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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14997\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/y000593-microtunnels.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14997\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/y000593-microtunnels.jpg\" alt=\"Micro-tunnel features in the Y000593 Martian meteorite. (NASA/JPL)\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Micro-tunnel features in the Y000593 Martian meteorite. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Investigation of an ancient Martian meteorite has re-fueled a debate about evidence of possible past life on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of NASA scientists studying the meteorite Y000593, one of a \u003ca title=\"Five New Martian Meteorites Found\" href=\"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/snc/news45.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growing number of meteorites\u003c/a> chemically identified as having originated on Mars, has reported finding structural and compositional features that may have been formed by biological processes. The tantalizing features include micro-tunnel structures permeating the rock that resemble structures found in Earth basalts modified by the action of bacteria, and microscopic spherules sandwiched between rock layers that contain a richer concentration of carbon than in surrounding layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis of Y000593 tells a story of its formation 1.3 billion years ago in a Martian lava flow, and of its forced ejection from Mars 12 million years ago by a major impact event. About 50,000 years ago the tale of this rock’s interplanetary voyage ended when it fell onto the Yamato Glacier in Antarctica, where it was discovered by a Japanese research expedition in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Are ancient Martians sending us messages in a bottle?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Message delivered?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NASA-JPL\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-065&1&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=releases20140227\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The findings\u003c/a> were published in the February issue of Astrobiology, authored by Lauren White of NASA/JPL with co-authors Everett Gibson, Kathie Thomas-Keptra, Simon Clemett and the late David McKay (NASA/Johnson Space Center). In 1996, members of the same team announced that they had \u003ca title=\"NASA - Johnson Space Center\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/2009/J09-030.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discovered features of possible biogenic origin\u003c/a> in another Martian meteorite, ALH84001. In both cases the authors are cautious in pointing out that they cannot rule out non-biological processes to account for the features–but in the light of other evidence from robotic missions indicating more Earthly conditions in Mars’ past the argument for Martian life is compelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NASA JPL Mars Exploration Program\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration of Mars by robots\u003c/a> with capable arrays of scientific instruments has painted a detailed picture of a warmer, wetter environment on Mars long ago. As we learn more about how Earth-like the Martian environment may once have been, and also how quickly life first appeared and thrived in Earth’s primordial oceans, the question of life on Mars becomes ever more poignant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”058cbc3ba08e65ffa69650faffa55d02″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that no robotic mission has yet achieved is the return of Martian rock and soil samples to Earth for detailed laboratory analysis. So meteorites of Martian origin like Y000593 and ALH84001 represent a wealth of geological and chemical information that we presently cannot obtain in any other way. NASA has a sample-return mission on the books for future Mars exploration expeditions, but a bird in the hand….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific debate over these rocks has less to do with the bigger question of life on Mars, and more to do with whether the features studied in these specific samples are evidence of it. Neither possibility—whether the features are biological or non-biological in origin—has been ruled out by the evidence, yet. How much a return sample mission to Mars targeting a chosen geological location, rather than meteorite samples blasted from who knows where, might tell us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how cool would it be to step off a spaceship onto Mars and set forth on a trek with a rock hammer and microscope? Field prospecting conducted by future humans exploring Mars won’t be quite that simplistic of course, but can you imagine being there in person, digging into a Martian rock with your pick and peering through a magnifier to see what’s there—what may have been left there, long ago, like a message whispered to you across time, through the living rock?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NASA JPL Mars Exploration Program\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration of Mars by robots\u003c/a> with capable arrays of scientific instruments has painted a detailed picture of a warmer, wetter environment on Mars long ago. As we learn more about how Earth-like the Martian environment may once have been, and also how quickly life first appeared and thrived in Earth’s primordial oceans, the question of life on Mars becomes ever more poignant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that no robotic mission has yet achieved is the return of Martian rock and soil samples to Earth for detailed laboratory analysis. So meteorites of Martian origin like Y000593 and ALH84001 represent a wealth of geological and chemical information that we presently cannot obtain in any other way. NASA has a sample-return mission on the books for future Mars exploration expeditions, but a bird in the hand….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific debate over these rocks has less to do with the bigger question of life on Mars, and more to do with whether the features studied in these specific samples are evidence of it. Neither possibility—whether the features are biological or non-biological in origin—has been ruled out by the evidence, yet. How much a return sample mission to Mars targeting a chosen geological location, rather than meteorite samples blasted from who knows where, might tell us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how cool would it be to step off a spaceship onto Mars and set forth on a trek with a rock hammer and microscope? Field prospecting conducted by future humans exploring Mars won’t be quite that simplistic of course, but can you imagine being there in person, digging into a Martian rock with your pick and peering through a magnifier to see what’s there—what may have been left there, long ago, like a message whispered to you across time, through the living rock?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Martian Meteorites Traced to Their Source: Mojave Crater",
"headTitle": "Martian Meteorites Traced to Their Source: Mojave Crater | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/sau094marsmeteorite.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15035\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/sau094marsmeteorite.jpg\" alt=\"Mars meteorite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Martian meteorite, designated Sayh al-Uhaymir 094, was found in Oman in February 2001. It’s classified as a shergottite and is similar to the deep rocks of Earth’s oceanic crust (image Natural History Museum Bern)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After almost 50 years, we’re getting rather familiar with Mars. We have spacecraft images dating back to 1965 and chemical evidence from lander missions beginning in the 1970s. For years, orbiters have been recording the surface of Mars in spy-satellite detail. And Mars has sent actual rock specimens our way in the form of meteorites. A paper in the March 7 issue of \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> argues that most of the Mars rocks in our collections come from one place, a big young crater named Mojave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocks from Mars are a rare component of the hundreds of thousands of meteorites we’ve collected. They’re flung into space when cosmic collisions on Mars blast craters in its rocky crust, then they drift around the solar system for a while until Earth’s gravity draws them close enough to fall. We have about 150 specimens in our hands. Nearly all of them are the same rock type, given the name shergottite after the meteorite named Shergotty, which fell near Sherghati, India, in 1865. It’s a heavy, magnesium-rich mix of the minerals olivine, pyroxene and feldspar that is similar to the so-called ultramafic rocks of our own oceanic crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper reports efforts to trace shergottites and other Martian meteorites to their source. The research team, consisting of \u003ca href=\"http://earthdynamics.org/stephanie.html\">Stephanie Werner\u003c/a> (University of Oslo), \u003ca href=\"http://e-mars.geologie-lyon.fr/?page_id=919\">Anouck Ody\u003c/a> (Lyon University) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/pperso/fpoulet/\">François Poulet\u003c/a> (Paris University Sud), first presented their work at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference last year in Texas, but this paper marks its formal publication. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had several facts at their disposal. The Martian stones consist of a well-known mix of minerals that can be checked against satellite observations of the Martian surface. They have a controversially wide range of age determinations, with most being more than 4 billion years old and a few as young as 150 million years old. And they have been exposed to cosmic rays for as little as 1 million years. This represents the time they were floating in space before falling to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s team then made a new search for the youngest craters on Mars. These are best known from their fresh appearance and the presence of dust deposits that form a star-shaped pattern. The rays don’t show up well in ordinary light, but thermal images taken at night display them well. A prevous study found eight of these rayed craters, most of them only a few kilometers across. Only one of that group, Zunil, is large enough (about 10 km across) that the energy spent in forming it could have launched rocks free of Mars’s gravity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, more thorough search turned up 14 more rayed craters, of which the largest by far is Mojave, 55 kilometers across. It sits in Xanthe Terra, an area with some of the oldest terrain on Mars. Crater counts, the standard method of dating planetary surfaces, suggest that Xanthe, along with the rocks beneath it, is 4.1 billion years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/mojavecrater.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15036\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/mojavecrater.jpg\" alt=\"Mojave crater, Mars\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15036\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mojave crater, shown in a mosaic of night-time thermal images, is surrounded by rays of fresh dust showing that it’s only a few million years old at most (Science/AAAS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers took a close look at the rocks exposed in the crater and found many localities that matched Mars meteorites in color—and by “color” I mean the range in light wavelengths going far beyond the red end of the visible rainbow. Given the size of Mojave, the consistency in ages between the terrain and the meteorites, and the close match in mineral composition, the authors are confident that the shergottites—and, for good measure, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001\">the controversial meteorite ALH84001\u003c/a>—”were sourced from the Mojave impact site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that, Werner’s team offers an explanation for the unusually young ages determined in some of the shergottites. These are not real ages, they say, but “reset” ages. A lot has happened at Xanthe Terra, by Martian standards. Since the time the ancient rocks formed some 4 billion years ago, volcanism and flooding during the next billion years left their traces behind in the landscape and, presumably, in the rocks as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shock waves from other impacts affected these already-altered rocks. For instance, the feldspar in most shergottites was shocked out of crystallization into the glassy form called maskelynite. The ages of these events may be reflected in dates derived from various specific minerals, whereas when the whole rock is dated the ages exceed 4 billion years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, just the other day in geological terms, a giant impact onto Xanthe Terra created Mojave crater and propelled the shergottites into space. All of this geologic history can upset the isotopic clocks in the rocks, turning part of their signal into noise—but now that the noise has plausible explanations, maybe it can be turned into a signal of new knowledge about Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinning down the source of the shergottites is a cool thing, but Werner’s team points out in the \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper that something more fundamental has been achieved. We now have pinned down the exact age of Xanthe Terra with absolute dates, and from that we can recalibrate the crater-counting dating method to determine Mars history more precisely. Where once we considered Xanthe to be 4.1 billion years old, they say, we now can say that it’s 4.3 billion, and the rest of Mars can be studied with new precision.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Experts have tracked a group of rare meteorites back to a single source on Mars—the crater Mojave near the red planet's equator.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/sau094marsmeteorite.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15035\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/sau094marsmeteorite.jpg\" alt=\"Mars meteorite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Martian meteorite, designated Sayh al-Uhaymir 094, was found in Oman in February 2001. It’s classified as a shergottite and is similar to the deep rocks of Earth’s oceanic crust (image Natural History Museum Bern)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After almost 50 years, we’re getting rather familiar with Mars. We have spacecraft images dating back to 1965 and chemical evidence from lander missions beginning in the 1970s. For years, orbiters have been recording the surface of Mars in spy-satellite detail. And Mars has sent actual rock specimens our way in the form of meteorites. A paper in the March 7 issue of \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> argues that most of the Mars rocks in our collections come from one place, a big young crater named Mojave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocks from Mars are a rare component of the hundreds of thousands of meteorites we’ve collected. They’re flung into space when cosmic collisions on Mars blast craters in its rocky crust, then they drift around the solar system for a while until Earth’s gravity draws them close enough to fall. We have about 150 specimens in our hands. Nearly all of them are the same rock type, given the name shergottite after the meteorite named Shergotty, which fell near Sherghati, India, in 1865. It’s a heavy, magnesium-rich mix of the minerals olivine, pyroxene and feldspar that is similar to the so-called ultramafic rocks of our own oceanic crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper reports efforts to trace shergottites and other Martian meteorites to their source. The research team, consisting of \u003ca href=\"http://earthdynamics.org/stephanie.html\">Stephanie Werner\u003c/a> (University of Oslo), \u003ca href=\"http://e-mars.geologie-lyon.fr/?page_id=919\">Anouck Ody\u003c/a> (Lyon University) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/pperso/fpoulet/\">François Poulet\u003c/a> (Paris University Sud), first presented their work at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference last year in Texas, but this paper marks its formal publication. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had several facts at their disposal. The Martian stones consist of a well-known mix of minerals that can be checked against satellite observations of the Martian surface. They have a controversially wide range of age determinations, with most being more than 4 billion years old and a few as young as 150 million years old. And they have been exposed to cosmic rays for as little as 1 million years. This represents the time they were floating in space before falling to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s team then made a new search for the youngest craters on Mars. These are best known from their fresh appearance and the presence of dust deposits that form a star-shaped pattern. The rays don’t show up well in ordinary light, but thermal images taken at night display them well. A prevous study found eight of these rayed craters, most of them only a few kilometers across. Only one of that group, Zunil, is large enough (about 10 km across) that the energy spent in forming it could have launched rocks free of Mars’s gravity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, more thorough search turned up 14 more rayed craters, of which the largest by far is Mojave, 55 kilometers across. It sits in Xanthe Terra, an area with some of the oldest terrain on Mars. Crater counts, the standard method of dating planetary surfaces, suggest that Xanthe, along with the rocks beneath it, is 4.1 billion years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/mojavecrater.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15036\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/mojavecrater.jpg\" alt=\"Mojave crater, Mars\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15036\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mojave crater, shown in a mosaic of night-time thermal images, is surrounded by rays of fresh dust showing that it’s only a few million years old at most (Science/AAAS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers took a close look at the rocks exposed in the crater and found many localities that matched Mars meteorites in color—and by “color” I mean the range in light wavelengths going far beyond the red end of the visible rainbow. Given the size of Mojave, the consistency in ages between the terrain and the meteorites, and the close match in mineral composition, the authors are confident that the shergottites—and, for good measure, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001\">the controversial meteorite ALH84001\u003c/a>—”were sourced from the Mojave impact site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that, Werner’s team offers an explanation for the unusually young ages determined in some of the shergottites. These are not real ages, they say, but “reset” ages. A lot has happened at Xanthe Terra, by Martian standards. Since the time the ancient rocks formed some 4 billion years ago, volcanism and flooding during the next billion years left their traces behind in the landscape and, presumably, in the rocks as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shock waves from other impacts affected these already-altered rocks. For instance, the feldspar in most shergottites was shocked out of crystallization into the glassy form called maskelynite. The ages of these events may be reflected in dates derived from various specific minerals, whereas when the whole rock is dated the ages exceed 4 billion years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, just the other day in geological terms, a giant impact onto Xanthe Terra created Mojave crater and propelled the shergottites into space. All of this geologic history can upset the isotopic clocks in the rocks, turning part of their signal into noise—but now that the noise has plausible explanations, maybe it can be turned into a signal of new knowledge about Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinning down the source of the shergottites is a cool thing, but Werner’s team points out in the \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper that something more fundamental has been achieved. We now have pinned down the exact age of Xanthe Terra with absolute dates, and from that we can recalibrate the crater-counting dating method to determine Mars history more precisely. Where once we considered Xanthe to be 4.1 billion years old, they say, we now can say that it’s 4.3 billion, and the rest of Mars can be studied with new precision.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Galaxy, Many Worlds: Scientists Announce 'Planet Bonanza'",
"headTitle": "One Galaxy, Many Worlds: Scientists Announce ‘Planet Bonanza’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/multi_transits_many_full_0.jpg\" alt=\"NASA has discovered hundreds of planets that orbit stars in solar systems similar to ours. (NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA has discovered hundreds of planets that orbit stars in solar systems similar to ours. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth is a little less lonely in the galaxy today. A NASA research team announced the discovery of 715 new planets, all orbiting with other planets around a star, much like our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical piece of the research — the tool, in fact, that unleashed such a huge number of planets, so suddenly — comes from the Bay Area’s own NASA outpost, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/#.Uw6R-IWtwYs\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we announce a major step forward toward the ultimate goal,” said Doug Hudgins,\u003ca href=\"http://exep.jpl.nasa.gov/\"> NASA’s exoplanet exploration program\u003c/a> scientist, “finding Earth 2.0. Finding another planet capable of fostering life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve been able to open the bottleneck to access the motherlode.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/#.Uw6STYWtwYs\"> discovery\u003c/a> is the result of analysis from two years of the Kepler mission, the space observatory that launched in 2009 and is aimed at discovering other planets in the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team announced two other significant findings: 1) the majority of planets in our galaxy are small, between the size of Earth and the size of Neptune, and 2) planetary systems, in which multiple planets orbit around one star, are common in our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they are able to announce such a large number of planets at once because of a new technique for verifying planetary systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Kepler mission has found what Ames planetary scientist Jack Lissauer called a “motherlode” of astral bodies that could be planets, the process of verifying whether they are planets or stars has been lengthy, mostly involving hours and hours of time looking through telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14695\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/nasakeplerbottleneck-1024x760.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14695 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/nasakeplerbottleneck-1024x760.png\" alt=\"Scientists as NASA's Ames Research Center are able to identify planetary systems more quickly than they could before. (NASA)\" width=\"344\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists as NASA’s Ames Research Center are able to identify planetary systems more quickly than they could before. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a real bottleneck,” Lissauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no longer. The research team announced today they have a new technique — developed at Ames — for verifying planetary systems that allows them to identify planets by the dozens, rather than one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to open the bottleneck to access the motherlode,” Lissauer said, “and deliver to you more than 20 times as many planets as have ever been found and announced at once, previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technique involves probability theory and applied math, which is Lissauer’s bailiwick. In essence, it goes like this: About one percent of stars show the slight dimming that suggests something is orbiting around them. Statistically, only one percent \u003cem>of that one percent\u003c/em> of stars should reasonably have more than one planet orbiting around them. But Kepler was spotting a few hundred stars with more than one body orbiting them, which is vastly, hugely, more potential planetary systems than should, statistically, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there must be a reason, Lissauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the other kind of body that could orbit a star is another star. But here’s the clue: Star systems are notoriously unstable. A bunch of stars orbiting another star would look like the animation on the right of this video, which resembles the daily life of the average mom, but doesn’t at all resemble the stable planetary system of the animation on the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4\">http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The research team put all this knowledge together with some advanced mathematics and data crunching on the Kepler observations, and out popped—a probability. A number indicating the statistical probability that Kepler was seeing a lot of star systems. It was a very, very low probability. Extremely low. Lower than the threshold required for certainty. It’s the kind of probability I mean when I say I’ll probably write my Christmas thank you notes this weekend: It’s so thoroughly improbable you can go to press with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was not seeing star systems; it was seeing planetary systems. These 715 newly identified planets, NASA researchers can now say, are orbiting around 305 stars, and four of those planets are in the habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/26/283050461/-planet-bonanza-indeed-nasa-unveils-715-new-worlds\">NPR’s story\u003c/a> on the new planets:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Four of the planets are about twice the size of Earth and orbit in their star’s so-called habitable zone,” NPR’s Nell Greenfieldboyce reports for our Newscast unit, “where temperatures might be suitable for liquid water.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will now turn to the next two years of Kepler data, and expect to be able to announce hundreds more planets in future years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/multi_transits_many_full_0.jpg\" alt=\"NASA has discovered hundreds of planets that orbit stars in solar systems similar to ours. (NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA has discovered hundreds of planets that orbit stars in solar systems similar to ours. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth is a little less lonely in the galaxy today. A NASA research team announced the discovery of 715 new planets, all orbiting with other planets around a star, much like our own solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical piece of the research — the tool, in fact, that unleashed such a huge number of planets, so suddenly — comes from the Bay Area’s own NASA outpost, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/#.Uw6R-IWtwYs\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we announce a major step forward toward the ultimate goal,” said Doug Hudgins,\u003ca href=\"http://exep.jpl.nasa.gov/\"> NASA’s exoplanet exploration program\u003c/a> scientist, “finding Earth 2.0. Finding another planet capable of fostering life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve been able to open the bottleneck to access the motherlode.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/#.Uw6STYWtwYs\"> discovery\u003c/a> is the result of analysis from two years of the Kepler mission, the space observatory that launched in 2009 and is aimed at discovering other planets in the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team announced two other significant findings: 1) the majority of planets in our galaxy are small, between the size of Earth and the size of Neptune, and 2) planetary systems, in which multiple planets orbit around one star, are common in our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they are able to announce such a large number of planets at once because of a new technique for verifying planetary systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Kepler mission has found what Ames planetary scientist Jack Lissauer called a “motherlode” of astral bodies that could be planets, the process of verifying whether they are planets or stars has been lengthy, mostly involving hours and hours of time looking through telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14695\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/nasakeplerbottleneck-1024x760.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14695 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/nasakeplerbottleneck-1024x760.png\" alt=\"Scientists as NASA's Ames Research Center are able to identify planetary systems more quickly than they could before. (NASA)\" width=\"344\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists as NASA’s Ames Research Center are able to identify planetary systems more quickly than they could before. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a real bottleneck,” Lissauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no longer. The research team announced today they have a new technique — developed at Ames — for verifying planetary systems that allows them to identify planets by the dozens, rather than one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to open the bottleneck to access the motherlode,” Lissauer said, “and deliver to you more than 20 times as many planets as have ever been found and announced at once, previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technique involves probability theory and applied math, which is Lissauer’s bailiwick. In essence, it goes like this: About one percent of stars show the slight dimming that suggests something is orbiting around them. Statistically, only one percent \u003cem>of that one percent\u003c/em> of stars should reasonably have more than one planet orbiting around them. But Kepler was spotting a few hundred stars with more than one body orbiting them, which is vastly, hugely, more potential planetary systems than should, statistically, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there must be a reason, Lissauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the other kind of body that could orbit a star is another star. But here’s the clue: Star systems are notoriously unstable. A bunch of stars orbiting another star would look like the animation on the right of this video, which resembles the daily life of the average mom, but doesn’t at all resemble the stable planetary system of the animation on the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4\">http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/mov-nbody-V6.mp4\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The research team put all this knowledge together with some advanced mathematics and data crunching on the Kepler observations, and out popped—a probability. A number indicating the statistical probability that Kepler was seeing a lot of star systems. It was a very, very low probability. Extremely low. Lower than the threshold required for certainty. It’s the kind of probability I mean when I say I’ll probably write my Christmas thank you notes this weekend: It’s so thoroughly improbable you can go to press with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was not seeing star systems; it was seeing planetary systems. These 715 newly identified planets, NASA researchers can now say, are orbiting around 305 stars, and four of those planets are in the habitable zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/26/283050461/-planet-bonanza-indeed-nasa-unveils-715-new-worlds\">NPR’s story\u003c/a> on the new planets:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Four of the planets are about twice the size of Earth and orbit in their star’s so-called habitable zone,” NPR’s Nell Greenfieldboyce reports for our Newscast unit, “where temperatures might be suitable for liquid water.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will now turn to the next two years of Kepler data, and expect to be able to announce hundreds more planets in future years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Recent Observations Confirm Presence of Water Vapor on Dwarf Planet Ceres",
"headTitle": "Recent Observations Confirm Presence of Water Vapor on Dwarf Planet Ceres | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14411\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ceres-hst.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14411\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ceres-hst.jpg\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of Dwarf Planet Ceres. Credit: NASA/Hubble Space Telescope\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of Dwarf Planet Ceres. (NASA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent observations of the \u003ca title=\"Dwarf planet Ceres\" href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a> by the European Herschel Space Observatory have revealed for the first time the presence of water vapor on this object in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a tantalizing discovery. Although the presence of water ice on the rocky objects of the asteroid belt has long been theorized, this is the first definitive detection and the first detection of a possible atmosphere on a Main Belt object. Further, the amount of water ice on Ceres may be greater than all the water on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Herschel Space Observatory, operated by the European Space Agency until its planned shutdown last April, was the largest infrared telescope ever launched into space. Herschel’s cool-gas-and-dust-sensing infrared vision has been applied to a number of observing programs, one of which was to analyze the chemical composition of the surfaces and atmospheres of objects in the solar system, including planets, moons, comets, asteroids…and the dwarf planet Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herschel made detections of water vapor on Ceres on several occasions, but interestingly not in all observations. The timings of the detections suggest that the water vapor is outgassing in periodic bursts (probably powered by heating when Ceres swings closer to the sun), and the source of outgassing may be localized to specific regions on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Herschel Space Observatory discovers water on dwarf planet Ceres\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Herschel_discovers_water_vapour_around_dwarf_planet_Ceres\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Herschel’s discovery\u003c/a> comes at an opportune moment as \u003ca title=\"NASA/Dawn\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft, en route from its last port of call, the asteroid Vesta, gets ready to rendezvous with Ceres. Dawn is scheduled to arrive at Ceres in the spring of 2015, so we don’t have to wait long to get a detailed, up close look at the source of the water vapor and the nature of Ceres’ probable atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta and Ceres, the two largest objects in the \u003ca title=\"Main Asteroid Belt\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid belt\u003c/a>, are not only an asteroid and a dwarf planet. They are protoplanets: infant bodies that formed in the earliest times of the solar system, but whose processes of development were halted. Where other protoplanets continued to grow by drawing in more and more material and “snowballing” into full-fledged planethood, the growth of objects like Vesta and Ceres was stunted—but this turned out to be an advantage for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to how fossils can tell us about life forms and environments that existed on Earth long ago, leftover protoplanets like Vesta and Ceres are time-capsules of information about conditions in the earliest times of the solar system. The presence of water on Ceres may also inform us of the role that water played in the early formation of planets like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres has been an object of mystery and revelation as long as we’ve known about it. An astronomical chameleon, it has defied definitive classification not once, not twice, but perhaps three times. Discovered in 1801 orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, Ceres was originally thought to be another planet, but later downgraded to the status of the newly-created classification of “asteroid” when other, smaller objects were found orbiting the sun in its realm—sound familiar, Pluto?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2006 Ceres was reclassified again as a \u003ca title=\"Dwarf Planet\" href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwarf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dwarf planet\u003c/a>, along with former planet Pluto, Ceres’ kindred spirit in the \u003ca title=\"The Kuiper Belt\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/32515/kuiper-belt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a>. And now, with the discovery of water vapor and a possible thin atmosphere, Ceres is subtly–and unofficially–elevated to the likeness of a \u003cem>world\u003c/em>, a quality earned by a celestial object when we learn of the existence of air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, we’ll have a much clearer view of what a dwarf planet actually looks like. Not only will Dawn arrive at Ceres, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, after an almost ten year journey, will reach Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14411\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ceres-hst.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14411\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ceres-hst.jpg\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of Dwarf Planet Ceres. Credit: NASA/Hubble Space Telescope\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of Dwarf Planet Ceres. (NASA/Hubble Space Telescope)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent observations of the \u003ca title=\"Dwarf planet Ceres\" href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a> by the European Herschel Space Observatory have revealed for the first time the presence of water vapor on this object in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a tantalizing discovery. Although the presence of water ice on the rocky objects of the asteroid belt has long been theorized, this is the first definitive detection and the first detection of a possible atmosphere on a Main Belt object. Further, the amount of water ice on Ceres may be greater than all the water on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Herschel Space Observatory, operated by the European Space Agency until its planned shutdown last April, was the largest infrared telescope ever launched into space. Herschel’s cool-gas-and-dust-sensing infrared vision has been applied to a number of observing programs, one of which was to analyze the chemical composition of the surfaces and atmospheres of objects in the solar system, including planets, moons, comets, asteroids…and the dwarf planet Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herschel made detections of water vapor on Ceres on several occasions, but interestingly not in all observations. The timings of the detections suggest that the water vapor is outgassing in periodic bursts (probably powered by heating when Ceres swings closer to the sun), and the source of outgassing may be localized to specific regions on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Herschel Space Observatory discovers water on dwarf planet Ceres\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Herschel_discovers_water_vapour_around_dwarf_planet_Ceres\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Herschel’s discovery\u003c/a> comes at an opportune moment as \u003ca title=\"NASA/Dawn\" href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft, en route from its last port of call, the asteroid Vesta, gets ready to rendezvous with Ceres. Dawn is scheduled to arrive at Ceres in the spring of 2015, so we don’t have to wait long to get a detailed, up close look at the source of the water vapor and the nature of Ceres’ probable atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta and Ceres, the two largest objects in the \u003ca title=\"Main Asteroid Belt\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">asteroid belt\u003c/a>, are not only an asteroid and a dwarf planet. They are protoplanets: infant bodies that formed in the earliest times of the solar system, but whose processes of development were halted. Where other protoplanets continued to grow by drawing in more and more material and “snowballing” into full-fledged planethood, the growth of objects like Vesta and Ceres was stunted—but this turned out to be an advantage for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to how fossils can tell us about life forms and environments that existed on Earth long ago, leftover protoplanets like Vesta and Ceres are time-capsules of information about conditions in the earliest times of the solar system. The presence of water on Ceres may also inform us of the role that water played in the early formation of planets like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ceres has been an object of mystery and revelation as long as we’ve known about it. An astronomical chameleon, it has defied definitive classification not once, not twice, but perhaps three times. Discovered in 1801 orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, Ceres was originally thought to be another planet, but later downgraded to the status of the newly-created classification of “asteroid” when other, smaller objects were found orbiting the sun in its realm—sound familiar, Pluto?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2006 Ceres was reclassified again as a \u003ca title=\"Dwarf Planet\" href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwarf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dwarf planet\u003c/a>, along with former planet Pluto, Ceres’ kindred spirit in the \u003ca title=\"The Kuiper Belt\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/32515/kuiper-belt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a>. And now, with the discovery of water vapor and a possible thin atmosphere, Ceres is subtly–and unofficially–elevated to the likeness of a \u003cem>world\u003c/em>, a quality earned by a celestial object when we learn of the existence of air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, we’ll have a much clearer view of what a dwarf planet actually looks like. Not only will Dawn arrive at Ceres, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, after an almost ten year journey, will reach Pluto.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Sends Back New Moon Images",
"headTitle": "NASA’s LADEE Spacecraft Sends Back New Moon Images | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s LADEE Mission (that’s “LAD-ee,” not “lady,” short for Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer), managed by Ames Research Center in Mountain View, has sent back its first images from the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So NASA made a nifty little gif out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 752px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/adjusted_despeck_landscape.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"752\" height=\"580\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Five images captured by the LADEE spacecraft, on its mission to explain lunar dust. (NASA/Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The five photos were taken at one-minute intervals on February 8th, as LADEE zoomed along the moon’s orbit at approximately 60 miles a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames provides \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ladee-sends-its-first-images-of-the-moon-back-to-earth/#.Uv1KQvldV8E\">a guide\u003c/a> to the many craters captured in the images, including Krieger crater, about 14 miles in diameter, in the first image, and a lunar mountain range, Montes Agricola, in the third image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE’s lunar voyage is a $280-million attempt to answer a forty-two year-old mystery: Was it dust that caused those strange, colorful bands of light that Commander Eugene Cernan saw through the window of Apollo 17’s command module as it orbited the moon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on that – plus Cernan’s original sketch — here’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">our post\u003c/a> from last September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE made for a striking \u003ca href=\"http://kqedscience.tumblr.com/post/60798364934/look-at-nasas-ladee-spacecraft-soaring-over-nyc\">light show\u003c/a> when it passed over NYC back in September. It’ll orbit the moon for about three months, taking dust samples and beaming data back to Earth, while also experimenting with a new (and much faster) laser data transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, LADEE will crash-land onto the surface of the moon, analyzing dust samples all the way until its bitter end.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s LADEE Mission (that’s “LAD-ee,” not “lady,” short for Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer), managed by Ames Research Center in Mountain View, has sent back its first images from the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So NASA made a nifty little gif out of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 752px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/adjusted_despeck_landscape.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"752\" height=\"580\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Five images captured by the LADEE spacecraft, on its mission to explain lunar dust. (NASA/Ames)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The five photos were taken at one-minute intervals on February 8th, as LADEE zoomed along the moon’s orbit at approximately 60 miles a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames provides \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ladee-sends-its-first-images-of-the-moon-back-to-earth/#.Uv1KQvldV8E\">a guide\u003c/a> to the many craters captured in the images, including Krieger crater, about 14 miles in diameter, in the first image, and a lunar mountain range, Montes Agricola, in the third image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE’s lunar voyage is a $280-million attempt to answer a forty-two year-old mystery: Was it dust that caused those strange, colorful bands of light that Commander Eugene Cernan saw through the window of Apollo 17’s command module as it orbited the moon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on that – plus Cernan’s original sketch — here’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/03/new-nasa-moon-mission-aims-to-solve-a-40-year-old-mystery/\">our post\u003c/a> from last September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LADEE made for a striking \u003ca href=\"http://kqedscience.tumblr.com/post/60798364934/look-at-nasas-ladee-spacecraft-soaring-over-nyc\">light show\u003c/a> when it passed over NYC back in September. It’ll orbit the moon for about three months, taking dust samples and beaming data back to Earth, while also experimenting with a new (and much faster) laser data transmission system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, LADEE will crash-land onto the surface of the moon, analyzing dust samples all the way until its bitter end.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Don't Eat the Dirt on Mars: the Pros and Cons of Perchlorate",
"headTitle": "Don’t Eat the Dirt on Mars: the Pros and Cons of Perchlorate | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/S044-e1392090054341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/S044-e1392090054341.jpg\" alt=\"Future astronauts explore the Red Planet. Credit/ NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Future astronauts explore the Red Planet. Credit/NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To be successful Mars colonists, future astronauts will need to know both the potential hazard and utility of the soil. Astronauts can use Martian soil to “live off the land” as building material, fuel, or a fertilizer, greatly reducing the cost of a Mars mission, which is one of the biggest barriers to sending humans to the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One unusual compound that has garnered quite a bit of attention is called perchlorate; it has the potential to be both a blessing and a curse for future explorers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think that you have heard of perchlorate before, it’s probably because perchlorate is a \u003ca title=\"Perchlorate in the Pacific Southwest\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region9/toxic/perchlorate/per_ca.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fairly common groundwater contaminant\u003c/a> here on Earth, especially in regions of California and other parts of the southwest United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular type of perchlorate called ammonium perchlorate is used as rocket propellant. If enough ammonium perchlorate finds its way into drinking water from rocket testing, launches or fireworks, it can be detrimental to human health. Excess perchlorate consumption harms the thyroid by preventing the synthesis of hormones that regulate metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Perchlorate has the potential to be both a blessing and a curse for future explorers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2008, scientists on the Phoenix lander team discovered perchlorate on the Martian surface. Last year, \u003ca title=\"Perchlorate Complicates Hunt for Life on Mars\" href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/5709/perchlorate-complicates-hunt-for-life-on-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perchlorate was confirmed \u003c/a>near the landing site of the Curiosity rover. Confirmation of perchlorate over 5,700 kilometers apart indicates that the compound might be found almost everywhere on the surface of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While manufactured perchlorate for rocket propellant or fireworks is relatively commonplace, naturally occurring perchlorate is extremely rare on our planet. It is only known to exist in a few very dry places such as Death Valley, California and in fairly high concentration in the Atacama Desert in Chile, \u003ca title=\"Photos of the Atacama\" href=\"http://www.livescience.com/31911-atacama-desert-chile-photos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the driest place on Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/S128-120x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/S128-120x162.jpg\" alt=\"A future Mars colonist examines a rock on the martian surface\" width=\"120\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A future Mars colonist examines a rock on the martian surface. Credit/NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars is much drier than even the driest place on Earth, so it is not surprising that perchlorate is present there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hypothesize that perchlorate forms naturally when volcanic activity releases a chlorine compound that undergoes chemical changes in the atmosphere and then falls back to the surface. It only stays put in the soil if it doesn’t get washed away. Scientists think that this process might be the same on both Earth and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, future Mars colonists listen up: you can’t eat the dirt on Mars, but you might be able to turn it into rocket fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While perchlorate is not safe for human consumption in large quantities because of its detrimental effects on metabolism (and is even used as a pharmaceutical in rare cases), paradoxically, there are \u003ca title=\"Microbes' Rocket Fuel Metabolism Sheds Light On Ancient Life\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/05/microbe-rocket-fuel-metabolism-perchlorate_n_3016916.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microorganisms on Earth that actually eat perchlorate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perchlorate-metabolizing microorganisms on Earth are diverse and many have the ability to use a couple different chemical energy sources other than perchlorate. This gives scientists some hope that we could discover microbial life that could use or have used that ability to survive on the red planet\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To be successful Mars colonists, future astronauts will need to know both the potential hazard and utility of the soil. One unusual compound that has garnered quite a bit of attention is called perchlorate; it has the potential to be both a blessing and a curse for future explorers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/S044-e1392090054341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/S044-e1392090054341.jpg\" alt=\"Future astronauts explore the Red Planet. Credit/ NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Future astronauts explore the Red Planet. Credit/NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To be successful Mars colonists, future astronauts will need to know both the potential hazard and utility of the soil. Astronauts can use Martian soil to “live off the land” as building material, fuel, or a fertilizer, greatly reducing the cost of a Mars mission, which is one of the biggest barriers to sending humans to the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One unusual compound that has garnered quite a bit of attention is called perchlorate; it has the potential to be both a blessing and a curse for future explorers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think that you have heard of perchlorate before, it’s probably because perchlorate is a \u003ca title=\"Perchlorate in the Pacific Southwest\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region9/toxic/perchlorate/per_ca.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fairly common groundwater contaminant\u003c/a> here on Earth, especially in regions of California and other parts of the southwest United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular type of perchlorate called ammonium perchlorate is used as rocket propellant. If enough ammonium perchlorate finds its way into drinking water from rocket testing, launches or fireworks, it can be detrimental to human health. Excess perchlorate consumption harms the thyroid by preventing the synthesis of hormones that regulate metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Perchlorate has the potential to be both a blessing and a curse for future explorers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2008, scientists on the Phoenix lander team discovered perchlorate on the Martian surface. Last year, \u003ca title=\"Perchlorate Complicates Hunt for Life on Mars\" href=\"http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/5709/perchlorate-complicates-hunt-for-life-on-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perchlorate was confirmed \u003c/a>near the landing site of the Curiosity rover. Confirmation of perchlorate over 5,700 kilometers apart indicates that the compound might be found almost everywhere on the surface of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While manufactured perchlorate for rocket propellant or fireworks is relatively commonplace, naturally occurring perchlorate is extremely rare on our planet. It is only known to exist in a few very dry places such as Death Valley, California and in fairly high concentration in the Atacama Desert in Chile, \u003ca title=\"Photos of the Atacama\" href=\"http://www.livescience.com/31911-atacama-desert-chile-photos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the driest place on Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/S128-120x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/S128-120x162.jpg\" alt=\"A future Mars colonist examines a rock on the martian surface\" width=\"120\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A future Mars colonist examines a rock on the martian surface. Credit/NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars is much drier than even the driest place on Earth, so it is not surprising that perchlorate is present there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hypothesize that perchlorate forms naturally when volcanic activity releases a chlorine compound that undergoes chemical changes in the atmosphere and then falls back to the surface. It only stays put in the soil if it doesn’t get washed away. Scientists think that this process might be the same on both Earth and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, future Mars colonists listen up: you can’t eat the dirt on Mars, but you might be able to turn it into rocket fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While perchlorate is not safe for human consumption in large quantities because of its detrimental effects on metabolism (and is even used as a pharmaceutical in rare cases), paradoxically, there are \u003ca title=\"Microbes' Rocket Fuel Metabolism Sheds Light On Ancient Life\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/05/microbe-rocket-fuel-metabolism-perchlorate_n_3016916.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microorganisms on Earth that actually eat perchlorate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perchlorate-metabolizing microorganisms on Earth are diverse and many have the ability to use a couple different chemical energy sources other than perchlorate. This gives scientists some hope that we could discover microbial life that could use or have used that ability to survive on the red planet\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Cigar Galaxy Lights Up: Supernova 2014J",
"headTitle": "The Cigar Galaxy Lights Up: Supernova 2014J | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13880\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/M82-SN2014J-Chabot36-CJung.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/M82-SN2014J-Chabot36-CJung.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova 2014J in the galaxy M-82, before (2004) and after (January 2014) pictures. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center, Conrad Jung\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supernova 2014J in the galaxy M-82, before (2004) and after (January 2014). Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center, Conrad Jung\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time in a galaxy 12 million light years away, a tiny white dwarf star went supernova, and for a few fleeting weeks was elevated in brightness to outshine the rest of the stars in its galaxy combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The far, far away galaxy is called \u003ca title=\"Messier 82\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/47071/messier-82/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Messier 82\u003c/a> and lies in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major (Big Bear, Big Dipper). Also known as the “Cigar Galaxy,” owing to its long narrow shape and maybe its ashy appearance in small telescopes, M-82 has been known to us since the late 18th century when \u003ca title=\"Charles Messier\" href=\"http://www.seasky.org/space-exploration/astronomers-charles-messier.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Messier\u003c/a> observed and cataloged it during his search for comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova, 2014-J, was first noticed on January 21st, though may have been visible to us as early as the 14th. Appearing now as a bright dot set in the glow of the Cigar, 2014J has been captured by many telescopes the world around. \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center’s\u003c/a> 36-inch reflector, \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center's 36-inch reflector, "Nellie"\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/nellie.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nellie\u003c/a>, has also been affording visitors a peek through the eyepiece during our Friday and Saturday night observing hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014J has been identified as \u003ca title=\"Hubblesite: Type 1A Supernovae\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-type_ia_supernovae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Type 1A supernova\u003c/a>, a special and very useful kind of stellar explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “ordinary” \u003ca title=\"Supernova\" href=\"http://www.space.com/6638-supernova.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supernova\u003c/a> occurs when a massive star runs out of fuel and can no longer support its bulk against its own gravity. With the forces of nuclear fusion in its core suddenly snuffed out, it collapses and ignites the leftover core material in a sudden frenzied burst of fusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Type 1A supernova arises not from a massive star shoving off its mortal coil, but from the remnant of a dead, sun-sized star that has become a sort of ticking time bomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"White Dwarf\" href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/dwarfs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">white dwarf\u003c/a> is the remnant core of a dead star that in its life was around the size of our sun. In the after-life scenario for such a star, its outer layers of gas are blown gently into space as an expanding “\u003ca title=\"Planetary Nebulae\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planetary nebula\u003c/a>“. Its extinguished, but still hot core contracts into a dense ball of mostly carbon and oxygen roughly the size of the Earth. It’s hot because it retains the original core’s heat energy, though over time will cool down like a fading ember and go dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes a white dwarf belongs to a binary star system: a pair of stars dancing in mutual orbits. If the white dwarf and its companion star are close enough to each other the dwarf can draw material from the other, slowly adding to its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just like the load capacity of a standard elevator, a white dwarf has a maximum mass limit equivalent to 1.38 times the mass of our sun (called the Chandrasekhar Limit, after Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar). If a white dwarf’s mass exceeds this limit…well, not to put too fine a point in it, boom! The straw breaks the camel’s back; the overweight white dwarf experiences a sudden, rapid, and violent collapse, stoking the fusion of much of the carbon and oxygen in its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a Type 1A supernova is born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since each and every white dwarf that blows in this fashion has exactly that same critical mass, the power of all Type 1A supernovas are always exactly the same—in contrast to those “ordinary” stellar supernovas whose strengths vary depending on the mass or the dying star, among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 1A supernovas, then, are very useful as standard reference beacons for measuring the distances to the galaxies that host them. All we have to do is measure a Type 1A supernova’s apparent brightness, compare it to the known absolute brightness for one, then we can calculate its distance with good accuracy. In fact, it is this technique that has allowed us to determine the size and structure, and ultimately the age, of the universe itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014J will be fading in the week or so ahead. If you come by Chabot on a Friday or Saturday evening in the near future you may be lucky enough to glimpse the final epitaph for what is now a long dead star — dare I say death star — in a galaxy far, far away…. Go rebels!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13880\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/M82-SN2014J-Chabot36-CJung.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13880\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/M82-SN2014J-Chabot36-CJung.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova 2014J in the galaxy M-82, before (2004) and after (January 2014) pictures. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center, Conrad Jung\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supernova 2014J in the galaxy M-82, before (2004) and after (January 2014). Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center, Conrad Jung\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time in a galaxy 12 million light years away, a tiny white dwarf star went supernova, and for a few fleeting weeks was elevated in brightness to outshine the rest of the stars in its galaxy combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The far, far away galaxy is called \u003ca title=\"Messier 82\" href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/47071/messier-82/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Messier 82\u003c/a> and lies in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major (Big Bear, Big Dipper). Also known as the “Cigar Galaxy,” owing to its long narrow shape and maybe its ashy appearance in small telescopes, M-82 has been known to us since the late 18th century when \u003ca title=\"Charles Messier\" href=\"http://www.seasky.org/space-exploration/astronomers-charles-messier.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Messier\u003c/a> observed and cataloged it during his search for comets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova, 2014-J, was first noticed on January 21st, though may have been visible to us as early as the 14th. Appearing now as a bright dot set in the glow of the Cigar, 2014J has been captured by many telescopes the world around. \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center’s\u003c/a> 36-inch reflector, \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space & Science Center's 36-inch reflector, "Nellie"\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/nellie.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nellie\u003c/a>, has also been affording visitors a peek through the eyepiece during our Friday and Saturday night observing hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014J has been identified as \u003ca title=\"Hubblesite: Type 1A Supernovae\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-type_ia_supernovae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Type 1A supernova\u003c/a>, a special and very useful kind of stellar explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “ordinary” \u003ca title=\"Supernova\" href=\"http://www.space.com/6638-supernova.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supernova\u003c/a> occurs when a massive star runs out of fuel and can no longer support its bulk against its own gravity. With the forces of nuclear fusion in its core suddenly snuffed out, it collapses and ignites the leftover core material in a sudden frenzied burst of fusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Type 1A supernova arises not from a massive star shoving off its mortal coil, but from the remnant of a dead, sun-sized star that has become a sort of ticking time bomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"White Dwarf\" href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/dwarfs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">white dwarf\u003c/a> is the remnant core of a dead star that in its life was around the size of our sun. In the after-life scenario for such a star, its outer layers of gas are blown gently into space as an expanding “\u003ca title=\"Planetary Nebulae\" href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planetary nebula\u003c/a>“. Its extinguished, but still hot core contracts into a dense ball of mostly carbon and oxygen roughly the size of the Earth. It’s hot because it retains the original core’s heat energy, though over time will cool down like a fading ember and go dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes a white dwarf belongs to a binary star system: a pair of stars dancing in mutual orbits. If the white dwarf and its companion star are close enough to each other the dwarf can draw material from the other, slowly adding to its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just like the load capacity of a standard elevator, a white dwarf has a maximum mass limit equivalent to 1.38 times the mass of our sun (called the Chandrasekhar Limit, after Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar). If a white dwarf’s mass exceeds this limit…well, not to put too fine a point in it, boom! The straw breaks the camel’s back; the overweight white dwarf experiences a sudden, rapid, and violent collapse, stoking the fusion of much of the carbon and oxygen in its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a Type 1A supernova is born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since each and every white dwarf that blows in this fashion has exactly that same critical mass, the power of all Type 1A supernovas are always exactly the same—in contrast to those “ordinary” stellar supernovas whose strengths vary depending on the mass or the dying star, among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 1A supernovas, then, are very useful as standard reference beacons for measuring the distances to the galaxies that host them. All we have to do is measure a Type 1A supernova’s apparent brightness, compare it to the known absolute brightness for one, then we can calculate its distance with good accuracy. In fact, it is this technique that has allowed us to determine the size and structure, and ultimately the age, of the universe itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2014J will be fading in the week or so ahead. If you come by Chabot on a Friday or Saturday evening in the near future you may be lucky enough to glimpse the final epitaph for what is now a long dead star — dare I say death star — in a galaxy far, far away…. Go rebels!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rosetta Wakes Up for Final Approach to a Comet",
"headTitle": "Rosetta Wakes Up for Final Approach to a Comet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13471\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/rosetta-illustration.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13471\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/rosetta-illustration.jpg\" alt=\"The ESA's Rosetta Spacecraft\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday, far beyond the orbit of Mars, an alarm clock went off and a robot began the slow process of waking up after a long, cold sleep. The European Space Agency’s \u003ca title=\"ESA/Rosetta Mission\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft is now awake and on final approach to its target, the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, which it will catch up with this May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta was launched back in 2004 and has spent\u003ca title=\"Where is Rosetta?\" href=\"https://util1.estec.esa.int/rosetta/where_is_rosetta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the last ten years \u003c/a>conducting fancy “gravitational slingshot” maneuvers around the Inner Solar System designed to boost its speed. By making a series of close flybys of planets (three of Earth and one of Mars), Rosetta acquired some of their momentum—not unlike how a discus thrower flings a discus to higher speed by imparting a bit of their own momentum as they spin around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boost to Rosetta’s velocity was sufficient to fling it almost to the orbit of Jupiter, about five hundred million miles from the Sun. \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Spots the Comet Before Going into Hibernation\" href=\"http://www.space.com/12013-comet-photo-rosetta-spacecraft-hibernation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It was at this point\u003c/a>, in 2011, when the solar-powered Rosetta spacecraft went into hibernation, the strength of sunlight at that distance not sufficient maintain full power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s mission in the months ahead will feature feats of comet exploration that have never been done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Rosetta is over 5 million miles from the comet, but will close the gap to little over a million miles by May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Rosetta will be the first spacecraft to orbit a comet, giving us a much longer close-up look at one of these icy bodies than \u003ca title=\"Best Comet Fly-By Missions\" href=\"http://www.space.com/11801-amazing-comet-encounters-robot-spacecraft.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other spacecraft have achieved on fly-by missions\u003c/a> in recent years. Those fly-by missions were exciting and we learned a lot from them, but their close approaches lasted only minutes. Rosetta will spend over a year in close proximity, studying the comet with its 11 scientific instruments—\u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL-provided instruments on Rosetta\" href=\"http://rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov/us-instruments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three of which\u003c/a> were provided by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more exciting, Rosetta carries a probe that will be launched sometime in November, and if all goes well will set down and give us the first “boots on the ground” image from the surface of a comet. I’m a junky for otherworldly landscapes, so I’m particularly interested in the returns from Rosetta, and its landing probe Philae. To date we have achieved surface views from only a handful of bodies: the moon, Mars, the asteroid Eros, and Saturn’s moon Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (say that five times fast) orbits the sun every 6.45 years. At the end of its orbit when it’s farthest from the sun (aphelion), the comet is farther out than Jupiter, but on closest approach (perihelion) it will be only slightly farther from the sun than we are. Rosetta will accompany the comet as it approaches perihelion in December 2015, giving us a front-row seat to a comet as it heats up. If only a tag-along spacecraft could have followed comet ISON to its perihelion, and demise, last Thanksgiving; what a show that would have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve long been interested in comets, not only for the beauty of the rare one that comes close enough to the sun to be seen, but for the fact that comets are preserved specimens of materials from the very early times in the solar system. Think of them as time capsules, or fossils, or ice core samples from ancient ice sheets; the information preserved in their composition and structure can give us insight into the past, when the sun and planets were quite young, four and half billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta still has some miles to go before it gets close to the comet, so set your alarm clock for next August when we should wake up to a fresh vision of these ancient and mysterious celestial objects.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On Monday, far beyond the orbit of Mars, an alarm clock went off and a robot began the slow process of waking up after a long, cold sleep. The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft is now approaching the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, which it will catch up with this May.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13471\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/rosetta-illustration.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13471\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13471\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/rosetta-illustration.jpg\" alt=\"The ESA's Rosetta Spacecraft\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ESA’s Rosetta Spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday, far beyond the orbit of Mars, an alarm clock went off and a robot began the slow process of waking up after a long, cold sleep. The European Space Agency’s \u003ca title=\"ESA/Rosetta Mission\" href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft is now awake and on final approach to its target, the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, which it will catch up with this May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta was launched back in 2004 and has spent\u003ca title=\"Where is Rosetta?\" href=\"https://util1.estec.esa.int/rosetta/where_is_rosetta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the last ten years \u003c/a>conducting fancy “gravitational slingshot” maneuvers around the Inner Solar System designed to boost its speed. By making a series of close flybys of planets (three of Earth and one of Mars), Rosetta acquired some of their momentum—not unlike how a discus thrower flings a discus to higher speed by imparting a bit of their own momentum as they spin around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boost to Rosetta’s velocity was sufficient to fling it almost to the orbit of Jupiter, about five hundred million miles from the Sun. \u003ca title=\"Rosetta Spots the Comet Before Going into Hibernation\" href=\"http://www.space.com/12013-comet-photo-rosetta-spacecraft-hibernation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It was at this point\u003c/a>, in 2011, when the solar-powered Rosetta spacecraft went into hibernation, the strength of sunlight at that distance not sufficient maintain full power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta’s mission in the months ahead will feature feats of comet exploration that have never been done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Rosetta is over 5 million miles from the comet, but will close the gap to little over a million miles by May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Rosetta will be the first spacecraft to orbit a comet, giving us a much longer close-up look at one of these icy bodies than \u003ca title=\"Best Comet Fly-By Missions\" href=\"http://www.space.com/11801-amazing-comet-encounters-robot-spacecraft.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other spacecraft have achieved on fly-by missions\u003c/a> in recent years. Those fly-by missions were exciting and we learned a lot from them, but their close approaches lasted only minutes. Rosetta will spend over a year in close proximity, studying the comet with its 11 scientific instruments—\u003ca title=\"NASA/JPL-provided instruments on Rosetta\" href=\"http://rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov/us-instruments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three of which\u003c/a> were provided by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more exciting, Rosetta carries a probe that will be launched sometime in November, and if all goes well will set down and give us the first “boots on the ground” image from the surface of a comet. I’m a junky for otherworldly landscapes, so I’m particularly interested in the returns from Rosetta, and its landing probe Philae. To date we have achieved surface views from only a handful of bodies: the moon, Mars, the asteroid Eros, and Saturn’s moon Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (say that five times fast) orbits the sun every 6.45 years. At the end of its orbit when it’s farthest from the sun (aphelion), the comet is farther out than Jupiter, but on closest approach (perihelion) it will be only slightly farther from the sun than we are. Rosetta will accompany the comet as it approaches perihelion in December 2015, giving us a front-row seat to a comet as it heats up. If only a tag-along spacecraft could have followed comet ISON to its perihelion, and demise, last Thanksgiving; what a show that would have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve long been interested in comets, not only for the beauty of the rare one that comes close enough to the sun to be seen, but for the fact that comets are preserved specimens of materials from the very early times in the solar system. Think of them as time capsules, or fossils, or ice core samples from ancient ice sheets; the information preserved in their composition and structure can give us insight into the past, when the sun and planets were quite young, four and half billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta still has some miles to go before it gets close to the comet, so set your alarm clock for next August when we should wake up to a fresh vision of these ancient and mysterious celestial objects.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Amateur Astronomer and Telescope Inventor John Dobson Dies at 98",
"headTitle": "Amateur Astronomer and Telescope Inventor John Dobson Dies at 98 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13483\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13483 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\" alt=\"John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\" width=\"307\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>John Dobson, the co-founder of San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers and the inventor of a telescope that people can build themselves, died on January 15 in Burbank. He was 98.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Dobson introduced the public to the sky, setting up telescopes in cities and parks and inviting passers-by to take a look into space. And he taught them how to build their own telescopes, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson put his first telescope together from found objects in the 1950s, when he was a monk. He had been assigned to spend his life “reconciling ancient Hindu scripture with modern physics,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/science/space/john-dobson-dies-at-98-taught-art-of-stargazing.html?hpw&rref=science\">New York Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was as part of this quest that he decided to make a telescope to look at the universe. As material he used plywood, cardboard tubes, glass from ship portholes and even cereal boxes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Dobson was eventually expelled from his monastery in Sacramento because he was spending too much time away from it, teaching other people how to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He came to San Francisco, and continued sharing his love of space with anyone around him, setting up telescopes in parking lots and on sidewalks. He co-founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsidewalkastronomers.org/\">San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers\u003c/a> in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson never patented the telescope he invented, as his biography on the \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/id32.html\">Sidewalk Astronomers website\u003c/a> explains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It’s like re-inventing a cup, we’ve had cups all along, and if you try to patent a cup with a handle, you can’t. While patenting his design might have been difficult, it wouldn’t have been difficult to copyright the name “Dobsonian”, but that was never something John even considered. His mission was to get as many telescopes out there as possible by making it as easy as possible, not making it harder with restrictions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“I think other people think of me as a teacher,” Dobson said in an \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\">interview with KQED’s Quest\u003c/a> TV series. “I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s International Sidewalk Astronomy Night, an event organized by the Sidewalk Astronomers on March 8, will be \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/2014.01.01_arch.html\">dedicated to Dobson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13483\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13483 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/cstraus_JDobson_1975.jpg\" alt=\"John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\" width=\"307\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dobson at Mount Tamalpais in 1975. (Carol Straus)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>John Dobson, the co-founder of San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers and the inventor of a telescope that people can build themselves, died on January 15 in Burbank. He was 98.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Dobson introduced the public to the sky, setting up telescopes in cities and parks and inviting passers-by to take a look into space. And he taught them how to build their own telescopes, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson put his first telescope together from found objects in the 1950s, when he was a monk. He had been assigned to spend his life “reconciling ancient Hindu scripture with modern physics,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/science/space/john-dobson-dies-at-98-taught-art-of-stargazing.html?hpw&rref=science\">New York Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was as part of this quest that he decided to make a telescope to look at the universe. As material he used plywood, cardboard tubes, glass from ship portholes and even cereal boxes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Dobson was eventually expelled from his monastery in Sacramento because he was spending too much time away from it, teaching other people how to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He came to San Francisco, and continued sharing his love of space with anyone around him, setting up telescopes in parking lots and on sidewalks. He co-founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsidewalkastronomers.org/\">San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers\u003c/a> in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dobson never patented the telescope he invented, as his biography on the \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/id32.html\">Sidewalk Astronomers website\u003c/a> explains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It’s like re-inventing a cup, we’ve had cups all along, and if you try to patent a cup with a handle, you can’t. While patenting his design might have been difficult, it wouldn’t have been difficult to copyright the name “Dobsonian”, but that was never something John even considered. His mission was to get as many telescopes out there as possible by making it as easy as possible, not making it harder with restrictions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“I think other people think of me as a teacher,” Dobson said in an \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\">interview with KQED’s Quest\u003c/a> TV series. “I just see myself as a curious worm that got born in this place and worried about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s International Sidewalk Astronomy Night, an event organized by the Sidewalk Astronomers on March 8, will be \u003ca href=\"http://sidewalkastronomers.us/2014.01.01_arch.html\">dedicated to Dobson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=205b_astronomers.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F205b_astronomers300.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jupiter-illust-nasa-jpl.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12860\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jupiter-illust-nasa-jpl.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of Jupiter from the surface of Europa. NASA/JPL\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of Jupiter from the surface of Europa. NASA/JPL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The planet Jupiter is once again a \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/tonight/earth-passes-between-jupiter-and-sun-on-january-5-2014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source of surprise and wonder\u003c/a> to many a night-sky-gazer, as it has been many times since before recorded history, refreshing the age-old human experience of this bright celestial beacon as a “wandering star” ever on the move among the stars. Jupiter forms one vertex of a triangle with the stars Castor and Pollux—the twins of Gemini–high in the eastern sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have received more than a few emails and phone calls from inquisitive people prompted by the sighting of a “UFO” high in the east. None of them suggested that they had seen a flying saucer, but were nevertheless mystified. In fact a couple of people were quite insistent that the apparition was certainly not a star or a planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I understand the feeling; the same thing happened to me in my teens when I happened to look up one night and see, as if for the first time, the star \u003ca title=\"First Star I See--In My Life!\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sirius\u003c/a>, the brightest star in the night sky. It was so bright, and flashed prismatically with so many colors as its light sliced through Earth’s atmosphere, that I could barely believe I was looking at a normal star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look up and see something we may not have noticed before, or which may be presented in an unusually prominent situation, we can be quite puzzled by what we are viewing–even though it might be something we have seen before, but in a different light. Even as our brains try to classify the object–as a bright planet, a bright star, or maybe even an exploding star (which is one of the possibilities I assigned to Sirius on that night long ago)–the wonder and awe we feel can be electrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 404 years ago this week that \u003ca title=\"The Galileo Project\" href=\"http://galileo.rice.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo Galilei\u003c/a> experienced the puzzlement and awe of a new celestial wonder—and in this case it was truly something that neither he nor anyone else had ever beheld. The invention of the telescope was brand new, and its use as a tool to scry the hidden secrets of the heavens even newer, Galileo being the first to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 1610, Galileo aimed his telescope at Jupiter and discovered its large moons, the \u003ca title=\"The Galilean Moons\" href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/education/outerplanets/moons_galilean.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileans\u003c/a>, which are just beyond the grasp of the unaided human eye to perceive. At first he thought the tiny dots might be background stars, but in the course of observing them on subsequent nights Galileo saw that not only did they move with Jupiter, they constantly changed their relative positions as they apparently orbited the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After visits by seven spacecraft—six fly-by missions and one orbiter, the \u003ca title=\"The Galileo Mission\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo probe\u003c/a>—we have revealed many of the wondrous secrets about Jupiter and its moons. Not only is Jupiter by far the largest planet in our solar system, containing more matter than the rest of the planets combined, it possesses the largest moon (Ganymede), the most volcanically active body (Io), the oldest surface (Callisto), and the greatest known liquid-water ocean (Europa). The adventure continues with NASA’s \u003ca title=\"Juno Spacecraft Flies By Earth\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juno \u003c/a>spacecraft, currently on its final course to enter orbit around Jupiter in 2015 on a mission to study its polar regions and even probe the yet unseen reaches of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo’s report of seeing Jupiter’s moons must have been like a modern UFO sighting—though in his time it was agents of the church in Rome, and not men-in-black driving unmarked vans, who showed up to silence the witness.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jupiter-illust-nasa-jpl.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12860\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/jupiter-illust-nasa-jpl.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of Jupiter from the surface of Europa. NASA/JPL\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of Jupiter from the surface of Europa. NASA/JPL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The planet Jupiter is once again a \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/tonight/earth-passes-between-jupiter-and-sun-on-january-5-2014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source of surprise and wonder\u003c/a> to many a night-sky-gazer, as it has been many times since before recorded history, refreshing the age-old human experience of this bright celestial beacon as a “wandering star” ever on the move among the stars. Jupiter forms one vertex of a triangle with the stars Castor and Pollux—the twins of Gemini–high in the eastern sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have received more than a few emails and phone calls from inquisitive people prompted by the sighting of a “UFO” high in the east. None of them suggested that they had seen a flying saucer, but were nevertheless mystified. In fact a couple of people were quite insistent that the apparition was certainly not a star or a planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I understand the feeling; the same thing happened to me in my teens when I happened to look up one night and see, as if for the first time, the star \u003ca title=\"First Star I See--In My Life!\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sirius\u003c/a>, the brightest star in the night sky. It was so bright, and flashed prismatically with so many colors as its light sliced through Earth’s atmosphere, that I could barely believe I was looking at a normal star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look up and see something we may not have noticed before, or which may be presented in an unusually prominent situation, we can be quite puzzled by what we are viewing–even though it might be something we have seen before, but in a different light. Even as our brains try to classify the object–as a bright planet, a bright star, or maybe even an exploding star (which is one of the possibilities I assigned to Sirius on that night long ago)–the wonder and awe we feel can be electrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 404 years ago this week that \u003ca title=\"The Galileo Project\" href=\"http://galileo.rice.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo Galilei\u003c/a> experienced the puzzlement and awe of a new celestial wonder—and in this case it was truly something that neither he nor anyone else had ever beheld. The invention of the telescope was brand new, and its use as a tool to scry the hidden secrets of the heavens even newer, Galileo being the first to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 1610, Galileo aimed his telescope at Jupiter and discovered its large moons, the \u003ca title=\"The Galilean Moons\" href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/education/outerplanets/moons_galilean.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileans\u003c/a>, which are just beyond the grasp of the unaided human eye to perceive. At first he thought the tiny dots might be background stars, but in the course of observing them on subsequent nights Galileo saw that not only did they move with Jupiter, they constantly changed their relative positions as they apparently orbited the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After visits by seven spacecraft—six fly-by missions and one orbiter, the \u003ca title=\"The Galileo Mission\" href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo probe\u003c/a>—we have revealed many of the wondrous secrets about Jupiter and its moons. Not only is Jupiter by far the largest planet in our solar system, containing more matter than the rest of the planets combined, it possesses the largest moon (Ganymede), the most volcanically active body (Io), the oldest surface (Callisto), and the greatest known liquid-water ocean (Europa). The adventure continues with NASA’s \u003ca title=\"Juno Spacecraft Flies By Earth\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juno \u003c/a>spacecraft, currently on its final course to enter orbit around Jupiter in 2015 on a mission to study its polar regions and even probe the yet unseen reaches of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo’s report of seeing Jupiter’s moons must have been like a modern UFO sighting—though in his time it was agents of the church in Rome, and not men-in-black driving unmarked vans, who showed up to silence the witness.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Our Ten Favorite Science Sounds of 2013",
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"content": "\u003cp>What do radio reporters do? They record sounds. Sometimes, rather strange sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science being a beat particularly rich in audible oddities (ever heard a \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/07/redoubt-seismic-screams/\">volcano scream\u003c/a> or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWkMWDSVZuQ\">tree sing?\u003c/a>), we decided to pull together a few of our favorites from 2013. To be clear, these are sounds we here at KQED Science either recorded or used in stories we produced. (And, ok, some of them aren’t sounds so much as “moments” we liked.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re not telling you much about them — you can click through to the stories to read and hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#1 This \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado/\">male elephant seal\u003c/a> in Ano Nuevo sounds like an old jalopy. That’s how the ladies like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/elephant-seal\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#2 The times they are a changing, and, therefore, so are \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/changing-foghorns/\">the foghorns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/new-vs-old-foghorn-on-san\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#3 An epileptic seizure,\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/01/what-does-an-epileptic-seizure-sound-like/\"> translated into sound\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/an-epileptic-seizure-in-sound\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#4 Some might say it’s a bad idea to stick your microphone into a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">field of burning grass\u003c/a>, but don’t tell that to Molly Samuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/mollysamuel/prescribed-burn\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#5 Speaking of close calls… here’s that time Lauren Sommer \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/road-kill-or-road-crossing-california-slow-to-protect-wildlife/\">got a little too close\u003c/a> to her subject: a mountain lion in Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/close-brush-with-a-mountain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#6 “Hi.” Just “hi.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In Morse code, as heard by a billion dollar NASA spacecraft \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/11/en-route-to-jupiter-juno-sends-first-ever-video-of-earth-and-moon/\">bound for Jupiter\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/1400-ham-radio-ops-say-hi-to\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#7 \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles/\">Killer electrons\u003c/a>: mysterious, satellite-trashing particles that travel at almost the speed of light. They get sped up by electromagnetic waves in the Earth’s radiation belts that “sound” like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/killer-electron\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#8 This recording of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/navy-training-raises-new-concerns-for-whales-off-california-coast/\">a blue whale \u003c/a>– captured with an acoustic tag attached to the whale’s back – literally shook the studio when our engineer was mixing Lauren’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/blue-whale\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#9 In the future, when people \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/how-to-fly-a-model-helicopter-with-your-brain-and-other-adventures-in-eeg-gaming/\">play their brains\u003c/a> like musical instruments, here’s what it might sound like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/neurodisco-frustrated-state\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#10 When Scientists Get Excited… \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/airborne-lasers-yield-better-measure-of-californias-water-supply/\">so do radio reporters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/mollysamuel/woohoo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From whales and elephant seals to brain music and killer electrons, our best sounds of the year. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What do radio reporters do? They record sounds. Sometimes, rather strange sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science being a beat particularly rich in audible oddities (ever heard a \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/07/redoubt-seismic-screams/\">volcano scream\u003c/a> or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWkMWDSVZuQ\">tree sing?\u003c/a>), we decided to pull together a few of our favorites from 2013. To be clear, these are sounds we here at KQED Science either recorded or used in stories we produced. (And, ok, some of them aren’t sounds so much as “moments” we liked.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re not telling you much about them — you can click through to the stories to read and hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#1 This \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado/\">male elephant seal\u003c/a> in Ano Nuevo sounds like an old jalopy. That’s how the ladies like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/elephant-seal\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#2 The times they are a changing, and, therefore, so are \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/changing-foghorns/\">the foghorns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/new-vs-old-foghorn-on-san\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#3 An epileptic seizure,\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/01/what-does-an-epileptic-seizure-sound-like/\"> translated into sound\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/an-epileptic-seizure-in-sound\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#4 Some might say it’s a bad idea to stick your microphone into a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">field of burning grass\u003c/a>, but don’t tell that to Molly Samuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/mollysamuel/prescribed-burn\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#5 Speaking of close calls… here’s that time Lauren Sommer \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/road-kill-or-road-crossing-california-slow-to-protect-wildlife/\">got a little too close\u003c/a> to her subject: a mountain lion in Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/close-brush-with-a-mountain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#6 “Hi.” Just “hi.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In Morse code, as heard by a billion dollar NASA spacecraft \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/11/en-route-to-jupiter-juno-sends-first-ever-video-of-earth-and-moon/\">bound for Jupiter\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/1400-ham-radio-ops-say-hi-to\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#7 \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles/\">Killer electrons\u003c/a>: mysterious, satellite-trashing particles that travel at almost the speed of light. They get sped up by electromagnetic waves in the Earth’s radiation belts that “sound” like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/killer-electron\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#8 This recording of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/navy-training-raises-new-concerns-for-whales-off-california-coast/\">a blue whale \u003c/a>– captured with an acoustic tag attached to the whale’s back – literally shook the studio when our engineer was mixing Lauren’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/blue-whale\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#9 In the future, when people \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/how-to-fly-a-model-helicopter-with-your-brain-and-other-adventures-in-eeg-gaming/\">play their brains\u003c/a> like musical instruments, here’s what it might sound like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/neurodisco-frustrated-state\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#10 When Scientists Get Excited… \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/airborne-lasers-yield-better-measure-of-californias-water-supply/\">so do radio reporters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/mollysamuel/woohoo\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Space 2013: Another Great Year of Cosmic Adventure",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12417\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/voyager-1-in-interstellar-space.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12417\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12417\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/voyager-1-in-interstellar-space.jpg\" alt=\"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space. Credit: NASA\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Voyager 1 enters interstellar space. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s take a moment to tally a few of 2013’s highlights of astronomy and space exploration. In brief, it was a very good year on a number of fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious about Mars? Then it’s been a good year for you, 2013 being yet another year in a long unbroken succession where Mars still stands out as one of the most intriguing places to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s rover Curiosity, resident on Mars since August 2012, has turned up a number of tantalizing clues about Mars’s past. Though its primary mission to climb the slopes of Mount Sharp and read the layers of sediment that were built up over a couple billion years still lies ahead, Curiosity’s preparatory activities at the mountain’s foot have already struck pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>River-bed-like gravel matrix\u003c/strong>. Interesting as dirt! Curiosity happened upon a \u003ca title=\"Curiosity rover finds stream-bed-like formations on Mars\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bed of gravely stones\u003c/a> in a solid matrix that strongly resembles formations on Earth left behind by the past action of flowing river and stream beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water now?\u003c/strong> We’ve known of water on Mars for some time now: water-ice locked up in the polar caps and under the soils of the vast northern plains, and also water molecules bound up in minerals. One of Curiosity’s primary goals is to assess the past conditions on Mars to determine if they were ever suitable for the existence of life (as we know life)—that is, was there ever liquid water there? After a year of prospecting, including analysis of rock samples ground out of a deep (2.5 inch) bore hole and chemical measurements with other instruments, \u003ca title=\"Curiosity finds water in Martian soil\" href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/26/nasa-curiosity-rover-mars-soil-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the presence of water\u003c/a> chemically bound up in the minerals of Gale Crater is now well established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No methane detected\u003c/strong>. One surprise from Mars this year was the failure of Curiosity to detect methane gas in the air—and it is not a failure of Curiosity’s instruments, but apparently a true dearth of this simple hydrocarbon. This was a surprise because earlier measurements by other spacecraft suggested the presence of methane—one source of which on Earth are living organisms. This does not rule out the possibility of life on Mars today, but is a bit like a puzzle piece that doesn’t fit as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On another frontier, NASA’s Juno spacecraft, launched in 2011, made a gravitational slingshot maneuver around Earth this year that sent it on a final trajectory to its target destination, Jupiter. Juno is destined to enter an orbit that will carry it over Jupiter’s polar regions, which have never before been scrutinized directly and up close. Juno will not only show us the detailed face of Jupiter’s northern and southern cloud tops, but by measuring the magnetic field emerging from within we hope to learn some things about Jupiter’s deep interior and core—analogous to how we can study properties of the Earth’s interior by examining what comes out of a volcano–well, sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was a great year for finding Earth-like extrasolar planets, even though it was not such a good year for \u003ca title=\"NASA/Kepler Mission\" href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler mission\u003c/a>, the space telescope that was designed to look for “other Earths.” Though we had to say goodbye to Kepler when it experienced a critical technical failure in May, astronomers are still finding exoplanets within the hordes of data Kepler collected in the three years before its demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planet candidates detected\u003c/strong>: To the date of its untimely end Kepler amassed a pool of 3538 candidate planets, a large percentage of which are expected to be actual planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Planets confirmed by Kepler\" href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Planets confirmed\u003c/em>\u003c/a>: Kepler has confirmed the existence of 199 planets, a number that is likely to grow by leaps and bounds as astronomers continue to analyze data from Kepler and other observatories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Earth-sized planets found in habitable zones\u003c/strong>: Kepler set out to find Earth-sized worlds orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones, the range of distance within which water might exist in liquid form on a planet’s surface. Fortunately, Kepler accomplished this goal—more than once—showing us some other worlds in our neck of the Milky Way galaxy that are considered prime candidates for being able to support life. The most recent of these are Kepler 69c, \u003ca title=\"Kepler 62e\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-62e.html#.UrihedJDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 62e\u003c/a>, and \u003ca title=\"Kepler 62f\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-62f.html#.Urihk9JDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 62f\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1. \u003cstrong>And the last shall be first….\u003c/strong> Voyager 1, launched to explore the outer solar system’s gas giant planets 36 years ago, officially became the first human-made object to \u003ca title=\"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20130912.html#.UriiQNJDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enter the realm of interstellar space\u003c/a>. About 12 billion miles from our Sun, for the past year Voyager 1 has apparently been traveling through a region of plasma (ionized gas) outside the boundary of the Sun’s vast extended atmosphere, which forms a gigantic bubble as it pushes outward against the interstellar medium—the gases found between the stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of a once wet and more Earth-like Mars, of possible Earth-like planets around other stars, and of humankind taking the first physical step into the greater Milky Way galaxy beyond our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it was a very good year in space….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12417\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/voyager-1-in-interstellar-space.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12417\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12417\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/voyager-1-in-interstellar-space.jpg\" alt=\"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space. Credit: NASA\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Voyager 1 enters interstellar space. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s take a moment to tally a few of 2013’s highlights of astronomy and space exploration. In brief, it was a very good year on a number of fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curious about Mars? Then it’s been a good year for you, 2013 being yet another year in a long unbroken succession where Mars still stands out as one of the most intriguing places to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s rover Curiosity, resident on Mars since August 2012, has turned up a number of tantalizing clues about Mars’s past. Though its primary mission to climb the slopes of Mount Sharp and read the layers of sediment that were built up over a couple billion years still lies ahead, Curiosity’s preparatory activities at the mountain’s foot have already struck pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>River-bed-like gravel matrix\u003c/strong>. Interesting as dirt! Curiosity happened upon a \u003ca title=\"Curiosity rover finds stream-bed-like formations on Mars\" href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bed of gravely stones\u003c/a> in a solid matrix that strongly resembles formations on Earth left behind by the past action of flowing river and stream beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water now?\u003c/strong> We’ve known of water on Mars for some time now: water-ice locked up in the polar caps and under the soils of the vast northern plains, and also water molecules bound up in minerals. One of Curiosity’s primary goals is to assess the past conditions on Mars to determine if they were ever suitable for the existence of life (as we know life)—that is, was there ever liquid water there? After a year of prospecting, including analysis of rock samples ground out of a deep (2.5 inch) bore hole and chemical measurements with other instruments, \u003ca title=\"Curiosity finds water in Martian soil\" href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/26/nasa-curiosity-rover-mars-soil-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the presence of water\u003c/a> chemically bound up in the minerals of Gale Crater is now well established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No methane detected\u003c/strong>. One surprise from Mars this year was the failure of Curiosity to detect methane gas in the air—and it is not a failure of Curiosity’s instruments, but apparently a true dearth of this simple hydrocarbon. This was a surprise because earlier measurements by other spacecraft suggested the presence of methane—one source of which on Earth are living organisms. This does not rule out the possibility of life on Mars today, but is a bit like a puzzle piece that doesn’t fit as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On another frontier, NASA’s Juno spacecraft, launched in 2011, made a gravitational slingshot maneuver around Earth this year that sent it on a final trajectory to its target destination, Jupiter. Juno is destined to enter an orbit that will carry it over Jupiter’s polar regions, which have never before been scrutinized directly and up close. Juno will not only show us the detailed face of Jupiter’s northern and southern cloud tops, but by measuring the magnetic field emerging from within we hope to learn some things about Jupiter’s deep interior and core—analogous to how we can study properties of the Earth’s interior by examining what comes out of a volcano–well, sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2013 was a great year for finding Earth-like extrasolar planets, even though it was not such a good year for \u003ca title=\"NASA/Kepler Mission\" href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s Kepler mission\u003c/a>, the space telescope that was designed to look for “other Earths.” Though we had to say goodbye to Kepler when it experienced a critical technical failure in May, astronomers are still finding exoplanets within the hordes of data Kepler collected in the three years before its demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Planet candidates detected\u003c/strong>: To the date of its untimely end Kepler amassed a pool of 3538 candidate planets, a large percentage of which are expected to be actual planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Planets confirmed by Kepler\" href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Planets confirmed\u003c/em>\u003c/a>: Kepler has confirmed the existence of 199 planets, a number that is likely to grow by leaps and bounds as astronomers continue to analyze data from Kepler and other observatories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Earth-sized planets found in habitable zones\u003c/strong>: Kepler set out to find Earth-sized worlds orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones, the range of distance within which water might exist in liquid form on a planet’s surface. Fortunately, Kepler accomplished this goal—more than once—showing us some other worlds in our neck of the Milky Way galaxy that are considered prime candidates for being able to support life. The most recent of these are Kepler 69c, \u003ca title=\"Kepler 62e\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-62e.html#.UrihedJDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 62e\u003c/a>, and \u003ca title=\"Kepler 62f\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/kepler-62f.html#.Urihk9JDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler 62f\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1. \u003cstrong>And the last shall be first….\u003c/strong> Voyager 1, launched to explore the outer solar system’s gas giant planets 36 years ago, officially became the first human-made object to \u003ca title=\"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20130912.html#.UriiQNJDt8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enter the realm of interstellar space\u003c/a>. About 12 billion miles from our Sun, for the past year Voyager 1 has apparently been traveling through a region of plasma (ionized gas) outside the boundary of the Sun’s vast extended atmosphere, which forms a gigantic bubble as it pushes outward against the interstellar medium—the gases found between the stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of a once wet and more Earth-like Mars, of possible Earth-like planets around other stars, and of humankind taking the first physical step into the greater Milky Way galaxy beyond our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it was a very good year in space….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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