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I would say, I’m an optimist but I don’t think this is gonna happen without a lot of trial and challenge, says Greenblatt, who expressed concern that his report was misconstrued in news accounts when it came out in November. He says it’s not that we can’t get to the 2050 goals. It’s that we won’t get there unless we step up our game—even beyond the aggressive policies the state has put in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why this year, the Air Board rolled out \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/2013_update/discussion_draft.pdf\">a revised playbook\u003c/a> that includes some new initiatives and suggested the state adopt new 2030 goals, moving the target a little closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need a midpoint,” says the Air Board’s Young. “2050 is too far off to really grasp. From a broad policy perspective, we can take a look at where we need to be. But in terms of the programmatic elements, that’s a harder crystal ball.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, the idea of a “midterm” target is raising hackles. Some say the state’s landmark climate law has no authority after 2020. So we might need a whole new law to keep things rolling. And even the state’s pioneering cap-and-trade program remains under legal assault from industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I refuse to give up,” says Greenblatt, who says he’s had to reassure his nine-year-old daughter that he’s working on the problem as hard as he can. “I want to live to see 2050 happen and to say we actually did this.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Despite its deserved reputation for climate leadership, California will have to hustle to make its own long-range emissions goals.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>2013 was a pivotal year for California’s efforts to confront the increasingly ominous threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s broadest cap-and-trade program for carbon pollution kicked in, and Governor Jerry Brown joined in two \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/28/climate-pact-west-coast-states-bc-vow-to-step-up-attack-on-warming/\">new multi-state pacts\u003c/a> aimed at curbing emissions. But seven years after passing its landmark climate law, California’s journey toward attaining its climate goals has just begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12580\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12580\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/traffic.jpg\" alt=\"A key way for California to cut emissions is by boosting low- and zero-emission vehicles. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A key way for California to cut emissions is by boosting low- and zero-emission vehicles. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After years of effort by California policymakers to shrink the state’s carbon footprint, the darnedest thing happened: the economy rebounded from its three-year recession—and \u003ca title=\"Bloomberg - post\" href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-04/california-emissions-climb-in-2012-on-low-nuclear-hydro-supply.html\">so did greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past year, for instance, we’ve begun to see that emissions are rising again,” says Stanley Young with the California Air Resources Board. “But the interesting thing is that they are not rising as fast as the California economy is growing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young’s agency is charged with \u003ca title=\"CARB - scoping plan\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm\">developing rules\u003c/a> to meet the state’s legislated mandate to cut carbon emissions back to 1990 levels, by 2020. Young is not deterred by the post-recession set-back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will be able to make our 2020 goals,” he said in an interview. “That is clear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s not so clear is what happens after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our best guess is that we are well on our way to meeting the 2020 standard, so the policies that we have in place do seem to be sufficient for that,” says\u003ca title=\"LBNL - Greenblatt\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/people/jeffery-greenblatt\"> Jeff Greenblatt\u003c/a>, an energy scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. “But looking to 2030 and beyond, we’re gonna have to do more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 80 percent solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenblatt raised some eyebrows in early November when he \u003ca title=\"LBNL - Report\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/news/article/57123/estimating-policy-driven-greenh\">published projections\u003c/a> of what it will take to hit California’s long-term goal, set by executive order during the Schwarzenegger years: an 80 percent cut in emissions by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Air Board’s Young sees it, California is on a roll: “We’re seeing far more electric vehicles on the road, for instance. That’s an important part of the plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even with the recent impressive growth of plug-in electric cars, it’s early in the game. California just\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/24/california-joins-eight-state-roadmap-toward-more-electric-cars/\"> joined with seven other states\u003c/a> in a push to get 3.3 million “zero-emission” vehicles on the road by 2025. Depending on what you count, there are 25 to 30 million registered vehicles on the road right now, just in California—and Greenblatt says 80 to 90 percent would have to be zero-emission (electric or otherwise) to get to that 2050 goal, because transportation accounts for the biggest single chunk of California’s carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These cars are driving around all over the place, so you can’t capture the CO2 from their tailpipes and store it somewhere,” Greenblatt explained in a recent interview. “So it’s very important to be able to shift to a low-carbon energy carrier like electricity or like hydrogen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decarbonizing your electrical outlets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, electric cars are only as clean as the juice that powers them. Regulators say the state is on track to hit another key target for 2020: generating one-third of its electrical power from renewable sources like wind, solar and geothermal. But by Greenblatt’s reckoning, that won’t be enough for the long haul, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We essentially need our electricity system to run without any carbon emissions at all in 2050.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yikes. That’s 100 percent carbon-free electricity. But that daunting assertion doesn’t mean all renewable power, which is good because many experts agree that goal may not be possible. Some have calculated that \u003ca title=\"NPR - story\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/12/02/248230187/slashing-fossil-fuel-consumption-comes-with-a-price\">80 percent renewables\u003c/a> may be technically feasible—but not without a major update to the electrical grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may still need to burn some natural gas and capture its carbon emissions, so they don’t get into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the shutdown of Southern California Edison’s San Onofre nuclear power plant near San Diego, utilities have used natural gas to replace the carbon-free nuclear power lost from the grid. That set off alarms with environmental groups, who took to the streets in San Francisco this month, demanding that state regulators require renewable replacement power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An optimist in spite of the numbers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I would say, I’m an optimist but I don’t think this is gonna happen without a lot of trial and challenge, says Greenblatt, who expressed concern that his report was misconstrued in news accounts when it came out in November. He says it’s not that we can’t get to the 2050 goals. It’s that we won’t get there unless we step up our game—even beyond the aggressive policies the state has put in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why this year, the Air Board rolled out \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/2013_update/discussion_draft.pdf\">a revised playbook\u003c/a> that includes some new initiatives and suggested the state adopt new 2030 goals, moving the target a little closer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need a midpoint,” says the Air Board’s Young. “2050 is too far off to really grasp. From a broad policy perspective, we can take a look at where we need to be. But in terms of the programmatic elements, that’s a harder crystal ball.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, the idea of a “midterm” target is raising hackles. Some say the state’s landmark climate law has no authority after 2020. So we might need a whole new law to keep things rolling. And even the state’s pioneering cap-and-trade program remains under legal assault from industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I refuse to give up,” says Greenblatt, who says he’s had to reassure his nine-year-old daughter that he’s working on the problem as hard as he can. “I want to live to see 2050 happen and to say we actually did this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Memo to Bay Area Sea Rise Planners: Situation Serious But Not Hopeless",
"headTitle": "Memo to Bay Area Sea Rise Planners: Situation Serious But Not Hopeless | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/kingtide.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/kingtide.jpg\" alt=\"A cyclist pedals on a flooded path in Marin County during a king tide in December, 2012. (Sarah Craig/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/85951661@N08/8365001059/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cyclist pedals on a flooded path in Marin County during a high tide in December, 2012. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/85951661@N08/8365001059/\">Sarah Craig/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showdown with encroaching seas will be the topic when planners and others gather in San Mateo County Monday to talk about a battle plan for the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo could be “ground zero” for Bay Area impacts. Congresswoman Jackie Speier, whose district includes most of San Mateo County and who is co-sponsoring the conference with county supervisor Dave Pine, lists it among the nation’s “top ten hotspots” for sea rise impacts. “We have got to get serious about anticipating that and doing our level best to prevent catastrophe,” she said in a phone interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - climate\" href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/issues/climate-change-vulnerability-and-resilience/\">Pacific Institute study\u003c/a>, among California counties, San Mateo is tied with Orange County for having the biggest population at risk from rising seas. And unlike Orange County, San Mateo will get hit from both sides, with coastal erosion on the Pacific coast and more frequent flooding on the Bay side. “By the end of the century, SFO (San Francisco International Airport) will be underwater if we don’t take steps to address this,” Speier says. The question remains: what steps? \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/05/four-bay-area-cities-selected-as-future-models-of-resilience/\">Options abound\u003c/a>, from “hard” measures like sea walls and levees, to “soft” buffers such as expanded wetlands, to what planners euphemistically call “\u003ca title=\"NF - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/04/ocean-beach-san-francisco-master-plan/\">managed retreat\u003c/a>,” which is to say pulling things back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sorting that out, local officials will get some tips from \u003ca title=\"John Englander - main\" href=\"http://www.johnenglander.net/\">John Englander\u003c/a>, whose eerily-timed book, \u003ca title=\"HTOMS - main\" href=\"http://hightideonmainstreet.com/hurricane-sandy\">\u003cem>High Tide on Main Street\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, pretty much laid out the whole scenario for Hurricane Sandy–a week before the “superstorm” hit the East Coast last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Englander calls sea level rise the “most profound change” to the planet this century. In an interview, he offered some thoughts for planners confronting the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t let the uncertainties slow you down:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that there is such a range to the projections, that official estimates say we could have 1-to-3 feet and some say 2-to-6 feet. That adds to the confusion. But the estimates, it turns out, are actually pretty cautious and I say, timid, because they don’t count some uncertainties–the tipping points, the wildcards, which is the catastrophic melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is showing signs. And methane, which is a huge accelerant to warming, and is not in the equations because we don’t know how soon it will happen. Yet methane’s escaping from the Arctic now, from the permafrost, from the sea bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 371px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/BaySLR_grab.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11803 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/BaySLR_grab.jpeg\" alt=\"Map showing areas along the Bay that could be inundated by sea level rise\" width=\"371\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map showing areas along the Bay that could be inundated by sea level rise. (Click to see a larger version from the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“How much rise by 2100 (or 2050)” is the wrong question:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because we don’t know how quickly things will warm…maybe we should turn the question around and say, “We know we’re gonna get three feet of sea level rise. We just don’t know for certain whether it’s gonna be by 2050 or 2150. And if we plan for three feet now and it doesn’t happen ’til 2100, we’ll be better prepared for storm surge and other events. So we just say, “How will we deal with three feet of sea level rise? Not knowing exactly when it will happen, we challenge ourselves architecturally and engineering-wise and planning-wise, to think bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s time to “think different” about real estate:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is unprecedented. It’s never happened before in the history of human civilization. Buildings and infrastructure we amortize, typically over 30 or 40 years. Now that we know that sea level is rising…and can measure the warming and we know that [it] will rise for centuries, we need to think of coastal property almost like it’s leasehold. We just don’t know whether the lease is 50 years or 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’ll be costly no matter what:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is gonna be hugely expensive and I think we need to start talking about that because when people say it’s gonna be very expensive to get off of coal and fossil fuels, we have to put into the equation the cost of relocating off the coast as the sea rises and the shoreline moves inland. We need to think in economic terms and I believe we should expose people to the choices and the cost because that will help us make intelligent and rational decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Bay Area has options:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be very different out here in the Bay Area from, say, Florida. For example, Miami 200 yrs from now probably won’t be there, because it’s only six feet above sea level and it’s porous limestone. Sea walls don’t work there, as I explain in my book. Here in the Bay Area–where you have a steep relief, the cliffs and so on, even though there’s one low-lying reclaimed land–the Bay Area will be here 200 years from now, even if sea level is 10 ft higher, because you will have adapted to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Englander’s “most important” message:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can see where things are headed–like any situation, even if we don’t know the year–we’ll do better planning, because we can plan incrementally if we can see the end, or where things will be 50 years from now. And if we look with a little bit of vision, instead of hiding or delaying or denying something, we can probably come up with some really creative structures that will last and get a better return on investment, and secure the Bay Area’s position as very progressive and forward-thinking and not shying from technical challenge, and charting a brave new path. I think geologically and physically, as well as socially and psychologically, it’s more doable here than anyplace that I’ve visited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA has an \u003ca href=\"http://csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer\">interactive mapping tool\u003c/a> where you can see the extent of coastal inundation at various levels of sea rise. And there are photos of encroaching seas in the Bay Area during ultra-high tide events at the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides - main\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\">California King Tides Photo Initiative\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/kingtide.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/kingtide.jpg\" alt=\"A cyclist pedals on a flooded path in Marin County during a king tide in December, 2012. (Sarah Craig/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/85951661@N08/8365001059/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cyclist pedals on a flooded path in Marin County during a high tide in December, 2012. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/85951661@N08/8365001059/\">Sarah Craig/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showdown with encroaching seas will be the topic when planners and others gather in San Mateo County Monday to talk about a battle plan for the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo could be “ground zero” for Bay Area impacts. Congresswoman Jackie Speier, whose district includes most of San Mateo County and who is co-sponsoring the conference with county supervisor Dave Pine, lists it among the nation’s “top ten hotspots” for sea rise impacts. “We have got to get serious about anticipating that and doing our level best to prevent catastrophe,” she said in a phone interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca title=\"Pac Inst - climate\" href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/issues/climate-change-vulnerability-and-resilience/\">Pacific Institute study\u003c/a>, among California counties, San Mateo is tied with Orange County for having the biggest population at risk from rising seas. And unlike Orange County, San Mateo will get hit from both sides, with coastal erosion on the Pacific coast and more frequent flooding on the Bay side. “By the end of the century, SFO (San Francisco International Airport) will be underwater if we don’t take steps to address this,” Speier says. The question remains: what steps? \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/05/four-bay-area-cities-selected-as-future-models-of-resilience/\">Options abound\u003c/a>, from “hard” measures like sea walls and levees, to “soft” buffers such as expanded wetlands, to what planners euphemistically call “\u003ca title=\"NF - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/04/ocean-beach-san-francisco-master-plan/\">managed retreat\u003c/a>,” which is to say pulling things back from the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sorting that out, local officials will get some tips from \u003ca title=\"John Englander - main\" href=\"http://www.johnenglander.net/\">John Englander\u003c/a>, whose eerily-timed book, \u003ca title=\"HTOMS - main\" href=\"http://hightideonmainstreet.com/hurricane-sandy\">\u003cem>High Tide on Main Street\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, pretty much laid out the whole scenario for Hurricane Sandy–a week before the “superstorm” hit the East Coast last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Englander calls sea level rise the “most profound change” to the planet this century. In an interview, he offered some thoughts for planners confronting the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t let the uncertainties slow you down:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that there is such a range to the projections, that official estimates say we could have 1-to-3 feet and some say 2-to-6 feet. That adds to the confusion. But the estimates, it turns out, are actually pretty cautious and I say, timid, because they don’t count some uncertainties–the tipping points, the wildcards, which is the catastrophic melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is showing signs. And methane, which is a huge accelerant to warming, and is not in the equations because we don’t know how soon it will happen. Yet methane’s escaping from the Arctic now, from the permafrost, from the sea bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 371px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/BaySLR_grab.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11803 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/BaySLR_grab.jpeg\" alt=\"Map showing areas along the Bay that could be inundated by sea level rise\" width=\"371\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map showing areas along the Bay that could be inundated by sea level rise. (Click to see a larger version from the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“How much rise by 2100 (or 2050)” is the wrong question:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because we don’t know how quickly things will warm…maybe we should turn the question around and say, “We know we’re gonna get three feet of sea level rise. We just don’t know for certain whether it’s gonna be by 2050 or 2150. And if we plan for three feet now and it doesn’t happen ’til 2100, we’ll be better prepared for storm surge and other events. So we just say, “How will we deal with three feet of sea level rise? Not knowing exactly when it will happen, we challenge ourselves architecturally and engineering-wise and planning-wise, to think bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s time to “think different” about real estate:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is unprecedented. It’s never happened before in the history of human civilization. Buildings and infrastructure we amortize, typically over 30 or 40 years. Now that we know that sea level is rising…and can measure the warming and we know that [it] will rise for centuries, we need to think of coastal property almost like it’s leasehold. We just don’t know whether the lease is 50 years or 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’ll be costly no matter what:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is gonna be hugely expensive and I think we need to start talking about that because when people say it’s gonna be very expensive to get off of coal and fossil fuels, we have to put into the equation the cost of relocating off the coast as the sea rises and the shoreline moves inland. We need to think in economic terms and I believe we should expose people to the choices and the cost because that will help us make intelligent and rational decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Bay Area has options:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be very different out here in the Bay Area from, say, Florida. For example, Miami 200 yrs from now probably won’t be there, because it’s only six feet above sea level and it’s porous limestone. Sea walls don’t work there, as I explain in my book. Here in the Bay Area–where you have a steep relief, the cliffs and so on, even though there’s one low-lying reclaimed land–the Bay Area will be here 200 years from now, even if sea level is 10 ft higher, because you will have adapted to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Englander’s “most important” message:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can see where things are headed–like any situation, even if we don’t know the year–we’ll do better planning, because we can plan incrementally if we can see the end, or where things will be 50 years from now. And if we look with a little bit of vision, instead of hiding or delaying or denying something, we can probably come up with some really creative structures that will last and get a better return on investment, and secure the Bay Area’s position as very progressive and forward-thinking and not shying from technical challenge, and charting a brave new path. I think geologically and physically, as well as socially and psychologically, it’s more doable here than anyplace that I’ve visited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA has an \u003ca href=\"http://csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer\">interactive mapping tool\u003c/a> where you can see the extent of coastal inundation at various levels of sea rise. And there are photos of encroaching seas in the Bay Area during ultra-high tide events at the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides - main\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\">California King Tides Photo Initiative\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Four Bay Area Cities Selected as Future Models of Resilience",
"headTitle": "Four Bay Area Cities Selected as Future Models of Resilience | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11782\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/oak-berk-ala-sfpan.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11782\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11782\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/oak-berk-ala-sfpan.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco, Berkeley, Oakland and Alameda\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco, Berkeley, Oakland and Alameda make one geographic entity in this view from Corona Heights. Andrew Alden photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you add up the challenges that humanity faces, the brunt of them falls on cities. Rising sea levels, flooding, earthquake/tsunamis, water supplies, transportation, power, jobs, governance—there’s no safety in numbers; instead, with numbers come vulnerability. Speaking as a geologist, I naturally ascribe all this to life on a dynamic planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many experts have been urging cities to adopt resilience as a goal. Resilience is like robust good health in you or me, helping us avoid injury, cope with health threats, recover quickly and adapt to changes. Resilience is not defined by emergencies, it’s what we do between crises to get ready for them. Resilience is the coursework for which catastrophes are the final exams. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/current-work/resilience\">As the Rockefeller Foundation puts it\u003c/a>, “Resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities and systems to survive, adapt, and grow in the face of stress and shocks, and even transform when conditions require it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Rockefeller Foundation turned 100 this year, the New York nonprofit decided to launch a $100 million project called 100 Resilient Cities. Applications opened in May, and \u003ca href=\"http://100resilientcities.rockefellerfoundation.org/cities\">the first 33 winning cities were announced on Tuesday\u003c/a>. The geological hazards they face include earthquakes, tsunamis, rising sea level, landslides, drought, flood, erosion and more. These in turn threaten the cities’ human and technological frameworks, on top of the intrinsic instabilities of growing population centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of these first 33 cities, 11 are in the United States and 5 are in California. One is Los Angeles, of course. The other four are not just in the Bay Area, but have common borders: Alameda, Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco. Instantly, the Bay Area has become a unique and high-stakes experiment. (The remaining six U.S. cities are Boulder, El Paso, Jacksonville, New Orleans, New York and Norfolk.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hundred million dollars across 100 cities gives each one a million dollars in support. In return, the cities “commit to developing or implementing a city-wide resilience plan” and hire a Chief Resilience Officer in the city government. Those two things should pretty much eat up the seed money. In addition, the cities will be offered “solutions to spur investments and financing for resilient infrastructure, information technology tools, and policy models for resilience-enabling laws and regulations.” Finally, the cities must collaborate with each other, presumably via some online forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month the foundation’s president, Judith Rodin, told a New York audience what success might look like, naming five key jobs for the city’s new mayor: (1) appoint a “Deputy Mayor for Economic Development and Resilience” to work resilience into every development, (2) get a bus rapid transit system working, (3) invest in new ideas and technology, (4) work the federal funding system more effectively and (5) start a municipal infrastructure bank to jump-start worthy projects. The threat to New York took shape this year as Hurricane Sandy, but those steps hold promise for our own regional threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://100resilientcities.rockefellerfoundation.org/\">100 Resilient Cities website\u003c/a> has brief descriptions of the 33 winning cities, in which the four Bay Area winners come off like a synergetic superhero squad. Alameda, uniquely vulnerable to tsunamis, is cast as the eager test case. Berkeley, “a pioneering city, research center, and innovation hub,” has the brains. Oakland, “known for its ground-breaking community partnerships,” has the people power. San Francisco, with “a history of devastating earthquakes and fires,” is the can-do Big City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these things are true of all four cities: vulnerable to tsunamis, prone to quake and fire, laden with brains and means, and as self-active and innovative as any place in America. All four cities lie between two major fault lines, rely on water and power from distant sources, and have large non-English-speaking populations. Together, this squad of cities could form a tight gang that outfights its weight, or whatever superhero metaphor you prefer. The experiment may also be the key to adding resilience in places similar to the Bay Area, an urban area without a dominant city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could fizzle or this could boom. A single city officer with a resilience plan is not much by itself, just a spark. Everything depends on the city, government and citizens alike, nurturing that initial spark into something sustainable—a culture of resilience. A key variable that the gang-of-four cities will test is whether being neighbors will make a difference. Their Chief Resilience Officers will be able to collaborate every day, in person if they like, and so will their governments and citizens. Will that be our superpower? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11782\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/oak-berk-ala-sfpan.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11782\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11782\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/oak-berk-ala-sfpan.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco, Berkeley, Oakland and Alameda\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco, Berkeley, Oakland and Alameda make one geographic entity in this view from Corona Heights. Andrew Alden photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you add up the challenges that humanity faces, the brunt of them falls on cities. Rising sea levels, flooding, earthquake/tsunamis, water supplies, transportation, power, jobs, governance—there’s no safety in numbers; instead, with numbers come vulnerability. Speaking as a geologist, I naturally ascribe all this to life on a dynamic planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many experts have been urging cities to adopt resilience as a goal. Resilience is like robust good health in you or me, helping us avoid injury, cope with health threats, recover quickly and adapt to changes. Resilience is not defined by emergencies, it’s what we do between crises to get ready for them. Resilience is the coursework for which catastrophes are the final exams. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/current-work/resilience\">As the Rockefeller Foundation puts it\u003c/a>, “Resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities and systems to survive, adapt, and grow in the face of stress and shocks, and even transform when conditions require it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Rockefeller Foundation turned 100 this year, the New York nonprofit decided to launch a $100 million project called 100 Resilient Cities. Applications opened in May, and \u003ca href=\"http://100resilientcities.rockefellerfoundation.org/cities\">the first 33 winning cities were announced on Tuesday\u003c/a>. The geological hazards they face include earthquakes, tsunamis, rising sea level, landslides, drought, flood, erosion and more. These in turn threaten the cities’ human and technological frameworks, on top of the intrinsic instabilities of growing population centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of these first 33 cities, 11 are in the United States and 5 are in California. One is Los Angeles, of course. The other four are not just in the Bay Area, but have common borders: Alameda, Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco. Instantly, the Bay Area has become a unique and high-stakes experiment. (The remaining six U.S. cities are Boulder, El Paso, Jacksonville, New Orleans, New York and Norfolk.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hundred million dollars across 100 cities gives each one a million dollars in support. In return, the cities “commit to developing or implementing a city-wide resilience plan” and hire a Chief Resilience Officer in the city government. Those two things should pretty much eat up the seed money. In addition, the cities will be offered “solutions to spur investments and financing for resilient infrastructure, information technology tools, and policy models for resilience-enabling laws and regulations.” Finally, the cities must collaborate with each other, presumably via some online forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month the foundation’s president, Judith Rodin, told a New York audience what success might look like, naming five key jobs for the city’s new mayor: (1) appoint a “Deputy Mayor for Economic Development and Resilience” to work resilience into every development, (2) get a bus rapid transit system working, (3) invest in new ideas and technology, (4) work the federal funding system more effectively and (5) start a municipal infrastructure bank to jump-start worthy projects. The threat to New York took shape this year as Hurricane Sandy, but those steps hold promise for our own regional threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://100resilientcities.rockefellerfoundation.org/\">100 Resilient Cities website\u003c/a> has brief descriptions of the 33 winning cities, in which the four Bay Area winners come off like a synergetic superhero squad. Alameda, uniquely vulnerable to tsunamis, is cast as the eager test case. Berkeley, “a pioneering city, research center, and innovation hub,” has the brains. Oakland, “known for its ground-breaking community partnerships,” has the people power. San Francisco, with “a history of devastating earthquakes and fires,” is the can-do Big City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these things are true of all four cities: vulnerable to tsunamis, prone to quake and fire, laden with brains and means, and as self-active and innovative as any place in America. All four cities lie between two major fault lines, rely on water and power from distant sources, and have large non-English-speaking populations. Together, this squad of cities could form a tight gang that outfights its weight, or whatever superhero metaphor you prefer. The experiment may also be the key to adding resilience in places similar to the Bay Area, an urban area without a dominant city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could fizzle or this could boom. A single city officer with a resilience plan is not much by itself, just a spark. Everything depends on the city, government and citizens alike, nurturing that initial spark into something sustainable—a culture of resilience. A key variable that the gang-of-four cities will test is whether being neighbors will make a difference. Their Chief Resilience Officers will be able to collaborate every day, in person if they like, and so will their governments and citizens. Will that be our superpower? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Activists Take Aim at Bay Area Crude Oil Projects",
"headTitle": "Activists Take Aim at Bay Area Crude Oil Projects | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11741\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\" alt=\"Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally at the Air District in San Francisco says she's concerned about crude oil from the Tar Sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally in San Francisco. She says she’s concerned about local refineries bringing in crude oil from Canadian tar sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Local community and environmental activists are sounding an alarm over four proposed energy projects in the Bay Area. Demonstrators rallied Wednesday morning outside a \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> board meeting, calling on the Air District to put the developments on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the proposals are for crude-by-rail projects. One would be an addition to the Valero refinery in Benicia; the other would be an oil terminal in Pittsburg that would receive crude by pipeline, rail and ship. Activists are concerned about crude-by-rail because, they say, trains would provide a means to bring in what they call “dirty” oil from the Canadian tar sands.[contextly_sidebar id=”e215254f951b640c3ec1b5e5143e9370″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two projects, at Chevron’s Richmond refinery and the Phillips 66 refinery in Rodeo, concern equipment upgrades, which, activists say, will position refiners to process heavier grades of crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really at stake here is the public’s health,” said Andres Soto, an organizer with the East Bay group \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>. “We’re asking the District to not issue any more permits until this issue about the quality of the crude is publicly disclosed, publicly discussed, and either mitigation or a moratorium on its processing here in the Bay Area is established.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil companies have not disclosed where exactly the oil involved in these projects would be coming from. But, as Valero spokesman Bill Day told me for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">previous story\u003c/a>, they’re all looking for ways to get oil out of the middle of the continent and to the refineries on the coasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Air district engineer Jim Karas, who briefed the Board on the projects at Wednesday’s meeting, told me none of the projects can go ahead without its approval, and the Air District won’t allow the refineries to go over the pollution limits already in place. “That is what we do. That’s our business,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also pointed out, that with or without oil from the tar sands, the refineries are processing what the environmentalists might call “dirty” crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that the refiners already process very heavy crude,” he said. “That’s California crude. That’s what they were built to handle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board heard updates but did not make any decisions on the projects at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Track the projects:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">Valero crude-by-rail in Benicia\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chevronrevisedrenewalproject.com/\">Chevron hydrogen plant and sulfur removal in Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ca-contracostacounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/Index/2713\">Phillips 66 propane recovery in Rodeo\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11741\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/airdistrictprotest.jpg\" alt=\"Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally at the Air District in San Francisco says she's concerned about crude oil from the Tar Sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pennie Opal Plant from the environmental group Idle No More at a rally in San Francisco. She says she’s concerned about local refineries bringing in crude oil from Canadian tar sands. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Local community and environmental activists are sounding an alarm over four proposed energy projects in the Bay Area. Demonstrators rallied Wednesday morning outside a \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> board meeting, calling on the Air District to put the developments on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the proposals are for crude-by-rail projects. One would be an addition to the Valero refinery in Benicia; the other would be an oil terminal in Pittsburg that would receive crude by pipeline, rail and ship. Activists are concerned about crude-by-rail because, they say, trains would provide a means to bring in what they call “dirty” oil from the Canadian tar sands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two projects, at Chevron’s Richmond refinery and the Phillips 66 refinery in Rodeo, concern equipment upgrades, which, activists say, will position refiners to process heavier grades of crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really at stake here is the public’s health,” said Andres Soto, an organizer with the East Bay group \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/\">Communities for a Better Environment\u003c/a>. “We’re asking the District to not issue any more permits until this issue about the quality of the crude is publicly disclosed, publicly discussed, and either mitigation or a moratorium on its processing here in the Bay Area is established.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil companies have not disclosed where exactly the oil involved in these projects would be coming from. But, as Valero spokesman Bill Day told me for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">previous story\u003c/a>, they’re all looking for ways to get oil out of the middle of the continent and to the refineries on the coasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Air district engineer Jim Karas, who briefed the Board on the projects at Wednesday’s meeting, told me none of the projects can go ahead without its approval, and the Air District won’t allow the refineries to go over the pollution limits already in place. “That is what we do. That’s our business,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also pointed out, that with or without oil from the tar sands, the refineries are processing what the environmentalists might call “dirty” crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that the refiners already process very heavy crude,” he said. “That’s California crude. That’s what they were built to handle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board heard updates but did not make any decisions on the projects at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Track the projects:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">Valero crude-by-rail in Benicia\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">WesPac oil terminal in Pittsburg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chevronrevisedrenewalproject.com/\">Chevron hydrogen plant and sulfur removal in Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ca-contracostacounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/Index/2713\">Phillips 66 propane recovery in Rodeo\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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