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"content": "\u003cp>There’s a rule in California that may seem bizarre in a drought-stricken state: in the winter, reservoirs aren’t allowed to fill up completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, even as this post goes up, a handful of reservoirs are releasing water to maintain empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice, which has long inflamed combatants in California’s water wars, is due to a decades-old rule designed to protect public safety. If a major winter storm comes in, reservoirs need space to catch the runoff and prevent floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with advances in weather forecasting, some say this preemptive strategy is outdated. A new, “smart” flood control system could save water in years when Californians need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting the ‘Magic’ Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the state’s major reservoirs — Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento — the volume of water spilling from the dam has swollen eight-fold in the past few weeks, sending billions of gallons downstream, much of it into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in February the reservoir reached a key threshold: 60 percent full, which is the highest water level allowed during the winter months, according to rules from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, most of the reservoir was a dry, dusty lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What reservoir was left was confined to the old river channels before we built the dam,” says Drew Lessard of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that manages the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just an average-size winter storm can send huge volumes of water down the American River \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Water-starved-Folsom-Lake-is-finally-starting-to-6738359.php\">into Folsom Reservoir\u003c/a>, boosting the lake by 10 percent or more. A major storm can produce dramatically more than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The watershed is pretty flashy and it responds pretty quickly to storm events,” says Lessard. “That’s why we need to reserve a space during those winter months in case that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting 40 percent empty allows the reservoir to act as a buffer against floods, gulping the runoff without overflowing. In years where the upstream reservoirs are fuller, Folsom Reservoir is required to remain 60 percent empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-549363 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg\" alt=\"Reservoir_V08_160225-web\" width=\"1191\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg 1191w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-400x363.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-800x725.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-768x696.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-1180x1070.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-960x871.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing water downstream does produce benefits, supporting wildlife and endangered fish. It also prevents salt water from San Francisco Bay from backing up into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is a drinking water supply for many in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But preemptively releasing water has its own risks, especially if it doesn’t rain again, as happened in 1997. The reservoir was lowered and, “it was dry the rest of the year and we never really rebounded,” recalls Lessard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century.’\u003ccite>Marty Ralph, UCSD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As California enters a fifth year of drought, seeing operators deliberately dumping water can be disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Shauna Lorance of the San Juan Water District near Sacramento went to state regulators with a message: when water is disappearing downriver, it’s hard for water consumers to take the conservation message seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything they conserve right now is not held,” said Lorance. “For me to explain to customers, after everything they’ve done, that they need to continue to conserve so it can be spilled is going to be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Smart’ Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century,” says Marty Ralph, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/2014/02/10/marty-ralph-atmospheric-rivers-drought-and-the-new-center-for-western-weather-and-water-extremes/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. “And yet here we live in the 21st century with its special and new needs: greater population and a changing climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph is piloting a more dynamic method of flood management at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5143750-181/lake-mendocino-nears-winter-capacity?artslide=0\">Lake Mendocino\u003c/a> with the Sonoma County Water Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a maintaining firm limits on reservoir levels dictated by the calendar, managers would use cutting-edge weather forecasts to gauge how much flood space they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weather predictions have been improving over the last decades, “ said Ralph. “Particularly on the West Coast, we’ve learned about the phenomenon that produces most flood-producing storms. We call them \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/questions/\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of emptying out a reservoir preemptively, managers would allow the reservoir to stay fuller, keeping an eye on the weather forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a big storm appears, “they’d have three, four, five days lead time, enough to release that extra water and get it out of the way safely,” said Ralph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If storms don’t appear, the water would be saved for later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says “forecast-informed” operations are becoming possible thanks to major advances in weather research. New weather satellites and more precise forecast models are making predictions more accurate. Researchers are even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">flying planes into atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> to gather information about how they behave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says even with the improvements, there’s more fine tuning to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get down to three days’ lead time and we’re down to plus or minus 300 kilometers (186 mi.) in terms of the location of the storm’s landfall,” he explains. “That’s the difference between San Francisco and the Oregon border. That’s a big difference if you’re operating a reservoir on a much smaller scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says potential is clear in a drought-prone state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine we have the option to keep, say, ten percent extra water behind each dam in the winter,” he muses. At Folsom Reservoir alone, that amount would supply 200,000 households for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see potential,” agrees Greg Kukas of the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency that sets flood rules for reservoirs. “What we’re not clear on is what the risks associated with that potential might be. What are the trade offs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is considering using the new weather-based operations at Folsom as part of a major update to the reservoir operations plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether weather forecasts are precise enough — not just as to when a storm is coming, but how big it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to forecasting the size of events that we’re most concerned about, they are about 20 percent off,” says Kukas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it wrong is not an option. If the dam overflows, it could flood Sacramento and hundreds of thousands of people downstream, and potentially put the dam itself at risk of failing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences, you don’t even want to imagine them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with reservoir operators around the state, the Corps says it currently takes weather forecasts into consideration in making water release decisions, though in a minimal way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t make our reservoir releases in a vacuum,” says Christy Jones, also with the Corps of Engineers. “We always are looking at the balance. We know water supply is incredibly important but we also know public safety is incredibly important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps plans to decide whether to manage Folsom Reservoir using weather forecasts next year. Changing current flood rules for how much the reservoir can hold in the winter would require an act of Congress. But if it works at Folsom, Jones agrees that it would be a model for reservoirs across the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could have a huge impact on the West.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a rule in California that may seem bizarre in a drought-stricken state: in the winter, reservoirs aren’t allowed to fill up completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, even as this post goes up, a handful of reservoirs are releasing water to maintain empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice, which has long inflamed combatants in California’s water wars, is due to a decades-old rule designed to protect public safety. If a major winter storm comes in, reservoirs need space to catch the runoff and prevent floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with advances in weather forecasting, some say this preemptive strategy is outdated. A new, “smart” flood control system could save water in years when Californians need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting the ‘Magic’ Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the state’s major reservoirs — Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento — the volume of water spilling from the dam has swollen eight-fold in the past few weeks, sending billions of gallons downstream, much of it into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in February the reservoir reached a key threshold: 60 percent full, which is the highest water level allowed during the winter months, according to rules from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, most of the reservoir was a dry, dusty lakebed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What reservoir was left was confined to the old river channels before we built the dam,” says Drew Lessard of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that manages the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just an average-size winter storm can send huge volumes of water down the American River \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Water-starved-Folsom-Lake-is-finally-starting-to-6738359.php\">into Folsom Reservoir\u003c/a>, boosting the lake by 10 percent or more. A major storm can produce dramatically more than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The watershed is pretty flashy and it responds pretty quickly to storm events,” says Lessard. “That’s why we need to reserve a space during those winter months in case that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting 40 percent empty allows the reservoir to act as a buffer against floods, gulping the runoff without overflowing. In years where the upstream reservoirs are fuller, Folsom Reservoir is required to remain 60 percent empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-549363 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg\" alt=\"Reservoir_V08_160225-web\" width=\"1191\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web.jpg 1191w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-400x363.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-800x725.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-768x696.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-1180x1070.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Reservoir_V08_160225-web-960x871.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing water downstream does produce benefits, supporting wildlife and endangered fish. It also prevents salt water from San Francisco Bay from backing up into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is a drinking water supply for many in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But preemptively releasing water has its own risks, especially if it doesn’t rain again, as happened in 1997. The reservoir was lowered and, “it was dry the rest of the year and we never really rebounded,” recalls Lessard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century.’\u003ccite>Marty Ralph, UCSD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As California enters a fifth year of drought, seeing operators deliberately dumping water can be disconcerting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Shauna Lorance of the San Juan Water District near Sacramento went to state regulators with a message: when water is disappearing downriver, it’s hard for water consumers to take the conservation message seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything they conserve right now is not held,” said Lorance. “For me to explain to customers, after everything they’ve done, that they need to continue to conserve so it can be spilled is going to be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Smart’ Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rules that govern water in the West were created in the 19th century,” says Marty Ralph, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://mavensnotebook.com/2014/02/10/marty-ralph-atmospheric-rivers-drought-and-the-new-center-for-western-weather-and-water-extremes/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. “And yet here we live in the 21st century with its special and new needs: greater population and a changing climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph is piloting a more dynamic method of flood management at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5143750-181/lake-mendocino-nears-winter-capacity?artslide=0\">Lake Mendocino\u003c/a> with the Sonoma County Water Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a maintaining firm limits on reservoir levels dictated by the calendar, managers would use cutting-edge weather forecasts to gauge how much flood space they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Weather predictions have been improving over the last decades, “ said Ralph. “Particularly on the West Coast, we’ve learned about the phenomenon that produces most flood-producing storms. We call them \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/questions/\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of emptying out a reservoir preemptively, managers would allow the reservoir to stay fuller, keeping an eye on the weather forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a big storm appears, “they’d have three, four, five days lead time, enough to release that extra water and get it out of the way safely,” said Ralph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If storms don’t appear, the water would be saved for later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says “forecast-informed” operations are becoming possible thanks to major advances in weather research. New weather satellites and more precise forecast models are making predictions more accurate. Researchers are even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">flying planes into atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> to gather information about how they behave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says even with the improvements, there’s more fine tuning to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get down to three days’ lead time and we’re down to plus or minus 300 kilometers (186 mi.) in terms of the location of the storm’s landfall,” he explains. “That’s the difference between San Francisco and the Oregon border. That’s a big difference if you’re operating a reservoir on a much smaller scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says potential is clear in a drought-prone state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine we have the option to keep, say, ten percent extra water behind each dam in the winter,” he muses. At Folsom Reservoir alone, that amount would supply 200,000 households for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see potential,” agrees Greg Kukas of the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency that sets flood rules for reservoirs. “What we’re not clear on is what the risks associated with that potential might be. What are the trade offs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps is considering using the new weather-based operations at Folsom as part of a major update to the reservoir operations plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether weather forecasts are precise enough — not just as to when a storm is coming, but how big it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to forecasting the size of events that we’re most concerned about, they are about 20 percent off,” says Kukas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting it wrong is not an option. If the dam overflows, it could flood Sacramento and hundreds of thousands of people downstream, and potentially put the dam itself at risk of failing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences, you don’t even want to imagine them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with reservoir operators around the state, the Corps says it currently takes weather forecasts into consideration in making water release decisions, though in a minimal way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t make our reservoir releases in a vacuum,” says Christy Jones, also with the Corps of Engineers. “We always are looking at the balance. We know water supply is incredibly important but we also know public safety is incredibly important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Corps plans to decide whether to manage Folsom Reservoir using weather forecasts next year. Changing current flood rules for how much the reservoir can hold in the winter would require an act of Congress. But if it works at Folsom, Jones agrees that it would be a model for reservoirs across the Western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Report Outlines Decline of Pollinators and Threat to World Food Supply",
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"content": "\u003cp>A major global assessment of pollinators is raising concerns about the future of the planet’s food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.N.-sponsored report drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers concludes that about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction. Vertebrate pollinators (such as bats and birds) are somewhat better off by comparison — 16 percent are threatened with extinction, “with a trend towards more extinctions,” the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 percent of the world’s food crops, the report notes, depend at least partly on pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security.’\u003ccite> Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of São Paulo \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security,” assessment co-Chair Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipbes.net/article/pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Their health is directly linked to our own well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops that need help from pollinators include coffee, apples, cacao, cotton, mangoes and almonds, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also talking big business: “The annual value of global crops directly affected by pollinators” ranges from $235 billion to $577 billion, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Dan Charles says the report “is largely based on studies in North America and Europe; there’s been less research on pollinators in Africa and Asia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was released by The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which operates under U.N. auspices. The assessment cites about 3,000 scientific papers and, researchers say, “includes information about practices based on indigenous and local knowledge from more than 60 locations around the world.” The report was presented by IPBES on Friday in Kuala Lumpur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_550641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 431px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-550641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back, Bees are essential in nature in pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \" width=\"431\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg 502w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi-400x287.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back. Bees are essential for pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pollinators are under threat for a number of reasons.\u003cbr>\nThe decline of wild butterflies, bees and other pollinators “is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, alien invasion species, diseases and pest, and climate change,” says IPBES Vice-Chair Robert Watson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also harming pollinators: “the decline of practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” the assessment states. “These practices include traditional farming systems; maintenance of diverse landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect specific pollinators; and cultures and languages that are connected to pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers say there’s plenty governments and communities can do to support these animals. “The good news is that a number of steps can be taken to reduce the risks to pollinators, including practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” says IPBES founding Chair Zakri Abdul Hamid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement cites such examples as:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“The promotion of sustainable agriculture” that emphasizes diverse habitats.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Supporting traditional practices that manage habitat patchiness, crop rotation, and coproduction between science and indigenous local knowledge.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing their exposure to pesticides, including “seeking alternative forms of pest control, and adopting a range of specific applications, including technologies to reduce pesticide drift.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Improving managed bee husbandry for pathogen control, coupled with better regulation of trade and use of commercial pollinators.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+More+Pollinator+Species+In+Jeopardy%2C+Threatening+World+Food+Supply&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A major global assessment of pollinators is raising concerns about the future of the planet’s food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.N.-sponsored report drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers concludes that about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction. Vertebrate pollinators (such as bats and birds) are somewhat better off by comparison — 16 percent are threatened with extinction, “with a trend towards more extinctions,” the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 percent of the world’s food crops, the report notes, depend at least partly on pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security.’\u003ccite> Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of São Paulo \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security,” assessment co-Chair Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipbes.net/article/pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Their health is directly linked to our own well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops that need help from pollinators include coffee, apples, cacao, cotton, mangoes and almonds, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also talking big business: “The annual value of global crops directly affected by pollinators” ranges from $235 billion to $577 billion, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Dan Charles says the report “is largely based on studies in North America and Europe; there’s been less research on pollinators in Africa and Asia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was released by The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which operates under U.N. auspices. The assessment cites about 3,000 scientific papers and, researchers say, “includes information about practices based on indigenous and local knowledge from more than 60 locations around the world.” The report was presented by IPBES on Friday in Kuala Lumpur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_550641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 431px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-550641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back, Bees are essential in nature in pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \" width=\"431\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg 502w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi-400x287.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back. Bees are essential for pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pollinators are under threat for a number of reasons.\u003cbr>\nThe decline of wild butterflies, bees and other pollinators “is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, alien invasion species, diseases and pest, and climate change,” says IPBES Vice-Chair Robert Watson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also harming pollinators: “the decline of practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” the assessment states. “These practices include traditional farming systems; maintenance of diverse landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect specific pollinators; and cultures and languages that are connected to pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers say there’s plenty governments and communities can do to support these animals. “The good news is that a number of steps can be taken to reduce the risks to pollinators, including practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” says IPBES founding Chair Zakri Abdul Hamid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement cites such examples as:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“The promotion of sustainable agriculture” that emphasizes diverse habitats.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Supporting traditional practices that manage habitat patchiness, crop rotation, and coproduction between science and indigenous local knowledge.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing their exposure to pesticides, including “seeking alternative forms of pest control, and adopting a range of specific applications, including technologies to reduce pesticide drift.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Improving managed bee husbandry for pathogen control, coupled with better regulation of trade and use of commercial pollinators.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+More+Pollinator+Species+In+Jeopardy%2C+Threatening+World+Food+Supply&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time since mandatory statewide restrictions were imposed, Californians missed Governor Jerry Brown’s water conservation target in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, local water suppliers \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/docs/2016feb/fs22516_jan_conservation.pdf\">delivered 17.1 percent less water\u003c/a> than in January of 2013. That pulls the cumulative savings rate below the governor’s mandatory threshold of 25 percent. It’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/05/californians-slacked-off-on-water-conservation-in-november/\">sixth straight month\u003c/a> that water savings has fallen off among Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/f5494c7a-dc13-11e5-aa32-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hover over the dots to see if your district met its water saving goal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that trend, the state’s top water regulator is happy with the overall drought response from consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians have risen to the occasion as never before,” said State Water Resources Control Board chair Felicia Marcus in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is holding local urban water suppliers responsible for cutting monthly water use by 25 percent compared to the same month in 2013. The statewide conservation rate peaked in July, when consumers cut their use by 31 percent compared to the base year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-549186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png\" alt=\"WaterSvgs_1601\" width=\"534\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601-400x299.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators had expected a drop in conservation during the winter months, when most homeowners have already reduced outside watering and have to find additional savings indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside watering was likely further reduced by wet weather in January, particularly in Northern California. The parade of mild storms prompted TV meteorologist Paul Deanno to start keeping count. He tallied 11 separate rain systems that blew through the Bay Area in the first 22 days of January, essentially a storm every other day for three weeks running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then nature seems to have shut off the tap and most of February has been dry throughout the state. Regulators concede that conservation numbers are not likely to improve when the February numbers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February’s been a bear, with no disrespect to bears,” Marcus told reporters, referring to the recent dearth of rain and record high temperatures. “When its hot and dry, people want to turn on their sprinklers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a silver lining in January, it was that on a per-capita basis, urban consumers used an average of 61 gallons per day, the lowest figure reported in the eight months that officials have been keeping records. The daily per-capita figure for Bay Area residents was 49.5 gallons, bettered only slightly by Central Coast consumers. By comparison, when Australia suffered its recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/30/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">decade-long drought\u003c/a>, urban residents managed to squeeze per-capita water use down to near 35 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steadily dropping conservation rate, Max Gomberg, senior scientist with the water board, says officials have achieved 96 percent of the overall savings goal set for the drought emergency period ending this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very close,” Gomberg told reporters. “We are where we wanted to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s original drought restrictions were intended to run through the end of this month, but Brown has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/03/map-water-savings-down-just-as-drought-rules-extended/\">already extended\u003c/a> the rules into the fall of 2016, with some modifications. Regulators will review those rules in April and could make further adjustments based on the water supply outlook at that time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time since mandatory statewide restrictions were imposed, Californians missed Governor Jerry Brown’s water conservation target in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, local water suppliers \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/docs/2016feb/fs22516_jan_conservation.pdf\">delivered 17.1 percent less water\u003c/a> than in January of 2013. That pulls the cumulative savings rate below the governor’s mandatory threshold of 25 percent. It’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/05/californians-slacked-off-on-water-conservation-in-november/\">sixth straight month\u003c/a> that water savings has fallen off among Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/f5494c7a-dc13-11e5-aa32-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hover over the dots to see if your district met its water saving goal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that trend, the state’s top water regulator is happy with the overall drought response from consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians have risen to the occasion as never before,” said State Water Resources Control Board chair Felicia Marcus in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is holding local urban water suppliers responsible for cutting monthly water use by 25 percent compared to the same month in 2013. The statewide conservation rate peaked in July, when consumers cut their use by 31 percent compared to the base year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-549186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png\" alt=\"WaterSvgs_1601\" width=\"534\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601.png 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/WaterSvgs_1601-400x299.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators had expected a drop in conservation during the winter months, when most homeowners have already reduced outside watering and have to find additional savings indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside watering was likely further reduced by wet weather in January, particularly in Northern California. The parade of mild storms prompted TV meteorologist Paul Deanno to start keeping count. He tallied 11 separate rain systems that blew through the Bay Area in the first 22 days of January, essentially a storm every other day for three weeks running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then nature seems to have shut off the tap and most of February has been dry throughout the state. Regulators concede that conservation numbers are not likely to improve when the February numbers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February’s been a bear, with no disrespect to bears,” Marcus told reporters, referring to the recent dearth of rain and record high temperatures. “When its hot and dry, people want to turn on their sprinklers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there was a silver lining in January, it was that on a per-capita basis, urban consumers used an average of 61 gallons per day, the lowest figure reported in the eight months that officials have been keeping records. The daily per-capita figure for Bay Area residents was 49.5 gallons, bettered only slightly by Central Coast consumers. By comparison, when Australia suffered its recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/30/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">decade-long drought\u003c/a>, urban residents managed to squeeze per-capita water use down to near 35 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steadily dropping conservation rate, Max Gomberg, senior scientist with the water board, says officials have achieved 96 percent of the overall savings goal set for the drought emergency period ending this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very close,” Gomberg told reporters. “We are where we wanted to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor’s original drought restrictions were intended to run through the end of this month, but Brown has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/03/map-water-savings-down-just-as-drought-rules-extended/\">already extended\u003c/a> the rules into the fall of 2016, with some modifications. Regulators will review those rules in April and could make further adjustments based on the water supply outlook at that time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Report: Sea Levels Rose Faster Last Century Than in Previous 2,700 Years",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bobkopp.net/\">Bob Kopp\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113.full\">the study\u003c/a>, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AvuAsiu83wIKEQ0WfuFbSTPRc7gcR9I6″]Sea levels rose by roughly 5½ inches in the past hundred years, Kopp says, noting, “That’s faster than any century since at least 800 B.C., since the founding of Rome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp’s team based its findings on dozens of earlier studies carried out around the world. Those studies determined past sea levels by looking at everything from microbial fossils to the locations of ancient Roman ruins along the Italian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show sea levels remained largely unchanged for more than two millennia — except for one period around 1000 A.D., in which the oceans dropped slightly due to a brief medieval cold snap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking forward, Kopp and his co-authors predict things are going to get worse. The team’s findings suggest sea levels will rise between 1 to 4 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says those kinds of increases will put many coastal cities at risk of frequent flooding. Although cutting carbon emissions could help in the future, rising seas now appear inevitable. Sea level rise “is going to be something we have to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Levels+Rose+Faster+Last+Century+Than+In+Previous+2%2C700+Years%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bobkopp.net/\">Bob Kopp\u003c/a>, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/02/17/1517056113.full\">the study\u003c/a>, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Sea levels rose by roughly 5½ inches in the past hundred years, Kopp says, noting, “That’s faster than any century since at least 800 B.C., since the founding of Rome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp’s team based its findings on dozens of earlier studies carried out around the world. Those studies determined past sea levels by looking at everything from microbial fossils to the locations of ancient Roman ruins along the Italian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show sea levels remained largely unchanged for more than two millennia — except for one period around 1000 A.D., in which the oceans dropped slightly due to a brief medieval cold snap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking forward, Kopp and his co-authors predict things are going to get worse. The team’s findings suggest sea levels will rise between 1 to 4 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says those kinds of increases will put many coastal cities at risk of frequent flooding. Although cutting carbon emissions could help in the future, rising seas now appear inevitable. Sea level rise “is going to be something we have to prepare for,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Levels+Rose+Faster+Last+Century+Than+In+Previous+2%2C700+Years%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "El Niño Weakening, Stage Set for La Niña and Possible Dry Winter Next Year",
"headTitle": "El Niño Weakening, Stage Set for La Niña and Possible Dry Winter Next Year | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say the near-record El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have peaked and are slowly waning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters now say conditions are likely to flip to their opposite phase, known as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> by late summer or early fall, which could set the stage for another drier-than-normal winter and prolonged drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are reasonably confident that there will be a La Niña,” says Huug van den Dool, seasonal forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, “but we plead ignorance as to whether this is going to be a small, moderate, or strong La Niña.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the stronger El Niños tend to favor wetter winters in California, the mirror-image La Niña is sometimes a harbinger of drought. Strength is measured by how much ocean waters deviate from their normal temperatures. Warmer waters provide more moisture to brewing Pacific storms, while colder waters tend to dry things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift is \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">not likely to have major implications\u003c/a> for what remains of this winter. California’s weather tends to lag the ocean conditions that influence it by as much as a couple of months, so the possibility still lingers for a soggy spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_537110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 712px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-537110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/NOAA3-mo_Feb.gif\" alt=\"NOAA's three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state's midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages).\" width=\"712\" height=\"388\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state’s midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The abnormally warm water along the equator that defines El Niño probably peaked in December, van den Dool told reporters in a Thursday conference call, but still has some \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">steam left in the boiler,\u003c/a> seen in the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool points to sea surface temperatures that remain above normal, promoting “very strong convection” over the eastern and central Pacific. Convection is a key driver of storm activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool says it’s too early to say with certainty whether the current El Niño (now about six months old) is the strongest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something that’s going to be debated, of course, for some time,” he predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using only the sea surface temperatures in one closely-watched zone of the Pacific, he says this one is “at least on par with 1997-98.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, though this event \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">has not packed nearly the precipitation\u003c/a> punch as the “Godzilla” El Niño of 97-’98, when San Francisco doubled it’s normal rainfall. The \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2016/02/17/el-nino-was-supposed-to-bail-out-parched-california-so-where-are-the-storms/#XDlDYmz7daqO\">complex reasons for that\u003c/a> will be part of the ongoing scientific debate, but so far this winter, many California locations are still at or below their long-term averages for rainfall. San Francisco, Sacramento and San Jose remain below normal, as does Santa Rosa, a perennial Bay Area wet spot. Fresno, by contrast, has seen 40 percent more than its usual rainfall at this point in the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/08/californias-water-supply-at-risk-from-warmer-winters/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, which typically provides about a third of the state’s water supply, was piling up pleasingly in January, but has now \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">slipped slightly\u003c/a> below seasonal norms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal climate scientists say the near-record El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean have peaked and are slowly waning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters now say conditions are likely to flip to their opposite phase, known as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> by late summer or early fall, which could set the stage for another drier-than-normal winter and prolonged drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are reasonably confident that there will be a La Niña,” says Huug van den Dool, seasonal forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, “but we plead ignorance as to whether this is going to be a small, moderate, or strong La Niña.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the stronger El Niños tend to favor wetter winters in California, the mirror-image La Niña is sometimes a harbinger of drought. Strength is measured by how much ocean waters deviate from their normal temperatures. Warmer waters provide more moisture to brewing Pacific storms, while colder waters tend to dry things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift is \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">not likely to have major implications\u003c/a> for what remains of this winter. California’s weather tends to lag the ocean conditions that influence it by as much as a couple of months, so the possibility still lingers for a soggy spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_537110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 712px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-537110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/NOAA3-mo_Feb.gif\" alt=\"NOAA's three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state's midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages).\" width=\"712\" height=\"388\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook (which is notoriously iffy) pegs the odds for above-average precipitation at 73% for Southern California and 66% for the state’s midsection (map numbers converted to actual percentages). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The abnormally warm water along the equator that defines El Niño probably peaked in December, van den Dool told reporters in a Thursday conference call, but still has some \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3877#disqus_thread\">steam left in the boiler,\u003c/a> seen in the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool points to sea surface temperatures that remain above normal, promoting “very strong convection” over the eastern and central Pacific. Convection is a key driver of storm activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van den Dool says it’s too early to say with certainty whether the current El Niño (now about six months old) is the strongest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something that’s going to be debated, of course, for some time,” he predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using only the sea surface temperatures in one closely-watched zone of the Pacific, he says this one is “at least on par with 1997-98.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, though this event \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/01/why-this-el-nino-is-one-for-the-books/\">has not packed nearly the precipitation\u003c/a> punch as the “Godzilla” El Niño of 97-’98, when San Francisco doubled it’s normal rainfall. The \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2016/02/17/el-nino-was-supposed-to-bail-out-parched-california-so-where-are-the-storms/#XDlDYmz7daqO\">complex reasons for that\u003c/a> will be part of the ongoing scientific debate, but so far this winter, many California locations are still at or below their long-term averages for rainfall. San Francisco, Sacramento and San Jose remain below normal, as does Santa Rosa, a perennial Bay Area wet spot. Fresno, by contrast, has seen 40 percent more than its usual rainfall at this point in the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/08/californias-water-supply-at-risk-from-warmer-winters/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, which typically provides about a third of the state’s water supply, was piling up pleasingly in January, but has now \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">slipped slightly\u003c/a> below seasonal norms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown and 16 other governors say they’ll pull together under a new pact to speed up the transition to clean energy and transportation in their states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called a “work in process,” the \u003ca href=\"http://www.governorsnewenergyfuture.org/the-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governors’ Accord for a New Energy Future\u003c/a>, lacks specific, measurable targets. The agreement uses broad language, saying the states will “embrace” and “encourage” clean energy options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown pointed to three of the cooperative’s broad goals that he says will benefit from interstate cooperation: a “highly sophisticated” regional energy grid, combined state purchasing power for zero-emission vehicles and joint lobbying of the federal government for research and development money aimed at energy storage, clean fuels and the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-533129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png\" alt=\"Renewable energy in CA chart\" width=\"533\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart-400x203.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participating states did not necessarily commit to signing on to Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>, under which states and regions that have set specific targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with California. The memorandum is currently signed or “endorsed” by 127 jurisdictions representing 27 nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor does the agreement specifically mention climate change. According to Brown, the governors chose to bypass the partisan controversy over the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to leave that behind and work on what we can work on, and that’s the renewable energy accord,” Brown told reporters in a conference call. “Does it do everything? No. But nothing ever does in politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement includes all of California’s neighboring states except Arizona. All the others are on the East Coast, except for Minnesota and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Brown, California has developed some of the most ambitious clean energy goals in the country, aiming to generate half of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, California’s utility-scale solar production was more than three times the output of Arizona — the second-ranking state — and more than all other states combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states that are signed on say they expect to meet “shortly” to discuss specific actions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown and 16 other governors say they’ll pull together under a new pact to speed up the transition to clean energy and transportation in their states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called a “work in process,” the \u003ca href=\"http://www.governorsnewenergyfuture.org/the-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governors’ Accord for a New Energy Future\u003c/a>, lacks specific, measurable targets. The agreement uses broad language, saying the states will “embrace” and “encourage” clean energy options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown pointed to three of the cooperative’s broad goals that he says will benefit from interstate cooperation: a “highly sophisticated” regional energy grid, combined state purchasing power for zero-emission vehicles and joint lobbying of the federal government for research and development money aimed at energy storage, clean fuels and the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-533129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png\" alt=\"Renewable energy in CA chart\" width=\"533\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart.png 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Renewable-energy-in-CA-chart-400x203.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participating states did not necessarily commit to signing on to Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>, under which states and regions that have set specific targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with California. The memorandum is currently signed or “endorsed” by 127 jurisdictions representing 27 nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor does the agreement specifically mention climate change. According to Brown, the governors chose to bypass the partisan controversy over the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to leave that behind and work on what we can work on, and that’s the renewable energy accord,” Brown told reporters in a conference call. “Does it do everything? No. But nothing ever does in politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement includes all of California’s neighboring states except Arizona. All the others are on the East Coast, except for Minnesota and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Brown, California has developed some of the most ambitious clean energy goals in the country, aiming to generate half of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, California’s utility-scale solar production was more than three times the output of Arizona — the second-ranking state — and more than all other states combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states that are signed on say they expect to meet “shortly” to discuss specific actions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Could Bring Bigger, Wetter Storms to California, Study Says",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Could Bring Bigger, Wetter Storms to California, Study Says | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The types of storms that have been bringing heavy snow and rain to the West this winter, triggering landslides and floods while easing stubborn droughts, are likely to become stronger and more frequent, according to the results of a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drenching storms have been falling from atmospheric rivers — high-altitude streams of moisture that carry much of the West’s water from the Pacific Ocean in sometimes-violent spurts that can lead to floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BJnVHIn18HVUXBsJbtwYgOnWbIlKMh44″]The latest study to project an increase in the frequency and ferocity with which atmospheric rivers will reach the West Coast was \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL067392/full\">published over the weekend\u003c/a> in Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists described the analysis as more robust than earlier ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days on which atmospheric rivers reach the West Coast each year could increase by a third this century, if greenhouse gas pollution continues to rise sharply, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers concluded after running model simulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the West Coast is likely to receive rain or snow from atmospheric rivers between 25 and 40 days each year, the analysis concluded. By century’s end, that’s expected to rise to between 35 and 55 days annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of days each year on which the atmospheric rivers bring “extreme” amounts of rain and snow to the region could increase by more than a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study were “consistent” with findings from earlier modeling-based studies, said Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, who wasn’t involved with it. He said the study went further than others in demonstrating that the projections were likely to play out in the real world, rather than being the result of any modeling errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, the majority of the variation from one year to the next in total precipitation is the result of just the few wettest days each year,” said Ralph, who is based in California. “The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">drought we’re in\u003c/a> is a result of the absence of the atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although storms caused by atmospheric rivers are needed to quench landscapes and fill reservoirs, they can also deliver deadly hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentous floods of the early 1860s, which affected several Western states, evacuating Californian lawmakers from Sacramento after the Central Valley filled like a tub, were linked to a series of atmospheric rivers. Scientists warn such floods could again beset the region under a winter storm scenario \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">they call ARkStorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we noticed is that the entire West Coast of North America will experience increased atmospheric river frequency,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=7433\">Samson Hagos\u003c/a>, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory earth system scientist who led the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s largely because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. Which would mean worse floods, more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strongest atmospheric river events along the West Coast during the 20th century are strongly linked to flood events of historical significance,” said \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/daniel-swain\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at Stanford who researches extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable inference to draw from these studies is that the risk of severe flood events along the West Coast will likely increase,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also have implications for projecting tempestuous conditions in other regions as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper provides a nice framework for exploring storm variability in other regions of the world,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/sarah-kapnicks-homepage\">Sarah Kapnick\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate change scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s harder to say what such findings might mean for the frequency or severity of droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research has suggested that higher temperatures linked to global warming exacerbated the intensity of California’s ongoing drought, by drying out the state. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">far less clear\u003c/a> what effect climate change had on the likelihood that such a drought would occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of anthropogenic influences on the lack of precipitation is still an open question,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist and earth systems geographer at the University of Arizona. “Different research groups have come to different conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are expected to accelerate evaporation and lead to drier conditions across the West — producing what scientists call hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anchukaitis said atmospheric rivers don’t necessarily affect the conditions that produce hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the “severity and duration” of droughts, Anchukaitis said, “will depend on a complex interplay between temperature increases, uncertain long-term precipitation trends and the punctuated role of drought-busting atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The types of storms that have been bringing heavy snow and rain to the West this winter, triggering landslides and floods while easing stubborn droughts, are likely to become stronger and more frequent, according to the results of a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drenching storms have been falling from atmospheric rivers — high-altitude streams of moisture that carry much of the West’s water from the Pacific Ocean in sometimes-violent spurts that can lead to floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The latest study to project an increase in the frequency and ferocity with which atmospheric rivers will reach the West Coast was \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL067392/full\">published over the weekend\u003c/a> in Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists described the analysis as more robust than earlier ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days on which atmospheric rivers reach the West Coast each year could increase by a third this century, if greenhouse gas pollution continues to rise sharply, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers concluded after running model simulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the West Coast is likely to receive rain or snow from atmospheric rivers between 25 and 40 days each year, the analysis concluded. By century’s end, that’s expected to rise to between 35 and 55 days annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of days each year on which the atmospheric rivers bring “extreme” amounts of rain and snow to the region could increase by more than a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study were “consistent” with findings from earlier modeling-based studies, said Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, who wasn’t involved with it. He said the study went further than others in demonstrating that the projections were likely to play out in the real world, rather than being the result of any modeling errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, the majority of the variation from one year to the next in total precipitation is the result of just the few wettest days each year,” said Ralph, who is based in California. “The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">drought we’re in\u003c/a> is a result of the absence of the atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although storms caused by atmospheric rivers are needed to quench landscapes and fill reservoirs, they can also deliver deadly hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentous floods of the early 1860s, which affected several Western states, evacuating Californian lawmakers from Sacramento after the Central Valley filled like a tub, were linked to a series of atmospheric rivers. Scientists warn such floods could again beset the region under a winter storm scenario \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">they call ARkStorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we noticed is that the entire West Coast of North America will experience increased atmospheric river frequency,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=7433\">Samson Hagos\u003c/a>, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory earth system scientist who led the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s largely because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. Which would mean worse floods, more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strongest atmospheric river events along the West Coast during the 20th century are strongly linked to flood events of historical significance,” said \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/daniel-swain\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at Stanford who researches extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable inference to draw from these studies is that the risk of severe flood events along the West Coast will likely increase,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also have implications for projecting tempestuous conditions in other regions as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper provides a nice framework for exploring storm variability in other regions of the world,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/sarah-kapnicks-homepage\">Sarah Kapnick\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate change scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s harder to say what such findings might mean for the frequency or severity of droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research has suggested that higher temperatures linked to global warming exacerbated the intensity of California’s ongoing drought, by drying out the state. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">far less clear\u003c/a> what effect climate change had on the likelihood that such a drought would occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of anthropogenic influences on the lack of precipitation is still an open question,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist and earth systems geographer at the University of Arizona. “Different research groups have come to different conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are expected to accelerate evaporation and lead to drier conditions across the West — producing what scientists call hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anchukaitis said atmospheric rivers don’t necessarily affect the conditions that produce hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the “severity and duration” of droughts, Anchukaitis said, “will depend on a complex interplay between temperature increases, uncertain long-term precipitation trends and the punctuated role of drought-busting atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Supreme Court Puts Obama's Clean Power Plan on Hold",
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"content": "\u003cp>A divided \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> agreed Tuesday to halt enforcement of President Barack Obama’s sweeping plan to address climate change until after legal challenges are resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surprising move is a blow to the administration and a victory for the coalition of 27 mostly Republican-led states and industry opponents that call the regulations “an unprecedented power grab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”KhfrftL96N9dt5tgPTQfjAfNmkRXIpvz”]By temporarily freezing the rule the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> order signals that opponents have made a strong argument against the plan, which aims to stave off the worst predicted impacts of climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions at existing power plants by about one-third by 2030. A federal appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> last month refused to put it on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> is not likely to issue a ruling on the plan until months after it hears oral arguments begin on June 2. But any decision likely would be appealed to the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span>, meaning resolution of the legal fight is not likely to happen until Obama leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> four liberal justices said Tuesday they would have denied the request for delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compliance with the new rules isn’t required until 2022, but states must submit their plans to the Environmental Protection Administration by September or seek an extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states opposing the plan depend on economic activity tied to such fossil fuels as coal, oil and gas. They argued that power plants will have to spend billions of dollars to begin complying with a rule that may end up being overturned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia, whose coal-dependent state is helping lead the legal fight, hailed the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thrilled that the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> realized the rule’s immediate impact and froze its implementation, protecting workers and saving countless dollars as our fight against its legality continues,” Morrisey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Implementation of the rules is considered essential to the United States meeting emissions-reduction targets in a global climate agreement signed in Paris last month. The Obama administration and environmental groups also say the plan will spur new clean-energy jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To convince the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> to temporarily halt the plan, opponents had to convince the justices that there was a “fair prospect” the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> would strike down the rule. The \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> also had to consider whether denying a stay would cause irreparable harm to the states and utility companies affected.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A divided \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> agreed Tuesday to halt enforcement of President Barack Obama’s sweeping plan to address climate change until after legal challenges are resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surprising move is a blow to the administration and a victory for the coalition of 27 mostly Republican-led states and industry opponents that call the regulations “an unprecedented power grab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>By temporarily freezing the rule the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> order signals that opponents have made a strong argument against the plan, which aims to stave off the worst predicted impacts of climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions at existing power plants by about one-third by 2030. A federal appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> last month refused to put it on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> is not likely to issue a ruling on the plan until months after it hears oral arguments begin on June 2. But any decision likely would be appealed to the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span>, meaning resolution of the legal fight is not likely to happen until Obama leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> four liberal justices said Tuesday they would have denied the request for delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compliance with the new rules isn’t required until 2022, but states must submit their plans to the Environmental Protection Administration by September or seek an extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states opposing the plan depend on economic activity tied to such fossil fuels as coal, oil and gas. They argued that power plants will have to spend billions of dollars to begin complying with a rule that may end up being overturned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia, whose coal-dependent state is helping lead the legal fight, hailed the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thrilled that the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> realized the rule’s immediate impact and froze its implementation, protecting workers and saving countless dollars as our fight against its legality continues,” Morrisey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Implementation of the rules is considered essential to the United States meeting emissions-reduction targets in a global climate agreement signed in Paris last month. The Obama administration and environmental groups also say the plan will spur new clean-energy jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To convince the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> to temporarily halt the plan, opponents had to convince the justices that there was a “fair prospect” the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> would strike down the rule. The \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> also had to consider whether denying a stay would cause irreparable harm to the states and utility companies affected.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7swK7Qp0JuUh8gyefXT0ZWzUlphgkOLV”]The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Any sign of precipitation in the forecast is a welcome sight for Californians these days. But with temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expected to be above normal\u003c/a> this winter, California’s snowpack may not reach the heights it could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply. But scientists say as the climate continues to warm, more precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All in the Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all precipitation is created equal,” said Kelly Redmond, who studies the snowpack at the Desert Research Institute in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both snow and rainfall end up in the same place in California, feeding its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/09/21/now-that-summers-over-what-do-californias-reservoirs-look-like-a-real-time-visualization/\">network rivers and reservoirs\u003c/a>. The key difference is timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it falls as snow, it stays there,” said Redmond. “It’s like a free reservoir. It doesn’t run off, doesn’t cause floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/02/20160208ScienceWarmerWinters.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack melts just as California’s dry season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It releases slowly in the spring, and shows up in the rivers and in our faucets in the summer months,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This timing is critical, Redmond says. The snowpack feeds about a third of the California’s water supply. If it fell as rain instead, water managers would need to find a way to store it in reservoirs in the winter until the dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Record Warm Winter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, understandably, keep a very close eye on snow levels, doing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/02/good-news-sierra-snowpack-is-above-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">monthly snow surveys\u003c/a> in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the snowpack is its best in years – \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">110 percent of normal\u003c/a>. But last year at this time, it was just 21 percent. Dry weather was the main culprit to blame, but so was record-breaking warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, for the first time ever recorded in the Sierra, the coldest winter temperatures were above freezing on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://kroodsma.com/charts/california_water/snow.php?width=700&height=350\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t take much warming to switch from rain to snow,” said Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snow is already nicknamed “Sierra cement,” because it’s known for being wet and heavy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost ready to turn to rain,” Redmond said. “It’s not like the powder you get in Utah and Montana and Colorado, which are at higher altitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every five degrees of warming, the freezing point of a storm, or the altitude of the “snow level” as it’s called, will rise by a thousand feet, driving the snowpack higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If rain falls on top of snow, it diminishes the snowpack further by melting it and producing heaving runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall the freezing level in the Sierra Nevada has been going up,” said Redmond. “It’s been more in the spring. What this means is that melting is starting to occur earlier at higher altitudes and runoff is starting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future of Warming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this has been kind of a wake up call,” said Dan Cayan, who studies climate change at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the US Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future.’\u003ccite>Dan Cayan, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cayan says California’s snowpack has already shrunk by 10 percent on average since World War II, a trend that is likely to continue as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, if we’re lucky, we’ll only lose half,” said Cayan. “And if we’re unlucky, we could lose more than that. We’re in an era of unprecedented changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether California will get more or less precipitation overall with climate change is something that’s been debated, but a \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/southwest-sliding-into-a-drier-normal-weather-patterns-that-bring-rain-are-becoming-less-frequent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study released on Thursday\u003c/a> indicates that periods of dryness could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the low-pressure weather systems that typically bring rain to the Southwestern US \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/wet-weather-less-likely-southwest-us-ncar-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have formed less often\u003c/a> during the last three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Droughts in the Southwest, specifically in California, are getting more intense and can last longer than in the past,” said Andreas Prein of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for More Runoff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” said Mark Cowin, director of California’s Department of Water Resources. “It really does change the dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare for a future with more extreme winter runoff, some have called for expanding California’s system of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_510440\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-510440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground. \u003ccite>(Max Whittaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Of course, there’s always been interest in dams,” said Cowin. “They’re big. You can see them. But the fact is we’re not going to appreciably change the amount of reservoir capacity we have in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from a handful of proposed projects, there are not many good locations left for dams, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cowin says the state will need to look at other options, like storing more water underground through groundwater banking, preparing for floods and using water more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options will also take substantial financial investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could spend a hundred billion dollars over the next decade or two pretty easily,” Cowin said. “Even more than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s recent water bond could help with that, but at just $7 billion dollars, it’s really (and here comes the water metaphor) only a drop in the bucket.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Any sign of precipitation in the forecast is a welcome sight for Californians these days. But with temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expected to be above normal\u003c/a> this winter, California’s snowpack may not reach the heights it could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply. But scientists say as the climate continues to warm, more precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All in the Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all precipitation is created equal,” said Kelly Redmond, who studies the snowpack at the Desert Research Institute in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both snow and rainfall end up in the same place in California, feeding its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/09/21/now-that-summers-over-what-do-californias-reservoirs-look-like-a-real-time-visualization/\">network rivers and reservoirs\u003c/a>. The key difference is timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it falls as snow, it stays there,” said Redmond. “It’s like a free reservoir. It doesn’t run off, doesn’t cause floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack melts just as California’s dry season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It releases slowly in the spring, and shows up in the rivers and in our faucets in the summer months,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This timing is critical, Redmond says. The snowpack feeds about a third of the California’s water supply. If it fell as rain instead, water managers would need to find a way to store it in reservoirs in the winter until the dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Record Warm Winter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, understandably, keep a very close eye on snow levels, doing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/02/good-news-sierra-snowpack-is-above-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">monthly snow surveys\u003c/a> in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the snowpack is its best in years – \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">110 percent of normal\u003c/a>. But last year at this time, it was just 21 percent. Dry weather was the main culprit to blame, but so was record-breaking warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, for the first time ever recorded in the Sierra, the coldest winter temperatures were above freezing on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://kroodsma.com/charts/california_water/snow.php?width=700&height=350\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t take much warming to switch from rain to snow,” said Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snow is already nicknamed “Sierra cement,” because it’s known for being wet and heavy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost ready to turn to rain,” Redmond said. “It’s not like the powder you get in Utah and Montana and Colorado, which are at higher altitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every five degrees of warming, the freezing point of a storm, or the altitude of the “snow level” as it’s called, will rise by a thousand feet, driving the snowpack higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If rain falls on top of snow, it diminishes the snowpack further by melting it and producing heaving runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall the freezing level in the Sierra Nevada has been going up,” said Redmond. “It’s been more in the spring. What this means is that melting is starting to occur earlier at higher altitudes and runoff is starting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future of Warming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this has been kind of a wake up call,” said Dan Cayan, who studies climate change at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the US Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future.’\u003ccite>Dan Cayan, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cayan says California’s snowpack has already shrunk by 10 percent on average since World War II, a trend that is likely to continue as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, if we’re lucky, we’ll only lose half,” said Cayan. “And if we’re unlucky, we could lose more than that. We’re in an era of unprecedented changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether California will get more or less precipitation overall with climate change is something that’s been debated, but a \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/southwest-sliding-into-a-drier-normal-weather-patterns-that-bring-rain-are-becoming-less-frequent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study released on Thursday\u003c/a> indicates that periods of dryness could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the low-pressure weather systems that typically bring rain to the Southwestern US \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/wet-weather-less-likely-southwest-us-ncar-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have formed less often\u003c/a> during the last three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Droughts in the Southwest, specifically in California, are getting more intense and can last longer than in the past,” said Andreas Prein of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for More Runoff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” said Mark Cowin, director of California’s Department of Water Resources. “It really does change the dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare for a future with more extreme winter runoff, some have called for expanding California’s system of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_510440\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-510440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground. \u003ccite>(Max Whittaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Of course, there’s always been interest in dams,” said Cowin. “They’re big. You can see them. But the fact is we’re not going to appreciably change the amount of reservoir capacity we have in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from a handful of proposed projects, there are not many good locations left for dams, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cowin says the state will need to look at other options, like storing more water underground through groundwater banking, preparing for floods and using water more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options will also take substantial financial investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could spend a hundred billion dollars over the next decade or two pretty easily,” Cowin said. “Even more than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s recent water bond could help with that, but at just $7 billion dollars, it’s really (and here comes the water metaphor) only a drop in the bucket.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "El Niño: It's One For the Books -- But Not Behaving As Expected",
"headTitle": "El Niño: It’s One For the Books — But Not Behaving As Expected | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The prospect of an El Niño event in the Pacific Ocean always generates a stew of excitement, dread, and speculation in California. This largely stems from the fact that two of California’s wettest winters on record — 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 — occurred during the strongest El Niño years in living memory. The popular perception that El Niño always brings a lot of water to the Golden State, though, is not particularly accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key message here: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">strong El Niño events are the ones to watch\u003c/a> out for from a California weather perspective, and it’s reasonable to expect that such events greatly increase the odds of wet conditions throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_502362\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 565px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-502362\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fig1.gif\" alt=\"Subtropical ridging between Hawaii and California has been more prominent so far during 2015-2016 than during the 82/83 or 97/98 events.\" width=\"565\" height=\"437\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subtropical “ridging” between Hawaii and California has been more prominent so far during 2015-2016 than during the 82/83 or 97/98 events. \u003ccite>(NCEP via ESRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is this El Niño different from other ‘Big Ones?’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on how you measure it, the present El Niño is either the strongest or among the strongest events in the observed record going back to at least 1950. Ocean temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean — the most traditional measure of El Niño’s amplitude — have been at or above record-high values for at least several months now. So despite assertions to the contrary, the 2015-2016 El Niño is not “a bust” by any means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But absolute sea surface temperatures don’t always tell the whole story. While the present El Niño is indeed among the strongest ever recorded, the atmospheric response to the warm ocean temperatures this year has been a bit different than we have observed during other big historical events. Over the northeastern Pacific, El Niño acts to deepen the \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=13718\">semi-permanent Gulf of Alaska low-pressure\u003c/a> zone while simultaneously strengthening (and, literally, straightening) the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/27825-jet-stream.html\">jet stream\u003c/a> over the eastern Pacific Ocean. This enhanced and “more zonal” (i.e. more west-to-east) jet stream is what tends to bring increased winter precipitation to California (and, sometimes, as we’re seeing now, even the Pacific Northwest) during strong El Niño years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_502363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 565px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-502363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fig2.gif\" alt=\"Tropical convection associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño has been centered further north than in previous big events, with subsidence (downward motion) occurring closer to California on its northern flank.\" width=\"565\" height=\"437\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tropical convection associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño has been centered farther north than in previous big events, with subsidence (downward motion) occurring closer to California on its northern flank. \u003ccite>(NCEP via ESRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tropical convection associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño has been centered further north than in previous big events, with subsidence (downward motion; yellow/red colors) occurring closer to California on its northern flank\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These atmospheric effects are the product of a fairly complex chain of events that link the tropical to the mid-latitude atmosphere. Warmer-than-usual ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific increase thunderstorm activity there, which pumps vast quantities of heat into the upper atmosphere. This tropically warm air at upper levels eventually flows northward and drops back toward the surface of the Earth in the subtropics (at a latitude roughly equivalent to that of Hawaii). This enhanced “\u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/research/equable/hadley.html\">Hadley circulation\u003c/a>” during El Niño years increases the temperature differential between the warm tropics and cool Gulf of Alaska, which is what causes the jet stream to strengthen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skipping the Southland\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 2015 and early 2016, the atmosphere has responded to the ongoing powerful El Niño much in the way that meteorologists have come to expect. The Pacific warmed; tropical thunderstorms increased; the Hadley cell strengthened; the Pacific jet began to roar. But this year, the Hadley cell has actually strengthened a bit more than expected. The descending air on its northern side has occurred closer to California, which means that enhanced temperature differential is occurring farther to the north than during previous big El Niño events. Subtropical ridging between Hawaii and California has been more pronounced, and the El Niño-strengthened jet stream has set up shop primarily across Northern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/flooding-landslides-after-record-rainfall-pounds-pacific-northwest-n475966\">even the Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>, rather than Southern California. From a global climate perspective, this is a relatively minor detail; if you happen to live in Los Angeles, though, it makes all the difference in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The net effect so far in 2015-2016: Northern California and the Pacific Northwest have gotten soaked, while Southern California has been left pretty dry (with a few notable exceptions). While a veritable “parade of storms” has indeed inundated the northern reaches of the state with very heavy precipitation, bringing the best \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/30/sierra-snowpack-survey-drought\">Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/a> in years, leading to huge \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/09/21/now-that-summers-over-what-do-californias-reservoirs-look-like-a-real-time-visualization/\">inflows to large reservoirs\u003c/a> in critical watersheds, and even leading to some minor flooding at times, many of California’s most populous cities haven’t witnessed an especially remarkable winter to date. The San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento region have seen “Water Year” precipitation to date that is pretty close to the long-term average (which seems like a lot relative to the extremely dry years witnessed as of late). The densely populated greater Los Angeles region, on the other hand, is well below average for the season to date (though with significant precipitation this past weekend, its January total may well end up near or above average). From a long-term drought relief perspective, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\">season to date\u003c/a> looks pretty good—precipitation is near or above average in most of California’s largest watersheds, and the water stored in the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">critical Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/a> is uniformly above average. So far, though, this isn’t quite the blockbuster year that many had hoped for (especially in the south).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_502364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-502364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fig3.gif\" alt=\"While nearly all of California is expected to be above average in terms of season-to-date precipitation after this weekend’s Southern California storm, only the northern 2/3 of the state is above average for the full season to date.\" width=\"531\" height=\"688\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While nearly all of California is expected to be above average in terms of season-to-date precipitation after this weekend’s Southern California storm, only the northern 2/3 of the state is above average for the full season to date.? \u003ccite>(NOAA via WRCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, What Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is certainly still with us, and it’s still a top-tier event. For that reason, the smart money’s still on a wetter-than-average season for California on balance. This is especially true since the precipitation during strong El Niño years is often heavily “back-weighted,” with an unusually large fraction of seasonal totals occurring during the second half of the rainy season from February to April. What is less clear, at this point, is whether the northerly-shifted atmospheric response to this El Niño will persist — and whether Southern California will start to make up for lost time. It’s certainly possible, and it’s easy to forget that a surprisingly large fraction of precipitation in the Southland occurs during a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">handful of intense storms\u003c/a> each year (even in strong El Niño years). From a statewide perspective, some substantial drought relief has already occurred this year, but there remain large regions in the southern part of the state that are still extremely dry. The refrain from earlier in the autumn is now more relevant than ever: while El Niño is likely to bring some degree of drought relief, California will likely still be facing long-term drought conditions by the coming summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Big Picture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there has been considerable discussion lately regarding why the atmospheric response to El Niño this year has been different than historically observed (and also than foreseen by some of the flagship seasonal forecast models). It’s impossible to ignore the fact that global temperatures in late 2015 and early 2016 have reached their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/20/2015-was-the-warmest-year-on-record-globally-but-not-in-california/\">highest levels in recorded human history\u003c/a>. Part of this very recent warming is likely a product of our record El Niño event, but the rest is pretty clearly attributable to the long-term warming trend associated the with human emission of greenhouse gases. While global mean temperature doesn’t directly affect El Niño teleconnections, per se, the Earth hasn’t been warming in a spatially uniform way. This year in particular, the subtropics and the polar regions have been especially warm relative to other parts of the world. It is possible that this spatial pattern of warming may be playing a role in the particular atmospheric configuration that has resulted from the 2015-2016 El Niño event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to say more than that right now. The pace of climate change attribution science is much slower than that of the atmosphere itself, and it’s hard to make causal inferences from observations alone. Climate models are often the best tool available for climate scientists to test the counterfactual: what would this year have looked like without global warming? Such experiments take a considerable amount of time, so we’ll probably have to wait a while to find out. Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\">California Weather\u003c/a> blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The prospect of an El Niño event in the Pacific Ocean always generates a stew of excitement, dread, and speculation in California. This largely stems from the fact that two of California’s wettest winters on record — 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 — occurred during the strongest El Niño years in living memory. The popular perception that El Niño always brings a lot of water to the Golden State, though, is not particularly accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key message here: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">strong El Niño events are the ones to watch\u003c/a> out for from a California weather perspective, and it’s reasonable to expect that such events greatly increase the odds of wet conditions throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_502362\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 565px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-502362\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fig1.gif\" alt=\"Subtropical ridging between Hawaii and California has been more prominent so far during 2015-2016 than during the 82/83 or 97/98 events.\" width=\"565\" height=\"437\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subtropical “ridging” between Hawaii and California has been more prominent so far during 2015-2016 than during the 82/83 or 97/98 events. \u003ccite>(NCEP via ESRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is this El Niño different from other ‘Big Ones?’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on how you measure it, the present El Niño is either the strongest or among the strongest events in the observed record going back to at least 1950. Ocean temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean — the most traditional measure of El Niño’s amplitude — have been at or above record-high values for at least several months now. So despite assertions to the contrary, the 2015-2016 El Niño is not “a bust” by any means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But absolute sea surface temperatures don’t always tell the whole story. While the present El Niño is indeed among the strongest ever recorded, the atmospheric response to the warm ocean temperatures this year has been a bit different than we have observed during other big historical events. Over the northeastern Pacific, El Niño acts to deepen the \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=13718\">semi-permanent Gulf of Alaska low-pressure\u003c/a> zone while simultaneously strengthening (and, literally, straightening) the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/27825-jet-stream.html\">jet stream\u003c/a> over the eastern Pacific Ocean. This enhanced and “more zonal” (i.e. more west-to-east) jet stream is what tends to bring increased winter precipitation to California (and, sometimes, as we’re seeing now, even the Pacific Northwest) during strong El Niño years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_502363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 565px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-502363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fig2.gif\" alt=\"Tropical convection associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño has been centered further north than in previous big events, with subsidence (downward motion) occurring closer to California on its northern flank.\" width=\"565\" height=\"437\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tropical convection associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño has been centered farther north than in previous big events, with subsidence (downward motion) occurring closer to California on its northern flank. \u003ccite>(NCEP via ESRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tropical convection associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño has been centered further north than in previous big events, with subsidence (downward motion; yellow/red colors) occurring closer to California on its northern flank\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These atmospheric effects are the product of a fairly complex chain of events that link the tropical to the mid-latitude atmosphere. Warmer-than-usual ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific increase thunderstorm activity there, which pumps vast quantities of heat into the upper atmosphere. This tropically warm air at upper levels eventually flows northward and drops back toward the surface of the Earth in the subtropics (at a latitude roughly equivalent to that of Hawaii). This enhanced “\u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/research/equable/hadley.html\">Hadley circulation\u003c/a>” during El Niño years increases the temperature differential between the warm tropics and cool Gulf of Alaska, which is what causes the jet stream to strengthen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Skipping the Southland\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 2015 and early 2016, the atmosphere has responded to the ongoing powerful El Niño much in the way that meteorologists have come to expect. The Pacific warmed; tropical thunderstorms increased; the Hadley cell strengthened; the Pacific jet began to roar. But this year, the Hadley cell has actually strengthened a bit more than expected. The descending air on its northern side has occurred closer to California, which means that enhanced temperature differential is occurring farther to the north than during previous big El Niño events. Subtropical ridging between Hawaii and California has been more pronounced, and the El Niño-strengthened jet stream has set up shop primarily across Northern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/flooding-landslides-after-record-rainfall-pounds-pacific-northwest-n475966\">even the Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>, rather than Southern California. From a global climate perspective, this is a relatively minor detail; if you happen to live in Los Angeles, though, it makes all the difference in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The net effect so far in 2015-2016: Northern California and the Pacific Northwest have gotten soaked, while Southern California has been left pretty dry (with a few notable exceptions). While a veritable “parade of storms” has indeed inundated the northern reaches of the state with very heavy precipitation, bringing the best \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/30/sierra-snowpack-survey-drought\">Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/a> in years, leading to huge \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/09/21/now-that-summers-over-what-do-californias-reservoirs-look-like-a-real-time-visualization/\">inflows to large reservoirs\u003c/a> in critical watersheds, and even leading to some minor flooding at times, many of California’s most populous cities haven’t witnessed an especially remarkable winter to date. The San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento region have seen “Water Year” precipitation to date that is pretty close to the long-term average (which seems like a lot relative to the extremely dry years witnessed as of late). The densely populated greater Los Angeles region, on the other hand, is well below average for the season to date (though with significant precipitation this past weekend, its January total may well end up near or above average). From a long-term drought relief perspective, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\">season to date\u003c/a> looks pretty good—precipitation is near or above average in most of California’s largest watersheds, and the water stored in the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">critical Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/a> is uniformly above average. So far, though, this isn’t quite the blockbuster year that many had hoped for (especially in the south).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_502364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-502364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/fig3.gif\" alt=\"While nearly all of California is expected to be above average in terms of season-to-date precipitation after this weekend’s Southern California storm, only the northern 2/3 of the state is above average for the full season to date.\" width=\"531\" height=\"688\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While nearly all of California is expected to be above average in terms of season-to-date precipitation after this weekend’s Southern California storm, only the northern 2/3 of the state is above average for the full season to date.? \u003ccite>(NOAA via WRCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, What Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is certainly still with us, and it’s still a top-tier event. For that reason, the smart money’s still on a wetter-than-average season for California on balance. This is especially true since the precipitation during strong El Niño years is often heavily “back-weighted,” with an unusually large fraction of seasonal totals occurring during the second half of the rainy season from February to April. What is less clear, at this point, is whether the northerly-shifted atmospheric response to this El Niño will persist — and whether Southern California will start to make up for lost time. It’s certainly possible, and it’s easy to forget that a surprisingly large fraction of precipitation in the Southland occurs during a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/flying-into-the-heart-of-the-wests-biggest-storms/\">handful of intense storms\u003c/a> each year (even in strong El Niño years). From a statewide perspective, some substantial drought relief has already occurred this year, but there remain large regions in the southern part of the state that are still extremely dry. The refrain from earlier in the autumn is now more relevant than ever: while El Niño is likely to bring some degree of drought relief, California will likely still be facing long-term drought conditions by the coming summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Big Picture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there has been considerable discussion lately regarding why the atmospheric response to El Niño this year has been different than historically observed (and also than foreseen by some of the flagship seasonal forecast models). It’s impossible to ignore the fact that global temperatures in late 2015 and early 2016 have reached their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/20/2015-was-the-warmest-year-on-record-globally-but-not-in-california/\">highest levels in recorded human history\u003c/a>. Part of this very recent warming is likely a product of our record El Niño event, but the rest is pretty clearly attributable to the long-term warming trend associated the with human emission of greenhouse gases. While global mean temperature doesn’t directly affect El Niño teleconnections, per se, the Earth hasn’t been warming in a spatially uniform way. This year in particular, the subtropics and the polar regions have been especially warm relative to other parts of the world. It is possible that this spatial pattern of warming may be playing a role in the particular atmospheric configuration that has resulted from the 2015-2016 El Niño event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to say more than that right now. The pace of climate change attribution science is much slower than that of the atmosphere itself, and it’s hard to make causal inferences from observations alone. Climate models are often the best tool available for climate scientists to test the counterfactual: what would this year have looked like without global warming? Such experiments take a considerable amount of time, so we’ll probably have to wait a while to find out. Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\">California Weather\u003c/a> blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Landslide Risk Goes Up as Rains Pour Down",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2016/01/WEBLandslideRiskVenton.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winter rains have brought sweet relief to California after four years of punishing drought. But as one El Nino-fueled storm follows another, the heavy precipitation can cause its own set of hazards. That includes the potential for landslides. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How bad this year will be for landslides all depends upon how intense the rains will be,” says Brian Collins, a researcher at the U. S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “The water has been pretty constant so there is a danger.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most years, many small landslides affect the Bay Area. Catastrophic slides, causing loss of property and life, aren’t common, but they do happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Night the Mountain Fell at Love Creek \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early January of 1982, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20120106/NEWS/120108207\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heavy storm slammed\u003c/a> into the Santa Cruz mountains. Though it was not an El Niño year, the storm dropped 20 inches of rain in just 32 hours—nearly half the area’s annual rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Stephen Sanders was a fire captain for the Ben Lomond Volunteer Fire Department. On January 5, the morning after the storm, Sanders was at the fire station when an elderly couple walked in. They’d had to pick their way through debris to get there and were worried about their neighbors living further up the mountain along Love Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the Chief sent myself and my brother and another gentlemen up here, ‘Hey, go up there, find out what’s going on.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Sanders and I revisited the gully where, shortly after midnight on Jan. 5, a huge swath of hillside, about a quarter of a mile across, had broken away. A punishing river of mud, rocks and debris smothered the trees, houses and land below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got here about 8 o’clock in the morning, after the sun came out, just like this,” Sanders recalls, standing at the site. “And it was just all—just boulders and clay, mud, and you’re sliding all over. It was terrible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of people volunteered to search the rubble by hand for bodies. The National Guard came out to help. In the end, 10 people died. Longtime Ben Lomond residents don’t talk about it much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very tough for us. These were our friends and neighbors,” Sanders says. “I knew everybody up here. We all did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county designated it a hazardous area, and other homes there were torn down. There’s not much left but rubble and twisted metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landslides Are Hard to Predict\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other catastrophes–like floods or fires–people hardly ever evacuate for landslides. That’s because they are very difficult to predict. Scientists don’t have the tools to know where they’ll strike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_499381\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-499381\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129.jpg\" alt=\"Mountainous areas, even though they have steep slopes, require more rain to trigger a landslide risk because they've got a soil structure that's been absorbing rain effectively for centuries.\" width=\"1730\" height=\"1780\" class=\"size-full wp-image-499381\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129.jpg 1730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-400x412.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-800x823.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-768x790.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-1440x1482.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-1180x1214.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-960x988.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountainous areas, even though they have steep slopes, require more rain to trigger a landslide risk because they’ve got a soil structure that’s been absorbing rain effectively for centuries. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot of factors contribute to the potential for a landslide, things like the steepness of the slope, the construction of the soil, how wet it is, and how loose or tightly packed. These conditions change dramatically from one location to another and from one day to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one thing scientists know for certain raises the risk a landslide will happen: intense rainfall on saturated ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re measuring the soil moisture,” says Collins of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency monitors soil moisture in the Bay Area to get a sense of how saturated the region is, but it’s a new area of research and they only have sensors at four sites. If the project goes well, more could be installed in the future, but for now it’s a broad look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll probably be able to predict the timing a little bit better than the exact location,” says Collins, “You can’t step on a location and say, ‘This is the next one to go,’ mainly because of variability in the soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Variability not just in the type of soil, but in whether it’s had a chance to dry out between storms. If it has, a heavy rainfall isn’t as hazardous. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, Collins says their sensors show soil moisture levels that are high and staying high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There hasn’t really been too many drying out periods in between storms; we’re getting storms every couple of days,” he says. “The next part of the equation is, will there be a storm with high enough rainfall intensities to actually do something?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the risk of landslides is related to how much rain falls in a 24-hour period, people wanting to prepare can check the National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hazard warnings\u003c/a> for detailed information on major storms and other weather events. Experts also recommend having an emergency plan for yourself and your family. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The winter rains have brought sweet relief to California after four years of punishing drought. But as one El Nino-fueled storm follows another, the heavy precipitation can cause its own set of hazards. That includes the potential for landslides. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How bad this year will be for landslides all depends upon how intense the rains will be,” says Brian Collins, a researcher at the U. S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “The water has been pretty constant so there is a danger.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most years, many small landslides affect the Bay Area. Catastrophic slides, causing loss of property and life, aren’t common, but they do happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Night the Mountain Fell at Love Creek \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early January of 1982, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20120106/NEWS/120108207\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heavy storm slammed\u003c/a> into the Santa Cruz mountains. Though it was not an El Niño year, the storm dropped 20 inches of rain in just 32 hours—nearly half the area’s annual rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Stephen Sanders was a fire captain for the Ben Lomond Volunteer Fire Department. On January 5, the morning after the storm, Sanders was at the fire station when an elderly couple walked in. They’d had to pick their way through debris to get there and were worried about their neighbors living further up the mountain along Love Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the Chief sent myself and my brother and another gentlemen up here, ‘Hey, go up there, find out what’s going on.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Sanders and I revisited the gully where, shortly after midnight on Jan. 5, a huge swath of hillside, about a quarter of a mile across, had broken away. A punishing river of mud, rocks and debris smothered the trees, houses and land below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got here about 8 o’clock in the morning, after the sun came out, just like this,” Sanders recalls, standing at the site. “And it was just all—just boulders and clay, mud, and you’re sliding all over. It was terrible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of people volunteered to search the rubble by hand for bodies. The National Guard came out to help. In the end, 10 people died. Longtime Ben Lomond residents don’t talk about it much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very tough for us. These were our friends and neighbors,” Sanders says. “I knew everybody up here. We all did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county designated it a hazardous area, and other homes there were torn down. There’s not much left but rubble and twisted metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landslides Are Hard to Predict\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other catastrophes–like floods or fires–people hardly ever evacuate for landslides. That’s because they are very difficult to predict. Scientists don’t have the tools to know where they’ll strike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_499381\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-499381\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129.jpg\" alt=\"Mountainous areas, even though they have steep slopes, require more rain to trigger a landslide risk because they've got a soil structure that's been absorbing rain effectively for centuries.\" width=\"1730\" height=\"1780\" class=\"size-full wp-image-499381\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129.jpg 1730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-400x412.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-800x823.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-768x790.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-1440x1482.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-1180x1214.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-960x988.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/LandslideMap_V06_160129-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountainous areas, even though they have steep slopes, require more rain to trigger a landslide risk because they’ve got a soil structure that’s been absorbing rain effectively for centuries. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot of factors contribute to the potential for a landslide, things like the steepness of the slope, the construction of the soil, how wet it is, and how loose or tightly packed. These conditions change dramatically from one location to another and from one day to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one thing scientists know for certain raises the risk a landslide will happen: intense rainfall on saturated ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re measuring the soil moisture,” says Collins of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency monitors soil moisture in the Bay Area to get a sense of how saturated the region is, but it’s a new area of research and they only have sensors at four sites. If the project goes well, more could be installed in the future, but for now it’s a broad look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll probably be able to predict the timing a little bit better than the exact location,” says Collins, “You can’t step on a location and say, ‘This is the next one to go,’ mainly because of variability in the soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Variability not just in the type of soil, but in whether it’s had a chance to dry out between storms. If it has, a heavy rainfall isn’t as hazardous. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, Collins says their sensors show soil moisture levels that are high and staying high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There hasn’t really been too many drying out periods in between storms; we’re getting storms every couple of days,” he says. “The next part of the equation is, will there be a storm with high enough rainfall intensities to actually do something?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the risk of landslides is related to how much rain falls in a 24-hour period, people wanting to prepare can check the National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hazard warnings\u003c/a> for detailed information on major storms and other weather events. Experts also recommend having an emergency plan for yourself and your family. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"title": "Forum",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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