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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Was your heating bill a bit friendlier to your wallet this winter? If so, there’s a good chance you can thank El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exceptionally strong El Niño in the Pacific has been driving \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">chaotic weather\u003c/a> across the globe for months, but it also contributed to a mild winter in the U.S., which was about 15 percent warmer than the winter of 2014-2015.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe milder temperatures led people to use less energy to heat their homes compared to the previous winter, a new U.S. Department of Energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=25952\">report\u003c/a> shows. Above-normal temperatures contributed to a 16 percent drop in demand for propane used for heating, a 45 percent drop in heating oil consumption and a 6 percent decrease in electricity consumption compared to the winter of 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating demand nationwide declined as much as 27 percent in December compared to the average of the previous 10 winters as measured in \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=about_degree_days\">heating degree days\u003c/a>, a measure of how much utility bills increase as a result of the weather, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though heating demand in January matched the 10-year average, February demand was 17 percent below normal and March was 26 percent below normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slade Johnson, an analyst for the U.S. Energy Information Administration, said it’s too early to know if such a dramatic fall in energy demand for home heating has been seen before until at least late spring when the nation’s heating season has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño event is still occurring, although it is expected to dissipate by late spring or early summer,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy used for home heating is a contributor to climate change because of its use of natural gas, oil and electricity. Home heating accounts for about 63 percent of residential natural gas consumption, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating oil is often used in place of natural gas and electricity in the northeast. Heating oil is a highly-polluting crude oil product that emits about the\u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=73&t=11\">same amount\u003c/a> of carbon dioxide as diesel fuel — less than coal but more than gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all households in the U.S. heat their homes with natural gas, the cleanest fossil fuel used for home heating, which emits roughly half the carbon dioxide as coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t be possible to know the exact effect that El Niño had on U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from energy use this winter until the final numbers are tallied later this year, but emissions from U.S. energy consumption were down by 2.5 percent in 2015 compared to the previous year, EIA analyst Perry Lindstrom said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of that was because of the warmer heating season — especially at the end of the year,” he said. “The other emissions effect is that, as a result of the above, natural gas prices were low and natural gas pushed out coal in electricity generation.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Since the first Earth Day was celebrated 46 years ago, average temperatures across the U.S. have been steadily rising. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central \u003c/a>interactive graphic shows a state-by-state analysis of those temperature trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across most of the country, average temperatures have increased at a rate of about 0.13°F (0.07°C) per decade since 1910. That trend is in line with the broader trend of rising global temperatures fueled by the accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"725\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/Earth-Day-2016/map.html?utm_source=ext&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=EarthDay2016\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nOf course warming isn’t uniform across the planet, and some regions are warming faster than others. And since the 1970s, warming across the U.S. has accelerated. On average, temperatures in the contiguous 48 states have been warming at a rate of 0.45°F (0.25°C) per decade since 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fastest-warming states over that period were New Mexico, Arizona and Delaware, which warmed at a rate of more than 0.6°F (0.3°C) per decade. The slowest-warming states were South Carolina, Georgia and Missouri, which warmed at a rate of 0.3°F (0.17°C) per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since the first Earth Day was celebrated 46 years ago, average temperatures across the U.S. have been steadily rising. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central \u003c/a>interactive graphic shows a state-by-state analysis of those temperature trends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across most of the country, average temperatures have increased at a rate of about 0.13°F (0.07°C) per decade since 1910. That trend is in line with the broader trend of rising global temperatures fueled by the accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"725\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/Earth-Day-2016/map.html?utm_source=ext&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=EarthDay2016\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nOf course warming isn’t uniform across the planet, and some regions are warming faster than others. And since the 1970s, warming across the U.S. has accelerated. On average, temperatures in the contiguous 48 states have been warming at a rate of 0.45°F (0.25°C) per decade since 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fastest-warming states over that period were New Mexico, Arizona and Delaware, which warmed at a rate of more than 0.6°F (0.3°C) per decade. The slowest-warming states were South Carolina, Georgia and Missouri, which warmed at a rate of 0.3°F (0.17°C) per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global leaders are meeting in New York this week to sign the Paris climate agreement. One of the expressed purposes of the document is to limit warming to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Climate Central analysis shows that the world will have to dramatically accelerate emissions reductions if it wants to meet that goal. The average global temperature change for the first three months of 2016 was 1.48°C, essentially equaling the 1.5°C warming threshold agreed to by COP 21 negotiators in Paris last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February exceeded the 1.5°C target at 1.55°C, marking the first time the global average temperature has surpassed the sobering milestone in any month. March followed suit checking in at 1.5°C. January’s mark of 1.4°C, put the global average temperature change from early industrial levels for the first three months of 2016 at 1.48°C.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/new-baseline/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=new-baseline\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central scientists and statisticians made these calculations based on an average of global temperature data reported by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). But rather than using the baselines those agencies employ, Climate Central compared 2016’s temperature anomalies to an 1881-1910 average temperature baseline, the earliest date for which global temperature data are considered reliable. NASA reports global temperature change in reference to a 1951-1980 climate baseline, and NOAA reports the anomaly in reference to a 20th century average temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s data alone showed a February temperature anomaly of 1.63°C above early industrial levels with March at 1.54°C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calculating a baseline closer to the pre-industrial era provides a useful measure of global temperature for policymakers and the public to better track how successful the world’s efforts are in keeping global warming below agreed-upon thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar adjustment can be applied to some of the temperature change projections in the most recent IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC AR5 Working Group 1 Report contains projections of future global surface temperature change according to several scenarios of future socio-economic development, most of which are presented using a baseline of 1986 to 2005. The IPCC chose this baseline in order to provide its readers a more immediate base of comparison, the climate of the present world, which people are familiar with. But these representations may suggest that the Paris goals are easier to reach than is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC’s presentation of these scenarios was not designed to inform the discussion about warming limits (e.g., 1.5°C, 2°C goals of the Paris COP21 agreements). But the Panel does provide a way to make its projections of future warming consistent with discussions about targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPCC estimates, using the best and longest record available, show that the difference between the 1986-2005 global average temperature value used in most of the Panel’s projections, and pre-industrial global average temperature, is 0.61°C (0.55-0.67). Neglecting 0.61°C warming is not trivial, and makes a significant difference for the assessment of the goals established in Paris. In fact, 0.61°C amounts to about half the warming already experienced thus far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To capture this warming and display the IPCC warming time series relative to the pre-industrial period, Climate Central adjusted a well known IPCC projection (SPM7(a)) to reflect a 1880-1910 baseline. This adjustment has a significant effect on the dates at which the 1.5 and 2°C thresholds are crossed, moving them up by about 15-20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current emissions trends continue (RCP8.5) we could cross the 1.5°C threshold in 10 to 15 years, somewhere between the years 2025-2030, compared to 2045-2050 when a 1985-2005 baseline is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dramatic global hot streak that kicked off 2016 doesn’t mean the world has already failed to meet the goals in the Paris agreement. Three months do not make a year, and it is unlikely that 2016 will exceed the 1881-1910 climate-normal by 1.5°C. This year is also in the wake of a strong El Niño, when higher-than-average temperatures would be expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, exceeding the 1.5°C threshold for even an entire year would not mean that global temperatures had in fact risen to that point, never (at least within our lifetime) to drop back below it as it’s too short of a timeframe to make that determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the hot start for 2016 is a notable symbolic milestone. The day the world first crossed the 400 parts per million (ppm) threshold for atmospheric carbon dioxide heralded a future of ever increasing carbon dioxide. So too, do the first three months of 2016 send a clear signal of where our world is headed and how fast we are headed there if drastic actions to reduce carbon emissions are not taken immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Background\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Dec.12, 2015, the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change approved the Paris Agreement committing 195 nations of the world to “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.” The pact commits the world to adopt nationally determined policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions in accord with those goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2°C goal represents a temperature increase from a pre-industrial baseline that scientists believe will maintain the relatively stable climate conditions that humans and other species have adapted to over the previous 12,000 years. It will also minimize some of the worst impacts of climate change: drought, heat waves, heavy rain and flooding, and sea level rise. Limiting the global surface temperature increase to 1.5°C would lessen these impacts even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"imgleft\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/images/uploads/news/4_20_16_CC_new-baseline-methodology-table.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.5 and 2°C are not hard and fast limits beyond which disaster is imminent, but they are now the milestones by which the world measures all progress toward slowing global warming. And yet it is surprisingly difficult to find objective measures that answer the question, where are we today on the path toward meeting the 1.5 or 2°C goals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month NOAA and NASA update their global surface temperature change analysis, using data from the Global Historical Climate Network, and methods validated in the peer-reviewed literature (Hansen et al. 2010; NCDC). The monthly updates are posted on their websites, and made available to the public along with the underlying data and assumptions that go into their calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These calculations are enormously useful for understanding the magnitude and pace of global warming. In fact, they are the bedrock measurements validating the fact that our planet is warming at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none present their results in comparison to a pre-industrial climate normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"methods\">\u003cstrong>Methods and Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The NASA and NOAA monthly updates are presented as anomalies, or as the deviation from a baseline climate normal, calculated as an average of a 30-year reference period, or the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average; they do not represent an absolute temperature increase from a specific date. NASA presents their results in reference to a 1951 to 1980 average temperature, NOAA in reference to a 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA results, calculated by Goddard Institute for Space Studies are published monthly on the NASA/GISS website (\u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/\">GISTEMP\u003c/a>). NOAA methods and monthly updates are published via the National Centers for Environmental Information \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central used data from NASA and NOAA to create an 1881 to 1910 climate normal for the months of January, February, and March. We then compared the reported monthly 2016 anomaly for each of these months to this “early-industrial” baseline reference period. These anomalies were then averaged to produce a mean monthly NASA/NOAA anomaly for each month. The results are presented below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA anomaly is considerably higher than the anomaly reported by NOAA. This reflects the fact the NASA’s calculations are tuned to account for temperature changes at the poles, where there are far fewer monitoring stations. NOAA relies only on historical station data and makes no adjustment to account for sparse records at the poles, where warming has been more rapid relative to non-polar regions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global leaders are meeting in New York this week to sign the Paris climate agreement. One of the expressed purposes of the document is to limit warming to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Climate Central analysis shows that the world will have to dramatically accelerate emissions reductions if it wants to meet that goal. The average global temperature change for the first three months of 2016 was 1.48°C, essentially equaling the 1.5°C warming threshold agreed to by COP 21 negotiators in Paris last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February exceeded the 1.5°C target at 1.55°C, marking the first time the global average temperature has surpassed the sobering milestone in any month. March followed suit checking in at 1.5°C. January’s mark of 1.4°C, put the global average temperature change from early industrial levels for the first three months of 2016 at 1.48°C.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/new-baseline/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=new-baseline\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central scientists and statisticians made these calculations based on an average of global temperature data reported by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). But rather than using the baselines those agencies employ, Climate Central compared 2016’s temperature anomalies to an 1881-1910 average temperature baseline, the earliest date for which global temperature data are considered reliable. NASA reports global temperature change in reference to a 1951-1980 climate baseline, and NOAA reports the anomaly in reference to a 20th century average temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s data alone showed a February temperature anomaly of 1.63°C above early industrial levels with March at 1.54°C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calculating a baseline closer to the pre-industrial era provides a useful measure of global temperature for policymakers and the public to better track how successful the world’s efforts are in keeping global warming below agreed-upon thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar adjustment can be applied to some of the temperature change projections in the most recent IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC AR5 Working Group 1 Report contains projections of future global surface temperature change according to several scenarios of future socio-economic development, most of which are presented using a baseline of 1986 to 2005. The IPCC chose this baseline in order to provide its readers a more immediate base of comparison, the climate of the present world, which people are familiar with. But these representations may suggest that the Paris goals are easier to reach than is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC’s presentation of these scenarios was not designed to inform the discussion about warming limits (e.g., 1.5°C, 2°C goals of the Paris COP21 agreements). But the Panel does provide a way to make its projections of future warming consistent with discussions about targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPCC estimates, using the best and longest record available, show that the difference between the 1986-2005 global average temperature value used in most of the Panel’s projections, and pre-industrial global average temperature, is 0.61°C (0.55-0.67). Neglecting 0.61°C warming is not trivial, and makes a significant difference for the assessment of the goals established in Paris. In fact, 0.61°C amounts to about half the warming already experienced thus far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To capture this warming and display the IPCC warming time series relative to the pre-industrial period, Climate Central adjusted a well known IPCC projection (SPM7(a)) to reflect a 1880-1910 baseline. This adjustment has a significant effect on the dates at which the 1.5 and 2°C thresholds are crossed, moving them up by about 15-20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current emissions trends continue (RCP8.5) we could cross the 1.5°C threshold in 10 to 15 years, somewhere between the years 2025-2030, compared to 2045-2050 when a 1985-2005 baseline is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dramatic global hot streak that kicked off 2016 doesn’t mean the world has already failed to meet the goals in the Paris agreement. Three months do not make a year, and it is unlikely that 2016 will exceed the 1881-1910 climate-normal by 1.5°C. This year is also in the wake of a strong El Niño, when higher-than-average temperatures would be expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, exceeding the 1.5°C threshold for even an entire year would not mean that global temperatures had in fact risen to that point, never (at least within our lifetime) to drop back below it as it’s too short of a timeframe to make that determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the hot start for 2016 is a notable symbolic milestone. The day the world first crossed the 400 parts per million (ppm) threshold for atmospheric carbon dioxide heralded a future of ever increasing carbon dioxide. So too, do the first three months of 2016 send a clear signal of where our world is headed and how fast we are headed there if drastic actions to reduce carbon emissions are not taken immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Background\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On Dec.12, 2015, the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change approved the Paris Agreement committing 195 nations of the world to “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.” The pact commits the world to adopt nationally determined policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions in accord with those goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2°C goal represents a temperature increase from a pre-industrial baseline that scientists believe will maintain the relatively stable climate conditions that humans and other species have adapted to over the previous 12,000 years. It will also minimize some of the worst impacts of climate change: drought, heat waves, heavy rain and flooding, and sea level rise. Limiting the global surface temperature increase to 1.5°C would lessen these impacts even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"imgleft\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/images/uploads/news/4_20_16_CC_new-baseline-methodology-table.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.5 and 2°C are not hard and fast limits beyond which disaster is imminent, but they are now the milestones by which the world measures all progress toward slowing global warming. And yet it is surprisingly difficult to find objective measures that answer the question, where are we today on the path toward meeting the 1.5 or 2°C goals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month NOAA and NASA update their global surface temperature change analysis, using data from the Global Historical Climate Network, and methods validated in the peer-reviewed literature (Hansen et al. 2010; NCDC). The monthly updates are posted on their websites, and made available to the public along with the underlying data and assumptions that go into their calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These calculations are enormously useful for understanding the magnitude and pace of global warming. In fact, they are the bedrock measurements validating the fact that our planet is warming at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none present their results in comparison to a pre-industrial climate normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 id=\"methods\">\u003cstrong>Methods and Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The NASA and NOAA monthly updates are presented as anomalies, or as the deviation from a baseline climate normal, calculated as an average of a 30-year reference period, or the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average; they do not represent an absolute temperature increase from a specific date. NASA presents their results in reference to a 1951 to 1980 average temperature, NOAA in reference to a 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA results, calculated by Goddard Institute for Space Studies are published monthly on the NASA/GISS website (\u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/\">GISTEMP\u003c/a>). NOAA methods and monthly updates are published via the National Centers for Environmental Information \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central used data from NASA and NOAA to create an 1881 to 1910 climate normal for the months of January, February, and March. We then compared the reported monthly 2016 anomaly for each of these months to this “early-industrial” baseline reference period. These anomalies were then averaged to produce a mean monthly NASA/NOAA anomaly for each month. The results are presented below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA anomaly is considerably higher than the anomaly reported by NOAA. This reflects the fact the NASA’s calculations are tuned to account for temperature changes at the poles, where there are far fewer monitoring stations. NOAA relies only on historical station data and makes no adjustment to account for sparse records at the poles, where warming has been more rapid relative to non-polar regions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For millions of Americans, climate change is making the weather nicer. That’s the conclusion of a new study that points out winters are getting quite a bit milder, while summers aren’t getting that much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say the mild temperatures might be one reason some people aren’t so worried about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of the U.S., the hottest temperatures in July haven’t gone up much — scientific consensus is about half a degree over the past 40 years. Same for sticky humidity — not much change, if any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But January’s highest temperatures have warmed up on average more than 4 degrees. Patrick Egan at New York University says for lots of people, that means weather many people view as “pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I live here in New York City, and you’ve got shirtless beach volleyball games taking place on Christmas Eve in Central Park,” Egan says. “And on Christmas Day we had a cookout. We were all wearing shorts, and … it was bizarre and it was unusual. It was no Currier & Ives Christmas, but it was also pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they might say in New York, you got a problem with Santa in shorts?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Egan \u003ca href=\"http://politics.as.nyu.edu/object/PatrickEgan\">is a political scientist\u003c/a> who has studied why people live where they do, but the temperature numbers come from climate science. What Egan and colleague \u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\">Megan Mullin at Duke University\u003c/a> have done is calculate that about 80 percent of Americans live in places where winters are warming faster than summers. “You know, for many Americans,” Egan says, “they’re not experiencing really hot Julys as much as they are experiencing really warm winters. That’s really the crux of this study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Egan notes that research on where people choose to live shows that they often put a premium on warmer winters. So he says it’s fair to conclude that lots of people are enjoying the change in the weather — unless they’re skiers or snowboarders, perhaps. Egan and Mullin say that might be one reason many people aren’t so worried about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7599/full/nature17441.html\">Writing in the journal Nature\u003c/a>, Egan says public attitudes may change quickly when summer temperature increases start increasing faster, which scientists say will happen in several decades. How fast depends on whether and by how much the world cuts back on emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, though, rapidly warming winters do pose all sorts of problems for plants and animals that can’t adapt as readily as people can. And while the U.S. hasn’t been hit too hard by heat waves, other parts of the world have, some of which are seeing summer maximum temperatures rise quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change%3F+Some+People+May+Not+Be+Sweating+It+Because+The+Weather+Is+Nicer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For millions of Americans, climate change is making the weather nicer. That’s the conclusion of a new study that points out winters are getting quite a bit milder, while summers aren’t getting that much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say the mild temperatures might be one reason some people aren’t so worried about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of the U.S., the hottest temperatures in July haven’t gone up much — scientific consensus is about half a degree over the past 40 years. Same for sticky humidity — not much change, if any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But January’s highest temperatures have warmed up on average more than 4 degrees. Patrick Egan at New York University says for lots of people, that means weather many people view as “pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I live here in New York City, and you’ve got shirtless beach volleyball games taking place on Christmas Eve in Central Park,” Egan says. “And on Christmas Day we had a cookout. We were all wearing shorts, and … it was bizarre and it was unusual. It was no Currier & Ives Christmas, but it was also pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they might say in New York, you got a problem with Santa in shorts?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Egan \u003ca href=\"http://politics.as.nyu.edu/object/PatrickEgan\">is a political scientist\u003c/a> who has studied why people live where they do, but the temperature numbers come from climate science. What Egan and colleague \u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\">Megan Mullin at Duke University\u003c/a> have done is calculate that about 80 percent of Americans live in places where winters are warming faster than summers. “You know, for many Americans,” Egan says, “they’re not experiencing really hot Julys as much as they are experiencing really warm winters. That’s really the crux of this study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Egan notes that research on where people choose to live shows that they often put a premium on warmer winters. So he says it’s fair to conclude that lots of people are enjoying the change in the weather — unless they’re skiers or snowboarders, perhaps. Egan and Mullin say that might be one reason many people aren’t so worried about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7599/full/nature17441.html\">Writing in the journal Nature\u003c/a>, Egan says public attitudes may change quickly when summer temperature increases start increasing faster, which scientists say will happen in several decades. How fast depends on whether and by how much the world cuts back on emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, though, rapidly warming winters do pose all sorts of problems for plants and animals that can’t adapt as readily as people can. And while the U.S. hasn’t been hit too hard by heat waves, other parts of the world have, some of which are seeing summer maximum temperatures rise quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Change%3F+Some+People+May+Not+Be+Sweating+It+Because+The+Weather+Is+Nicer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Largest U.S. Coal Company Files for Bankruptcy",
"headTitle": "Largest U.S. Coal Company Files for Bankruptcy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A coal-mining giant has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection amid an industrywide slump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody Energy — which is the biggest coal miner in the U.S. and says it is the largest private-sector coal company in the world — is looking to restructure its heavy debt load and gain relief from its creditors. It hopes to continue operations unimpeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The St. Louis-based company said \u003ca href=\"https://mscusppegrs01.blob.core.windows.net/mmfiles/sitemedia/ch11/announcement%20press%20release.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a> that the pressure on the coal industry is “unprecedented.” It cited a drop in prices, weaker demand from China, the rise of competition from fracking and “ongoing regulatory challenges” as reasons for the restructuring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Arch Coal — the second-largest coal miner in the U.S. — \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-11/arch-coal-files-for-bankruptcy-reaches-4-5-billion-debt-deal\">filed for bankruptcy\u003c/a>. Bloomberg noted that three other major coal miners went bankrupt \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-21/the-coal-miner-on-everybody-s-list-as-next-bankruptcy-victim\">the year before that\u003c/a>, and many industry watchers had expected Peabody to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dashed dreams of China-powered prosperity contributed to the coal giant’s financial woes. Peabody bought Australian mining firm MacArthur in 2011 for \u003ca href=\"http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/peabody-energy-takes-full-control-of-macarthur-coal/\">nearly $5 billion\u003c/a>. It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/with-macarthur-acquisition-peabody-lays-heavier-bet-on-asia/article_6d55d79b-c6d1-5a22-9189-f869ce985bcf.html\">a bet on Asian growth\u003c/a>, planned at a time when coal prices had been on the rise for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, coal prices \u003ca href=\"https://www.quandl.com/data/EIA/COAL\">began to drop\u003c/a>. The industry entered a long slump — \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/finance?chdnp=1&chdd=1&chds=1&chdv=1&chvs=maximized&chdeh=0&chfdeh=0&chdet=1460549465977&chddm=984147&chls=IntervalBasedLine&q=INDEXDJX:DJUSCL&ntsp=0&ei=GjcOV6OZAoKymAHdh5-gCQ\">where it remains today\u003c/a>. And instead of surging, growth in China \u003ca href=\"http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1409527/stagnant-growth-adds-pressure-rebalancing-chinas-economy\">was stagnant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Peabody carries a heavy debt burden. \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-11/peabody's-demise-parallels-the-decline-of-king-coal/7241246\">Australia’s ABC News reports\u003c/a> that Peabody owes $10.1 billion and has $10.9 billion in assets — and that the company lost $2 billion in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the statement announcing the Chapter 11 restructuring, Peabody also revealed that a planned \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/23/peabody-energy-to-sell-new-mexico-colorado-assets-for-358-mln.html\">sale of its New Mexico and Colorado mines\u003c/a> has fallen through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mine operations are continuing as usual, Peabody said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Inside Energy’s Leigh Paterson \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/25/471817223/bankruptcies-fuel-uncertainty-in-coal-communities\">reported for NPR\u003c/a> on what bankruptcy means in the coal industry. She noted that a bankrupt Peabody subsidiary recently raised ire by trying to cut insurance for retired employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cleanup liabilities are often among the debts that a bankrupt coal-mining company is attempting to negotiate, Paterson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody said in its statement that the company is proud of its work in land restoration, or repairing areas damaged by mining, and will “meet its reclamation obligations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas, increasingly produced in the U.S. through the practice of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, was named by Peabody as a factor in its bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the long-term, as NPR’s Jeff Brady \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/17/466033966/from-the-ashes-of-some-coal-plants-new-energy-rises\">reported in February\u003c/a>, there’s another challenge facing the coal industry:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The renewable \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/12/29/460812946/tax-breaks-falling-costs-are-boosting-wind-and-solar\">energy building boom\u003c/a> also is stressing the industry. Once solar and wind projects are built, the power is cheap to produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Gas puts the immediate threat to coal, but the combination of gas and renewables places a longer-term threat to coal,’ says Andy Roberts, analyst in international thermal coal markets for the consulting firm Wood Mackenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He says last year was tough for coal companies, and the future likely will be \u003ca href=\"http://www.woodmac.com/blog/happy-new-year-coal-producers-or-maybe-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even more painful\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Probably, over the long, long time, only the strongest of them are going to survive,’ Roberts says.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way companies can strengthen their position in the struggling industry? Declaring bankruptcy, Jeff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Coal+Giant+Peabody+Energy+Files+For+Bankruptcy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A coal-mining giant has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection amid an industrywide slump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody Energy — which is the biggest coal miner in the U.S. and says it is the largest private-sector coal company in the world — is looking to restructure its heavy debt load and gain relief from its creditors. It hopes to continue operations unimpeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The St. Louis-based company said \u003ca href=\"https://mscusppegrs01.blob.core.windows.net/mmfiles/sitemedia/ch11/announcement%20press%20release.pdf\">in a statement\u003c/a> that the pressure on the coal industry is “unprecedented.” It cited a drop in prices, weaker demand from China, the rise of competition from fracking and “ongoing regulatory challenges” as reasons for the restructuring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Arch Coal — the second-largest coal miner in the U.S. — \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-11/arch-coal-files-for-bankruptcy-reaches-4-5-billion-debt-deal\">filed for bankruptcy\u003c/a>. Bloomberg noted that three other major coal miners went bankrupt \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-21/the-coal-miner-on-everybody-s-list-as-next-bankruptcy-victim\">the year before that\u003c/a>, and many industry watchers had expected Peabody to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dashed dreams of China-powered prosperity contributed to the coal giant’s financial woes. Peabody bought Australian mining firm MacArthur in 2011 for \u003ca href=\"http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/peabody-energy-takes-full-control-of-macarthur-coal/\">nearly $5 billion\u003c/a>. It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/with-macarthur-acquisition-peabody-lays-heavier-bet-on-asia/article_6d55d79b-c6d1-5a22-9189-f869ce985bcf.html\">a bet on Asian growth\u003c/a>, planned at a time when coal prices had been on the rise for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, coal prices \u003ca href=\"https://www.quandl.com/data/EIA/COAL\">began to drop\u003c/a>. The industry entered a long slump — \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/finance?chdnp=1&chdd=1&chds=1&chdv=1&chvs=maximized&chdeh=0&chfdeh=0&chdet=1460549465977&chddm=984147&chls=IntervalBasedLine&q=INDEXDJX:DJUSCL&ntsp=0&ei=GjcOV6OZAoKymAHdh5-gCQ\">where it remains today\u003c/a>. And instead of surging, growth in China \u003ca href=\"http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1409527/stagnant-growth-adds-pressure-rebalancing-chinas-economy\">was stagnant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Peabody carries a heavy debt burden. \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-11/peabody's-demise-parallels-the-decline-of-king-coal/7241246\">Australia’s ABC News reports\u003c/a> that Peabody owes $10.1 billion and has $10.9 billion in assets — and that the company lost $2 billion in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the statement announcing the Chapter 11 restructuring, Peabody also revealed that a planned \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/23/peabody-energy-to-sell-new-mexico-colorado-assets-for-358-mln.html\">sale of its New Mexico and Colorado mines\u003c/a> has fallen through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mine operations are continuing as usual, Peabody said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Inside Energy’s Leigh Paterson \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/25/471817223/bankruptcies-fuel-uncertainty-in-coal-communities\">reported for NPR\u003c/a> on what bankruptcy means in the coal industry. She noted that a bankrupt Peabody subsidiary recently raised ire by trying to cut insurance for retired employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cleanup liabilities are often among the debts that a bankrupt coal-mining company is attempting to negotiate, Paterson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peabody said in its statement that the company is proud of its work in land restoration, or repairing areas damaged by mining, and will “meet its reclamation obligations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shale gas, increasingly produced in the U.S. through the practice of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, was named by Peabody as a factor in its bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the long-term, as NPR’s Jeff Brady \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/17/466033966/from-the-ashes-of-some-coal-plants-new-energy-rises\">reported in February\u003c/a>, there’s another challenge facing the coal industry:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The renewable \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/12/29/460812946/tax-breaks-falling-costs-are-boosting-wind-and-solar\">energy building boom\u003c/a> also is stressing the industry. Once solar and wind projects are built, the power is cheap to produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Gas puts the immediate threat to coal, but the combination of gas and renewables places a longer-term threat to coal,’ says Andy Roberts, analyst in international thermal coal markets for the consulting firm Wood Mackenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He says last year was tough for coal companies, and the future likely will be \u003ca href=\"http://www.woodmac.com/blog/happy-new-year-coal-producers-or-maybe-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even more painful\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Probably, over the long, long time, only the strongest of them are going to survive,’ Roberts says.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way companies can strengthen their position in the struggling industry? Declaring bankruptcy, Jeff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Coal+Giant+Peabody+Energy+Files+For+Bankruptcy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "ODC Choreographer Addresses Climate Change with Lime Green Snow",
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"headTitle": "ODC Choreographer Addresses Climate Change with Lime Green Snow | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hardly a week goes by without seeing news about the alarming pace and extent of climate change, from rising sea levels to record-setting temperatures in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But lost among this torrent of data, policy measures and updated climate models is a different side of climate change — one which Bay Area choreographer KT Nelson wants people to see, and more importantly, feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11485753\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11485753\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"ODC Co-Artistic Director KT Nelson at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ODC co-artistic director KT Nelson at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED Arts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps one of the things we need today is to address climate change from a more emotional point of view,” says Nelson, who co-directs \u003ca href=\"http://odcdance.org/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ODC\u003c/a>, a San Francisco dance company founded in 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by a sabbatical she took to Death Valley in 2013, Nelson created \u003cem>Dead Reckoning\u003c/em>, a production that explores the anxiety, indifference and panic brought on by a world transformed and threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In \u003cem>Dead Reckoning\u003c/em>, there is this lime-green snow, or confetti, that first starts coming from the dancer’s hands, and eventually it comes from the sky,” Nelson says. “Nothing in nature is like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complementing this visual metaphor is the soundtrack to \u003cem>Dead Reckoning\u003c/em>, which is composed by renowned former Kronos Quartet cellist \u003ca href=\"http://www.jjcello.com/\">Joan Jeanrenaud\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11485760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11485760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Joan Jeanrenaud composed the music for 'Dead Reckoning.'\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joan Jeanrenaud composed the music for ‘Dead Reckoning.’ \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED Arts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">The title of Nelson’s work is itself a cautionary metaphor. Sailors typically use dead reckoning to estimate their position at sea based on past measurements. The technique is useful when celestial observations aren’t available owing to thick cloud cover. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanrenaud layers multiple cello tracks on top of each other and changes their tempo in key sections of the piece. She uses the cello’s broad musical range to capture different moods, from aching sorrow to frantic urgency, as dancers variously collide into each other, run in place and dance romantically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11485109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11485109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Josie G. Sadan, a company dancer at ODC, during a rehearsal for 'Dead Reckoning.'\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josie G. Sadan dances during a rehearsal for ‘Dead Reckoning’ at ODC. \u003ccite>(Blake McHugh/KQED Arts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Today, where we are with climate change is we are navigating blindly,” Nelson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dead Reckoning \u003c/em>had its world premiere last year at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts where it returned this year for four performances in March. If you missed it, you can watch the entire performance on\u003ca href=\"http://odcdance.org/performance.php?param=315\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ODC’s web site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hardly a week goes by without seeing news about the alarming pace and extent of climate change, from rising sea levels to record-setting temperatures in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But lost among this torrent of data, policy measures and updated climate models is a different side of climate change — one which Bay Area choreographer KT Nelson wants people to see, and more importantly, feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11485753\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11485753\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"ODC Co-Artistic Director KT Nelson at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010184-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">ODC co-artistic director KT Nelson at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED Arts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps one of the things we need today is to address climate change from a more emotional point of view,” says Nelson, who co-directs \u003ca href=\"http://odcdance.org/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ODC\u003c/a>, a San Francisco dance company founded in 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by a sabbatical she took to Death Valley in 2013, Nelson created \u003cem>Dead Reckoning\u003c/em>, a production that explores the anxiety, indifference and panic brought on by a world transformed and threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In \u003cem>Dead Reckoning\u003c/em>, there is this lime-green snow, or confetti, that first starts coming from the dancer’s hands, and eventually it comes from the sky,” Nelson says. “Nothing in nature is like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complementing this visual metaphor is the soundtrack to \u003cem>Dead Reckoning\u003c/em>, which is composed by renowned former Kronos Quartet cellist \u003ca href=\"http://www.jjcello.com/\">Joan Jeanrenaud\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11485760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11485760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Joan Jeanrenaud composed the music for 'Dead Reckoning.'\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/1010066-1-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joan Jeanrenaud composed the music for ‘Dead Reckoning.’ \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED Arts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">The title of Nelson’s work is itself a cautionary metaphor. Sailors typically use dead reckoning to estimate their position at sea based on past measurements. The technique is useful when celestial observations aren’t available owing to thick cloud cover. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanrenaud layers multiple cello tracks on top of each other and changes their tempo in key sections of the piece. She uses the cello’s broad musical range to capture different moods, from aching sorrow to frantic urgency, as dancers variously collide into each other, run in place and dance romantically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11485109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11485109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Josie G. Sadan, a company dancer at ODC, during a rehearsal for 'Dead Reckoning.'\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/SP9135.new_-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josie G. Sadan dances during a rehearsal for ‘Dead Reckoning’ at ODC. \u003ccite>(Blake McHugh/KQED Arts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Today, where we are with climate change is we are navigating blindly,” Nelson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dead Reckoning \u003c/em>had its world premiere last year at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts where it returned this year for four performances in March. If you missed it, you can watch the entire performance on\u003ca href=\"http://odcdance.org/performance.php?param=315\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ODC’s web site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Will La Niña Follow One of the Strongest Ever El Niños?",
"headTitle": "Will La Niña Follow One of the Strongest Ever El Niños? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Back in November, El Niño \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-peaks-but-impacts-to-come-19900\">reached a fever pitch\u003c/a>, vaulting into the ranks of the strongest events on record and wreaking havoc \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">on weather patterns\u003c/a> around the world. Now it is beginning to wane as the ocean cools, so what comes next?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible that by next fall, the tropical Pacific Ocean could seesaw into a state that is roughly El Niño’s opposite, forecasters say. Called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-doubles-likelihood-extreme-la-ninas-18592\">La Niña\u003c/a>, this climate state comes with its own set of global impacts, including higher chances of a dry winter in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/shift-may-bring-more-drought-california-20196\">drought-plagued California\u003c/a> and warm, wet weather in Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But El Niños and La Niñas are particularly difficult to predict at this time of year, so exactly what happens remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warm-Cool Cycle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño and La Niña are part of a cycle that runs over the course of three to seven years. While El Niño features warmer-than-normal ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific — much warmer in the case of this exceptional El Niño — La Niña features colder-than-normal waters in the same region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes in ocean temperatures are accompanied by changes in the atmosphere: During El Niño, convection and rains shift eastward and the normal east-to-west trade winds weaken or even reverse, while during La Niña, the normal dry state of the eastern Pacific intensifies along with the trade winds. Those atmospheric effects set off a domino effect around the world that can shift normal weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This El Niño reached a peak in ocean temperatures in November and those waters have been cooling off ever since, following the normal progression. That decline means “it’s almost a certainty that [the tropical Pacific Ocean is] going to go back to neutral in about two months,” \u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/anthony-barnston/\">Anthony Barnston\u003c/a>, chief forecaster at Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s still up in the air is whether it stays neutral or continues to cool until it reaches a La Niña state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626778\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg\" alt=\"How La Niña impacts global weather patterns.\" width=\"620\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter-400x239.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How La Niña impacts global weather patterns. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño’s Self-Sabotage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s don’t always follow after El Niños, but seem more likely to do so after a strong El Niño, \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/will-la-ni%C3%B1a-follow-el-ni%C3%B1o-what-past-tells-us\">based on the historical record\u003c/a>. That record is quite short, though, which makes it hard to draw firm conclusions from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the underlying physics of the El Niño cycle offers some reason to think that strong El Niños do tend to lead to La Niñas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niños generate large-scale waves in the ocean (these aren’t like the waves that break on the water’s surface). One set, called Kelvin waves, travel from west to east and cause warming, enhancing the El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other, called Rossby waves, travel in the opposite direction until they reach Indonesia, where they bounce off the landmass and head back east. Eventually, the Rossby waves catch up to the El Niño and cause cooling, in something of an act of self-sabotage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño sort of kills itself,” Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stronger the El Niño, the stronger the Rossby waves it generates. If those waves are strong enough, they can not only kill off the El Niño, but “overshoot” in the other direction, driving the system towards a La Niña state, Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current Cooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rossby waves usually disrupt the El Niño pattern about six months after it peaks, or, right about now. Indeed, forecasters have noted a cool down below the surface of the eastern tropical Pacific in recent weeks, though surface water temperatures are still firmly in El Niño territory. They will gradually follow the subsurface cool-off, though, likely reaching neutral territory by late spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a La Niña is in the offing, those waters should be cooling further by mid-summer, though, like El Niño, it wouldn’t peak until late fall or early winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Barnston puts the odds at slightly better than 50 percent that a La Niña does develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is very unlikely to happen is a return to El Niño conditions, which almost never occur in back-to-back years because of that self-sabotage mechanism. (It only tends to happen when there is an unusually late-developing El Niño that can then persist and peak again the following year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña, on the other hand, can last for two to three years because the large-scale waves it generates aren’t as well-defined. “It’s not equal and opposite to what you get during El Niño,” Barnston said, so La Niña doesn’t tend to undercut itself the way El Niño does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s far too early to tell how strong any La Niña that does develop might be, forecasters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to forecast strength of events. An added difficulty is that things change pretty quickly when an event is decaying — this is the time of year when the accuracy of forecasts is lower,” Catherine Ganter, a senior climatologist with Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnston said they should have a better idea of the potential strength by August, possibly a bit sooner if there is a very sharp cool down in Pacific Ocean temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in November, El Niño \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-peaks-but-impacts-to-come-19900\">reached a fever pitch\u003c/a>, vaulting into the ranks of the strongest events on record and wreaking havoc \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">on weather patterns\u003c/a> around the world. Now it is beginning to wane as the ocean cools, so what comes next?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible that by next fall, the tropical Pacific Ocean could seesaw into a state that is roughly El Niño’s opposite, forecasters say. Called \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-doubles-likelihood-extreme-la-ninas-18592\">La Niña\u003c/a>, this climate state comes with its own set of global impacts, including higher chances of a dry winter in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/shift-may-bring-more-drought-california-20196\">drought-plagued California\u003c/a> and warm, wet weather in Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But El Niños and La Niñas are particularly difficult to predict at this time of year, so exactly what happens remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warm-Cool Cycle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño and La Niña are part of a cycle that runs over the course of three to seven years. While El Niño features warmer-than-normal ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific — much warmer in the case of this exceptional El Niño — La Niña features colder-than-normal waters in the same region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes in ocean temperatures are accompanied by changes in the atmosphere: During El Niño, convection and rains shift eastward and the normal east-to-west trade winds weaken or even reverse, while during La Niña, the normal dry state of the eastern Pacific intensifies along with the trade winds. Those atmospheric effects set off a domino effect around the world that can shift normal weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This El Niño reached a peak in ocean temperatures in November and those waters have been cooling off ever since, following the normal progression. That decline means “it’s almost a certainty that [the tropical Pacific Ocean is] going to go back to neutral in about two months,” \u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/anthony-barnston/\">Anthony Barnston\u003c/a>, chief forecaster at Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s still up in the air is whether it stays neutral or continues to cool until it reaches a La Niña state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_626778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626778\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg\" alt=\"How La Niña impacts global weather patterns.\" width=\"620\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/La_Nina_winter-400x239.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How La Niña impacts global weather patterns. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño’s Self-Sabotage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s don’t always follow after El Niños, but seem more likely to do so after a strong El Niño, \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/will-la-ni%C3%B1a-follow-el-ni%C3%B1o-what-past-tells-us\">based on the historical record\u003c/a>. That record is quite short, though, which makes it hard to draw firm conclusions from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the underlying physics of the El Niño cycle offers some reason to think that strong El Niños do tend to lead to La Niñas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niños generate large-scale waves in the ocean (these aren’t like the waves that break on the water’s surface). One set, called Kelvin waves, travel from west to east and cause warming, enhancing the El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other, called Rossby waves, travel in the opposite direction until they reach Indonesia, where they bounce off the landmass and head back east. Eventually, the Rossby waves catch up to the El Niño and cause cooling, in something of an act of self-sabotage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The El Niño sort of kills itself,” Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stronger the El Niño, the stronger the Rossby waves it generates. If those waves are strong enough, they can not only kill off the El Niño, but “overshoot” in the other direction, driving the system towards a La Niña state, Barnston said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current Cooling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rossby waves usually disrupt the El Niño pattern about six months after it peaks, or, right about now. Indeed, forecasters have noted a cool down below the surface of the eastern tropical Pacific in recent weeks, though surface water temperatures are still firmly in El Niño territory. They will gradually follow the subsurface cool-off, though, likely reaching neutral territory by late spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a La Niña is in the offing, those waters should be cooling further by mid-summer, though, like El Niño, it wouldn’t peak until late fall or early winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Barnston puts the odds at slightly better than 50 percent that a La Niña does develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is very unlikely to happen is a return to El Niño conditions, which almost never occur in back-to-back years because of that self-sabotage mechanism. (It only tends to happen when there is an unusually late-developing El Niño that can then persist and peak again the following year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña, on the other hand, can last for two to three years because the large-scale waves it generates aren’t as well-defined. “It’s not equal and opposite to what you get during El Niño,” Barnston said, so La Niña doesn’t tend to undercut itself the way El Niño does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s far too early to tell how strong any La Niña that does develop might be, forecasters say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to forecast strength of events. An added difficulty is that things change pretty quickly when an event is decaying — this is the time of year when the accuracy of forecasts is lower,” Catherine Ganter, a senior climatologist with Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnston said they should have a better idea of the potential strength by August, possibly a bit sooner if there is a very sharp cool down in Pacific Ocean temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Man-made global warming is making America sicker, and it’s only going to get worse, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\">federal government report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 332-page report issued Monday by the Obama administration said global warming will make the air dirtier, water more contaminated and food more tainted. It warned of diseases, such as those spread by ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons, and thousands of heat wave deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> chief Gina McCarthy said if that’s not enough, climate change affects people’s mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about polar bears and melting ice caps. It’s about our families. It’s about our future,” McCarthy said at a White House event unveiling the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change affects more people in more ways than anything doctors have seen in the past, said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. He said the report allows doctors to better quantify “the sheer number of pathways through which climate affects health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes air pollution worsened from power plants, pollen and even wildfires, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not being able to breathe is one of the most frightening experience” for people, Murthy said. “We’re talking about scary moments for parents and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma is already the No. 1 cause of children going to the hospital and “now we’re seeing it worsening because of the heat, the allergens,” and air pollution, said Lynn Goldman, dean of the George Washington University’s public health school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House science adviser John Holdren highlighted heat waves, saying that even with some reduction in emissions of heat-trapping gases globally, “we can see thousands to tens of thousands of heat-related deaths in the United States each summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centers of Disease Control and Prevention computer simulations of 209 cities show that extra summer heat deaths will outweigh fewer winter cold deaths from climate change, said CDC’s Shubhayu Saha, a study lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holdren said the report is based on more than 1,800 published scientific studies and new federal research, and was reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report clearly establishes that climate change is a major threat to public health in the United States,” said Howard Frumkin, dean of the University of Washington’s public health school, who wasn’t part of the report. He said the government isn’t doing enough. “There is a vast disconnect between the magnitude of the problem, as outlined by this report, and the response of government health agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Josh Lederman contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Man-made global warming is making America sicker, and it’s only going to get worse, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\">federal government report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 332-page report issued Monday by the Obama administration said global warming will make the air dirtier, water more contaminated and food more tainted. It warned of diseases, such as those spread by ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons, and thousands of heat wave deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> chief Gina McCarthy said if that’s not enough, climate change affects people’s mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about polar bears and melting ice caps. It’s about our families. It’s about our future,” McCarthy said at a White House event unveiling the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change affects more people in more ways than anything doctors have seen in the past, said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. He said the report allows doctors to better quantify “the sheer number of pathways through which climate affects health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes air pollution worsened from power plants, pollen and even wildfires, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not being able to breathe is one of the most frightening experience” for people, Murthy said. “We’re talking about scary moments for parents and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma is already the No. 1 cause of children going to the hospital and “now we’re seeing it worsening because of the heat, the allergens,” and air pollution, said Lynn Goldman, dean of the George Washington University’s public health school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House science adviser John Holdren highlighted heat waves, saying that even with some reduction in emissions of heat-trapping gases globally, “we can see thousands to tens of thousands of heat-related deaths in the United States each summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centers of Disease Control and Prevention computer simulations of 209 cities show that extra summer heat deaths will outweigh fewer winter cold deaths from climate change, said CDC’s Shubhayu Saha, a study lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holdren said the report is based on more than 1,800 published scientific studies and new federal research, and was reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report clearly establishes that climate change is a major threat to public health in the United States,” said Howard Frumkin, dean of the University of Washington’s public health school, who wasn’t part of the report. He said the government isn’t doing enough. “There is a vast disconnect between the magnitude of the problem, as outlined by this report, and the response of government health agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Josh Lederman contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Solar energy records are falling left and right in California these days, as the state steams ahead toward its ambitious renewable energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the success of solar has brought about a hidden downside: on some perfectly sunny days, solar farms are being told to turn off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because in the spring and fall, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for electricity is low, the surge of midday solar power is more than the state can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s becoming a growing concern for those running the grid at the California Independent System Operator. At their Folsom headquarters, a team continually manages the power supply for most of the state, keeping the lights on for some 30 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly solving a constant problem, meaning you’re always trying to balance,” says Nancy Traweek, who directs system operations for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>TOO MUCH RENEWABLE POWER\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> On March 27, a sunny day, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on the grid than Californians were using. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO. \" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ups and Downs of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, balancing California’s electric was fairly straightforward. The power supply was constant, coming from natural gas and nuclear power plants that put out a steady stream of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the growth of solar and wind power has thrown a wild card in the mix. The sun and wind are much less predictable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden you have a major cloud that comes over a solar field,” Traweek says, and that causes the solar power to drop off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That [power] needs to come from somewhere else immediately,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So grid operators have to keep the natural gas plants running in the background. If they’re turned off, many take four to eight hours start up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s highest demand for electricity also happens right as the sun goes down, when Californians come home from work and lights turn on. Grid operators need natural gas power plants at the ready to meet that peak and to fill the gap that’s left by solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBWesternGridSommer160404.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But add up all those energy sources – solar, wind, natural gas, as well as hydropower, nuclear and others – and on some days, they’re making more electricity than California needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it gets really bad, now we really got to start cutting as much as we possibly can,” Traweek says. “If that’s not done, then you could have a blackout.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, grid operators have to tell solar farms to shut off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s zero-carbon, clean energy,” says Keith Casey, a vice president at the California Independent System Operator. “It would just be a travesty to curtail large amounts of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casey says the problem will only get worse as more solar and wind connect to the grid. California plans to hit 50 percent renewable energy by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joining Grids Across the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operator is developing a solution, one that is garnering controversy across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_610986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-610986 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grid operators manage 80 percent of California’s transmission system at the California Independent System Operator. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, California’s grid runs mostly on its own, like an island. But there are power lines reaching across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re operating your little piece of the system,” Casey says, “but if you can operate it as an integrated whole, you can just operate the system more efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Casey is proposing California join up with its neighbors. Instead of having lots of electric grids across the West, each doing their own thing, there would be a larger regional grid, sharing power across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California has too much solar power, neighboring states would buy it, preventing California from having to switch off the solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win-win,” Casey says. “We really think we need to seize the most efficient opportunities that are out there for integrating renewables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This marriage of electric grids would start with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, a utility that runs its own grid in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/StudyBenefits-PacifiCorp-ISOIntegration.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study commissioned by PacifiCorp \u003c/a>found that customers across both regions would save $154 to $335 million annually through sharing lower-cost renewable energy and avoiding turning off solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal Power on the Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PacifiCorp isn’t a partner everyone wants to get in bed with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PacifiCorp is by far the largest owner of coal plants in the Western United States,” says Travis Ritchie, an attorney with the Sierra Club. In 2014, more than 60 percent of PacifiCorp’s electricity came from coal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611762\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611762\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg\" alt=\"ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories\" width=\"378\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-400x482.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-768x926.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-1180x1423.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-960x1158.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: \u003ccite>(California Independent System Operator)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big problem for California,” he says. “We have put forth a lot of really great policy measures to stop coal for climate reasons, for pollution reasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp’s coal power wouldn’t necessarily flow into California. The state’s climate change law, AB 32, means that electricity from other states has a price tacked on that raises the cost of fossil fuels to account for their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ritchie warns that joining a regional electric grid, governed across several states with different agendas, could mean giving up some of California’s autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will California actually lose the ability lead on climate issues if it gives up its power to Utah and Wyoming, two states that are actively fighting everything about climate change that California is working to promote?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several state legislators have the same concern. In February, they \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwIXiaj8LQ3GR2VPQWpFTmx5Nnc/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to Governor Jerry Brown raising red flags about the merger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made great strides to make sure that our electricity is as clean as possible,” says California Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon. “I want to make sure that joining a wider grid doesn’t impact that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storing vs. Sharing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others point out that joining electric grids isn’t the only way to deal with excess renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”EfB9kf250phSVRQi9fJGcucaaiRZAMC8″]“Energy storage is probably the biggest hammer in the toolbox,” says Paul Denholm, analyst at the National Renewable Energy Lab in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large batteries and other energy storage technologies could store the excess solar energy California is producing during the day. But until prices come down, storage remains costly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denholm says according to his analysis, California will probably need both storage and a regional grid to reach its 50 percent renewable goal in the most cost-effective way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of energy, apart from solar, could also become more flexible. Many natural gas power plants have signed contracts with utilities that limit how often they can be turned off or ramped up and down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure we can schedule the power plants to be available when needed,” Denholm says. “Those contracts have to change so the output from the power plants can vary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With renewable energy growing at a rapid clip, other states could soon face the same challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at a tipping point for wind and solar,” Denholm says. “Wind and solar in many places in the country is actually the cheapest option. And that’s the first time in history where that’s been the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Independent System Operator and PacifiCorp will spend the next two years studying their plan to integrate, as well as making their case before regulators in several states. If the plan moves ahead, the two would join up by 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Solar energy records are falling left and right in California these days, as the state steams ahead toward its ambitious renewable energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the success of solar has brought about a hidden downside: on some perfectly sunny days, solar farms are being told to turn off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because in the spring and fall, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for electricity is low, the surge of midday solar power is more than the state can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s becoming a growing concern for those running the grid at the California Independent System Operator. At their Folsom headquarters, a team continually manages the power supply for most of the state, keeping the lights on for some 30 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly solving a constant problem, meaning you’re always trying to balance,” says Nancy Traweek, who directs system operations for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>TOO MUCH RENEWABLE POWER\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> On March 27, a sunny day, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on the grid than Californians were using. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO. \" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ups and Downs of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, balancing California’s electric was fairly straightforward. The power supply was constant, coming from natural gas and nuclear power plants that put out a steady stream of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the growth of solar and wind power has thrown a wild card in the mix. The sun and wind are much less predictable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden you have a major cloud that comes over a solar field,” Traweek says, and that causes the solar power to drop off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That [power] needs to come from somewhere else immediately,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So grid operators have to keep the natural gas plants running in the background. If they’re turned off, many take four to eight hours start up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s highest demand for electricity also happens right as the sun goes down, when Californians come home from work and lights turn on. Grid operators need natural gas power plants at the ready to meet that peak and to fill the gap that’s left by solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>But add up all those energy sources – solar, wind, natural gas, as well as hydropower, nuclear and others – and on some days, they’re making more electricity than California needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it gets really bad, now we really got to start cutting as much as we possibly can,” Traweek says. “If that’s not done, then you could have a blackout.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, grid operators have to tell solar farms to shut off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s zero-carbon, clean energy,” says Keith Casey, a vice president at the California Independent System Operator. “It would just be a travesty to curtail large amounts of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casey says the problem will only get worse as more solar and wind connect to the grid. California plans to hit 50 percent renewable energy by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joining Grids Across the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operator is developing a solution, one that is garnering controversy across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_610986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-610986 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grid operators manage 80 percent of California’s transmission system at the California Independent System Operator. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, California’s grid runs mostly on its own, like an island. But there are power lines reaching across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re operating your little piece of the system,” Casey says, “but if you can operate it as an integrated whole, you can just operate the system more efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Casey is proposing California join up with its neighbors. Instead of having lots of electric grids across the West, each doing their own thing, there would be a larger regional grid, sharing power across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California has too much solar power, neighboring states would buy it, preventing California from having to switch off the solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win-win,” Casey says. “We really think we need to seize the most efficient opportunities that are out there for integrating renewables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This marriage of electric grids would start with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, a utility that runs its own grid in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/StudyBenefits-PacifiCorp-ISOIntegration.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study commissioned by PacifiCorp \u003c/a>found that customers across both regions would save $154 to $335 million annually through sharing lower-cost renewable energy and avoiding turning off solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal Power on the Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PacifiCorp isn’t a partner everyone wants to get in bed with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PacifiCorp is by far the largest owner of coal plants in the Western United States,” says Travis Ritchie, an attorney with the Sierra Club. In 2014, more than 60 percent of PacifiCorp’s electricity came from coal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611762\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611762\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg\" alt=\"ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories\" width=\"378\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-400x482.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-768x926.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-1180x1423.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-960x1158.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: \u003ccite>(California Independent System Operator)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big problem for California,” he says. “We have put forth a lot of really great policy measures to stop coal for climate reasons, for pollution reasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp’s coal power wouldn’t necessarily flow into California. The state’s climate change law, AB 32, means that electricity from other states has a price tacked on that raises the cost of fossil fuels to account for their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ritchie warns that joining a regional electric grid, governed across several states with different agendas, could mean giving up some of California’s autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will California actually lose the ability lead on climate issues if it gives up its power to Utah and Wyoming, two states that are actively fighting everything about climate change that California is working to promote?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several state legislators have the same concern. In February, they \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwIXiaj8LQ3GR2VPQWpFTmx5Nnc/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to Governor Jerry Brown raising red flags about the merger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made great strides to make sure that our electricity is as clean as possible,” says California Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon. “I want to make sure that joining a wider grid doesn’t impact that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storing vs. Sharing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others point out that joining electric grids isn’t the only way to deal with excess renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“Energy storage is probably the biggest hammer in the toolbox,” says Paul Denholm, analyst at the National Renewable Energy Lab in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large batteries and other energy storage technologies could store the excess solar energy California is producing during the day. But until prices come down, storage remains costly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denholm says according to his analysis, California will probably need both storage and a regional grid to reach its 50 percent renewable goal in the most cost-effective way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of energy, apart from solar, could also become more flexible. Many natural gas power plants have signed contracts with utilities that limit how often they can be turned off or ramped up and down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure we can schedule the power plants to be available when needed,” Denholm says. “Those contracts have to change so the output from the power plants can vary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With renewable energy growing at a rapid clip, other states could soon face the same challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at a tipping point for wind and solar,” Denholm says. “Wind and solar in many places in the country is actually the cheapest option. And that’s the first time in history where that’s been the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California May Be in for Greater Weather Extremes",
"headTitle": "California May Be in for Greater Weather Extremes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One of the big questions in the news this winter has been: When will the drought be over?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published today in Science Advances suggests that may not be the most useful question to ask. Better might be: Is the climate of California starting to see even wider swings between dry and wet conditions? We’re already a land of “feast or famine” weather. How will we manage our water future if we’re experiencing greater extremes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of us from Stanford, Northwestern and Columbia conducted the study to find out whether the atmospheric conditions associated with California’s most extreme wet years or most extreme dry years are happening more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer? Yes. The atmospheric pressure patterns we see off the coast of California during extreme dry years are happening more frequently in recent decades—and the patterns that lead to our wettest years may be becoming more frequent as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happened During California’s Extreme Drought?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2013, the state of California has been in the grip of an extraordinary \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-year drought\u003c/a>. The accumulated loss of precipitation over the four years so far is \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unprecedented\u003c/a> in the century we’ve been recording this information. If you add the drying effects of record-high temperatures, the 2013-2016 event may, in fact, be the most severe \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-s-drought-may-be-worst-in-a-millennium/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a millennium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the critically important Sierra Nevada snowpack reached its lowest level in \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/52265-california-snowpack-shrinking.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 500 years\u003c/a> in 2015, and the loss of groundwater in the state’s aquifers has literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140514133440.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved mountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has had \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066628/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">widespread effects\u003c/a> on the state’s economy and environment, slashing the amount of water available for agricultural and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/07/drought-5000-californians-dont-have-running-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban\u003c/a> uses, raising \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/15/us/california-fire-season-drought.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire risk\u003c/a> and dramatically increasing \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2015-12-tens-millions-trees-danger-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tree mortality\u003c/a>. Across the state there have been adverse effects upon riverine and marine \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-drought-fish-20150824-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ecosystems\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/58e0c7bfe91442f79e304fbdc1bec95d/damage-sinking-land-costing-california-billions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infrastructure damage\u003c/a> to roads and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 491px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611160\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" alt=\"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \" width=\"491\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg 491w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmospheric pattern responsible for ushering in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-shattering-temperature-records-18871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking\u003c/a> warmth and dryness is the now-infamous “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RRR is an unusually persistent stretch of atmospheric high pressure sitting over the Pacific ocean off the coast of California. This sluggish Ridge hovered right in the path of storms headed for the state. Like a boulder displacing a narrow stream of water, the RRR consistently \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deflected water-bearing storms\u003c/a> to the north of California, precisely during the typical “rainy season” months of October to May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the state was therefore left high and dry—even during what is typically the wettest time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Is Unusually Susceptible \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get the majority (66%) of our annual precipitation during just the four months of December through March. Unlikely many places on Earth, our summers are very dry: less than 5 percent of our precipitation falls between June and September. And we don’t tend to get our annual water supply from a large number of storms. Remarkably, most of\u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/atmospheric-river-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California’s precipitation\u003c/a> in a typical year falls over the course of a relatively small number of strong storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”20CHPhjlyqXilSZvOkrET0Pg38tDZXG9″]Here’s why: the state lies just south of the typical winter storm track in the Pacific, so Californians have to rely on the rain and snow that falls when the jet stream dips south—and it does this for relatively short intervals—sending storm systems barreling toward our coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important of these storms are associated with “\u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.” These narrow plumes of concentrated atmospheric water vapor bring tremendous amount of rains mountain snowfall when the move inland—increasing flood risk but also bringing much needed water to the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This striking dependence of California’s entire water supply upon the occurrence of just a few atmospheric river events each winter means that a surplus or deficit of just one or two such storms can quickly increase the risk of flood or drought in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, diversion of the Pacific storm track by unusually persistent winter ridges is the most common cause of California droughts, since there is little opportunity to make up for accumulated water deficits during the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patterns Associated With Drought Are Occurring More Frequently \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our team investigated whether North Pacific pressure patterns similar to those we saw during California’s most extremely dry, and wet periods were occurring more frequently in recent decades. We looked at the years from 1948 through 2015, and the months of October through May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that certain unusual atmospheric patterns are indeed occurring more often. Over the past three decades, we’ve experienced more frequent patterns similar to what we saw during California’s extremely warm and dry years of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These years—during which the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rose to prominence\u003c/a>—were characterized by unusually low pressure over the Pacific north of Hawaii, and a very strong ridge of high pressure along the entire West Coast of North America, from southern California all the way to the Alaskan arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611338\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" alt=\"Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \" width=\"612\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>…But Not at the Expense of Wet Year Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the increase we saw in pressure patterns similar to California’s driest years, it might be reasonable to expect that patterns associated with the wettest years have become less common. But that’s not what we found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, one of two methods we used in this study suggested that several wet patterns have actually increased in recent decades, while the other suggested little change. Therefore, while we are quite confident that patterns conducive to extreme warmth and dryness in California are happening more frequently, this does not seem to be at the expense of those patterns associated with California’s wettest years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Strong and Persistent Ridginess’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of studies have already shown that the long-term temperature trend associated with global warming has increased the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PNAS-Diffenbaugh-Drought-Climate-Brief-03032015-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likelihood\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severity\u003c/a> of drought in California—even when there are no significant changes in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our new work demonstrates that increasingly frequent atmospheric patterns conducive to extreme drought in California are indeed increasing, but that patterns conducive to very wet years may also be increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We haven’t traced the exact cause of this increase in patterns similar to the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, but we do find there’s an increasingly strong and persistent “ridginess” off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it is worth noting that climate models for 21st century California depict a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3931.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much warmer\u003c/a> future, likely accompanied by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639898/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasingly large\u003c/a> swings between \u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00624.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dry and wet\u003c/a> conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is fascinating that such large changes in the character of California precipitation are occurring despite little long-term change in average precipitation—which highlights the critical importance of considering changes in the most extreme years when planning for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Weather\u003c/a> blog. Other authors on the study published today are: \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/faculty/horton-daniel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Horton\u003c/a>, Northwestern University; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/dsingh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deepti Singh\u003c/a>, Columbia University; and \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study shows the atmospheric patterns that lead to extreme dry years are happening more often, but not at the expense of wet year patterns.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the big questions in the news this winter has been: When will the drought be over?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published today in Science Advances suggests that may not be the most useful question to ask. Better might be: Is the climate of California starting to see even wider swings between dry and wet conditions? We’re already a land of “feast or famine” weather. How will we manage our water future if we’re experiencing greater extremes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of us from Stanford, Northwestern and Columbia conducted the study to find out whether the atmospheric conditions associated with California’s most extreme wet years or most extreme dry years are happening more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer? Yes. The atmospheric pressure patterns we see off the coast of California during extreme dry years are happening more frequently in recent decades—and the patterns that lead to our wettest years may be becoming more frequent as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happened During California’s Extreme Drought?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2013, the state of California has been in the grip of an extraordinary \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-year drought\u003c/a>. The accumulated loss of precipitation over the four years so far is \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unprecedented\u003c/a> in the century we’ve been recording this information. If you add the drying effects of record-high temperatures, the 2013-2016 event may, in fact, be the most severe \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-s-drought-may-be-worst-in-a-millennium/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a millennium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the critically important Sierra Nevada snowpack reached its lowest level in \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/52265-california-snowpack-shrinking.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 500 years\u003c/a> in 2015, and the loss of groundwater in the state’s aquifers has literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140514133440.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved mountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has had \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066628/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">widespread effects\u003c/a> on the state’s economy and environment, slashing the amount of water available for agricultural and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/07/drought-5000-californians-dont-have-running-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban\u003c/a> uses, raising \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/15/us/california-fire-season-drought.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire risk\u003c/a> and dramatically increasing \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2015-12-tens-millions-trees-danger-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tree mortality\u003c/a>. Across the state there have been adverse effects upon riverine and marine \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-drought-fish-20150824-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ecosystems\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/58e0c7bfe91442f79e304fbdc1bec95d/damage-sinking-land-costing-california-billions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infrastructure damage\u003c/a> to roads and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 491px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611160\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" alt=\"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \" width=\"491\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg 491w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmospheric pattern responsible for ushering in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-shattering-temperature-records-18871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking\u003c/a> warmth and dryness is the now-infamous “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RRR is an unusually persistent stretch of atmospheric high pressure sitting over the Pacific ocean off the coast of California. This sluggish Ridge hovered right in the path of storms headed for the state. Like a boulder displacing a narrow stream of water, the RRR consistently \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deflected water-bearing storms\u003c/a> to the north of California, precisely during the typical “rainy season” months of October to May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the state was therefore left high and dry—even during what is typically the wettest time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Is Unusually Susceptible \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get the majority (66%) of our annual precipitation during just the four months of December through March. Unlikely many places on Earth, our summers are very dry: less than 5 percent of our precipitation falls between June and September. And we don’t tend to get our annual water supply from a large number of storms. Remarkably, most of\u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/atmospheric-river-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California’s precipitation\u003c/a> in a typical year falls over the course of a relatively small number of strong storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Here’s why: the state lies just south of the typical winter storm track in the Pacific, so Californians have to rely on the rain and snow that falls when the jet stream dips south—and it does this for relatively short intervals—sending storm systems barreling toward our coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important of these storms are associated with “\u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.” These narrow plumes of concentrated atmospheric water vapor bring tremendous amount of rains mountain snowfall when the move inland—increasing flood risk but also bringing much needed water to the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This striking dependence of California’s entire water supply upon the occurrence of just a few atmospheric river events each winter means that a surplus or deficit of just one or two such storms can quickly increase the risk of flood or drought in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, diversion of the Pacific storm track by unusually persistent winter ridges is the most common cause of California droughts, since there is little opportunity to make up for accumulated water deficits during the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patterns Associated With Drought Are Occurring More Frequently \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our team investigated whether North Pacific pressure patterns similar to those we saw during California’s most extremely dry, and wet periods were occurring more frequently in recent decades. We looked at the years from 1948 through 2015, and the months of October through May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that certain unusual atmospheric patterns are indeed occurring more often. Over the past three decades, we’ve experienced more frequent patterns similar to what we saw during California’s extremely warm and dry years of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These years—during which the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rose to prominence\u003c/a>—were characterized by unusually low pressure over the Pacific north of Hawaii, and a very strong ridge of high pressure along the entire West Coast of North America, from southern California all the way to the Alaskan arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611338\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" alt=\"Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \" width=\"612\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>…But Not at the Expense of Wet Year Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the increase we saw in pressure patterns similar to California’s driest years, it might be reasonable to expect that patterns associated with the wettest years have become less common. But that’s not what we found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, one of two methods we used in this study suggested that several wet patterns have actually increased in recent decades, while the other suggested little change. Therefore, while we are quite confident that patterns conducive to extreme warmth and dryness in California are happening more frequently, this does not seem to be at the expense of those patterns associated with California’s wettest years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Strong and Persistent Ridginess’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of studies have already shown that the long-term temperature trend associated with global warming has increased the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PNAS-Diffenbaugh-Drought-Climate-Brief-03032015-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likelihood\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severity\u003c/a> of drought in California—even when there are no significant changes in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our new work demonstrates that increasingly frequent atmospheric patterns conducive to extreme drought in California are indeed increasing, but that patterns conducive to very wet years may also be increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We haven’t traced the exact cause of this increase in patterns similar to the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, but we do find there’s an increasingly strong and persistent “ridginess” off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it is worth noting that climate models for 21st century California depict a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3931.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much warmer\u003c/a> future, likely accompanied by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639898/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasingly large\u003c/a> swings between \u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00624.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dry and wet\u003c/a> conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is fascinating that such large changes in the character of California precipitation are occurring despite little long-term change in average precipitation—which highlights the critical importance of considering changes in the most extreme years when planning for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Weather\u003c/a> blog. Other authors on the study published today are: \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/faculty/horton-daniel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Horton\u003c/a>, Northwestern University; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/dsingh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deepti Singh\u003c/a>, Columbia University; and \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The “April 1” snow survey in the Sierra Nevada is always anxiously awaited, in the truest sense of the term. Early April is when the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">snowpack\u003c/a> is generally reckoned to have peaked and the spring melt season is upon us. If there isn’t sufficient snow by now to carry California through its parched summer, there likely won’t be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s April1 survey (done on March 30 this year for arcane reasons) was a good news/bad news affair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that water content (which is what they actually measure, not accumulation) came in at 87 percent of average — that’s a far cry from last year at this time, when Governor Jerry Brown stood on a barren mountainside along Highway 50 to announce California’s first-ever statewide mandatory water restrictions. The snowpack on that date was virtually non-existent, shattering records for “bad” at about 5 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that same 87 percent of average, which is to put it another way, 13 percent below normal. After four years of drought, hydrologists have warned, that’s not going to cut it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An average snowpack wouldn’t solve the hole we’re in from four years of dry soil moistures and low reservoirs, and overpumped groundwater,” says Peter Gleick, a hydrologist and head of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute. “We really needed more than average — a lot more than average.” (There’s more from Gleick on why we should expect more disappointing snowpacks in our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/23/get-used-to-skimpier-snows-in-the-sierra/\">recent post\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard for many to square the ongoing drought with reservoirs that have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/28/was-march-the-rainfall-miracle-wed-hoped-for/\">filled rapidly in recent weeks\u003c/a>, water tumbling down huge spillways in many cases (often a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\">required precaution\u003c/a> against possible floods). California has been under a declared state of drought emergency since January of 2014, and water use restrictions have been extended through the coming summer, with some \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_29700280/california-drought-rules-likely-be-relaxed\">yet-to-be-announced modifications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state water managers urge that, “Residents should continue to conserve water due to drought conditions and impacts that are still felt in many parts of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring blizzards are not unheard of. The survey comes just two days after Reno recorded it’s third biggest dumping of late-season snow on record — nearly 7 inches. But once the calendar turns to April, precipitation of all kinds drops off dramatically throughout California and the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The “April 1” snow survey in the Sierra Nevada is always anxiously awaited, in the truest sense of the term. Early April is when the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">snowpack\u003c/a> is generally reckoned to have peaked and the spring melt season is upon us. If there isn’t sufficient snow by now to carry California through its parched summer, there likely won’t be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s April1 survey (done on March 30 this year for arcane reasons) was a good news/bad news affair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that water content (which is what they actually measure, not accumulation) came in at 87 percent of average — that’s a far cry from last year at this time, when Governor Jerry Brown stood on a barren mountainside along Highway 50 to announce California’s first-ever statewide mandatory water restrictions. The snowpack on that date was virtually non-existent, shattering records for “bad” at about 5 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is that same 87 percent of average, which is to put it another way, 13 percent below normal. After four years of drought, hydrologists have warned, that’s not going to cut it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An average snowpack wouldn’t solve the hole we’re in from four years of dry soil moistures and low reservoirs, and overpumped groundwater,” says Peter Gleick, a hydrologist and head of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute. “We really needed more than average — a lot more than average.” (There’s more from Gleick on why we should expect more disappointing snowpacks in our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/23/get-used-to-skimpier-snows-in-the-sierra/\">recent post\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard for many to square the ongoing drought with reservoirs that have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/28/was-march-the-rainfall-miracle-wed-hoped-for/\">filled rapidly in recent weeks\u003c/a>, water tumbling down huge spillways in many cases (often a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\">required precaution\u003c/a> against possible floods). California has been under a declared state of drought emergency since January of 2014, and water use restrictions have been extended through the coming summer, with some \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_29700280/california-drought-rules-likely-be-relaxed\">yet-to-be-announced modifications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state water managers urge that, “Residents should continue to conserve water due to drought conditions and impacts that are still felt in many parts of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring blizzards are not unheard of. The survey comes just two days after Reno recorded it’s third biggest dumping of late-season snow on record — nearly 7 inches. But once the calendar turns to April, precipitation of all kinds drops off dramatically throughout California and the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Obama administration on Wednesday announced a new partnership with 41 energy companies that have agreed to voluntarily reduce methane emissions from natural gas operations to help combat climate change.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZDIdOu7d1PC70kD2JpUdRtF4n11ZtRkq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> unveiled the \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/gasstar/methanechallenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural Gas STAR Methane Challenge Program\u003c/a> at this week’s Global Methane Forum held in Washington. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, capable of trapping 25 times more heat in the atmosphere than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said the voluntary program is meant to protect public health and combat climate change while providing a platform for companies to report actions taken to reduce methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes after the worst methane leak in the nation’s history was finally plugged last month at an underground storage facility owned by Southern California Gas Co. The months-long disaster required the evacuation of 6,400 families and released the climate-warming equivalent of the annual pollution from more than a half million cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the massive California leak focused public attention of the issue, much smaller and more mundane leaks from natural gas operations in the United States have an even larger cumulative impact as a man-made cause of warming the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCal Gas is among those who’ve signed onto the voluntary emissions reduction program, along with major gas pipeline and distribution providers Duke Energy, Exelon, TransCanada, Xcel Energy and MidAmerican Energy Co.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-sej-canada-arctic-climate-20160310-story.html\">committed earlier this month\u003c/a> to reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sectors by at least 40 percent over the next decade, compared to 2012 levels. Such reductions are seen as essential to achieving national targets for greenhouse gas reductions agreed to in December as part of the landmark climate accord reached in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans in Congress have opposed such measures, saying they will cost the U.S. economy jobs while doing little to reduce climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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