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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n September 22, a spaceship visited Earth—NASA can confirm that it wasn’t alien property. It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/osiris_rex_factsheet5-9.pdf\">NASA’s own OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> probe, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2148279-osiris-rex-spacecraft-zooms-by-earth-on-its-way-to-an-asteroid/\">swinging by Earth\u003c/a> in a gravitational \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth\">“slingshot” maneuver\u003c/a> designed to fling it toward a 2018 rendezvous with an asteroid named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/bennus-journey\">Bennu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will become NASA’s first mission ever to visit an asteroid, collect samples of its ancient materials, and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than merely an asteroid-dust collector, however, this mission aims to give scientists a clearer understanding of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sciencenow-origins-of-the-solar-system/\">the formation of the solar system,\u003c/a> the Earth, and the origin of life on our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on September 8, 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx \u003c/a>—which stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer—will arrive at Bennu in August 2018, where it will map the asteroid’s surface in detail, and then graze to within a few meters of its surface to collect dust samples. It will then head back to Earth for an expected return in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1020x383.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1920x720.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1180x443.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-960x360.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-240x90.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-375x141.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-520x195.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can Asteroids Tell Us About Life on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids—as well as comets—are the debris left over from the formation of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago, and are potential gold mines of information about the early conditions that shaped Earth and the other planets. They formed during the earliest times in the solar system, and have remained largely unchanged since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geological action and weathering alter terrestrial rocks over time, effectively erasing information about the earliest conditions on our planet. Attempting to reconstruct the environment that led to the origin of life on Earth by studying terrestrial rocks is a bit like trying to perceive an artist’s original painting on a canvass that has been painted over multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goldstone Radio Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Were Oceans Filled by Asteroids Like Bennu?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennu is a roughly 500-meter diameter Near-Earth Asteroid–one whose closest approach to the sun is less than 120 million miles. Not only is it close to Earth and relatively easy to visit, it is a “carbonaceous” asteroid—rich in carbon compounds, as well as other materials like water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/why-bennu/\">a good candidate\u003c/a> for testing a theory that the young Earth may have been supplied with organic materials (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and water from asteroids like Bennu colliding with our planet, during a period called the “\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2014-02-late-heavy-bombardment-affect-earth.html\">Late Heavy Bombardment\u003c/a>” between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know that during this period, the moon, as well as Earth and the other planets of the inner solar system, were showered by large numbers of asteroids and comets—a fact that our moon and the planets Mercury and Mars testify to with tens of thousands of ancient impact craters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The materials carried by the impacting objects became part of the makeup of Earth’s crust, and are thought to have supplied some or much of Earth’s surface water and the organic compounds that set the stage for the appearance of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 699px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg\" alt=\"Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth's. OSIRIS-REx's slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu's orbital trajectory. \" width=\"699\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg 699w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth’s. OSIRIS-REx’s slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu’s orbital trajectory. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Comets Fallen Out of Favor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, comets were singled out as a likely source of Earth’s water and organic materials. Comets are composed largely of water ice and chemicals like ammonia. More recently, we’ve also discovered organic hydrocarbon compounds mixed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempts to match the chemical signatures of the water in Earth’s ocean with the water-ice in comets have yielded mixed results. Of several comets from which measurements have been obtained—most recently comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30414519\">visited by the European Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft in 2014—a trend has developed that points away from comets as a significant source of Earth’s fertile starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the detection of water ice and carbon compounds within some asteroids has revealed that they are not merely bone-dry hunks of rock and metal as once assumed, strengthening the argument favoring asteroids as the main contributors of those precious materials. In 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft discovered that the former asteroid (now dwarf planet) Ceres may contain a mantle of ice greater in mass than all of Earth’s fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroids: Friend or Foe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently there has been a lot of concern over the probabilities of Near-Earth Asteroids (of which Bennu is one) colliding with Earth and wreaking havoc and devastation to humans, Earth’s ecosystems, and even our civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amusing to think that the first spacecraft mission sent to one of these potential Earth-colliding, flying mountains is aimed at understanding how objects such as these may have brought life to Earth in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that OSIRIS-REx has completed its slingshot maneuver past Earth, it should be smooth sailing all the way to Bennu. NASA will use the time to test the health of its systems and functions. Then, next August when the spacecraft is a little more than a million miles from the asteroid, it will use its thrusters to match course and speed with the asteroid to set up for a final approach.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe will become the first to visit an asteroid, collect samples and return them to Earth for analysis.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n September 22, a spaceship visited Earth—NASA can confirm that it wasn’t alien property. It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/osiris_rex_factsheet5-9.pdf\">NASA’s own OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> probe, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2148279-osiris-rex-spacecraft-zooms-by-earth-on-its-way-to-an-asteroid/\">swinging by Earth\u003c/a> in a gravitational \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth\">“slingshot” maneuver\u003c/a> designed to fling it toward a 2018 rendezvous with an asteroid named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/bennus-journey\">Bennu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft will become NASA’s first mission ever to visit an asteroid, collect samples of its ancient materials, and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than merely an asteroid-dust collector, however, this mission aims to give scientists a clearer understanding of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sciencenow-origins-of-the-solar-system/\">the formation of the solar system,\u003c/a> the Earth, and the origin of life on our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched on September 8, 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx \u003c/a>—which stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer—will arrive at Bennu in August 2018, where it will map the asteroid’s surface in detail, and then graze to within a few meters of its surface to collect dust samples. It will then head back to Earth for an expected return in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1020x383.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1920x720.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-1180x443.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-960x360.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-240x90.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-375x141.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/osirisrex-touchdown-nasa-520x195.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performing its dust-sample collection maneuver prior to its return to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can Asteroids Tell Us About Life on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids—as well as comets—are the debris left over from the formation of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago, and are potential gold mines of information about the early conditions that shaped Earth and the other planets. They formed during the earliest times in the solar system, and have remained largely unchanged since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geological action and weathering alter terrestrial rocks over time, effectively erasing information about the earliest conditions on our planet. Attempting to reconstruct the environment that led to the origin of life on Earth by studying terrestrial rocks is a bit like trying to perceive an artist’s original painting on a canvass that has been painted over multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1916015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/bennu-goldstone-nasa.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar images of Near-Earth Asteroid Bennu taken by the Goldstone Radio Telescope in the Mojave Desert. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goldstone Radio Telescope)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Were Oceans Filled by Asteroids Like Bennu?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennu is a roughly 500-meter diameter Near-Earth Asteroid–one whose closest approach to the sun is less than 120 million miles. Not only is it close to Earth and relatively easy to visit, it is a “carbonaceous” asteroid—rich in carbon compounds, as well as other materials like water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/why-bennu/\">a good candidate\u003c/a> for testing a theory that the young Earth may have been supplied with organic materials (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and water from asteroids like Bennu colliding with our planet, during a period called the “\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2014-02-late-heavy-bombardment-affect-earth.html\">Late Heavy Bombardment\u003c/a>” between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know that during this period, the moon, as well as Earth and the other planets of the inner solar system, were showered by large numbers of asteroids and comets—a fact that our moon and the planets Mercury and Mars testify to with tens of thousands of ancient impact craters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The materials carried by the impacting objects became part of the makeup of Earth’s crust, and are thought to have supplied some or much of Earth’s surface water and the organic compounds that set the stage for the appearance of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1916016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 699px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1916016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg\" alt=\"Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth's. OSIRIS-REx's slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu's orbital trajectory. \" width=\"699\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu.jpg 699w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/orbitofosirisrexandbennu-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bennu is a Near-Earth Asteroid whose orbital plane is tilted six degrees relative to Earth’s. OSIRIS-REx’s slingshot maneuver past Earth on September 22nd was necessary to boost the spacecraft to Bennu’s orbital trajectory. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Comets Fallen Out of Favor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, comets were singled out as a likely source of Earth’s water and organic materials. Comets are composed largely of water ice and chemicals like ammonia. More recently, we’ve also discovered organic hydrocarbon compounds mixed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempts to match the chemical signatures of the water in Earth’s ocean with the water-ice in comets have yielded mixed results. Of several comets from which measurements have been obtained—most recently comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30414519\">visited by the European Rosetta\u003c/a> spacecraft in 2014—a trend has developed that points away from comets as a significant source of Earth’s fertile starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the detection of water ice and carbon compounds within some asteroids has revealed that they are not merely bone-dry hunks of rock and metal as once assumed, strengthening the argument favoring asteroids as the main contributors of those precious materials. In 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft discovered that the former asteroid (now dwarf planet) Ceres may contain a mantle of ice greater in mass than all of Earth’s fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asteroids: Friend or Foe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently there has been a lot of concern over the probabilities of Near-Earth Asteroids (of which Bennu is one) colliding with Earth and wreaking havoc and devastation to humans, Earth’s ecosystems, and even our civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amusing to think that the first spacecraft mission sent to one of these potential Earth-colliding, flying mountains is aimed at understanding how objects such as these may have brought life to Earth in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that OSIRIS-REx has completed its slingshot maneuver past Earth, it should be smooth sailing all the way to Bennu. NASA will use the time to test the health of its systems and functions. Then, next August when the spacecraft is a little more than a million miles from the asteroid, it will use its thrusters to match course and speed with the asteroid to set up for a final approach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cassini's Saturn Mission Goes Out In A Blaze Of Glory",
"headTitle": "Cassini’s Saturn Mission Goes Out In A Blaze Of Glory | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 8:15 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Controllers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory sent a final command Friday morning to the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/the-journey/the-spacecraft/\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> orbiting Saturn. Not long after, accounting for the vast distance the message traveled, the order was received, putting the craft into a suicidal swan dive in which it plummeted into the ringed planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flight Director Julie Webster called “loss of signal” at about 7:55 a.m. ET, followed by Project Manager Earl Maize announcing “end of mission” as the spacecraft began to break up in Saturn’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Congratulations to you all,” Maize announced to applause. “It’s been an incredible mission, incredible spacecraft, and you’re all an incredible team.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Cassini running on empty and no gas station for about a billion miles, NASA decided to go out \u003cem>Thelma & Louise\u003c/em>-style. But rather than careen into a canyon, the plucky probe took a final plunge into the object of its obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how obsessed? Its 13-year mission to explore the strange world of Saturn went on nearly a decade longer than planned. It completed 293 orbits of the planet, snapped 400,000 photos, collected 600 gigabytes of data, discovered at least seven new moons, descended into the famed rings and sent its \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/huygens-probe/\">Huygens\u003c/a> lander to a successful 2005 touchdown on the surface of yet another moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, Cassini had to get to Saturn. The year it blasted off, 1997, the “information superhighway” was just getting up to speed. By the time it arrived, in 2004, people were fretting over what to reveal on their Facebook profiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its way to the sixth planet, Cassini set about a circuitous course, swinging by Venus twice to get a gravity assist that shot it back past Earth and onward to Jupiter before a final marathon leg to Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/06/21/155442322/a-final-voyage-into-the-wild-black-yonder\">twin Voyagers\u003c/a> swung by Saturn in the 1970s and ’80s, giving scientists a rough outline of the planet and its moons. Cassini has filled in many of the details, giving us an unparalleled look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of what Cassini found concerned Saturn’s moons. Among other things, the probe discovered water spewing from Enceladus, discovered that Hyperion has a statically charged surface and that Saturn’s entire moon system — a virtual mini solar system in itself — exchanges dust and chunks of material with the planet’s ring system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of those moons have been of particular interest,” NPR’s Joe Palca reports from JPL headquarters in Pasadena, Calif. “Titan, with its methane lakes and Enceladus, with its geysers of salty water. Scientists speculate that both moons may have the right conditions to harbor some form of life, although Cassini did not have instruments capable of detecting life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Cassini’s crowning achievements came in April of this year, as it spun through a narrow gap in Saturn’s rings, beaming back images and making scientific measurements along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why end the mission? Although Cassini’s main power is supplied by \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/the-journey/the-spacecraft/\">radioisotope thermoelectric generators\u003c/a>, or RTGs — essentially nuclear batteries that were still going at mission’s end — the fuel supply for the probe’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/the-journey/the-spacecraft/\">main engine\u003c/a> and backup was believed to be running low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have a gas gauge. It would be really nice if we did,” Molly Bittner, a systems engineer at JPL who has worked on Cassini for the past four years, tells NPR. Instead, mission controllers had to estimate the amount of fuel used by each maneuver. And there had been lots of maneuvers since 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Adam Cole, who helped produce a video commemorating the spacecraft’s life and times, says: “Scientists [were] worried that when [Cassini] loses power, it could crash into a pristine moon, contaminating a place where we might someday search for life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there’s another reason for ending the mission in such a spectacular fashion: “We have the opportunity to do some really cool science,” Bittner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Cassini has discovered a lot of interesting things about Saturn, its ring system and its moons, there’s one thing it hasn’t been able to pin down with certainty — how long a Saturnian day lasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit embarrassing to confess, but we don’t know how long a day is on Saturn,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.dougherty\">Michele Dougherty\u003c/a> of Imperial College in London tells NPR’s Palca. She’s the scientist in charge of Cassini’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/magnetometer/\">magnetometer\u003c/a>, an instrument that measures Saturn’s magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty is hoping that as Cassini spiraled into the atmosphere, the onboard magnetometer detected a telltale tilt in the magnetic field that should resolve the uncertainty over the length of a Saturnian day, Joe reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bittner says that in the final moments of Cassini’s life, another instrument, the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer, or INMS, was to open up, sucking in the atmosphere to figure out what it’s made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cassini%27s+Saturn+Mission+Goes+Out+In+A+Blaze+Of+Glory&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The NASA probe that has spent the past 13 years making countless discoveries about the ringed planet and its moons was taken out of orbit and sent plunging into Saturn's atmosphere.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 8:15 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Controllers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory sent a final command Friday morning to the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/the-journey/the-spacecraft/\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a> orbiting Saturn. Not long after, accounting for the vast distance the message traveled, the order was received, putting the craft into a suicidal swan dive in which it plummeted into the ringed planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flight Director Julie Webster called “loss of signal” at about 7:55 a.m. ET, followed by Project Manager Earl Maize announcing “end of mission” as the spacecraft began to break up in Saturn’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Congratulations to you all,” Maize announced to applause. “It’s been an incredible mission, incredible spacecraft, and you’re all an incredible team.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Cassini running on empty and no gas station for about a billion miles, NASA decided to go out \u003cem>Thelma & Louise\u003c/em>-style. But rather than careen into a canyon, the plucky probe took a final plunge into the object of its obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just how obsessed? Its 13-year mission to explore the strange world of Saturn went on nearly a decade longer than planned. It completed 293 orbits of the planet, snapped 400,000 photos, collected 600 gigabytes of data, discovered at least seven new moons, descended into the famed rings and sent its \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/huygens-probe/\">Huygens\u003c/a> lander to a successful 2005 touchdown on the surface of yet another moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, Cassini had to get to Saturn. The year it blasted off, 1997, the “information superhighway” was just getting up to speed. By the time it arrived, in 2004, people were fretting over what to reveal on their Facebook profiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its way to the sixth planet, Cassini set about a circuitous course, swinging by Venus twice to get a gravity assist that shot it back past Earth and onward to Jupiter before a final marathon leg to Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/06/21/155442322/a-final-voyage-into-the-wild-black-yonder\">twin Voyagers\u003c/a> swung by Saturn in the 1970s and ’80s, giving scientists a rough outline of the planet and its moons. Cassini has filled in many of the details, giving us an unparalleled look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of what Cassini found concerned Saturn’s moons. Among other things, the probe discovered water spewing from Enceladus, discovered that Hyperion has a statically charged surface and that Saturn’s entire moon system — a virtual mini solar system in itself — exchanges dust and chunks of material with the planet’s ring system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of those moons have been of particular interest,” NPR’s Joe Palca reports from JPL headquarters in Pasadena, Calif. “Titan, with its methane lakes and Enceladus, with its geysers of salty water. Scientists speculate that both moons may have the right conditions to harbor some form of life, although Cassini did not have instruments capable of detecting life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Cassini’s crowning achievements came in April of this year, as it spun through a narrow gap in Saturn’s rings, beaming back images and making scientific measurements along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why end the mission? Although Cassini’s main power is supplied by \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/the-journey/the-spacecraft/\">radioisotope thermoelectric generators\u003c/a>, or RTGs — essentially nuclear batteries that were still going at mission’s end — the fuel supply for the probe’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/the-journey/the-spacecraft/\">main engine\u003c/a> and backup was believed to be running low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have a gas gauge. It would be really nice if we did,” Molly Bittner, a systems engineer at JPL who has worked on Cassini for the past four years, tells NPR. Instead, mission controllers had to estimate the amount of fuel used by each maneuver. And there had been lots of maneuvers since 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Adam Cole, who helped produce a video commemorating the spacecraft’s life and times, says: “Scientists [were] worried that when [Cassini] loses power, it could crash into a pristine moon, contaminating a place where we might someday search for life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there’s another reason for ending the mission in such a spectacular fashion: “We have the opportunity to do some really cool science,” Bittner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Cassini has discovered a lot of interesting things about Saturn, its ring system and its moons, there’s one thing it hasn’t been able to pin down with certainty — how long a Saturnian day lasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit embarrassing to confess, but we don’t know how long a day is on Saturn,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.dougherty\">Michele Dougherty\u003c/a> of Imperial College in London tells NPR’s Palca. She’s the scientist in charge of Cassini’s \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/magnetometer/\">magnetometer\u003c/a>, an instrument that measures Saturn’s magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty is hoping that as Cassini spiraled into the atmosphere, the onboard magnetometer detected a telltale tilt in the magnetic field that should resolve the uncertainty over the length of a Saturnian day, Joe reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bittner says that in the final moments of Cassini’s life, another instrument, the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer, or INMS, was to open up, sucking in the atmosphere to figure out what it’s made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cassini%27s+Saturn+Mission+Goes+Out+In+A+Blaze+Of+Glory&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars",
"headTitle": "NASA’s InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Space fans are well familiar with the robotic landers and rovers sent to explore Mars, packed with the routine cameras, rock drills, soil scoopers and spectroscopes that we have come to expect from Mars missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, time for something completely different: a robotic lander that is part stethoscope, part meat-thermometer, and part radar gun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is moving forward with plans for a May 2018 launch of \u003ca href=\"https://insight.jpl.nasa.gov/home.cfm\">InSight\u003c/a>, a spacecraft designed to investigate how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed by exploring the interior of the planet Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In its youth, Mars had a thicker, warmer atmosphere, and a liquid water cycle of precipitation, rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>InSight was originally scheduled to launch in 2016, but a leak in the vacuum enclosure of one of its scientific instruments forced a postponement to the next \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/lets-go-to-mars-calculating-launch-windows/\">launch window\u003c/a>, when Earth and Mars come closest to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is InSight Different and What Can it Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past missions to Mars have focused on the planet’s surface and atmosphere: \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/orbiters/\">orbiters \u003c/a>mapping the globe and scanning for chemical signatures; \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/landers/\">landers \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/rovers/\">rovers \u003c/a>scraping and drilling into the soil and rock looking for evidence of past environmental conditions, in some cases even \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2016-10-year-old-viking-life-mars.html\">signs of life\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 665px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915568\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl.jpg\" alt=\"Sojourner, the rover component of the Pathfinder landing mission on Mars. \" width=\"665\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl.jpg 665w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-520x289.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sojourner, the rover component of the Pathfinder landing mission on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All our scrutiny of Mars’ outward face has shown us that, long ago, Mars was a very different world, maybe even resembling Earth in some ways. In its youth, Mars had a thicker, warmer atmosphere, and a liquid water cycle of precipitation, rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists have sought to understand why Mars went from being a possibly life-friendly world billions of years ago to a seemingly dead, dry desert today. And though clues may be found on its surface, a deeper understanding of the processes involved in the shaping of Mars—and by extension Earth and the other rocky planets—may only be possible with a look inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will InSight Probe Mars’ Interior?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gVCWXZJugRw35kXrbGiKoHNYnvLwnIi1″]InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is equipped with three principal instruments designed to probe the interior of Mars–none of which will take pictures, analyze minerals, or dig up soil samples as other Mars landing missions have done. The only cameras on board InSight will be used primarily to aid in the deployment of the main science instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEIS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) instrument is a seismometer that will measure vibrations coming from Mars’ interior–sounds produced by quakes, \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-06-meteorite-impacts-seismic-mars.html\">meteorite impacts\u003c/a> and other sources of activity. By studying how sound waves travel through Mars, scientists can gain an understanding of its internal structure and history of formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SEIS is even capable of detecting disturbances caused by the gravitational tug of Mars’ larger moon, Phobos, as it orbits the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This planetary version of a stethoscope will be placed on the ground near the landing site by a robotic arm, guided to the selected location with a set of cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geophysicists use seismometers to learn about the \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-03-seismic-aims-earth-interior-d.html\">internal structure of our planet\u003c/a>. As sound waves are produced by events like earthquakes, they move through the rock and magma of Earth’s different interior layers. The varying density and composition of those layers causes the sound waves to refract, bending the direction they travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring how the vibrations travel and bend, scientists can develop a “picture” of the internal structure, not unlike how a sonogram forms a picture of the inside of a human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915567\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915567\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-800x863.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway illustration of the InSight lander and its three principal scientific instruments for probing the Martian interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"863\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-800x863.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-160x173.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-768x829.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-240x259.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-375x405.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-520x561.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway illustration of the InSight lander and its three principal scientific instruments for probing the Martian interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HP3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HP3 (Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package) instrument will measure the flow of heat from Mars’ core as it escapes through the crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instrument package will be placed near the lander, and a self-hammering spike will pound itself as deep as 5 meters into the ground, like a meat thermometer stuck into a turkey. Trailing behind this “spearhead” will be a tether with temperature sensors strung along its length, spaced 10 centimeters apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Variations in temperature measured at different depths underground will show how much and how fast heat is flowing upward through the crust. From these data, the temperature of Mars’ core and the history of its cooling off over time can be estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars–like Earth–once had a magnetic field that shielded the planet from the effects of the “\u003ca href=\"https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a>” flowing from the sun. It is now mostly vanished and researchers hope that understanding Mars’ thermal history will reveal what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s magnetic field shields our planet from the solar wind, and without that protection our atmosphere would experience direct exposure, and slowly be “eroded” away into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A collapse of Mars’ magnetic shield, perhaps related to the cooling of its core that generated it, may explain why its atmosphere has mostly disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RISE\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight’s “RISE” (Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment) experiment will use the spacecraft’s X-band radio to make measurements of Mars’ rotation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring the \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/yba/M31_velocity/spectrum/doppler_more.html\">Doppler shift\u003c/a> of InSight’s radio transmissions to Earth, precision measurements of Mars’ rotation can be made—in much the same way that the speed of a car can be measured by a police radar gun. Aspects of a planet’s rotation–not just speed of spin, but also cyclic wobbles, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVKz9G3YXiw\">precession and nutation\u003c/a>, of its axis–can tell us what’s going on inside, in terms of internal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915569\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915569\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of possible models for the interiors of Earth, Mars, and the Moon. One model suggests that Mars' core may have a radius equal to half of the planet's. \" width=\"732\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-160x58.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-240x87.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-375x136.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-520x189.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of possible models for the interiors of Earth, Mars, and the Moon. One model suggests that Mars’ core may have a radius equal to half of the planet’s. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data from the RISE experiment will add to similar measurements made years ago on the Viking and Pathfinder missions, and should give scientists what they need to calculate the size and density of Mars’ core and mantle, furthering our understanding of how rocky planets like Mars and Earth formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Instruments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its principal instruments, InSight will carry wind, temperature and pressure sensors to monitor atmospheric conditions at the landing sight, as well as a magnetometer to measure disturbances produced in Mars’ ionosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight’s cameras, which are primarily for guiding the placement of the SEIS and HP3 instruments on the ground, will also serve in taking pictures of the surrounding landscape—something we have come to expect from our Mars landers and rovers, even if InSight’s main mission is to look where cameras cannot see.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA is moving forward with plans for a May 2018 launch of InSight, a spacecraft designed to investigate how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed by exploring the interior of the planet Mars.",
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"description": "NASA is moving forward with plans for a May 2018 launch of InSight, a spacecraft designed to investigate how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed by exploring the interior of the planet Mars.",
"title": "NASA's InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars | KQED",
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"headline": "NASA's InSight Now on Track For a Look Inside Mars",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Space fans are well familiar with the robotic landers and rovers sent to explore Mars, packed with the routine cameras, rock drills, soil scoopers and spectroscopes that we have come to expect from Mars missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, time for something completely different: a robotic lander that is part stethoscope, part meat-thermometer, and part radar gun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is moving forward with plans for a May 2018 launch of \u003ca href=\"https://insight.jpl.nasa.gov/home.cfm\">InSight\u003c/a>, a spacecraft designed to investigate how the rocky planets of the inner solar system formed by exploring the interior of the planet Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In its youth, Mars had a thicker, warmer atmosphere, and a liquid water cycle of precipitation, rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>InSight was originally scheduled to launch in 2016, but a leak in the vacuum enclosure of one of its scientific instruments forced a postponement to the next \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/lets-go-to-mars-calculating-launch-windows/\">launch window\u003c/a>, when Earth and Mars come closest to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is InSight Different and What Can it Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past missions to Mars have focused on the planet’s surface and atmosphere: \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/orbiters/\">orbiters \u003c/a>mapping the globe and scanning for chemical signatures; \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/landers/\">landers \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/rovers/\">rovers \u003c/a>scraping and drilling into the soil and rock looking for evidence of past environmental conditions, in some cases even \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2016-10-year-old-viking-life-mars.html\">signs of life\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915568\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 665px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915568\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl.jpg\" alt=\"Sojourner, the rover component of the Pathfinder landing mission on Mars. \" width=\"665\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl.jpg 665w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/91mars-pathfinder-nasa-jpl-520x289.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sojourner, the rover component of the Pathfinder landing mission on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All our scrutiny of Mars’ outward face has shown us that, long ago, Mars was a very different world, maybe even resembling Earth in some ways. In its youth, Mars had a thicker, warmer atmosphere, and a liquid water cycle of precipitation, rivers, lakes and seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists have sought to understand why Mars went from being a possibly life-friendly world billions of years ago to a seemingly dead, dry desert today. And though clues may be found on its surface, a deeper understanding of the processes involved in the shaping of Mars—and by extension Earth and the other rocky planets—may only be possible with a look inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will InSight Probe Mars’ Interior?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is equipped with three principal instruments designed to probe the interior of Mars–none of which will take pictures, analyze minerals, or dig up soil samples as other Mars landing missions have done. The only cameras on board InSight will be used primarily to aid in the deployment of the main science instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEIS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) instrument is a seismometer that will measure vibrations coming from Mars’ interior–sounds produced by quakes, \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-06-meteorite-impacts-seismic-mars.html\">meteorite impacts\u003c/a> and other sources of activity. By studying how sound waves travel through Mars, scientists can gain an understanding of its internal structure and history of formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SEIS is even capable of detecting disturbances caused by the gravitational tug of Mars’ larger moon, Phobos, as it orbits the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This planetary version of a stethoscope will be placed on the ground near the landing site by a robotic arm, guided to the selected location with a set of cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, geophysicists use seismometers to learn about the \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-03-seismic-aims-earth-interior-d.html\">internal structure of our planet\u003c/a>. As sound waves are produced by events like earthquakes, they move through the rock and magma of Earth’s different interior layers. The varying density and composition of those layers causes the sound waves to refract, bending the direction they travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring how the vibrations travel and bend, scientists can develop a “picture” of the internal structure, not unlike how a sonogram forms a picture of the inside of a human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915567\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915567\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-800x863.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway illustration of the InSight lander and its three principal scientific instruments for probing the Martian interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"863\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-800x863.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-160x173.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-768x829.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-240x259.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-375x405.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3-520x561.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/seis-and-hp3.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway illustration of the InSight lander and its three principal scientific instruments for probing the Martian interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HP3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HP3 (Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package) instrument will measure the flow of heat from Mars’ core as it escapes through the crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instrument package will be placed near the lander, and a self-hammering spike will pound itself as deep as 5 meters into the ground, like a meat thermometer stuck into a turkey. Trailing behind this “spearhead” will be a tether with temperature sensors strung along its length, spaced 10 centimeters apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Variations in temperature measured at different depths underground will show how much and how fast heat is flowing upward through the crust. From these data, the temperature of Mars’ core and the history of its cooling off over time can be estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars–like Earth–once had a magnetic field that shielded the planet from the effects of the “\u003ca href=\"https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a>” flowing from the sun. It is now mostly vanished and researchers hope that understanding Mars’ thermal history will reveal what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth’s magnetic field shields our planet from the solar wind, and without that protection our atmosphere would experience direct exposure, and slowly be “eroded” away into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A collapse of Mars’ magnetic shield, perhaps related to the cooling of its core that generated it, may explain why its atmosphere has mostly disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RISE\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight’s “RISE” (Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment) experiment will use the spacecraft’s X-band radio to make measurements of Mars’ rotation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring the \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/yba/M31_velocity/spectrum/doppler_more.html\">Doppler shift\u003c/a> of InSight’s radio transmissions to Earth, precision measurements of Mars’ rotation can be made—in much the same way that the speed of a car can be measured by a police radar gun. Aspects of a planet’s rotation–not just speed of spin, but also cyclic wobbles, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVKz9G3YXiw\">precession and nutation\u003c/a>, of its axis–can tell us what’s going on inside, in terms of internal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915569\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915569\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of possible models for the interiors of Earth, Mars, and the Moon. One model suggests that Mars' core may have a radius equal to half of the planet's. \" width=\"732\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-160x58.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-240x87.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-375x136.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Earth_Mars_Moon-browse-520x189.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of possible models for the interiors of Earth, Mars, and the Moon. One model suggests that Mars’ core may have a radius equal to half of the planet’s. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data from the RISE experiment will add to similar measurements made years ago on the Viking and Pathfinder missions, and should give scientists what they need to calculate the size and density of Mars’ core and mantle, furthering our understanding of how rocky planets like Mars and Earth formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Instruments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its principal instruments, InSight will carry wind, temperature and pressure sensors to monitor atmospheric conditions at the landing sight, as well as a magnetometer to measure disturbances produced in Mars’ ionosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSight’s cameras, which are primarily for guiding the placement of the SEIS and HP3 instruments on the ground, will also serve in taking pictures of the surrounding landscape—something we have come to expect from our Mars landers and rovers, even if InSight’s main mission is to look where cameras cannot see.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cassini's Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System",
"headTitle": "Cassini’s Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On September 15, NASA’s flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn’s atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6930&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170824-1\">ending a thirteen-year career\u003c/a> of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini readies itself for the dramatic \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">end-of-mission blow-out\u003c/a>, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2984/cassini-top-10-science-highlights-2016/\">remarkable discoveries and achievements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huygens Probe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini dropped the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens\">European Space Agency’s \u003cem>Huygens\u003c/em> probe\u003c/a> onto the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. This remains the most distant landing in our solar system to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915061\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg\" alt=\"Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-160x319.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-768x1530.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1020x2032.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1180x2351.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-960x1913.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-240x478.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-375x747.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-520x1036.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Huygens parachuted through Titan’s thick nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbon haze, measuring atmospheric pressure, temperature, and composition, as well as recording sounds with a microphone during the nearly 2.5-hour descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huygens captured images of the landscape below as it descended, and pictures from Titan’s surface following its successful landing—the first images from the surface of any object in the outer solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water on Enceladus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2005, Cassini discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/science/saturn-cassini-moon-enceladus.html\">plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> erupting from the tiny moon Enceladus. The gases, emerging from long crevasses near the south pole, included other chemicals, such as nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. In 2008, Cassini also detected propane, acetylene, and formaldehyde in the geyser plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-768x475.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1020x631.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1180x730.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-960x594.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-375x232.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-520x322.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute.jpg 1580w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements from several flybys of the moon fueled the hypothesis that Enceladus possesses a saltwater ocean hidden deep under its icy crust. Even more tantalizing, the evidence suggests that there may exist \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/news/a26044/cassini-evidence-hydrothermal-vents-enceladus/\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> spewing hot, mineral-laden water on the ocean’s floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes Enceladus a very hot prospect in the search for locations beyond Earth that could support some form of life. Hydrothermal vents in our own oceans support thriving communities of life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn’s Dynamic Rings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s many years of observations of \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/rings/\">Saturn’s icon rings\u003c/a> have revealed their dynamic nature in ways that single “snapshots,” such as images captured during the brief fly-bys of Voyagers 1 and 2, could not, and in much finer detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only have scientists analyzed the dusty, icy composition of the rings, they have discovered tiny moons, near and even orbiting within the rings, sculpting the ring material into repeating waves, ropey filaments, and other intricate and beautiful patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915063\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg\" alt=\"Vertical structures in Saturn's rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny "moonlet" orbiting within the rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1020x771.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1180x892.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-520x393.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vertical structures in Saturn’s rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting within the rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini has even seen, in some locations, vertical structures rising in rows of feathery, spiky fringe high above the rings. These features are caused by the passage of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting Saturn nearby, which disrupts the ring’s otherwise flat plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An image taken in 2013, showing a bright “knot” within the outermost of Saturn’s bright rings, may prove to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-112\">new moon forming\u003c/a> out of the ring material. If so, then Cassini’s ring observations may tell us something about the formation of some of Saturn’s other small, icy moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Titan: A Cold, Primordial Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most intriguing characters in the Cassini-Huygens mission is \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Saturn’s largest moon happens to be the only one in the solar system with a thick atmosphere. The Voyager missions, passing through the neighborhood in the 1980s, were the first to see Titan’s atmosphere and its obscuring shroud of hydrocarbon “smog.” Cassini, and the Huygens probe, however, have revealed it in rich detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though cold in the extreme, Titan’s dense nitrogen, hydrocarbon-infused atmosphere has proven to support a liquid cycle, analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but dealing in cryogenic liquid methane and ethane instead. Precipitation collecting in extensive river-like drainage networks feed into \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Profile_of_a_methane_sea_on_Titan\">large lakes and seas\u003c/a>, one comparable in surface area to Lake Superior in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Complex hydrocarbons are found on Titan, a product of photo-chemical interactions of sunlight and methane high in the atmosphere. These organic molecules form Titan’s “smog” layer, and precipitate downward to supply the liquid cycle on the surface. Though cold enough to liquefy methane–a gas on Earth–Titan has been likened to a primordial, pre-biotic Earth, and in studying it we may be catching glimpses of our own planet’s beginnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn Scrutinized at Close Range in Cassini’s Grand Finale Tour\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini is now in the final phase of its so-called “Grand Finale” tour, looping through a wildly eccentric polar orbit that sends it \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2966/ring-grazing-orbits/\">skimming repeatedly between Saturn’s rings and cloud-tops\u003c/a>. This final and daring maneuver, Cassini’s “swan song” of Saturn exploration, is giving us our closest, most detailed vistas ever of the gas giant and its famous rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915065\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"An extreme close-up of Saturn's cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing "Grand Finale" passages between the planet and its rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-960x722.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An extreme close-up of Saturn’s cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing “Grand Finale” passages between the planet and its rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini is also making magnetic and gravitational measurements during each close pass that promise to tell us something about Saturn’s internal structure. And, as it makes its ever-tightening swings closer to the atmosphere, it will ultimately sample the planet’s chemistry directly, becoming the first spacecraft to touch the skies of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Final Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini finally plunges into Saturn, friction with the atmosphere will generate intense heat, and Cassini will be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s planned incineration is a move by NASA to protect Saturn’s moons from accidental contamination by Earthly microorganisms that could be riding along. (Space agencies NASA and the ESA had also considered the potential for contamination of Titan by the Hugyens probe, but determined that the extremely low temperatures and lack of liquid water made the likelihood practically zero.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 20 years in space (seven years traveling to Saturn and 13 years in orbit), Cassini is running low on the rocket fuel used to adjust its trajectory. Once its fuel is depleted, the spacecraft would otherwise become a derelict that could crash into a moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the possibility of life-friendly environments on at least one or two of Saturn’s moons, NASA’s end-of-mission ethic is to safely dispose of the spacecraft to eliminate that possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farewell, Cassini, and thanks for all the wonders you have brought us!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On September 15, NASA's flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn's atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, ending a thirteen-year career of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons. As we prepare ourselves for Cassini's dramatic end-of-mission blow-out, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most remarkable discoveries and achievements.",
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"description": "On September 15, NASA's flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn's atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, ending a thirteen-year career of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons. As we prepare ourselves for Cassini's dramatic end-of-mission blow-out, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most remarkable discoveries and achievements.",
"title": "Cassini's Swan Song: Greatest Hits of the Saturn System | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On September 15, NASA’s flagship robotic explorer, Cassini, will plummet into Saturn’s atmosphere in a fiery burn-up, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6930&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20170824-1\">ending a thirteen-year career\u003c/a> of exploring Saturn and its host of remarkable moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Cassini readies itself for the dramatic \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/overview/\">end-of-mission blow-out\u003c/a>, we can take some time to reflect on a few of its most \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2984/cassini-top-10-science-highlights-2016/\">remarkable discoveries and achievements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Huygens Probe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission, in 2005, Cassini dropped the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens\">European Space Agency’s \u003cem>Huygens\u003c/em> probe\u003c/a> onto the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. This remains the most distant landing in our solar system to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915061\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg\" alt=\"Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-800x1594.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-160x319.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-768x1530.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1020x2032.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-1180x2351.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-960x1913.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-240x478.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-375x747.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens-520x1036.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Titan_s_surface_Huygens.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image from the surface of Titan taken by the ESA Huygens probe in 2005. \u003ccite>(NASA/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Huygens parachuted through Titan’s thick nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbon haze, measuring atmospheric pressure, temperature, and composition, as well as recording sounds with a microphone during the nearly 2.5-hour descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huygens captured images of the landscape below as it descended, and pictures from Titan’s surface following its successful landing—the first images from the surface of any object in the outer solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water on Enceladus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2005, Cassini discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/science/saturn-cassini-moon-enceladus.html\">plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> erupting from the tiny moon Enceladus. The gases, emerging from long crevasses near the south pole, included other chemicals, such as nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. In 2008, Cassini also detected propane, acetylene, and formaldehyde in the geyser plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-800x495.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-768x475.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1020x631.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-1180x730.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-960x594.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-375x232.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute-520x322.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/main_pia11688_nasa-jpl-spacesciencesinstitute.jpg 1580w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plumes of water vapor erupting from the southern polar region of Enceladus. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further measurements from several flybys of the moon fueled the hypothesis that Enceladus possesses a saltwater ocean hidden deep under its icy crust. Even more tantalizing, the evidence suggests that there may exist \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/solar-system/news/a26044/cassini-evidence-hydrothermal-vents-enceladus/\">hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> spewing hot, mineral-laden water on the ocean’s floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes Enceladus a very hot prospect in the search for locations beyond Earth that could support some form of life. Hydrothermal vents in our own oceans support thriving communities of life forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn’s Dynamic Rings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s many years of observations of \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/rings/\">Saturn’s icon rings\u003c/a> have revealed their dynamic nature in ways that single “snapshots,” such as images captured during the brief fly-bys of Voyagers 1 and 2, could not, and in much finer detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only have scientists analyzed the dusty, icy composition of the rings, they have discovered tiny moons, near and even orbiting within the rings, sculpting the ring material into repeating waves, ropey filaments, and other intricate and beautiful patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915063\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg\" alt=\"Vertical structures in Saturn's rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny "moonlet" orbiting within the rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-800x605.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1020x771.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-1180x892.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech-520x393.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/saturn-b-ring-spikes-nasa-cassini-jpl-caltech.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vertical structures in Saturn’s rings rising up to a mile above the ring plane, kicked up by gravitational disturbance of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting within the rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini has even seen, in some locations, vertical structures rising in rows of feathery, spiky fringe high above the rings. These features are caused by the passage of a tiny “moonlet” orbiting Saturn nearby, which disrupts the ring’s otherwise flat plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An image taken in 2013, showing a bright “knot” within the outermost of Saturn’s bright rings, may prove to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-112\">new moon forming\u003c/a> out of the ring material. If so, then Cassini’s ring observations may tell us something about the formation of some of Saturn’s other small, icy moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Titan: A Cold, Primordial Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most intriguing characters in the Cassini-Huygens mission is \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/titan\">Titan\u003c/a>. Saturn’s largest moon happens to be the only one in the solar system with a thick atmosphere. The Voyager missions, passing through the neighborhood in the 1980s, were the first to see Titan’s atmosphere and its obscuring shroud of hydrocarbon “smog.” Cassini, and the Huygens probe, however, have revealed it in rich detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though cold in the extreme, Titan’s dense nitrogen, hydrocarbon-infused atmosphere has proven to support a liquid cycle, analogous to Earth’s water cycle, but dealing in cryogenic liquid methane and ethane instead. Precipitation collecting in extensive river-like drainage networks feed into \u003ca href=\"http://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Profile_of_a_methane_sea_on_Titan\">large lakes and seas\u003c/a>, one comparable in surface area to Lake Superior in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Ligiea Mare, one of Titan's large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-800x763.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-768x732.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1020x972.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-1180x1125.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-960x915.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-240x229.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-375x357.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-520x496.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/751568main_pia17031b-full_full_Ligiea-Mare_NASAJPL-CaltechASICornell.jpg 1581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ligiea Mare, one of Titan’s large liquid methane seas. The image shows river-like drainage channels flowing into the sea. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Complex hydrocarbons are found on Titan, a product of photo-chemical interactions of sunlight and methane high in the atmosphere. These organic molecules form Titan’s “smog” layer, and precipitate downward to supply the liquid cycle on the surface. Though cold enough to liquefy methane–a gas on Earth–Titan has been likened to a primordial, pre-biotic Earth, and in studying it we may be catching glimpses of our own planet’s beginnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saturn Scrutinized at Close Range in Cassini’s Grand Finale Tour\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini is now in the final phase of its so-called “Grand Finale” tour, looping through a wildly eccentric polar orbit that sends it \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2966/ring-grazing-orbits/\">skimming repeatedly between Saturn’s rings and cloud-tops\u003c/a>. This final and daring maneuver, Cassini’s “swan song” of Saturn exploration, is giving us our closest, most detailed vistas ever of the gas giant and its famous rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915065\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"An extreme close-up of Saturn's cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing "Grand Finale" passages between the planet and its rings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-960x722.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-375x282.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech-520x391.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pia21341-1041cassini_nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An extreme close-up of Saturn’s cloud tops captured by Cassini during one of its grazing “Grand Finale” passages between the planet and its rings. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cassini is also making magnetic and gravitational measurements during each close pass that promise to tell us something about Saturn’s internal structure. And, as it makes its ever-tightening swings closer to the atmosphere, it will ultimately sample the planet’s chemistry directly, becoming the first spacecraft to touch the skies of Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Final Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini finally plunges into Saturn, friction with the atmosphere will generate intense heat, and Cassini will be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s planned incineration is a move by NASA to protect Saturn’s moons from accidental contamination by Earthly microorganisms that could be riding along. (Space agencies NASA and the ESA had also considered the potential for contamination of Titan by the Hugyens probe, but determined that the extremely low temperatures and lack of liquid water made the likelihood practically zero.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 20 years in space (seven years traveling to Saturn and 13 years in orbit), Cassini is running low on the rocket fuel used to adjust its trajectory. Once its fuel is depleted, the spacecraft would otherwise become a derelict that could crash into a moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the possibility of life-friendly environments on at least one or two of Saturn’s moons, NASA’s end-of-mission ethic is to safely dispose of the spacecraft to eliminate that possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farewell, Cassini, and thanks for all the wonders you have brought us!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "40-years-with-the-voyager-spacecraft-earths-most-distant-explorers-are-still-calling-home",
"title": "40 Years With the Voyager Spacecraft: Earth’s Most Distant Explorers Are Still Calling Home",
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"headTitle": "40 Years With the Voyager Spacecraft: Earth’s Most Distant Explorers Are Still Calling Home | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>When NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Voyager 1 and 2\u003c/a> spacecraft left Earth in 1977, they had a mission that was possible only at that very moment in human history. The spacecraft were headed toward two of the outer planets of our solar system, and would use the gravity of one planet to swing themselves toward the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/timeline/#event-a-once-in-a-lifetime-alignment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">alignment\u003c/a> of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune that make this gravity swing dance possible. This alignment happens only once every 176 years, and it happened just at the time when human space technology was ready to meet the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘None of us knew how long they would last. At the time the space age was only 20 years old.’\u003ccite>Ed Stone, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=49\">Voyager mission,\u003c/a> the numbers themselves are cosmic. Voyager 1 is 13 billion miles away from Earth, and counting. Voyager 1 and 2 discovered “The Great Dark Spot” on Neptune and the first active volcanoes on another planet — on Jupiter’s moon, Io. In 2012, Voyager 1 passed across the far end of our solar system to give humanity its first taste of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-278\">interstellar space\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were not among the outcomes Ed Stone could have imagined when he and his colleagues at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory prepped the two Voyagers for launch in 1977. Their mission was a four-year sortie to Jupiter and Saturn — which at the time seemed plenty ambitious. The moon landing was still a fresh memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in his 80s, Professor Stone, a physicist and National Medal of Science recipient, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=34\">continues to serve as chief scientist\u003c/a> for the program he helped launch. He is also a full-time professor and researcher at Caltech. He spoke with KQED News host Devin Katayama on the occasion of \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=51\">Voyager’s 40th anniversary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: Professor Stone, you were in your early forties when Voyager 1 and 2 launched into space. What was the original goal of that mission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yXuyMK6hQ5u1hDrzZYCw6oNaNoQkfCrz”]Stone: The original goal was a four-year mission to Jupiter and Saturn and Titan, a moon of Saturn. And we had two spacecraft to give us a higher probability of having at least one making it on that four-year journey to Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: So did you ever think the Voyager spacecrafts would last this long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: None of us knew how long they would last. At the time the space age was only 20 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: So, 40 years later, what are some of the most important planetary discoveries to date, thanks to the Voyager mission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: Well, we discovered that nature is much more diverse than we could have imagined. For instance, before Voyager, the only known active volcanoes were here on Earth. And then we found a moon of Jupiter called Io, about the size of our moon, which has ten times more volcanic activity than Earth. So time after time, we’ve discovered that our ‘terracentric’ view of planets and magnetic fields and moons and rings was much too limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: People working in the field might not be surprised to discover how expansive space could be, but has it changed our understanding of the universe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We now understand that when bodies form, there are processes by which they can maintain a very active geological life, just as the Earth does. And the way that happens depends on the exact circumstances. So each moon seems to be quite distinct in character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: NASA put a message on Voyager for other civilizations in outer space that might one day find it — \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\">The Golden Record\u003c/a>. What was the thinking behind that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: It was a form of outreach. It was a declaration that we as a society here on Earth could actually send such a message, which would leave the sun, the solar system, and orbit the center of the Milky Way galaxy for billions of years, long after Earth itself may have ceased to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-800x1005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1005\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-800x1005.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-160x201.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-1020x1281.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-1180x1482.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-960x1205.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-240x301.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-375x471.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-520x653.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Record is carried on board the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: Can you share with us what that message was?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: There were several messages: \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/greetings/\">greetings from different languages \u003c/a>on Earth, messages from different cultures, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/images/\">images \u003c/a>of various aspects of Earth. The whole idea was to make this a time capsule, or what I call a calling card: the ambassadors Earth has sent to the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: I’m curious whether you had any say in what that messaging was.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: The messaging was really determined by Carl Sagan and a small group that he put together. They did this basically over a 6-month period before launch, and it was done independently of what we were all doing, getting ready for launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: I’m curious whether there are any questions you were hoping would be answered by Voyager that have not been answered.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: I think what Voyager has done is inform us well enough to know what interesting questions to ask now. For instance, before Voyager, the only known liquid water was here on Earth, in the ocean. Then we flew by Europa, another moon of Jupiter, which has an icy crust on it which is cracked — very much like ice on an ocean. In fact, that’s what a subsequent mission, Galileo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA00578\">has shown\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-800x634.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"634\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-800x634.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-768x609.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1020x808.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1920x1521.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1180x935.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-960x761.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-375x297.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-520x412.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Katayama: The Voyager spacecraft are steadily losing power, and I saw a prediction that NASA will have to turn off all the equipment by 2030. What do you think should come next in terms of probing interstellar space? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: The next step is exploring the heliosphere itself, which is the huge bubble that Voyager left in August 2012. That is going to be done by a mission here on Earth which looks at neutral atoms coming from the outer edges of the heliosphere and from the interstellar medium beyond. That mission is now being launched in 2024. It would be the next stage in understanding the heliospheric bubble that protects all the planets in the solar system, and its interaction with the winds of the other stars as it occurs in interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What are the biggest questions about the heliosphere that we need to understand?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We need to understand the size of \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=14\">the heliosphere,\u003c/a> because it breathes in and out with the 11-year solar cycle. But it will also change size as the material outside in interstellar space changes over a much longer time scale. So it’s understanding how\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=32\"> our solar bubble,\u003c/a> which envelops the Earth, interacts and changes as what’s in interstellar space also changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What does communication between us here on Earth and the Voyager spacecraft look like?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We listen 24 hours a day; the spacecraft each have a 21-watt transmitter. We get a very slow data rate — it’s 160 bits per second, which is the best we can get from 13 billion miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What’s it been like having a hand in such an important mission, and having spent most of your career with Voyager?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: It’s been a remarkable journey. Science is about learning about nature — why it’s there, why it is the way it is. And Voyager has been an overwhelming success in terms of scientific endeavor. But even more than that, the thing that’s wonderful about Voyager is it’s remarkably inspiring to many people, and that’s of great value as well. It turned out to be a very effective way of involving the greater public in the journey, which is a scientific journey of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want more Voyager action? Check out ‘The Farthest,’ a new full-length film from PBS. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/the-farthest/home/\">live-stream it here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "40 Years With the Voyager Spacecraft: Earth’s Most Distant Explorers Are Still Calling Home | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Voyager 1 and 2\u003c/a> spacecraft left Earth in 1977, they had a mission that was possible only at that very moment in human history. The spacecraft were headed toward two of the outer planets of our solar system, and would use the gravity of one planet to swing themselves toward the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/timeline/#event-a-once-in-a-lifetime-alignment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">alignment\u003c/a> of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune that make this gravity swing dance possible. This alignment happens only once every 176 years, and it happened just at the time when human space technology was ready to meet the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘None of us knew how long they would last. At the time the space age was only 20 years old.’\u003ccite>Ed Stone, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=49\">Voyager mission,\u003c/a> the numbers themselves are cosmic. Voyager 1 is 13 billion miles away from Earth, and counting. Voyager 1 and 2 discovered “The Great Dark Spot” on Neptune and the first active volcanoes on another planet — on Jupiter’s moon, Io. In 2012, Voyager 1 passed across the far end of our solar system to give humanity its first taste of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-278\">interstellar space\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were not among the outcomes Ed Stone could have imagined when he and his colleagues at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory prepped the two Voyagers for launch in 1977. Their mission was a four-year sortie to Jupiter and Saturn — which at the time seemed plenty ambitious. The moon landing was still a fresh memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in his 80s, Professor Stone, a physicist and National Medal of Science recipient, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=34\">continues to serve as chief scientist\u003c/a> for the program he helped launch. He is also a full-time professor and researcher at Caltech. He spoke with KQED News host Devin Katayama on the occasion of \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=51\">Voyager’s 40th anniversary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: Professor Stone, you were in your early forties when Voyager 1 and 2 launched into space. What was the original goal of that mission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Stone: The original goal was a four-year mission to Jupiter and Saturn and Titan, a moon of Saturn. And we had two spacecraft to give us a higher probability of having at least one making it on that four-year journey to Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: So did you ever think the Voyager spacecrafts would last this long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: None of us knew how long they would last. At the time the space age was only 20 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: So, 40 years later, what are some of the most important planetary discoveries to date, thanks to the Voyager mission?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: Well, we discovered that nature is much more diverse than we could have imagined. For instance, before Voyager, the only known active volcanoes were here on Earth. And then we found a moon of Jupiter called Io, about the size of our moon, which has ten times more volcanic activity than Earth. So time after time, we’ve discovered that our ‘terracentric’ view of planets and magnetic fields and moons and rings was much too limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: People working in the field might not be surprised to discover how expansive space could be, but has it changed our understanding of the universe?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We now understand that when bodies form, there are processes by which they can maintain a very active geological life, just as the Earth does. And the way that happens depends on the exact circumstances. So each moon seems to be quite distinct in character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: NASA put a message on Voyager for other civilizations in outer space that might one day find it — \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\">The Golden Record\u003c/a>. What was the thinking behind that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: It was a form of outreach. It was a declaration that we as a society here on Earth could actually send such a message, which would leave the sun, the solar system, and orbit the center of the Milky Way galaxy for billions of years, long after Earth itself may have ceased to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-800x1005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1005\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-800x1005.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-160x201.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-1020x1281.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-1180x1482.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-960x1205.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-240x301.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-375x471.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k-520x653.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/9460968034_20aaaf8d87_k.jpg 1631w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Record is carried on board the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: Can you share with us what that message was?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: There were several messages: \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/greetings/\">greetings from different languages \u003c/a>on Earth, messages from different cultures, \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/images/\">images \u003c/a>of various aspects of Earth. The whole idea was to make this a time capsule, or what I call a calling card: the ambassadors Earth has sent to the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: I’m curious whether you had any say in what that messaging was.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: The messaging was really determined by Carl Sagan and a small group that he put together. They did this basically over a 6-month period before launch, and it was done independently of what we were all doing, getting ready for launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: I’m curious whether there are any questions you were hoping would be answered by Voyager that have not been answered.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: I think what Voyager has done is inform us well enough to know what interesting questions to ask now. For instance, before Voyager, the only known liquid water was here on Earth, in the ocean. Then we flew by Europa, another moon of Jupiter, which has an icy crust on it which is cracked — very much like ice on an ocean. In fact, that’s what a subsequent mission, Galileo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA00578\">has shown\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1915016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-800x634.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"634\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-800x634.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-768x609.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1020x808.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1920x1521.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-1180x935.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-960x761.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-375x297.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21478-520x412.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Katayama: The Voyager spacecraft are steadily losing power, and I saw a prediction that NASA will have to turn off all the equipment by 2030. What do you think should come next in terms of probing interstellar space? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: The next step is exploring the heliosphere itself, which is the huge bubble that Voyager left in August 2012. That is going to be done by a mission here on Earth which looks at neutral atoms coming from the outer edges of the heliosphere and from the interstellar medium beyond. That mission is now being launched in 2024. It would be the next stage in understanding the heliospheric bubble that protects all the planets in the solar system, and its interaction with the winds of the other stars as it occurs in interstellar space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What are the biggest questions about the heliosphere that we need to understand?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We need to understand the size of \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=14\">the heliosphere,\u003c/a> because it breathes in and out with the 11-year solar cycle. But it will also change size as the material outside in interstellar space changes over a much longer time scale. So it’s understanding how\u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=32\"> our solar bubble,\u003c/a> which envelops the Earth, interacts and changes as what’s in interstellar space also changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What does communication between us here on Earth and the Voyager spacecraft look like?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: We listen 24 hours a day; the spacecraft each have a 21-watt transmitter. We get a very slow data rate — it’s 160 bits per second, which is the best we can get from 13 billion miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katayama: What’s it been like having a hand in such an important mission, and having spent most of your career with Voyager?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone: It’s been a remarkable journey. Science is about learning about nature — why it’s there, why it is the way it is. And Voyager has been an overwhelming success in terms of scientific endeavor. But even more than that, the thing that’s wonderful about Voyager is it’s remarkably inspiring to many people, and that’s of great value as well. It turned out to be a very effective way of involving the greater public in the journey, which is a scientific journey of discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want more Voyager action? Check out ‘The Farthest,’ a new full-length film from PBS. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/the-farthest/home/\">live-stream it here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Best Photos and Videos From the Solar Eclipse",
"headTitle": "The Best Photos and Videos From the Solar Eclipse | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Here’s a video replay of the entire solar eclipse, as seen across the country, from The New York Times …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-DB5vlYQtg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CNN has video of the first moment of totality, in Oregon …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPl7rDTmoKs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eclipse photos, of course, have been pouring in. This first one is destined to go viral …\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 3812px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914949 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3812\" height=\"2629\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse.jpg 3812w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-800x552.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-768x530.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-1020x703.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-1920x1324.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-1180x814.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-960x662.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-240x166.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-375x259.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-520x359.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3812px) 100vw, 3812px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US President Donald Trump looks up a the partial solar eclipse with First Lady Melania Trump from the balcony of the White House in Washington, DC, on August 21, 2017. \u003ccite>(NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914921\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1914921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-1020x797.jpg\" alt=\"The 'diamond ring effect' is seen during a total solar eclipse as seen from the Lowell Observatory Solar Eclipse Experience in Madras, Oregon.\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-1020x797.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-160x125.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-800x625.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-768x600.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-1920x1500.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-1180x922.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-960x750.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-240x187.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-375x293.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-520x406.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ‘diamond ring effect’ is seen during a total solar eclipse as seen from the Lowell Observatory Solar Eclipse Experience in Madras, Oregon. \u003ccite>(Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914934\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914934 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"A 360-degree sunset surrounds viewers of the solar eclipse between the Solar Temples at Big Summit Prairie ranch in Oregon's Ochoco National Forest near the city of Mitchell.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 360-degree sunset surrounds viewers of the solar eclipse between the Solar Temples at Big Summit Prairie ranch in Oregon’s Ochoco National Forest near the city of Mitchell. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914959 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CARBONDALE, IL – AUGUST 21: People watch the solar eclipse at Saluki Stadium on the campus of Southern Illinois University on August 21, 2017 in Carbondale, Illinois. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914967\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1914967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-1020x709.jpg\" alt=\"This composite image, from NASA shows the progression of a partial solar eclipse over Ross Lake, in Northern Cascades National Park, Washington.\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-1020x709.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-800x556.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-768x534.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-1920x1335.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This composite image, from NASA shows the progression of a partial solar eclipse over Ross Lake, in Northern Cascades National Park, Washington. \u003ccite>(Bill Ingalls/NASA vis Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914968\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914968 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-1020x819.jpg\" alt=\"Thousands flocked to Times Square in New York City to view the partial eclipse. Emotional sky-gazers stood transfixed across North America Monday as the Sun vanished behind the Moon in a rare total eclipse that swept the continent coast-to-coast for the first time in nearly a century.\" width=\"640\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-1020x819.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-800x642.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-1920x1541.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-1180x947.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-960x770.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-375x301.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-520x417.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thousands flocked to Times Square in New York City to view the partial eclipse.\u003cbr> Emotional sky-gazers stood transfixed across North America Monday as the Sun vanished behind the Moon in a rare total eclipse that swept the continent coast-to-coast for the first time in nearly a century. \u003ccite>(Don Emmert/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914969\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1914969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-1020x473.jpg\" alt=\"A composite image of the total solar eclipse seen from the Lowell Observatory Solar Eclipse Experience in Madras, Oregon.\" width=\"640\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-1020x473.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-160x74.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-800x371.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-768x356.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-1920x890.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-1180x547.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-960x445.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-240x111.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-375x174.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-520x241.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A composite image of the total solar eclipse seen from the Lowell Observatory Solar Eclipse Experience in Madras, Oregon. \u003ccite>(Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Photos and videos of today's solar eclipse.",
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"description": "Photos and videos of today's solar eclipse.",
"title": "The Best Photos and Videos From the Solar Eclipse | KQED",
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"headline": "The Best Photos and Videos From the Solar Eclipse",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s a video replay of the entire solar eclipse, as seen across the country, from The New York Times …\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/B-DB5vlYQtg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/B-DB5vlYQtg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>CNN has video of the first moment of totality, in Oregon …\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mPl7rDTmoKs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mPl7rDTmoKs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Eclipse photos, of course, have been pouring in. This first one is destined to go viral …\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 3812px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914949 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3812\" height=\"2629\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse.jpg 3812w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-800x552.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-768x530.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-1020x703.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-1920x1324.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-1180x814.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-960x662.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-240x166.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-375x259.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Trump-Eclipse-520x359.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3812px) 100vw, 3812px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US President Donald Trump looks up a the partial solar eclipse with First Lady Melania Trump from the balcony of the White House in Washington, DC, on August 21, 2017. \u003ccite>(NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914921\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1914921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-1020x797.jpg\" alt=\"The 'diamond ring effect' is seen during a total solar eclipse as seen from the Lowell Observatory Solar Eclipse Experience in Madras, Oregon.\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-1020x797.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-160x125.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-800x625.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-768x600.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-1920x1500.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-1180x922.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-960x750.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-240x187.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-375x293.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GettyImages-836285738-520x406.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ‘diamond ring effect’ is seen during a total solar eclipse as seen from the Lowell Observatory Solar Eclipse Experience in Madras, Oregon. \u003ccite>(Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914934\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914934 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"A 360-degree sunset surrounds viewers of the solar eclipse between the Solar Temples at Big Summit Prairie ranch in Oregon's Ochoco National Forest near the city of Mitchell.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-1920x1282.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RobynBeckAFPGetty-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 360-degree sunset surrounds viewers of the solar eclipse between the Solar Temples at Big Summit Prairie ranch in Oregon’s Ochoco National Forest near the city of Mitchell. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914959 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipsecrowd-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CARBONDALE, IL – AUGUST 21: People watch the solar eclipse at Saluki Stadium on the campus of Southern Illinois University on August 21, 2017 in Carbondale, Illinois. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914967\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1914967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-1020x709.jpg\" alt=\"This composite image, from NASA shows the progression of a partial solar eclipse over Ross Lake, in Northern Cascades National Park, Washington.\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-1020x709.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-800x556.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-768x534.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-1920x1335.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/BillIngallsNASAviaGetty-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This composite image, from NASA shows the progression of a partial solar eclipse over Ross Lake, in Northern Cascades National Park, Washington. \u003ccite>(Bill Ingalls/NASA vis Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914968\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914968 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-1020x819.jpg\" alt=\"Thousands flocked to Times Square in New York City to view the partial eclipse. Emotional sky-gazers stood transfixed across North America Monday as the Sun vanished behind the Moon in a rare total eclipse that swept the continent coast-to-coast for the first time in nearly a century.\" width=\"640\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-1020x819.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-800x642.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-1920x1541.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-1180x947.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-960x770.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-375x301.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DonEmmertAFPGetty-520x417.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thousands flocked to Times Square in New York City to view the partial eclipse.\u003cbr> Emotional sky-gazers stood transfixed across North America Monday as the Sun vanished behind the Moon in a rare total eclipse that swept the continent coast-to-coast for the first time in nearly a century. \u003ccite>(Don Emmert/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914969\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1914969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-1020x473.jpg\" alt=\"A composite image of the total solar eclipse seen from the Lowell Observatory Solar Eclipse Experience in Madras, Oregon.\" width=\"640\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-1020x473.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-160x74.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-800x371.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-768x356.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-1920x890.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-1180x547.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-960x445.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-240x111.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-375x174.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/StanHondaAFPGetty-520x241.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A composite image of the total solar eclipse seen from the Lowell Observatory Solar Eclipse Experience in Madras, Oregon. \u003ccite>(Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Everything That Happened Monday During the Solar Eclipse",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just after 10 a.m. Monday morning off the coast of Oregon the temperature dropped, shadows sharpened and the morning eerily turned to night. The sky filled with stars and planets. An unusual sunset glowed from the horizon in every direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total solar eclipse awed onlookers as it swept across America. People within a narrow 70-mile wide band witnessed totality, while the entire country was treated to a partial eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clear skies in Oregon set into motion a nationwide viewing event that had millions of Americans erupting into cheers or falling into stunned silence as the moon slipped in front of the sun. Social media sites erupted with photos, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/21/video-photos-totality-eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">videos\u003c/a> and audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traffic crept along as people parked along highways and overflowed campgrounds and festivals. The Oregon Department of Transportation estimated 1 million visitors descended on the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ww2.kqed_.orgwow_082117_final-800x800-5442b9928ce8b980eeef03387a1f41d4576c80ad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1914926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ww2.kqed_.orgwow_082117_final-800x800-5442b9928ce8b980eeef03387a1f41d4576c80ad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If eclipse mania stoked any newfound fans they won’t have to wait too long for the next one. A total solar eclipse will travel from Texas to Maine on April 8, 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3 p.m. \u003c/strong>If you were stuck inside or blocked by clouds today don’t fret. You can watch NOVA’s \u003cem>Eclipse Over America\u003c/em>, tonight at 9 p.m. on KQED 9 and \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/eclipse-over-america.html?utm_source=FBPAGE&utm_medium=social&utm_term=20170811&utm_content=1024770444&linkId=40863874&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=KQEDScience\">streaming online.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1QPxE5BQbY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2:35 p.m. The first people to see this morning’s eclipse…\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>NASA astronaut Michael Barratt had his camera ready on board Alaska Airlines Flight 9671 this morning . The aircraft was destined out over the Pacific Ocean for the first glimpse of the total solar eclipse. Along with 100 other passengers, he pointed his camera out a round window as the moon slid in front of the sun. He had crafted a filter using a Chex cereal box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Lindsey Hoshaw was on the same flight with journalists, scientists, eclipse chasers and contest winners who cheered and even swore aloud when the sky darkened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Totality, Hoshaw said, was magical from mid-air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It felt like something out of a movie,” she said. “It was really inspiring to be around people who were so excited, who traveled all the way across the country to see something for two minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914962\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc.jpg\" alt=\"Alaska Airlines FLight 9671 flew out over the Pacific Ocean to intercept the path of the total solar eclipse. \" width=\"900\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alaska Airlines Flight 9671 flew out over the Pacific Ocean to intercept the path of the total solar eclipse. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cstrong>1:15 p.m. ‘The sky turned inside out’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have chased eclipses around the world often speak of the transformative experience of totality. But KQED’s Danielle Venton says that researchers at the Lost River Field Station in Mackay, Idaho found today’s solar eclipse particularly special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe because the sun was high in the sky and the air was pretty clear up there,” Venton said. “The corona was strongly visible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were three “filaments” of solar wind visible to the scientists, who will be combing through the data they collected for months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just with the naked eye we were able to see what looked like some coronal streamers, these long streaks of solar material coming away from the solar disk,” said Joseph Hutton, a researcher from Wales. “And maybe a few prominences, which showed up bright pink against the disk of the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even hours after what she called an astounding experience, Venton was exhilarated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What was interesting was how the light changed,” she said. “It kind of felt more like moonlight. Shadows were especially vivid. There was this general feeling of euphoria, this wave of ‘Oh my god’s’ and gasps and cheering.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that when totality blanketed the Lost River Field Station, the sky turned dark where it was once blue, while the horizon glowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It felt like the sky turned inside out,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>12:42 p.m\u003c/strong>. KQED’s Lindsey Hoshaw captured the total solar eclipse from midair off the coast of Oregon on Alaska Airlines Flight 9671.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/lindseyhoshaw/status/899714181015814144\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this crew on Mt. Tamalpais:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/KQED/status/899714442811777025\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>11:55 a.m.\u003c/strong> The Casper Star-Tribune has a collection of the best photos from today’s total solar eclipse \u003ca href=\"https://trib.com/news/local/casper/photos-the-eclipse/collection_a0c1844f-636e-5776-bc33-6ccb32cf3969.html\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>11:50 a.m.\u003c/strong> And just like that, totality has left American soil. Here’s a view of the total solar eclipse from Charleston, South Carolina.\u003cbr>\nhttps://twitter.com/channel1atlanta/status/899706355535290370\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>11:20 a.m. This is what totality sounds like …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some gasp, some cheer, some sigh. And some sit silently in stunned awe. Listen to the exact moment eclipse viewers in Mackay, Idaho watched the sun disappear behind the moon and the sky go dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio mp3=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/eclipse-reax-lrfs.mp3\"][/audio]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1914926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ww2.kqed_.orgwow_082117_final-800x800-5442b9928ce8b980eeef03387a1f41d4576c80ad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:40 a.m.\u003c/strong> This is totality. The Exploratorium just shared this capture of their telescope stream from Madras, Oregon. Up next: Casper, Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/exploratorium/status/899683596268589056\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:40 a.m. Schedule alert\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11:46 a.m Peak in Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ls_embed_1503337000\" src=\"https://livestream.com/accounts/16944724/events/7659038/player?width=640&height=360&enableInfoAndActivity=true&defaultDrawer=&autoPlay=true&mute=false\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:20 a.m.\u003c/strong> The 75 percent partial eclipse shone through wispy fog as it peaked in the Bay Area at 10:15 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/BYEGLGihFg5\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9:45 a.m.\u003c/strong> KQED’s Danielle Venton reports cheering and applause as the moon edges in front of the sun at the Lost River Field Station in Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton/status/899671496523526144\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9:40 a.m. \u003c/strong>Bay Area social media is currently cursing @KarlTheFog as the sun peeks in and out of view in San Francisco. The skies could clear for the end of the eclipse, but the East Bay will be the best bet for the 10:15 partial solar eclipse peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/KarlTheFog/status/899669507886546944\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9:30 a.m.\u003c/strong> Oregon officials have warned that parking on the side of the road is illegal. This is the view of U.S. Highway 97 north of Redmond at 9:21 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914901\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914901\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/US97-at-Ogden-Wayside-S_pid2647.jpg\" alt=\"Drivers pull over to the side of U.S. Highway 97 north of Redmond, Oregon on Monday morning.\" width=\"328\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/US97-at-Ogden-Wayside-S_pid2647.jpg 328w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/US97-at-Ogden-Wayside-S_pid2647-160x144.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/US97-at-Ogden-Wayside-S_pid2647-240x216.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drivers pull over to the side of U.S. Highway 97 north of Redmond, Oregon on Monday morning. \u003ccite>(Oregon Department of Transportation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9 a.m. Madras, Oregon live stream begins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s Exploratorium scientists are standing by, ready to begin a live telescope stream of the solar eclipse in Madras, Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon is about to start eclipsing the sun right now for West Coast viewers. Totality in Madras hits at 10:19 a.m. Watch it live here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/exploratorium/status/899647241291390976\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep an eye on the NASA live stream, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 8:45 a.m.\u003c/strong> We’ve got you covered for last minute eclipse plans. Weather forecasts give the East Bay the best shot at clear skies for the peak of the partial eclipse. Museums and libraries around the Bay Area are offering public viewing events, and many are giving away coveted free eclipse glasses. Check out a list of local eclipse viewing events \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/15/where-to-watch-the-eclipse-in-the-bay-area/\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 8 a.m.\u003c/strong> How exactly do scientists practice for a solar eclipse? KQED’s Danielle Venton has this report from a remote solar science outpost in Mackay Idaho. Also in this morning’s newscast, KQED’s Kat Snow catches up with Californians chasing the eclipse in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio mp3=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/2017-08-21-6-22AM-newscast.mp3\"][/audio]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Traffic update, 7:45 a.m.\u003c/strong> The Oregon Department of Transportation is reporting heavy traffic north of Redmond on U.S. Highway 97. Delays could reach two hours. In Wyoming, Interstate 25 came to a halt early this morning and officials advise travelers to use alternates routes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CSTribune/status/899626165308207106\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 7:35 a.m\u003c/strong>. Eclipse chasers spent the weekend packing into fields, festivals and campgrounds, anxiously awaiting this morning’s totality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/BX-7fsyj8Vu\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 7:20 a.m. \u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Didn’t get glasses in time? Don’t be like this guy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/BYDuknGAh3W\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, DON’T look at the sun, except during totality, which the Bay Area will not experience. Check out this video on how to make a pinhole viewer from a cereal box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWMf5rYDgpc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 7 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Welcome to our live coverage of the total solar eclipse. Stay tuned all morning for photos, reactions, news and updates from reporters in the path of totality.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914869\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914869 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Solar eclipse chasers prepare for takeoff on an Alaska Airlines flight Monday morning. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar eclipse chasers prepare for takeoff on an Alaska Airlines flight Monday morning. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Morning weather update:\u003c/strong> Skies are forecast to remain clear in the path of totality in Oregon, while Idaho and Wyoming may have some patchy haze, according to the National Weather Service. Some cloud cover is gathering around the eclipse path in Nebraska, Kansas, Illinois and Iowa. In the Bay Area, low cloud cover may obscure the beginning of the partial eclipse, but skies are expected to clear mid- morning around peak viewing time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WWfhZwP9WJYv0YjB0bt0GpJf1pPdjnkz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in 99 years, a total solar eclipse will sweep across the United States from coast to coast. More than 200 million Americans live within driving distance of the path of the total eclipse, called the path of totality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to South Carolina, cities and towns that lie within this narrow band are preparing for traffic jams and huge crowds, as millions gather to witness the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those outside the path of totality will see a partial eclipse. The Bay Area will experience a 75 percent partial solar eclipse, peaking at 10:15 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>HOW TO VIEW THE ECLIPSE SAFELY\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556.jpg\" alt=\"A total solar eclipse will sweep across the U.S. the morning of Aug. 21.\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>DON’T\u003c/strong> look directly at the partially eclipsed or uneclipsed sun without eclipse glasses. (Sunglasses are not enough!)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>DON’T\u003c/strong> look through camera, telescope or binocular lenses, even with eclipse glasses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>DON’T\u003c/strong> remove your eclipse glasses during the eclipse – that’s only safe during full totality, which California WON’T experience.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWMf5rYDgpc\">\u003cstrong>DO\u003c/strong> make a pinhole viewer\u003c/a> if you don’t have eclipse glasses – or watch a high quality live stream online.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the most important things you need to know this morning:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The entirety of the eclipse on American soil will last about two-and-a-half hours, with totality stretching from Oregon at 10:16 a.m. to Charleston, South Carolina at 11:47 a.m. PDT. Totality lasts about two minutes at each location.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, casting a shadow and blocking out the sun momentarily. Check out an animated view of an eclipse from outer space\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fg1jYgTkyA\"> here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Looking at the partially eclipsed or uneclipsed sun even for a moment can permanently damage your eyes. Watch a video on how to safely watch the eclipse \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWI7iH4H26M\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solar eclipses aren’t rare in general — they happen every 18 months somewhere in the world. But if you stayed in one place, you’d wait 300 years on average to see one.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Keep an eye on the NASA live stream at the bottom of this page to watch the eclipse.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just after 10 a.m. Monday morning off the coast of Oregon the temperature dropped, shadows sharpened and the morning eerily turned to night. The sky filled with stars and planets. An unusual sunset glowed from the horizon in every direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total solar eclipse awed onlookers as it swept across America. People within a narrow 70-mile wide band witnessed totality, while the entire country was treated to a partial eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clear skies in Oregon set into motion a nationwide viewing event that had millions of Americans erupting into cheers or falling into stunned silence as the moon slipped in front of the sun. Social media sites erupted with photos, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/21/video-photos-totality-eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">videos\u003c/a> and audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traffic crept along as people parked along highways and overflowed campgrounds and festivals. The Oregon Department of Transportation estimated 1 million visitors descended on the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ww2.kqed_.orgwow_082117_final-800x800-5442b9928ce8b980eeef03387a1f41d4576c80ad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1914926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ww2.kqed_.orgwow_082117_final-800x800-5442b9928ce8b980eeef03387a1f41d4576c80ad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If eclipse mania stoked any newfound fans they won’t have to wait too long for the next one. A total solar eclipse will travel from Texas to Maine on April 8, 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3 p.m. \u003c/strong>If you were stuck inside or blocked by clouds today don’t fret. You can watch NOVA’s \u003cem>Eclipse Over America\u003c/em>, tonight at 9 p.m. on KQED 9 and \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/eclipse-over-america.html?utm_source=FBPAGE&utm_medium=social&utm_term=20170811&utm_content=1024770444&linkId=40863874&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=KQEDScience\">streaming online.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/h1QPxE5BQbY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/h1QPxE5BQbY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2:35 p.m. The first people to see this morning’s eclipse…\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>NASA astronaut Michael Barratt had his camera ready on board Alaska Airlines Flight 9671 this morning . The aircraft was destined out over the Pacific Ocean for the first glimpse of the total solar eclipse. Along with 100 other passengers, he pointed his camera out a round window as the moon slid in front of the sun. He had crafted a filter using a Chex cereal box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Lindsey Hoshaw was on the same flight with journalists, scientists, eclipse chasers and contest winners who cheered and even swore aloud when the sky darkened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Totality, Hoshaw said, was magical from mid-air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It felt like something out of a movie,” she said. “It was really inspiring to be around people who were so excited, who traveled all the way across the country to see something for two minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914962\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc.jpg\" alt=\"Alaska Airlines FLight 9671 flew out over the Pacific Ocean to intercept the path of the total solar eclipse. \" width=\"900\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mc-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alaska Airlines Flight 9671 flew out over the Pacific Ocean to intercept the path of the total solar eclipse. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cstrong>1:15 p.m. ‘The sky turned inside out’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have chased eclipses around the world often speak of the transformative experience of totality. But KQED’s Danielle Venton says that researchers at the Lost River Field Station in Mackay, Idaho found today’s solar eclipse particularly special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe because the sun was high in the sky and the air was pretty clear up there,” Venton said. “The corona was strongly visible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were three “filaments” of solar wind visible to the scientists, who will be combing through the data they collected for months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just with the naked eye we were able to see what looked like some coronal streamers, these long streaks of solar material coming away from the solar disk,” said Joseph Hutton, a researcher from Wales. “And maybe a few prominences, which showed up bright pink against the disk of the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even hours after what she called an astounding experience, Venton was exhilarated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What was interesting was how the light changed,” she said. “It kind of felt more like moonlight. Shadows were especially vivid. There was this general feeling of euphoria, this wave of ‘Oh my god’s’ and gasps and cheering.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that when totality blanketed the Lost River Field Station, the sky turned dark where it was once blue, while the horizon glowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It felt like the sky turned inside out,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>12:42 p.m\u003c/strong>. KQED’s Lindsey Hoshaw captured the total solar eclipse from midair off the coast of Oregon on Alaska Airlines Flight 9671.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this crew on Mt. Tamalpais:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>11:55 a.m.\u003c/strong> The Casper Star-Tribune has a collection of the best photos from today’s total solar eclipse \u003ca href=\"https://trib.com/news/local/casper/photos-the-eclipse/collection_a0c1844f-636e-5776-bc33-6ccb32cf3969.html\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>11:50 a.m.\u003c/strong> And just like that, totality has left American soil. Here’s a view of the total solar eclipse from Charleston, South Carolina.\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>11:20 a.m. This is what totality sounds like …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some gasp, some cheer, some sigh. And some sit silently in stunned awe. Listen to the exact moment eclipse viewers in Mackay, Idaho watched the sun disappear behind the moon and the sky go dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1914926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ww2.kqed_.orgwow_082117_final-800x800-5442b9928ce8b980eeef03387a1f41d4576c80ad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:40 a.m.\u003c/strong> This is totality. The Exploratorium just shared this capture of their telescope stream from Madras, Oregon. Up next: Casper, Wyoming.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:40 a.m. Schedule alert\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11:46 a.m Peak in Charleston, South Carolina\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ls_embed_1503337000\" src=\"https://livestream.com/accounts/16944724/events/7659038/player?width=640&height=360&enableInfoAndActivity=true&defaultDrawer=&autoPlay=true&mute=false\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 10:20 a.m.\u003c/strong> The 75 percent partial eclipse shone through wispy fog as it peaked in the Bay Area at 10:15 a.m.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9:45 a.m.\u003c/strong> KQED’s Danielle Venton reports cheering and applause as the moon edges in front of the sun at the Lost River Field Station in Idaho.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9:40 a.m. \u003c/strong>Bay Area social media is currently cursing @KarlTheFog as the sun peeks in and out of view in San Francisco. The skies could clear for the end of the eclipse, but the East Bay will be the best bet for the 10:15 partial solar eclipse peak.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9:30 a.m.\u003c/strong> Oregon officials have warned that parking on the side of the road is illegal. This is the view of U.S. Highway 97 north of Redmond at 9:21 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914901\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914901\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/US97-at-Ogden-Wayside-S_pid2647.jpg\" alt=\"Drivers pull over to the side of U.S. Highway 97 north of Redmond, Oregon on Monday morning.\" width=\"328\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/US97-at-Ogden-Wayside-S_pid2647.jpg 328w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/US97-at-Ogden-Wayside-S_pid2647-160x144.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/US97-at-Ogden-Wayside-S_pid2647-240x216.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drivers pull over to the side of U.S. Highway 97 north of Redmond, Oregon on Monday morning. \u003ccite>(Oregon Department of Transportation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9 a.m. Madras, Oregon live stream begins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s Exploratorium scientists are standing by, ready to begin a live telescope stream of the solar eclipse in Madras, Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon is about to start eclipsing the sun right now for West Coast viewers. Totality in Madras hits at 10:19 a.m. Watch it live here:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Keep an eye on the NASA live stream, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 8:45 a.m.\u003c/strong> We’ve got you covered for last minute eclipse plans. Weather forecasts give the East Bay the best shot at clear skies for the peak of the partial eclipse. Museums and libraries around the Bay Area are offering public viewing events, and many are giving away coveted free eclipse glasses. Check out a list of local eclipse viewing events \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/15/where-to-watch-the-eclipse-in-the-bay-area/\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 8 a.m.\u003c/strong> How exactly do scientists practice for a solar eclipse? KQED’s Danielle Venton has this report from a remote solar science outpost in Mackay Idaho. Also in this morning’s newscast, KQED’s Kat Snow catches up with Californians chasing the eclipse in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Traffic update, 7:45 a.m.\u003c/strong> The Oregon Department of Transportation is reporting heavy traffic north of Redmond on U.S. Highway 97. Delays could reach two hours. In Wyoming, Interstate 25 came to a halt early this morning and officials advise travelers to use alternates routes.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 7:35 a.m\u003c/strong>. Eclipse chasers spent the weekend packing into fields, festivals and campgrounds, anxiously awaiting this morning’s totality.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 7:20 a.m. \u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Didn’t get glasses in time? Don’t be like this guy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Remember, DON’T look at the sun, except during totality, which the Bay Area will not experience. Check out this video on how to make a pinhole viewer from a cereal box.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vWMf5rYDgpc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vWMf5rYDgpc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 7 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Welcome to our live coverage of the total solar eclipse. Stay tuned all morning for photos, reactions, news and updates from reporters in the path of totality.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914869\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1914869 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Solar eclipse chasers prepare for takeoff on an Alaska Airlines flight Monday morning. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Image-uploaded-from-iOS-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar eclipse chasers prepare for takeoff on an Alaska Airlines flight Monday morning. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Morning weather update:\u003c/strong> Skies are forecast to remain clear in the path of totality in Oregon, while Idaho and Wyoming may have some patchy haze, according to the National Weather Service. Some cloud cover is gathering around the eclipse path in Nebraska, Kansas, Illinois and Iowa. In the Bay Area, low cloud cover may obscure the beginning of the partial eclipse, but skies are expected to clear mid- morning around peak viewing time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in 99 years, a total solar eclipse will sweep across the United States from coast to coast. More than 200 million Americans live within driving distance of the path of the total eclipse, called the path of totality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to South Carolina, cities and towns that lie within this narrow band are preparing for traffic jams and huge crowds, as millions gather to witness the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those outside the path of totality will see a partial eclipse. The Bay Area will experience a 75 percent partial solar eclipse, peaking at 10:15 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>HOW TO VIEW THE ECLIPSE SAFELY\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556.jpg\" alt=\"A total solar eclipse will sweep across the U.S. the morning of Aug. 21.\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>DON’T\u003c/strong> look directly at the partially eclipsed or uneclipsed sun without eclipse glasses. (Sunglasses are not enough!)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>DON’T\u003c/strong> look through camera, telescope or binocular lenses, even with eclipse glasses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>DON’T\u003c/strong> remove your eclipse glasses during the eclipse – that’s only safe during full totality, which California WON’T experience.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWMf5rYDgpc\">\u003cstrong>DO\u003c/strong> make a pinhole viewer\u003c/a> if you don’t have eclipse glasses – or watch a high quality live stream online.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the most important things you need to know this morning:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The entirety of the eclipse on American soil will last about two-and-a-half hours, with totality stretching from Oregon at 10:16 a.m. to Charleston, South Carolina at 11:47 a.m. PDT. Totality lasts about two minutes at each location.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, casting a shadow and blocking out the sun momentarily. Check out an animated view of an eclipse from outer space\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fg1jYgTkyA\"> here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Looking at the partially eclipsed or uneclipsed sun even for a moment can permanently damage your eyes. Watch a video on how to safely watch the eclipse \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWI7iH4H26M\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solar eclipses aren’t rare in general — they happen every 18 months somewhere in the world. But if you stayed in one place, you’d wait 300 years on average to see one.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Keep an eye on the NASA live stream at the bottom of this page to watch the eclipse.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's 40-year Voyage Continues",
"headTitle": "NASA’s 40-year Voyage Continues | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Four decades ago, NASA launched two robotic spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>, on a mission to cruise by the giant planets of the outer solar system on sweeping trajectories that would ultimately carry them far beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, both spacecraft are still functioning, sending back data from the cold, dark reaches of the frontier of interstellar space. Voyager 2 is over 10.6 billion miles from the sun, 115 times farther than Earth. Voyager 1 is almost 13 billion miles out—a distance that takes radio signals, traveling at the speed of light, over 19 hours to traverse!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914508\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn, and then veered northward off of the plane of our solar system. Voyager 2 visited all four giant planets of the outer solar system before departing southward toward interstellar space. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn, and then veered northward off of the plane of our solar system. Voyager 2 visited all four giant planets of the outer solar system before departing southward toward interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voyager Mission Recap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter11.html\">The Voyagers\u003c/a> were launched in 1977—Voyager 1 on September 5 and Voyager 2 on August 20, so their 40th anniversaries in space are close at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1’s objective was to explore \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/mission/science/jupiter/\">Jupiter \u003c/a>and Saturn, and gave us our first detailed images of Jupiter’s four large Galilean moons. It also made a close flyby of Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, giving us our first look at the moon’s cold, thick, hydrocarbon-smog-laced atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-800x636.jpg\" alt=\"A montage of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons captured by Voyager 1 in 1979. \" width=\"800\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1020x811.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1920x1526.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-960x763.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-520x413.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A montage of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons captured by Voyager 1 in 1979. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 also passed by Jupiter and Saturn, before cruising onward to the cold and mysterious “ice giant” worlds Uranus and Neptune—which still have not been visited by any other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pushing the Frontiers of Space\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon completion of their primary missions, both Voyagers coasted onward to ever greater distances, having achieved escape velocity from the sun’s gravitation. And though they spent their earliest years of exploration traveling within the orbital plane of the solar system’s planets, the Voyagers’ final planetary encounters flung them in different directions. Voyager 1 is heading northward away from the plane of the solar system while Voyager 2 is going south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914516\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the heliosphere--the region around our solar system under the influence by the solar wind--and its interaction with the environment of interstellar space. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech.jpg 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the heliosphere–the region around our solar system under the influence by the solar wind–and its interaction with the environment of interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA./JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since leaving the realm of planets, the Voyagers have been monitoring the physical conditions within the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere\">\u003cem>heliosphere\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the extended “bubble” of gas, plasma, and magnetic fields emanating from the sun and blowing outward into space, called the solar wind. The goal of this extended phase of the Voyagers’ mission was to find the boundary between the solar wind’s influence and the environment of interstellar space: the \u003cem>heliopause\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Earth, we cannot detect that boundary—much in the way that you cannot “see” the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space by standing on the ground and looking up. To find where space beings, you must send up a rocket to measure the pressure and temperature of the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1’s measurements of the solar wind tell us that in August 2012, it did in fact cross the heliopause and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2013/09/voyager-left-solar-system/\">enter the frontier of interstellar space\u003c/a>, becoming the first human artifact to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 has not yet crossed the heliopause in the direction it is traveling, but when it does, researchers will receive data from two different points in the interstellar realm, which will offer a more detailed picture of the nature of space beyond the influence of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Built to Survive the Unknown\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How have these robotic explorers lasted so long? What machinery in your experience can last forty years with no maintenance, refueling, or recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Voyagers had to last at least through their primary missions, which in Voyager 2’s case included encounters with four giant planets over a 10-year period. Engineers had to anticipate the harsh conditions their robots might encounter, and plan accordingly—even though the actual conditions around the target planets and in the vast stretches of space between them were largely unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x813.jpg\" alt=\"A Voyager spacecraft during tests in 1976. \" width=\"800\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x813.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x163.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x781.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x1037.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1920x1952.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1180x1200.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-960x976.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-240x244.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-375x381.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-520x529.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Voyager spacecraft during tests in 1976. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/mission/spacecraft/instruments/\">Voyagers’ sensitive equipment\u003c/a> and computer systems are heavily shielded against micrometeorite impacts and high-energy radiation. Critical systems were given multiple redundant backups, so that if a piece of equipment fails a backup duplicate will kick in to replace it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for their power supplies, the Voyagers are each equipped with three \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/rtg.cfm\">radioisotope thermoelectric generators\u003c/a>, which generate electricity from heat produced by the decay of Plutonium-238. At the time of launch each trio of generators produced 470 Watts, though the output has declined steadily as the Plutonium decays. It is expected that by sometime between 2025 and 2030, power will have fallen below the level needed to run any of the Voyagers’ instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Messengers for ET? Good idea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another ride-a-long feature on each Voyager is the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/golden-record/\">Golden Record\u003c/a>,” a gold-plated analog phonograph record carrying information about our world and species in a set of selected sounds and images. The records are intended as combination time capsules and greeting cards, in the event that either spacecraft is recovered by an intelligent alien civilization who can follow the graphical instructions inscribed on the record covers and extract the information on the disks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-800x1004.jpg\" alt=\"The cover of the Voyagers' "Golden Record" archive of Earth sounds and images, carried on each spacecraft as a greeting to possible alien civilizations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1004\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-800x1004.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-160x201.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1020x1280.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1920x2410.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1180x1481.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-960x1205.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-240x301.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-375x471.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-520x653.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of the Voyagers’ “Golden Record” archive of Earth sounds and images, carried on each spacecraft as a greeting to possible alien civilizations. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are some who feel it may not be a good idea to randomly fling information of our existence and location into space for any would-be aliens to find–for how could we possibly know what those aliens are like, and what they would do with the information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the chances of recovery of the tiny, soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft in the vast expanse of interstellar space is exceedingly small, and neither are heading toward any star systems in the near or extended future. Voyager 1 is presently heading in the general direction of a star called Gliese 445, which it will pass within 1.6 light years of in about 40,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Voyagers 1 and 2 should continue to transmit home their measurements from the interstellar frontier, so may yet teach us a thing or two about our place in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Four decades ago, NASA launched two robotic spacecraft, Voyagers 1 and 2, on a mission to cruise by the giant planets of the outer solar system on sweeping trajectories that would ultimately carry them far beyond. ",
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"description": "Four decades ago, NASA launched two robotic spacecraft, Voyagers 1 and 2, on a mission to cruise by the giant planets of the outer solar system on sweeping trajectories that would ultimately carry them far beyond. ",
"title": "NASA's 40-year Voyage Continues | KQED",
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"headline": "NASA's 40-year Voyage Continues",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Four decades ago, NASA launched two robotic spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/\">Voyagers 1 and 2\u003c/a>, on a mission to cruise by the giant planets of the outer solar system on sweeping trajectories that would ultimately carry them far beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, both spacecraft are still functioning, sending back data from the cold, dark reaches of the frontier of interstellar space. Voyager 2 is over 10.6 billion miles from the sun, 115 times farther than Earth. Voyager 1 is almost 13 billion miles out—a distance that takes radio signals, traveling at the speed of light, over 19 hours to traverse!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914508\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn, and then veered northward off of the plane of our solar system. Voyager 2 visited all four giant planets of the outer solar system before departing southward toward interstellar space. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/voyager-trajectories-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn, and then veered northward off of the plane of our solar system. Voyager 2 visited all four giant planets of the outer solar system before departing southward toward interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voyager Mission Recap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter11.html\">The Voyagers\u003c/a> were launched in 1977—Voyager 1 on September 5 and Voyager 2 on August 20, so their 40th anniversaries in space are close at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1’s objective was to explore \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/mission/science/jupiter/\">Jupiter \u003c/a>and Saturn, and gave us our first detailed images of Jupiter’s four large Galilean moons. It also made a close flyby of Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/11/12/voyager-1-the-first-close-encounter-with-titan/\">Titan\u003c/a>, giving us our first look at the moon’s cold, thick, hydrocarbon-smog-laced atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914510\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-800x636.jpg\" alt=\"A montage of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons captured by Voyager 1 in 1979. \" width=\"800\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1020x811.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1920x1526.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-960x763.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-240x191.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/GPN-2000-000451-nasa-jpl-520x413.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A montage of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons captured by Voyager 1 in 1979. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 also passed by Jupiter and Saturn, before cruising onward to the cold and mysterious “ice giant” worlds Uranus and Neptune—which still have not been visited by any other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pushing the Frontiers of Space\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon completion of their primary missions, both Voyagers coasted onward to ever greater distances, having achieved escape velocity from the sun’s gravitation. And though they spent their earliest years of exploration traveling within the orbital plane of the solar system’s planets, the Voyagers’ final planetary encounters flung them in different directions. Voyager 1 is heading northward away from the plane of the solar system while Voyager 2 is going south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914516\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the heliosphere--the region around our solar system under the influence by the solar wind--and its interaction with the environment of interstellar space. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA17048_hires-NASA-JPL-Caltech.jpg 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the heliosphere–the region around our solar system under the influence by the solar wind–and its interaction with the environment of interstellar space. \u003ccite>(NASA./JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since leaving the realm of planets, the Voyagers have been monitoring the physical conditions within the \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/heliosphere\">\u003cem>heliosphere\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the extended “bubble” of gas, plasma, and magnetic fields emanating from the sun and blowing outward into space, called the solar wind. The goal of this extended phase of the Voyagers’ mission was to find the boundary between the solar wind’s influence and the environment of interstellar space: the \u003cem>heliopause\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Earth, we cannot detect that boundary—much in the way that you cannot “see” the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space by standing on the ground and looking up. To find where space beings, you must send up a rocket to measure the pressure and temperature of the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 1’s measurements of the solar wind tell us that in August 2012, it did in fact cross the heliopause and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2013/09/voyager-left-solar-system/\">enter the frontier of interstellar space\u003c/a>, becoming the first human artifact to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voyager 2 has not yet crossed the heliopause in the direction it is traveling, but when it does, researchers will receive data from two different points in the interstellar realm, which will offer a more detailed picture of the nature of space beyond the influence of the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Built to Survive the Unknown\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How have these robotic explorers lasted so long? What machinery in your experience can last forty years with no maintenance, refueling, or recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Voyagers had to last at least through their primary missions, which in Voyager 2’s case included encounters with four giant planets over a 10-year period. Engineers had to anticipate the harsh conditions their robots might encounter, and plan accordingly—even though the actual conditions around the target planets and in the vast stretches of space between them were largely unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x813.jpg\" alt=\"A Voyager spacecraft during tests in 1976. \" width=\"800\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x813.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x163.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x781.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x1037.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1920x1952.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-1180x1200.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-960x976.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-240x244.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-375x381.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-520x529.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/PIA21732-nasa-jpl-caltech-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Voyager spacecraft during tests in 1976. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/mission/spacecraft/instruments/\">Voyagers’ sensitive equipment\u003c/a> and computer systems are heavily shielded against micrometeorite impacts and high-energy radiation. Critical systems were given multiple redundant backups, so that if a piece of equipment fails a backup duplicate will kick in to replace it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for their power supplies, the Voyagers are each equipped with three \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/rtg.cfm\">radioisotope thermoelectric generators\u003c/a>, which generate electricity from heat produced by the decay of Plutonium-238. At the time of launch each trio of generators produced 470 Watts, though the output has declined steadily as the Plutonium decays. It is expected that by sometime between 2025 and 2030, power will have fallen below the level needed to run any of the Voyagers’ instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Messengers for ET? Good idea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another ride-a-long feature on each Voyager is the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/golden-record/\">Golden Record\u003c/a>,” a gold-plated analog phonograph record carrying information about our world and species in a set of selected sounds and images. The records are intended as combination time capsules and greeting cards, in the event that either spacecraft is recovered by an intelligent alien civilization who can follow the graphical instructions inscribed on the record covers and extract the information on the disks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-800x1004.jpg\" alt=\"The cover of the Voyagers' "Golden Record" archive of Earth sounds and images, carried on each spacecraft as a greeting to possible alien civilizations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1004\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-800x1004.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-160x201.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-768x964.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1020x1280.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1920x2410.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-1180x1481.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-960x1205.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-240x301.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-375x471.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/154342main_image_feature_631_ys_full-520x653.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of the Voyagers’ “Golden Record” archive of Earth sounds and images, carried on each spacecraft as a greeting to possible alien civilizations. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are some who feel it may not be a good idea to randomly fling information of our existence and location into space for any would-be aliens to find–for how could we possibly know what those aliens are like, and what they would do with the information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the chances of recovery of the tiny, soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft in the vast expanse of interstellar space is exceedingly small, and neither are heading toward any star systems in the near or extended future. Voyager 1 is presently heading in the general direction of a star called Gliese 445, which it will pass within 1.6 light years of in about 40,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Voyagers 1 and 2 should continue to transmit home their measurements from the interstellar frontier, so may yet teach us a thing or two about our place in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "An Eclipse Made This Atheist Filmmaker Find God",
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"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/McClurgEclipseChasers.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"An Eclipse Made This Atheist Photographer Find God\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mark-Bender-1-e1502830282688.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this summer’s total solar eclipse only days away, thousands of Californians are probably already on the road north to Oregon to get ready for Monday’s celestial spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t fret if you can’t make the trip, because UC Berkeley and Google are producing a 90-minute film of the rare event. Citizen scientists and professional photographers will be staged all along the eclipse’s \u003ca href=\"https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/2017-path-totality\">path of totality\u003c/a> to capture footage, which will be stitched together into the \u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/\">Eclipse Megamovie\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Oh! I now suddenly believe in God, completely believe in God.’\u003ccite>Mark Bender, eclipse chaser\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The project is a dream come true for chief field photographer Mark Bender. He divides his life into two chapters: the one he lived before his first total eclipse, and the one he’s lived since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve never experienced awesome until you see a total solar eclipse!” he exclaimed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bender’s passion was initially sparked in 1999. He was living in Scotland at the time as a filmmaker. That summer, a total solar eclipse was due in southern England — but not surprisingly, the forecast called for dreary conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was probably only a 5 percent chance of seeing it because of bad weather,” said Bender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he and a friend decided to hit the road anyway. The night before the eclipse they were optimistic they’d made the right decision. They camped under a clear, starry sky near the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it didn’t last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we woke up at 6 a.m., it was completely pea soup,” said Bender. “You could not see your hand in front of your face because of the fog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IOoTgUCUBJGlvK3ippKADjgEfrTgIioK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All morning they drove up and down the coast searching for a clearing. Eventually they slumped in their seats as they pulled into a socked-in parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914747\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914747\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-1180x1770.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-960x1440.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-375x563.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Total solar eclipse seen on Easter Island, July 11, 2010. \u003ccite>(Mark Bender)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the temperature suddenly dropped. Shadows sharpened. The winds picked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The clouds literally started to part as if like the Red Sea!” said Bender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sky opened just like the bible story where Moses parts the Red Sea for the Israelites. Bender’s jaw dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was almost like graphic art,” he said. “There was this perfect kind of jet black pearl surrounded by this \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=Dictionary#dobs=corona\">corona\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he was struck with an epiphany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh!” said Bender. “I now suddenly believe in God, completely believe in God.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atheist suddenly turned Christian was an instant umbraphile, or shadow lover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m what’s known in the vernacular as an eclipse chaser,” said Bender. He now schedules his life around eclipses. For nearly 20 years he’s crisscrossed the globe to countries like Indonesia, Argentina, Norway and Bermuda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/218898410\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://space.rice.edu/reiff/\">Patricia Reiff\u003c/a> is also a self-confessed umbraphile. She’s an astronomy professor at Rice University in Texas. She says there’s really only one word that describes the experience: orgasm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But it is a lot like that!” laughed Reiff. “It’s just — it’s just that kind of a whole body reaction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uNG3szL4kmydKkIiF7ii68GNbymsPk2n”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiff has seen many eclipses, and she says she loses her breath every time. Just like Bender, she says a viewing is spiritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the distance it kind of looks like a tornado,” said Reiff. “But then zoom! It washes over you and as it washes over you — you look up and there is the eclipsed sun in the sky. Like the eye of God staring down at you, it is one of the most dramatic things you’ll ever experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bender has tried to capture that sentiment for the last 18 years chasing eclipses. He’s tried over and over to make a documentary about the transcendental nature of an eclipse. But the quest has been excruciating because images and words don’t do it justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so beautiful,” said Bender. “It’s so overwhelming. It’s so transformative. It’s such an important moment. It’s it’s like blah blah blah. I’ve heard it a thousand times. People cannot describe the experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes his team will have better luck this summer during the creation of the Eclipse Megamovie. Bender will have his camera rolling in Alliance, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914748\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914748\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Carhenge in Alliance, Nebraska.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carhenge in Alliance, Nebraska. \u003ccite>(Chris M. Morris/ Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lure is a clear forecast and a very unique tourist site called Carhenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only place that really struck me as complete Americana was Carhenge,” said Bender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s modeled after Stonehenge. In the middle of dry cornfields, rusty automobiles spray-painted grey are stacked on top of each other just like the ancient rocks in England. Bender joked that there’s no better way to watch an American eclipse than through the silhouette of an automobile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a more serious note, Bender said, “I’ve realized that the story I’ve been trying to capture all these years is actually about the spiritual journey I’ve been on since the sky parted in Cornwall nearly 20 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bender now hopes to show audiences this summer that when the moon slides in front the sun, it awakens something inside. Something that just might change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this summer’s total solar eclipse only days away, thousands of Californians are probably already on the road north to Oregon to get ready for Monday’s celestial spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t fret if you can’t make the trip, because UC Berkeley and Google are producing a 90-minute film of the rare event. Citizen scientists and professional photographers will be staged all along the eclipse’s \u003ca href=\"https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/2017-path-totality\">path of totality\u003c/a> to capture footage, which will be stitched together into the \u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/\">Eclipse Megamovie\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Oh! I now suddenly believe in God, completely believe in God.’\u003ccite>Mark Bender, eclipse chaser\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The project is a dream come true for chief field photographer Mark Bender. He divides his life into two chapters: the one he lived before his first total eclipse, and the one he’s lived since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve never experienced awesome until you see a total solar eclipse!” he exclaimed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bender’s passion was initially sparked in 1999. He was living in Scotland at the time as a filmmaker. That summer, a total solar eclipse was due in southern England — but not surprisingly, the forecast called for dreary conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was probably only a 5 percent chance of seeing it because of bad weather,” said Bender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he and a friend decided to hit the road anyway. The night before the eclipse they were optimistic they’d made the right decision. They camped under a clear, starry sky near the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it didn’t last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we woke up at 6 a.m., it was completely pea soup,” said Bender. “You could not see your hand in front of your face because of the fog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All morning they drove up and down the coast searching for a clearing. Eventually they slumped in their seats as they pulled into a socked-in parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914747\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914747\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-1180x1770.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-960x1440.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-375x563.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/IMG_8264-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Total solar eclipse seen on Easter Island, July 11, 2010. \u003ccite>(Mark Bender)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the temperature suddenly dropped. Shadows sharpened. The winds picked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The clouds literally started to part as if like the Red Sea!” said Bender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sky opened just like the bible story where Moses parts the Red Sea for the Israelites. Bender’s jaw dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was almost like graphic art,” he said. “There was this perfect kind of jet black pearl surrounded by this \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=Dictionary#dobs=corona\">corona\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he was struck with an epiphany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh!” said Bender. “I now suddenly believe in God, completely believe in God.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atheist suddenly turned Christian was an instant umbraphile, or shadow lover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m what’s known in the vernacular as an eclipse chaser,” said Bender. He now schedules his life around eclipses. For nearly 20 years he’s crisscrossed the globe to countries like Indonesia, Argentina, Norway and Bermuda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/218898410\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://space.rice.edu/reiff/\">Patricia Reiff\u003c/a> is also a self-confessed umbraphile. She’s an astronomy professor at Rice University in Texas. She says there’s really only one word that describes the experience: orgasm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But it is a lot like that!” laughed Reiff. “It’s just — it’s just that kind of a whole body reaction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiff has seen many eclipses, and she says she loses her breath every time. Just like Bender, she says a viewing is spiritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the distance it kind of looks like a tornado,” said Reiff. “But then zoom! It washes over you and as it washes over you — you look up and there is the eclipsed sun in the sky. Like the eye of God staring down at you, it is one of the most dramatic things you’ll ever experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bender has tried to capture that sentiment for the last 18 years chasing eclipses. He’s tried over and over to make a documentary about the transcendental nature of an eclipse. But the quest has been excruciating because images and words don’t do it justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so beautiful,” said Bender. “It’s so overwhelming. It’s so transformative. It’s such an important moment. It’s it’s like blah blah blah. I’ve heard it a thousand times. People cannot describe the experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes his team will have better luck this summer during the creation of the Eclipse Megamovie. Bender will have his camera rolling in Alliance, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914748\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914748\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Carhenge in Alliance, Nebraska.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4057526268_46239d3485_o-800x600-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carhenge in Alliance, Nebraska. \u003ccite>(Chris M. Morris/ Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lure is a clear forecast and a very unique tourist site called Carhenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only place that really struck me as complete Americana was Carhenge,” said Bender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s modeled after Stonehenge. In the middle of dry cornfields, rusty automobiles spray-painted grey are stacked on top of each other just like the ancient rocks in England. Bender joked that there’s no better way to watch an American eclipse than through the silhouette of an automobile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a more serious note, Bender said, “I’ve realized that the story I’ve been trying to capture all these years is actually about the spiritual journey I’ve been on since the sky parted in Cornwall nearly 20 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bender now hopes to show audiences this summer that when the moon slides in front the sun, it awakens something inside. Something that just might change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On August 21, 2017, millions of Americans will witness the first total solar eclipse to cross the continental United States in 99 years. As in all total solar eclipses, the moon will block the sun, revealing its ethereal outer atmosphere—its corona—in a wondrous celestial spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hordes of citizens prepare to flock to the eclipse’s path of totality, scientists, too, are staking out spots for a very different reason: to investigate the secrets of the sun’s elusive atmosphere. During the eclipse’s precious seconds of darkness, they will shed light on how our sun works, how it can produce deadly solar storms, and why its atmosphere is so hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1HWoP6SO98\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOVA investigates the storied history of solar eclipse science and joins both seasoned and citizen-scientists alike as they don their eclipse glasses and tune their telescopes for the eclipse over America. Watch NOVA’s \u003cem>Eclipse Over America\u003c/em>, Monday, August 21 at 9PM on KQED 9 and streaming online. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fg1jYgTkyA&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total solar eclipse on August 21 will be the first time many Americans will directly see the moon entirely blocking out the disc of the sun. But with our animation you can catch an early preview of the “Great American Eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zooming out from the earth’s surface, we pan over to the moon in orbit. As the moon slides in front of the sun, it appears as if our lunar satellite is taking larger and larger cookie bites out of the fiery solar surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”2pzQU75WM4O1FOtnhPH1q2wJjqELCCzi”]At the moment of “totality,” when the moon entirely obscures our home star, irregularities in the lunar terrain such as mountains, valleys and canyons become visible as “\u003ca class=\"js-about-module-title module__title__link\" title=\"More at Wikipedia \" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baily's_beads\">Baily’s beads\u003c/a>,” and the sun’s corona — its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/eclipse-scientists-probe-the-mysteries-of-the-suns-atmosphere/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mysterious, always present but rarely visible\u003c/a> atmosphere — shines bright like a spectacular crown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altering our perspective, the view swings around to reveal how the moon casts its shadow on earth: both the ‘penumbra’ (the zone of partial shadow) and the ‘umbra’ (the zone of complete shadow). The eclipse shadow makes first contact in the Pacific Ocean. Zooming in on North America, the eclipse shadow races eastward, to make landfall in the Pacific Northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the solar eclipse passes over the country, cities across the nation will see the sun obscured to a degree and from an angle unique to their location. As the eclipse shadow heads off into the Atlantic Ocean, full light returns to the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Catch more eclipse coverage from KQED Science:\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/eclipse-scientists-probe-the-mysteries-of-the-suns-atmosphere/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eclipse Scientists Probe the Mysteries of the Sun’s Atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/15/where-to-watch-the-eclipse-in-the-bay-area/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Where to Watch the Eclipse in the Bay Area\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/californias-grid-prepares-for-solar-power-to-be-eclipsed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California’s Grid Prepares for Solar Power to Be Eclipsed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/20/you-know-about-this-summers-spectacular-solar-eclipse-right/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You Know About This Summer’s Spectacular Solar Eclipse, Right?\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/24/dont-be-in-the-dark-answers-to-your-burning-questions-about-the-august-eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don’t Be in the Dark: Answers To Your Burning Questions About the August Eclipse\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Help Make History: Eclipse Projects for Citizen Scientists\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/07/26/americans-prepare-for-first-total-solar-eclipse-in-century/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Americans Prepare for First Coast-to-Coast Total Solar Eclipse in Century\u003c/a> \u003cem>(Forum)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"order": 8
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"order": 9
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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