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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rescuers off California on Tuesday freed a badly tangled humpback whale caught by fishing anchors that were dragging it to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rescue team that included members of the state’s whale-entanglement teams, fishermen, academics, marine veterinarians and the U.S. Coast Guard unsnagged the whale Tuesday, after nearly eight hours of cutting off fishing lines, buoys and anchor lines wrapped around the animal, team leader Pieter Folkens said by phone, from near the rescue site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The trapped whale was spotted two miles off Northern California on Thursday, and by Tuesday it was struggling to breathe, Folkens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animal had two fishing lines running through its mouth, at least six fishing buoys wrapped around a fin and fishing anchors pulling its tail straight down, Folkens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once freed, the whale circled the rescuers’ boat before swimming away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folkens, who said he expects the whale to survive, called that a typical response of inspecting predators. Fishermen in the rescue took it as the animal thanking them, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokesman Michael Milstein of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said the agency will try to identify the shrimping vessels believed responsible for the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the seventh instance this year of humpbacks caught in fishing gear off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups have pushed regulators to do more to compel fishing crews to reduce the number of whale entanglements, including 54 humpbacks caught in crabbing gear last year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Wars Loom As State Plans to Boost Streamflow for Imperiled Fish",
"headTitle": "Water Wars Loom As State Plans to Boost Streamflow for Imperiled Fish | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On the heels of of the worst drought in California history, state officials are telling water users in the San Joaquin River basin to give up a major share of their water supplies—permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing, in some ways, couldn’t be worse for farmers who struggled through the drought. On the other hand, the time is right for imperiled salmon that live in the river and its tributaries. This iconic species may not survive the next drought without more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”fBbypJgmO04AhEpifVrr0OHDv3Wdi73W”]The \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Resources Control Board \u003c/a>announced in September that it plans to return the San Joaquin River to 40 percent of its “unimpaired flow.” This means the amount of water that would naturally flow through the river without existing dams and diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, according to the water board, is to rebalance water demand on the state’s second-largest river. Policy and practice have long favored human water consumption over water quality and wildlife like Chinook salmon, a species in a steep decline for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board plans a similar process for the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize this is very hard to do,” said Les Grober, the water board’s deputy director for water rights. “We just have to be smarter about how water is used overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach the 40 percent goal on the San Joaquin River, hundreds of companies and individuals will have to give up a portion of their right to divert water from the river and three of its tributaries: the Tuolumne, Stanislaus and Merced rivers. The biggest water users are farms and irrigation districts, who use the water to grow crops like almonds, cherries, peaches, apples and tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1858489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Joaquin River in January 2017 after persistent winter storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Major municipalities will also be affected, including San Francisco, which diverts water from the Tuolumne River.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board has the legal authority to take back water rights when public trust resources, like Chinook salmon populations, are threatened. But it has rarely exercised that authority, partly because to do so requires long and painful deliberations that are likely to result in litigation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">board’s process\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is effectively a water-quality action: The board is proclaiming that streamflows aren’t sufficient to keep water temperatures cold enough for salmon survival.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In fact, the federal Clean Water Act requires the water board to review streamflows every three years to maintain healthy water quality. The state water board holds this responsibility under a custodial arrangement with the United States Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1858487\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Muddy water in the river after high flows in January 2017. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the case of the San Joaquin River, the board is 20 years late reviewing streamflows: They have not been comprehensively updated since 1995. As part of the water quality plan it adopted that year, the water board also set a goal to double salmon populations, a target that has never been achieved.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Supporters of flow increases note that the San Joaquin River today is routinely far below the 40 percent target – sometimes near zero. In many of its reaches, the river becomes a series of stagnant pools for weeks or months at a time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The board’s ability to revise water rights in order to rebalance the system and protect public interests is very powerful,” said Doug Obegi, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “Significantly more water is going to be required to achieve the salmon doubling goal.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board acknowledges that the 40 percent goal is a compromise. Recent studies have shown salmon actually need 60 percent, including a 2013 \u003cspan class=\"s2\">“\u003c/span>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/final_rpt.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">flow criteria” report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by the board itself, and analysis that same year by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Grober said 40 percent acknowledges that river flows must continue serving multiple purposes in the 21st century. So it has called for a range of 30–50 percent of unimpaired flow, with 40 percent as an interim target.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you were only considering protection of fish, you’d of course be at the upper end of that range,” Grober said. “The measure isn’t adopting an objective that provides absolute protection, but what is the number that reasonably protects fish and wildlife.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To those who have to give up water, however, the number isn’t reasonable at all.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It will have enormous economic consequences,” said Jake Wenger, general manager of Modesto Irrigation District. “During a dry year, we would essentially have no water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger’s district serves about 100,000 acres of farmland with water diverted from the Tuolumne River. It stores much of that water in Don Pedro Reservoir, which it owns jointly with Turlock Irrigation District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board has received more than 20,000 comment letters from supporters and opponents of the flow increase measure. While many of these are form letters generated by interest groups, Grober said “thousands” are unique letters sent by individuals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board staff is in the process of reviewing all these comments, and will then prepare a revised proposal for the board to vote on by the end of this year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Modesto and Turlock irrigation districts estimate the streamflow revisions could cost their region $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.6\u003c/span> billion in economic output. They launched a website, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://worthyourfight.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">WorthYourFight.org\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, to rally support for their cause.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger is critical of the state’s proposal, he said, because it requires the 40 percent unimpaired flow target to be met continuously between February and June of every year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That means you’re putting a lot of water downstream when fish are not present,” he said. “Whereas the state’s plan is sort of a shotgun approach, we’re proposing a sniper approach.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger says his district is willing to give up some water for what he calls “functional flows.” This means releasing water for instream habitat when monitoring shows salmon are actually present in the river. This ensures the water will be there when fish need it for migrating and spawning, and won’t require farmers and others to give up so much water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission supports this approach, as well. The agency delivers water not just to San Franciscans, but also as a wholesaler to several other Bay Area cities. This water comes from Sierra snowmelt in the Tuolumne River that is stored in Hetch Hetchy and Don Pedro reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Steve Ritchie, the commission’s assistant general manager for water, said the hit to his agency could be even worse than the water board has estimated because of contract language between San Francisco and the Turlock and Modesto Irrigation districts. The contract, which involves their partnership to operate Don Pedro Reservoir, may require San Francisco to absorb 52 percent of any required streamflow increases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, Ritchie said San Francisco could be required to build 900,000 acre-feet of new water storage to make up for the proposed streamflow losses. To put that in perspective, 900,000 acre-feet is nearly triple the capacity of its existing Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It could also require the city to impose conservation measures “that we just wouldn’t be able to achieve,” Ritchie said. That’s because San Franciscans are already the state’s water conservation leaders. Their daily water consumption during the drought fell to just 41 gallons per person, the lowest in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“How low can you go when you are the lowest? It’s a real issue when you are already that efficient,” Ritchie said. “We would have to generate some new water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Francisco says “functional flows” would ease the pain by ordering more water only when and where needed, not all the time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We know we have to give up some water,” Ritchie said. “But the state board proposal really doesn’t work for us.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Grober counters that the state’s proposal accomplishes something similar. By phrasing the flow increases as a percentage of unimpaired flow, it is naturally flexible. Water users would be required to give up a percentage that varies according to the season and according to the presence or absence of drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Obegi, the environmental attorney, notes that continuous flow increases over a period of months is important because more than salmon need that water. More flow boosts the food chain, helping to breed aquatic insects that salmon and other species depend on, and it sustains plants that create vital riparian shade in the scorching San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Rather than prescribing specific flows for all different times and places, it’s really providing a budget of water – an account of water that can be used to best provide the benefits to fish and wildlife,” Grober said. “We’re not locked into a set flow objective.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Adjusting water rights in the traditional manner requires the board to start a complicated adjudication process. This is similar to a court proceeding in which the board functions like a panel of judges, hearing testimony as water users summon witnesses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It is tedious and time consuming: Resolving all the water rights to increase streamflow could take years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In hopes of a faster result, Grober said the state is “vigorously” encouraging water users to offer settlements as an alternative to simply taking back water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A settlement would make streamflow improvements happen much faster. Water users would voluntarily enter into a binding agreement to give up some lesser amount of water in addition to making other habitat improvements, such as controlling invasive species and restoring streambed spawning gravels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To push the process along, the state brought in a high-powered mediator: Bruce Babbitt, the former \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Interior Department secretary under President Clinton. Babbitt has been holding a series of closed-door meetings among the parties in hopes of reaching settlements between water users, environmental groups and state officials.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Participants were required to sign a confidentiality agreement, so little information is available about how the talks are proceeding. But word is that the parties remain far apart.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some environmental groups, for example, view the state’s 40 percent unimpaired flow target as a starting point, and they want to see an even higher number in any negotiated settlement. Water users, of course, want less than 40 percent – a lot less, in some cases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If they can’t reach a settlement, the water board is expected to adopt a new flow requirement by the end of this year. Then it would move into an adjudication process to actually begin amending water rights to make the flow increases happen.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This is likely to bring separate lawsuits from water users, which would further delay any streamflow improvements.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Essentially, you have this piano hanging over your head with someone waiting to cut the string,” said Wenger. “We have a lot of hope that we can move these settlement talks along.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/07/17/battle-looms-as-california-moves-to-dedicate-more-water-to-fish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about water in California, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state plans to boost streamflows in the troubled San Joaquin River by amending hundreds of water rights. It hopes settlement deals will avoid a showdown, but will they produce enough water to help imperiled salmon?",
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"description": "The state plans to boost streamflows in the troubled San Joaquin River by amending hundreds of water rights. It hopes settlement deals will avoid a showdown, but will they produce enough water to help imperiled salmon?",
"title": "Water Wars Loom As State Plans to Boost Streamflow for Imperiled Fish | KQED",
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"headline": "Water Wars Loom As State Plans to Boost Streamflow for Imperiled Fish",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/contributor/matt-weiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matt Weiser\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the heels of of the worst drought in California history, state officials are telling water users in the San Joaquin River basin to give up a major share of their water supplies—permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing, in some ways, couldn’t be worse for farmers who struggled through the drought. On the other hand, the time is right for imperiled salmon that live in the river and its tributaries. This iconic species may not survive the next drought without more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Resources Control Board \u003c/a>announced in September that it plans to return the San Joaquin River to 40 percent of its “unimpaired flow.” This means the amount of water that would naturally flow through the river without existing dams and diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, according to the water board, is to rebalance water demand on the state’s second-largest river. Policy and practice have long favored human water consumption over water quality and wildlife like Chinook salmon, a species in a steep decline for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board plans a similar process for the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize this is very hard to do,” said Les Grober, the water board’s deputy director for water rights. “We just have to be smarter about how water is used overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach the 40 percent goal on the San Joaquin River, hundreds of companies and individuals will have to give up a portion of their right to divert water from the river and three of its tributaries: the Tuolumne, Stanislaus and Merced rivers. The biggest water users are farms and irrigation districts, who use the water to grow crops like almonds, cherries, peaches, apples and tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1858489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Joaquin River in January 2017 after persistent winter storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Major municipalities will also be affected, including San Francisco, which diverts water from the Tuolumne River.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board has the legal authority to take back water rights when public trust resources, like Chinook salmon populations, are threatened. But it has rarely exercised that authority, partly because to do so requires long and painful deliberations that are likely to result in litigation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">board’s process\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is effectively a water-quality action: The board is proclaiming that streamflows aren’t sufficient to keep water temperatures cold enough for salmon survival.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In fact, the federal Clean Water Act requires the water board to review streamflows every three years to maintain healthy water quality. The state water board holds this responsibility under a custodial arrangement with the United States Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1858487\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Muddy water in the river after high flows in January 2017. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the case of the San Joaquin River, the board is 20 years late reviewing streamflows: They have not been comprehensively updated since 1995. As part of the water quality plan it adopted that year, the water board also set a goal to double salmon populations, a target that has never been achieved.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Supporters of flow increases note that the San Joaquin River today is routinely far below the 40 percent target – sometimes near zero. In many of its reaches, the river becomes a series of stagnant pools for weeks or months at a time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The board’s ability to revise water rights in order to rebalance the system and protect public interests is very powerful,” said Doug Obegi, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “Significantly more water is going to be required to achieve the salmon doubling goal.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board acknowledges that the 40 percent goal is a compromise. Recent studies have shown salmon actually need 60 percent, including a 2013 \u003cspan class=\"s2\">“\u003c/span>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/final_rpt.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">flow criteria” report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by the board itself, and analysis that same year by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Grober said 40 percent acknowledges that river flows must continue serving multiple purposes in the 21st century. So it has called for a range of 30–50 percent of unimpaired flow, with 40 percent as an interim target.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you were only considering protection of fish, you’d of course be at the upper end of that range,” Grober said. “The measure isn’t adopting an objective that provides absolute protection, but what is the number that reasonably protects fish and wildlife.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To those who have to give up water, however, the number isn’t reasonable at all.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It will have enormous economic consequences,” said Jake Wenger, general manager of Modesto Irrigation District. “During a dry year, we would essentially have no water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger’s district serves about 100,000 acres of farmland with water diverted from the Tuolumne River. It stores much of that water in Don Pedro Reservoir, which it owns jointly with Turlock Irrigation District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board has received more than 20,000 comment letters from supporters and opponents of the flow increase measure. While many of these are form letters generated by interest groups, Grober said “thousands” are unique letters sent by individuals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board staff is in the process of reviewing all these comments, and will then prepare a revised proposal for the board to vote on by the end of this year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Modesto and Turlock irrigation districts estimate the streamflow revisions could cost their region $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.6\u003c/span> billion in economic output. They launched a website, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://worthyourfight.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">WorthYourFight.org\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, to rally support for their cause.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger is critical of the state’s proposal, he said, because it requires the 40 percent unimpaired flow target to be met continuously between February and June of every year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That means you’re putting a lot of water downstream when fish are not present,” he said. “Whereas the state’s plan is sort of a shotgun approach, we’re proposing a sniper approach.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger says his district is willing to give up some water for what he calls “functional flows.” This means releasing water for instream habitat when monitoring shows salmon are actually present in the river. This ensures the water will be there when fish need it for migrating and spawning, and won’t require farmers and others to give up so much water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission supports this approach, as well. The agency delivers water not just to San Franciscans, but also as a wholesaler to several other Bay Area cities. This water comes from Sierra snowmelt in the Tuolumne River that is stored in Hetch Hetchy and Don Pedro reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Steve Ritchie, the commission’s assistant general manager for water, said the hit to his agency could be even worse than the water board has estimated because of contract language between San Francisco and the Turlock and Modesto Irrigation districts. The contract, which involves their partnership to operate Don Pedro Reservoir, may require San Francisco to absorb 52 percent of any required streamflow increases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, Ritchie said San Francisco could be required to build 900,000 acre-feet of new water storage to make up for the proposed streamflow losses. To put that in perspective, 900,000 acre-feet is nearly triple the capacity of its existing Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It could also require the city to impose conservation measures “that we just wouldn’t be able to achieve,” Ritchie said. That’s because San Franciscans are already the state’s water conservation leaders. Their daily water consumption during the drought fell to just 41 gallons per person, the lowest in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“How low can you go when you are the lowest? It’s a real issue when you are already that efficient,” Ritchie said. “We would have to generate some new water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Francisco says “functional flows” would ease the pain by ordering more water only when and where needed, not all the time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We know we have to give up some water,” Ritchie said. “But the state board proposal really doesn’t work for us.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Grober counters that the state’s proposal accomplishes something similar. By phrasing the flow increases as a percentage of unimpaired flow, it is naturally flexible. Water users would be required to give up a percentage that varies according to the season and according to the presence or absence of drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Obegi, the environmental attorney, notes that continuous flow increases over a period of months is important because more than salmon need that water. More flow boosts the food chain, helping to breed aquatic insects that salmon and other species depend on, and it sustains plants that create vital riparian shade in the scorching San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Rather than prescribing specific flows for all different times and places, it’s really providing a budget of water – an account of water that can be used to best provide the benefits to fish and wildlife,” Grober said. “We’re not locked into a set flow objective.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Adjusting water rights in the traditional manner requires the board to start a complicated adjudication process. This is similar to a court proceeding in which the board functions like a panel of judges, hearing testimony as water users summon witnesses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It is tedious and time consuming: Resolving all the water rights to increase streamflow could take years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In hopes of a faster result, Grober said the state is “vigorously” encouraging water users to offer settlements as an alternative to simply taking back water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A settlement would make streamflow improvements happen much faster. Water users would voluntarily enter into a binding agreement to give up some lesser amount of water in addition to making other habitat improvements, such as controlling invasive species and restoring streambed spawning gravels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To push the process along, the state brought in a high-powered mediator: Bruce Babbitt, the former \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Interior Department secretary under President Clinton. Babbitt has been holding a series of closed-door meetings among the parties in hopes of reaching settlements between water users, environmental groups and state officials.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Participants were required to sign a confidentiality agreement, so little information is available about how the talks are proceeding. But word is that the parties remain far apart.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some environmental groups, for example, view the state’s 40 percent unimpaired flow target as a starting point, and they want to see an even higher number in any negotiated settlement. Water users, of course, want less than 40 percent – a lot less, in some cases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If they can’t reach a settlement, the water board is expected to adopt a new flow requirement by the end of this year. Then it would move into an adjudication process to actually begin amending water rights to make the flow increases happen.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This is likely to bring separate lawsuits from water users, which would further delay any streamflow improvements.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Essentially, you have this piano hanging over your head with someone waiting to cut the string,” said Wenger. “We have a lot of hope that we can move these settlement talks along.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/07/17/battle-looms-as-california-moves-to-dedicate-more-water-to-fish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about water in California, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NOAA Halts Whale Disentanglement Efforts After Rescuer Dies",
"headTitle": "NOAA Halts Whale Disentanglement Efforts After Rescuer Dies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After a noted emergency responder died in rescuing an endangered right whale, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says it’s suspending efforts to free whales that are similarly trapped by fishing lines and gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the suspension comes as the whale rescue community mourns Joe Howlett, a Canadian who died during a rescue operation July 10. Howlett, a former fisherman and boat captain, had founded a whale rescue team and was based in Campobello Island, just across the border from Lubec, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett died after freeing a right whale in Canada’s Gulf of St. Lawrence. At the time, he was aboard a fast response vessel and had just cut the whale loose—an operation that often involves using long poles with blades on the end to sever crab floats and fishing lines that have become wrapped around the large mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His colleagues reported that he was struck by the animal as it sped away,” \u003ca href=\"http://mainepublic.org/post/us-suspends-efforts-free-tangled-whales-after-death-lobsterman-canada\">Maine Public Radio reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcHY3-3qkTw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett was considered an expert in his field. His death is believed to be the first ever in the community that seeks to disentangle North Atlantic right whales, which migrate between Canada and the southeastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His death is a devastating tragedy, and those that knew him are in a state of shock. His loss will be felt in many ways,” says a statement from the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, which tracks and rescues right whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While offering condolences to Howlett’s family and community, NOAA Fisheries’ public affairs officer Kate Brogan says the agency “is suspending all large whale entanglement response activities nationally until further notice,” to allow NOAA to review its emergency response protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1854803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1854803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of how North Atlantic right whales get entangled in fishing gear. The gear hinders whales’ ability to eat and migrate, depletes their energy as they drag gear for months or years, and can result in a slow death. \u003ccite>(Illustration by Graphic Services, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brogan adds, “NOAA Fisheries and partners will continue to provide all other stranding response services to marine mammals in distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As A.J. Higgins of Maine Public Radio reports for our Newscast unit from Bangor, “Whale rescuers and researchers at Allied Whale in Bar Harbor say they hope that NOAA will at least consider some whale rescue efforts on a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans said it’s immediately closing part of the snow crab fishing area where whales have been spotted. It also asked fishermen and commercial sailors to reduce speeds and share any whale sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NOAA+Halts+Whale+Disentanglement+Efforts+After+Rescuer+Dies&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Boat captain Joe Howlett died July 10 after freeing a right whale that was tangled in fishing gear in Canada's Gulf of St. Lawrence.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After a noted emergency responder died in rescuing an endangered right whale, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says it’s suspending efforts to free whales that are similarly trapped by fishing lines and gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the suspension comes as the whale rescue community mourns Joe Howlett, a Canadian who died during a rescue operation July 10. Howlett, a former fisherman and boat captain, had founded a whale rescue team and was based in Campobello Island, just across the border from Lubec, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett died after freeing a right whale in Canada’s Gulf of St. Lawrence. At the time, he was aboard a fast response vessel and had just cut the whale loose—an operation that often involves using long poles with blades on the end to sever crab floats and fishing lines that have become wrapped around the large mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His colleagues reported that he was struck by the animal as it sped away,” \u003ca href=\"http://mainepublic.org/post/us-suspends-efforts-free-tangled-whales-after-death-lobsterman-canada\">Maine Public Radio reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/QcHY3-3qkTw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/QcHY3-3qkTw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett was considered an expert in his field. His death is believed to be the first ever in the community that seeks to disentangle North Atlantic right whales, which migrate between Canada and the southeastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His death is a devastating tragedy, and those that knew him are in a state of shock. His loss will be felt in many ways,” says a statement from the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, which tracks and rescues right whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While offering condolences to Howlett’s family and community, NOAA Fisheries’ public affairs officer Kate Brogan says the agency “is suspending all large whale entanglement response activities nationally until further notice,” to allow NOAA to review its emergency response protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1854803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1854803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of how North Atlantic right whales get entangled in fishing gear. The gear hinders whales’ ability to eat and migrate, depletes their energy as they drag gear for months or years, and can result in a slow death. \u003ccite>(Illustration by Graphic Services, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brogan adds, “NOAA Fisheries and partners will continue to provide all other stranding response services to marine mammals in distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As A.J. Higgins of Maine Public Radio reports for our Newscast unit from Bangor, “Whale rescuers and researchers at Allied Whale in Bar Harbor say they hope that NOAA will at least consider some whale rescue efforts on a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans said it’s immediately closing part of the snow crab fishing area where whales have been spotted. It also asked fishermen and commercial sailors to reduce speeds and share any whale sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NOAA+Halts+Whale+Disentanglement+Efforts+After+Rescuer+Dies&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ravens Surprise Scientists by Showing They Can Plan",
"headTitle": "Ravens Surprise Scientists by Showing They Can Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As recently as 10 years ago, humans were thought to be the only species with the ability to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent studies on great apes showed the ability is not uniquely human. Now, scientists in Sweden have come to the surprising conclusion that ravens can also deliberately prepare for future events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ravens’ ability to plan ahead may have developed in reaction to their complex social hierarchy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is conservative to conclude that ravens perform similarly to great apes and young children,” the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/07/12/357.6347.202.DC1/aam8138-Kabadayi-SM.pdf\">researchers write\u003c/a>. However, monkeys have failed similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known that ravens, and other members of the corvid family, are smart. Previously, they were shown to think ahead by caching food to eat later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists argued that food caching was not proof of an ability to plan because the birds could simply be biologically wired to do so, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/user/a31714f93191502f261ac513e14b797d\">cognitive zoologist Can Kabadayi\u003c/a> from Lund University tells The Two-Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kabadayi and co-author Mathias Osvath set up a series of experiments to see if five ravens could flexibly plan during tasks that they don’t do in the wild: using tools and bartering. These are similar to studies done on great apes. Their findings were published Thursday \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/202\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained the birds how to use a simple tool, a rock, that could be used to open a box containing a treat (a piece of dog food) if the birds dropped it through a small tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then tested whether the birds could pick the right tool from a series of “distracter” objects — such as a wheel, a ball, a metal pipe and a toy car — then save it and use it later to open the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One version of the experiment had a delay of 15 minutes between selecting an object and being presented with the reward box, and the ravens succeeded 86 percent of the time. The second extended that period to 17 hours, and the success rate was even higher, at 88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds were also trained to use a specific token to barter with a human for a food reward. Then, a different experimenter offered them a tray with the token on it along with other distracter objects. “When the ravens knew that trading would only happen on the next day, they chose and stored these tokens as soon as they were offered to them,” scientists Markus Boeckle and Nicola S. Clayton wrote in a separate \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/126\">Science paper\u003c/a> on the Lund University research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the birds would tend to opt out of immediate food rewards because of the promise of larger, tastier treats later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were more likely to be willing to endure delayed gratification when they had to wait only a few seconds, rather than minutes for the larger treat, which is also a key component of human decision-making. “We basically found that the further ahead in the future a reward for ravens, the less value it gets,” says Kabadayi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s safe to say that ravens and mammals have not inherited planning skills through a common ancestor, says Kabadayi. They last shared an ancestor about 320 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To plan, “you need a lot of different skill sets to work together and that’s interesting, because how can that be similar between corvids and great apes given they are so different to each other evolutionarily?” says Kabadayi. The skills likely evolved independently, through convergent evolution, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why would ravens develop the ability to plan? Kabadayi says there are many different theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this kind of complex cognition may have developed in reaction to ravens’ complex social hierarchy. For example, they would need to remember previous interactions with other birds, which could contribute to memory and planning skills. However, he says there are many other hierarchical species that don’t have planning abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factors like environmental pressures or the fact that they are scavengers competing with each other could also contribute, he says. The sheer density of neurons in a bird’s brain, even though it is small compared to apes, might also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kabadayi says that scientists would need to test a large number of species for their abilities to plan, and see how this correlates with the possible explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrots would be interesting to test next, he says, because they have a “huge number of neurons in their brains” and have been shown to have good memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ravens+Surprise+Scientists+By+Showing+They+Can+Plan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As recently as 10 years ago, humans were thought to be the only species with the ability to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent studies on great apes showed the ability is not uniquely human. Now, scientists in Sweden have come to the surprising conclusion that ravens can also deliberately prepare for future events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ravens’ ability to plan ahead may have developed in reaction to their complex social hierarchy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is conservative to conclude that ravens perform similarly to great apes and young children,” the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/07/12/357.6347.202.DC1/aam8138-Kabadayi-SM.pdf\">researchers write\u003c/a>. However, monkeys have failed similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known that ravens, and other members of the corvid family, are smart. Previously, they were shown to think ahead by caching food to eat later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists argued that food caching was not proof of an ability to plan because the birds could simply be biologically wired to do so, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/user/a31714f93191502f261ac513e14b797d\">cognitive zoologist Can Kabadayi\u003c/a> from Lund University tells The Two-Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kabadayi and co-author Mathias Osvath set up a series of experiments to see if five ravens could flexibly plan during tasks that they don’t do in the wild: using tools and bartering. These are similar to studies done on great apes. Their findings were published Thursday \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/202\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained the birds how to use a simple tool, a rock, that could be used to open a box containing a treat (a piece of dog food) if the birds dropped it through a small tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then tested whether the birds could pick the right tool from a series of “distracter” objects — such as a wheel, a ball, a metal pipe and a toy car — then save it and use it later to open the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One version of the experiment had a delay of 15 minutes between selecting an object and being presented with the reward box, and the ravens succeeded 86 percent of the time. The second extended that period to 17 hours, and the success rate was even higher, at 88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds were also trained to use a specific token to barter with a human for a food reward. Then, a different experimenter offered them a tray with the token on it along with other distracter objects. “When the ravens knew that trading would only happen on the next day, they chose and stored these tokens as soon as they were offered to them,” scientists Markus Boeckle and Nicola S. Clayton wrote in a separate \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/126\">Science paper\u003c/a> on the Lund University research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the birds would tend to opt out of immediate food rewards because of the promise of larger, tastier treats later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were more likely to be willing to endure delayed gratification when they had to wait only a few seconds, rather than minutes for the larger treat, which is also a key component of human decision-making. “We basically found that the further ahead in the future a reward for ravens, the less value it gets,” says Kabadayi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s safe to say that ravens and mammals have not inherited planning skills through a common ancestor, says Kabadayi. They last shared an ancestor about 320 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To plan, “you need a lot of different skill sets to work together and that’s interesting, because how can that be similar between corvids and great apes given they are so different to each other evolutionarily?” says Kabadayi. The skills likely evolved independently, through convergent evolution, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why would ravens develop the ability to plan? Kabadayi says there are many different theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this kind of complex cognition may have developed in reaction to ravens’ complex social hierarchy. For example, they would need to remember previous interactions with other birds, which could contribute to memory and planning skills. However, he says there are many other hierarchical species that don’t have planning abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factors like environmental pressures or the fact that they are scavengers competing with each other could also contribute, he says. The sheer density of neurons in a bird’s brain, even though it is small compared to apes, might also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kabadayi says that scientists would need to test a large number of species for their abilities to plan, and see how this correlates with the possible explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrots would be interesting to test next, he says, because they have a “huge number of neurons in their brains” and have been shown to have good memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ravens+Surprise+Scientists+By+Showing+They+Can+Plan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn't Cutting It",
"headTitle": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn’t Cutting It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Y7TXOzoCrWtiybZGX436TyHD5Ty0BWPR”]Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "U.S. bees are in trouble, and one of the major threats is a deadly parasite called varroa mite. So researchers are importing sperm from European bees resistant to mites to toughen up America's stock.",
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"description": "U.S. bees are in trouble, and one of the major threats is a deadly parasite called varroa mite. So researchers are importing sperm from European bees resistant to mites to toughen up America's stock.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "why-is-the-very-hungry-caterpillar-so-dang-hungry",
"title": "Why Is the Very Hungry Caterpillar So Dang Hungry?",
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"headTitle": "Why Is the Very Hungry Caterpillar So Dang Hungry? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]It’s summer and butterflies are everywhere, fluttering around with their flashy looks. But the truth must come out: Behind every beautiful butterfly is a funny-looking, very determined, caterpillar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there are a few places where you can get a behind-the-scenes look at caterpillars hard at work or chrysalises splitting open to reveal the butterflies inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That caterpillar in your backyard is more than just an awkward adolescent. It’s chewing through your best leaves for a good reason: It’s eating for itself, for the butterfly it will become, and for every egg that butterfly will lay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No wonder it’s so hungry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Caterpillars have to store up incredible reserves of proteins,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.biol.sc.edu/faculty/boggs\">Carol Boggs\u003c/a>, an ecologist at the University of South Carolina who studies butterflies. “Nectar doesn’t have much protein. Most of the protein that goes to making eggs has to come from larval feeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811993\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_FOUR_CATERPILLARS_EAT_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811993\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_FOUR_CATERPILLARS_EAT_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four caterpillars stuff themselves with leaves to build up protein stores that they’ll use to lay eggs once they turn into butterflies. Clockwise: monarch, Gulf fritillary, California pipevine swallowtail and painted lady caterpillars. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Caterpillars are the larval stage of a butterfly. Their complete transformation to pupa and then to butterfly is a strategy called holometaboly. Humans are in the minority among animals in that we don’t go through these very distinct, almost separate, lives. We start out as a smaller version of ourselves and grow bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from an evolutionary point of view, the way butterflies transform makes sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a larva that is an eating machine,” said Boggs. “It’s very well-suited to that. Then you’re turning it into a reproduction machine, the butterfly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811991\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_MONARCH_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811991\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_MONARCH_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A monarch butterfly sips nectar at the Conservatory of Flowers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once it becomes a butterfly it will lose its mouth, grow a straw in its place and go on a liquid diet of sugary nectar and rotten fruit juices. Its main job will be to mate and lay eggs. Those eggs started to develop while it was a pupa, using protein that the caterpillar stored by gorging on leaves. We think of leaves as carbohydrates, but the nitrogen they contain makes them more than one quarter protein, said Boggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to see caterpillars in action, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a> in Golden Gate Park is the place to go. Nearby, the \u003ca href=\"http://conservatoryofflowers.org\">Conservatory of Flowers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> both have exhibits where you can watch butterflies emerging from their chrysalises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The botanical garden has cultivated a third of an acre in its native plants garden with California pipevine to provide habitat for a striking blue and orange butterfly with a hairy black and blue body dotted with white. The California pipevine swallowtail butterfly is native to the state, but rare in San Francisco because there isn’t much pipevine, the only plant its caterpillars can eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811987\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California pipevine swallowtail butterfly (Battus philenor hirsuta) at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_CATERPILLAR_EXITS_EGG_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811989\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_CATERPILLAR_EXITS_EGG_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California pipevine swallowtail caterpillar emerges from its egg at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811990\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California pipevine swallowtail caterpillar at the San Francisco Botanical Garden after several weeks of eating pipevine leaves. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pipevine caterpillars are what’s called gregarious – they’re born in groups, eating their way out of tiny round orange egg shells. Then they munch on leaves en masse. Species like monarch caterpillars forage by themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pipevine caterpillars are almost as spectacular as the butterflies they become. Young ones are reddish and spiky. The oldest ones – three to six weeks old – are black with rows of bright red spikes that make them look like devils ready to go trick-or-treating. The red tells predators that the caterpillar is poisonous, a useful trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The larval stage is the most vulnerable,” said Tim Wong, who volunteers at the botanical garden and keeps \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CaliforniaPipevineSwallowtail/\">a Facebook page\u003c/a> about the species and its host plant. “They can be parasitized, or eaten. So they try to make it quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they’ve had their fill, they weave a sling out of silk and hang diagonally from a branch. Their skin splits open. As they shimmy, folds of skin bunch up at one end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like wriggling out of a too-tight dress,” said Boggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this happens, the caterpillar has turned itself into a pupa, also known as a chrysalis. They’re difficult to spot in the garden because pipevine chrysalises look like brown or green leaves to protect from predators while they continue to develop inside their hard casing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pipevine butterflies and caterpillars are out and about at the botanical garden into the fall, though they’re more abundant in April and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811986\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A white peacock butterfly emerges from its chrysalis at the Conservatory of Flowers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811992\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811992\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once its wings have dried off, a white peacock butterfly is ready to sip nectar with its straw-like proboscis. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing one emerge from its chrysalis is difficult, said Wong. If you want to watch butterflies emerging, it’s a better bet to visit the Conservatory of Flowers’ “Butterflies and Blooms” exhibit, where rows of chrysalises of half-a-dozen species are displayed for visitors in a white wooden case. At least a handful of them are likely to emerge each morning when it gets warm. Midday is a good time to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a high-emergence day it might be several in an hour,” said Kristen Natoli, chief nursery specialist at the Conservatory of Flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergence takes less than a minute and is mesmerizing. A triangular monarch chrysalis, for example, is transparent by the time the butterfly is ready to emerge, making the orange and black wings visible inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The butterfly starts to pump its wings and cracks the cuticle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then this perfect choreography has to happen,” said Natoli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1815214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_MONARCH_BUTTERFLY_EMERGES_500_.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1815214\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_MONARCH_BUTTERFLY_EMERGES_500_.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A monarch butterfly emerges at the Conservatory of Flowers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The butterfly falls backward out of the sac, all while holding onto it with its legs. It moves its wings to dry them. And it curls and uncurls the two long parts of its proboscis until they zip into a straw – ready to drink nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an adjacent garden, butterflies flit about from flower to flower, sticking their proboscis deep into red salvias and pink Princess flowers. Among them is the spicebush swallowtail, which mimics the California pipevine swallowtail butterfly with blue and orange on its wings in order to make predators think it’s poisonous too. The conservatory’s temporary exhibit is open through early January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down the road, the California Academy of Sciences has a permanent exhibit at the top of its rainforest, where visitors can watch the emergence of the blue Morpho and other tropical butterflies brought in as chrysalises from Costa Rica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re moving color,” said Natoli. “They’re so delicate and fragile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both exhibits are a reminder that the importance of butterflies transcends their beauty. As they move from flower to flower, they carry pollen with them, helping to fertilize plants. Think of that the next time you find a caterpillar – or a horde of them – munching on your favorite plant.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s summer and butterflies are everywhere, fluttering around with their flashy looks. But the truth must come out: Behind every beautiful butterfly is a funny-looking, very determined, caterpillar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there are a few places where you can get a behind-the-scenes look at caterpillars hard at work or chrysalises splitting open to reveal the butterflies inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That caterpillar in your backyard is more than just an awkward adolescent. It’s chewing through your best leaves for a good reason: It’s eating for itself, for the butterfly it will become, and for every egg that butterfly will lay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No wonder it’s so hungry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Caterpillars have to store up incredible reserves of proteins,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.biol.sc.edu/faculty/boggs\">Carol Boggs\u003c/a>, an ecologist at the University of South Carolina who studies butterflies. “Nectar doesn’t have much protein. Most of the protein that goes to making eggs has to come from larval feeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811993\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_FOUR_CATERPILLARS_EAT_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811993\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_FOUR_CATERPILLARS_EAT_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four caterpillars stuff themselves with leaves to build up protein stores that they’ll use to lay eggs once they turn into butterflies. Clockwise: monarch, Gulf fritillary, California pipevine swallowtail and painted lady caterpillars. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Caterpillars are the larval stage of a butterfly. Their complete transformation to pupa and then to butterfly is a strategy called holometaboly. Humans are in the minority among animals in that we don’t go through these very distinct, almost separate, lives. We start out as a smaller version of ourselves and grow bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from an evolutionary point of view, the way butterflies transform makes sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a larva that is an eating machine,” said Boggs. “It’s very well-suited to that. Then you’re turning it into a reproduction machine, the butterfly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811991\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_MONARCH_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811991\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_MONARCH_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A monarch butterfly sips nectar at the Conservatory of Flowers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once it becomes a butterfly it will lose its mouth, grow a straw in its place and go on a liquid diet of sugary nectar and rotten fruit juices. Its main job will be to mate and lay eggs. Those eggs started to develop while it was a pupa, using protein that the caterpillar stored by gorging on leaves. We think of leaves as carbohydrates, but the nitrogen they contain makes them more than one quarter protein, said Boggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to see caterpillars in action, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a> in Golden Gate Park is the place to go. Nearby, the \u003ca href=\"http://conservatoryofflowers.org\">Conservatory of Flowers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> both have exhibits where you can watch butterflies emerging from their chrysalises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The botanical garden has cultivated a third of an acre in its native plants garden with California pipevine to provide habitat for a striking blue and orange butterfly with a hairy black and blue body dotted with white. The California pipevine swallowtail butterfly is native to the state, but rare in San Francisco because there isn’t much pipevine, the only plant its caterpillars can eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811987\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_BUTTERFLY-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California pipevine swallowtail butterfly (Battus philenor hirsuta) at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_CATERPILLAR_EXITS_EGG_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811989\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_CALIFORNIA_PIPEVINE_SWALLOWTAIL_CATERPILLAR_EXITS_EGG_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California pipevine swallowtail caterpillar emerges from its egg at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811990\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_California_pipevine_swallowtail_caterpillar-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California pipevine swallowtail caterpillar at the San Francisco Botanical Garden after several weeks of eating pipevine leaves. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pipevine caterpillars are what’s called gregarious – they’re born in groups, eating their way out of tiny round orange egg shells. Then they munch on leaves en masse. Species like monarch caterpillars forage by themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pipevine caterpillars are almost as spectacular as the butterflies they become. Young ones are reddish and spiky. The oldest ones – three to six weeks old – are black with rows of bright red spikes that make them look like devils ready to go trick-or-treating. The red tells predators that the caterpillar is poisonous, a useful trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The larval stage is the most vulnerable,” said Tim Wong, who volunteers at the botanical garden and keeps \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CaliforniaPipevineSwallowtail/\">a Facebook page\u003c/a> about the species and its host plant. “They can be parasitized, or eaten. So they try to make it quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they’ve had their fill, they weave a sling out of silk and hang diagonally from a branch. Their skin splits open. As they shimmy, folds of skin bunch up at one end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like wriggling out of a too-tight dress,” said Boggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this happens, the caterpillar has turned itself into a pupa, also known as a chrysalis. They’re difficult to spot in the garden because pipevine chrysalises look like brown or green leaves to protect from predators while they continue to develop inside their hard casing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pipevine butterflies and caterpillars are out and about at the botanical garden into the fall, though they’re more abundant in April and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811986\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_Anartia-jatrophae-butterfly-emerged-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A white peacock butterfly emerges from its chrysalis at the Conservatory of Flowers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1811992\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1811992\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_WHITE_PEACOCK_BUTTERFLY_DRINKS_NECTAR-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once its wings have dried off, a white peacock butterfly is ready to sip nectar with its straw-like proboscis. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing one emerge from its chrysalis is difficult, said Wong. If you want to watch butterflies emerging, it’s a better bet to visit the Conservatory of Flowers’ “Butterflies and Blooms” exhibit, where rows of chrysalises of half-a-dozen species are displayed for visitors in a white wooden case. At least a handful of them are likely to emerge each morning when it gets warm. Midday is a good time to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a high-emergence day it might be several in an hour,” said Kristen Natoli, chief nursery specialist at the Conservatory of Flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergence takes less than a minute and is mesmerizing. A triangular monarch chrysalis, for example, is transparent by the time the butterfly is ready to emerge, making the orange and black wings visible inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The butterfly starts to pump its wings and cracks the cuticle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then this perfect choreography has to happen,” said Natoli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1815214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_MONARCH_BUTTERFLY_EMERGES_500_.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1815214\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/DL_413Caterpillars_MONARCH_BUTTERFLY_EMERGES_500_.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A monarch butterfly emerges at the Conservatory of Flowers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The butterfly falls backward out of the sac, all while holding onto it with its legs. It moves its wings to dry them. And it curls and uncurls the two long parts of its proboscis until they zip into a straw – ready to drink nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an adjacent garden, butterflies flit about from flower to flower, sticking their proboscis deep into red salvias and pink Princess flowers. Among them is the spicebush swallowtail, which mimics the California pipevine swallowtail butterfly with blue and orange on its wings in order to make predators think it’s poisonous too. The conservatory’s temporary exhibit is open through early January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down the road, the California Academy of Sciences has a permanent exhibit at the top of its rainforest, where visitors can watch the emergence of the blue Morpho and other tropical butterflies brought in as chrysalises from Costa Rica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re moving color,” said Natoli. “They’re so delicate and fragile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both exhibits are a reminder that the importance of butterflies transcends their beauty. As they move from flower to flower, they carry pollen with them, helping to fertilize plants. Think of that the next time you find a caterpillar – or a horde of them – munching on your favorite plant.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-real-alien-invasion-is-coming-to-a-palm-tree-near-you",
"title": "A Real Alien Invasion Is Coming to a Palm Tree Near You",
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"headTitle": "A Real Alien Invasion Is Coming to a Palm Tree Near You | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Summer means vacation time, and nothing says, “Welcome to paradise!” quite like a palm tree. From Waikiki to Mar-a-Lago, the trees’ iconic fronds instantly signal luxury, glamor and the good life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s home to only one native species, California has nonetheless adopted the palm as one of its quintessential icons. Just turn on “La La Land” and start counting how many you see on screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680204\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Canary Island date palm is one of the more iconic features of the California landscape. \u003ccite>(Mark Hoddle/UC Riverside)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But a new snake in California’s palm tree-lined garden may soon put all that myth-making to the test. Dozens of palms in San Diego’s Sweetwater Summit Regional Park, about 10 miles from the U.S.- Mexico border, are looking more like sad, upside-down umbrellas than the usual bursts of botanical joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just look like brown starfish,” said Mark Hoddle, a biologist at the University of California, Riverside’s Center for Invasive Species Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The offender is the South American palm weevil, a recent arrival to the U.S. that’s long been widespread in the tropics. Large, black, shiny and possessed of an impressive proboscis (nose), the weevil prefers the king of palms, the Canary Island date palm, also known as the “pineapple palm” for the distinctive way it’s often pruned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680207\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The South American palm weevil has recently appeared in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A palm tree is basically a gigantic cake-pop, an enormous ball of veggie goodness on a stick. The adult female palm weevil uses her long snout to drill tunnels into that goodness—known to science as the “apical meristem” and to your grocer as the “heart” of palm—where she lays her eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her larvae hatch, their food surrounds them. And they start to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They turn the inside of the tree to mush, and the mush ferments, and it stinks,” Hoddle said, adding colorfully, “It smells like baby diarrhea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As its leaf-sprouting heart shrivels, the ailing tree takes on the characteristic wilt that Hoddle has observed in the Sweetwater palms. Inside, the weevil larvae grow into pupae, mature inside cocoons and depart on the wing to a fresh host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left half alive, the palm can never regain its splendorous form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-headed larvae of the South American palm weevil eat the trees from the inside out. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From aerial surveys conducted by drone, Hoddle estimates that more than 50 trees have been hit in Sweetwater Summit Regional Park. Other suspected infestation zones in San Diego, including the extensive Otay Valley Regional Park seven miles south, and the county’s innumerable streets, parks and golf courses, remain unsurveyed. The total number may be closer to 150.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South American palm weevils are vulnerable to pesticides, but once the eggs and larvae are inside the tree, they’re just about impossible to find. Pesticides work better as a preventative measure sprayed on neighboring trees to keep the adults away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark and his research partner (and spouse) Christina Hoddle have seen it happen before. In 2010, an arborist removing an unsightly palm in Laguna Beach, California, discovered beetles and larvae in the tree litter. The adults were distinctive, even beautiful, for their red markings. Three months later, a beetle was found on another sickly tree less than a tenth of a mile away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetles in Laguna turned out to be the red palm weevil, a separate species related to the current San Diego invader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the world’s most devastating pest to palm trees,” said Hoddle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680209\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Footage taken by drone shows numerous weevil-infested trees in one San Diego park. \u003ccite>(Mark Hoddle/UC Riverside)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How that weevil got to Laguna remains a mystery. The nearest population is in Bali, an impossible distance for a weevil to travel on its own. So it had help getting here—possibly onboard an imported palm, though the FDA has had a ban on such imports in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hoddles suspect that Laguna’s red palm weevil may have been brought in deliberately by other means—such as in a suitcase, possibly as a food source. Around the world, the yellow-bodied, red-headed larvae of many weevil species are a culinary delicacy harvested from afflicted wild palms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laguna was lucky. As an isolated outbreak, the infestation was containable. The city’s $1 million eradication program included two tree removals, and preemptive chemical spraying on thirteen more. The plan took three years to be declared a success, when no new weevils turned up in that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also lucky in the Laguna infestation was California’s $34 million date industry, centered in Indio, not to mention the much larger ornamental trade, valued at $70 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this new weevil threat in San Diego however, that luck may be running out. Rather than an isolated appearance, this outbreak marks the leading edge of a probably irreversible expansion by the weevil. The Hoddles believe that it’s hopscotching north, from tree to transplanted tree, on its own wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human activity has basically provided corridors of food though habitat that would have acted as a natural barrier,” Mark Hoddle said. “And that’s allowed it to creep its way all the way up to San Diego from its native range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680210\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680210\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The South American palm weevil pupa gestates in a cocoon. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the South American palm weevil consolidates its foothold in California, then the worst might still be to come. While these weevils generally stick to the Canary Island palms, they can harbor a parasitic worm that causes red ring disease—a fatal infection that can strike almost any palm, including the state’s precious native, the California fan, as well as more commercially valuable trees. So far, no red ring disease has shown up in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just across the border, Tijuana is already in the shadow of the South American palm weevil’s spread. Last year Mark Hoddle took an informal survey of Tijuana’s streets by car and found a chilling view of the future. In eight hours he counted 140 dead trees, some with only a scant few grey fronds, others so long dead and dry that they’d caught fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, no eradication efforts are underway in San Diego, though the Hoddles continue to monitor the situation while conducting research on how far and fast the weevils spread. Their preliminary data suggests that the adult weevils can fly between two and 15 miles a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means, from the current infestation sites, most of San Diego is an easy leap for them. “It may only occur when they have killed everything locally and need to disperse to new pastures,” Hoddle said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The South American palm weevil has made it to California, which could mean the end of a cherished icon.",
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"title": "A Real Alien Invasion Is Coming to a Palm Tree Near You | KQED",
"description": "The South American palm weevil has made it to California, which could mean the end of a cherished icon.",
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"headline": "A Real Alien Invasion Is Coming to a Palm Tree Near You",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Summer means vacation time, and nothing says, “Welcome to paradise!” quite like a palm tree. From Waikiki to Mar-a-Lago, the trees’ iconic fronds instantly signal luxury, glamor and the good life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s home to only one native species, California has nonetheless adopted the palm as one of its quintessential icons. Just turn on “La La Land” and start counting how many you see on screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680204\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-canary-top-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Canary Island date palm is one of the more iconic features of the California landscape. \u003ccite>(Mark Hoddle/UC Riverside)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But a new snake in California’s palm tree-lined garden may soon put all that myth-making to the test. Dozens of palms in San Diego’s Sweetwater Summit Regional Park, about 10 miles from the U.S.- Mexico border, are looking more like sad, upside-down umbrellas than the usual bursts of botanical joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just look like brown starfish,” said Mark Hoddle, a biologist at the University of California, Riverside’s Center for Invasive Species Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The offender is the South American palm weevil, a recent arrival to the U.S. that’s long been widespread in the tropics. Large, black, shiny and possessed of an impressive proboscis (nose), the weevil prefers the king of palms, the Canary Island date palm, also known as the “pineapple palm” for the distinctive way it’s often pruned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680207\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-weevil-snout-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The South American palm weevil has recently appeared in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A palm tree is basically a gigantic cake-pop, an enormous ball of veggie goodness on a stick. The adult female palm weevil uses her long snout to drill tunnels into that goodness—known to science as the “apical meristem” and to your grocer as the “heart” of palm—where she lays her eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her larvae hatch, their food surrounds them. And they start to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They turn the inside of the tree to mush, and the mush ferments, and it stinks,” Hoddle said, adding colorfully, “It smells like baby diarrhea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As its leaf-sprouting heart shrivels, the ailing tree takes on the characteristic wilt that Hoddle has observed in the Sweetwater palms. Inside, the weevil larvae grow into pupae, mature inside cocoons and depart on the wing to a fresh host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left half alive, the palm can never regain its splendorous form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-larva-fingertips-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-headed larvae of the South American palm weevil eat the trees from the inside out. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From aerial surveys conducted by drone, Hoddle estimates that more than 50 trees have been hit in Sweetwater Summit Regional Park. Other suspected infestation zones in San Diego, including the extensive Otay Valley Regional Park seven miles south, and the county’s innumerable streets, parks and golf courses, remain unsurveyed. The total number may be closer to 150.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South American palm weevils are vulnerable to pesticides, but once the eggs and larvae are inside the tree, they’re just about impossible to find. Pesticides work better as a preventative measure sprayed on neighboring trees to keep the adults away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark and his research partner (and spouse) Christina Hoddle have seen it happen before. In 2010, an arborist removing an unsightly palm in Laguna Beach, California, discovered beetles and larvae in the tree litter. The adults were distinctive, even beautiful, for their red markings. Three months later, a beetle was found on another sickly tree less than a tenth of a mile away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetles in Laguna turned out to be the red palm weevil, a separate species related to the current San Diego invader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the world’s most devastating pest to palm trees,” said Hoddle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680209\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-drone-dead-palms-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Footage taken by drone shows numerous weevil-infested trees in one San Diego park. \u003ccite>(Mark Hoddle/UC Riverside)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How that weevil got to Laguna remains a mystery. The nearest population is in Bali, an impossible distance for a weevil to travel on its own. So it had help getting here—possibly onboard an imported palm, though the FDA has had a ban on such imports in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hoddles suspect that Laguna’s red palm weevil may have been brought in deliberately by other means—such as in a suitcase, possibly as a food source. Around the world, the yellow-bodied, red-headed larvae of many weevil species are a culinary delicacy harvested from afflicted wild palms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laguna was lucky. As an isolated outbreak, the infestation was containable. The city’s $1 million eradication program included two tree removals, and preemptive chemical spraying on thirteen more. The plan took three years to be declared a success, when no new weevils turned up in that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also lucky in the Laguna infestation was California’s $34 million date industry, centered in Indio, not to mention the much larger ornamental trade, valued at $70 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this new weevil threat in San Diego however, that luck may be running out. Rather than an isolated appearance, this outbreak marks the leading edge of a probably irreversible expansion by the weevil. The Hoddles believe that it’s hopscotching north, from tree to transplanted tree, on its own wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human activity has basically provided corridors of food though habitat that would have acted as a natural barrier,” Mark Hoddle said. “And that’s allowed it to creep its way all the way up to San Diego from its native range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1680210\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1680210\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL412-pupa-xcu-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The South American palm weevil pupa gestates in a cocoon. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the South American palm weevil consolidates its foothold in California, then the worst might still be to come. While these weevils generally stick to the Canary Island palms, they can harbor a parasitic worm that causes red ring disease—a fatal infection that can strike almost any palm, including the state’s precious native, the California fan, as well as more commercially valuable trees. So far, no red ring disease has shown up in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just across the border, Tijuana is already in the shadow of the South American palm weevil’s spread. Last year Mark Hoddle took an informal survey of Tijuana’s streets by car and found a chilling view of the future. In eight hours he counted 140 dead trees, some with only a scant few grey fronds, others so long dead and dry that they’d caught fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, no eradication efforts are underway in San Diego, though the Hoddles continue to monitor the situation while conducting research on how far and fast the weevils spread. Their preliminary data suggests that the adult weevils can fly between two and 15 miles a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means, from the current infestation sites, most of San Diego is an easy leap for them. “It may only occur when they have killed everything locally and need to disperse to new pastures,” Hoddle said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration on Monday threw out a new rule intended to limit the numbers of endangered whales and sea turtles getting caught in fishing nets off the West Coast, even though the fishing industry had proposed the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”EC7Y8TV9yUyqvyzFXVv3dwHYmEphrgAC”]The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> said it decided the new protection was not warranted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action is one of the first by the Trump administration targeting protections for threatened species off the Pacific coast, said Catherine Kilduff, an attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity conservation group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulation was designed to reduce the numbers of humpback whales, leatherback sea turtles and other large creatures that accidentally become tangled in mile-long nets set adrift by commercial fishermen overnight to catch swordfish off California and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulation allowed for shutting down swordfish fishing with the drift nets for up to two fishing seasons if too many of the endangered animals were getting caught in the nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule applied to endangered fin, humpback, and sperm whales, short-fin pilot whales and common bottlenose dolphins, as well as endangered leatherback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, olive-ridley sea turtles and green sea turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the communities of whales that would have been protected under the rule have dwindled to the low hundreds, Kilduff said.\u003cbr>\nThe fishing industry’s Pacific Fishery Management Council had proposed the new regulation in 2015. Federal officials began implementing it the next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration on Monday threw out a new rule intended to limit the numbers of endangered whales and sea turtles getting caught in fishing nets off the West Coast, even though the fishing industry had proposed the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> said it decided the new protection was not warranted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action is one of the first by the Trump administration targeting protections for threatened species off the Pacific coast, said Catherine Kilduff, an attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity conservation group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulation was designed to reduce the numbers of humpback whales, leatherback sea turtles and other large creatures that accidentally become tangled in mile-long nets set adrift by commercial fishermen overnight to catch swordfish off California and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulation allowed for shutting down swordfish fishing with the drift nets for up to two fishing seasons if too many of the endangered animals were getting caught in the nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule applied to endangered fin, humpback, and sperm whales, short-fin pilot whales and common bottlenose dolphins, as well as endangered leatherback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, olive-ridley sea turtles and green sea turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the communities of whales that would have been protected under the rule have dwindled to the low hundreds, Kilduff said.\u003cbr>\nThe fishing industry’s Pacific Fishery Management Council had proposed the new regulation in 2015. Federal officials began implementing it the next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In Suitland, Maryland a giant warehouse holds the largest collection of whale bones in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacked from floor to ceiling are bones of sperm whales, gray whales, and the largest whales on Earth—blue whales, which can reach 380,000 pounds. Ancient whale fossils, tens of millions of years old, are also packed into the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TqYufiBNkGbvMLB7mlLCiPiWDpK8r6qt”]It’s the job of \u003ca href=\"http://paleobiology.si.edu/staff/individuals/pyenson.html\">Nick Pyenson\u003c/a> to try to figure out how these whales developed to what they are now. He sees himself as kind of a paleontologist detective. His more formal title is Curator of Fossil Marine Mammals for the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with him to find out what it’s like to be a scientist at the top of their field. Like all scientists, Pyenson is a focused on making sense of the world around him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some snippets from our conversation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, I got interested in whales because I thought they were fantastic vehicles to understand evolution. I think that’s the job of any paleontologist, is trying to understand what happened in the history of life that we didn’t see. It’s a big detective story. With whales, we know how amazing they are in the modern world. How did that ever come to be? If you want to be able to answer that question, that is when you turn to the fossil record. So that’s what got me broadly interested in where whales came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most frustrating part of your job?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frustrating thing about my job is that there are not enough hours in the day. I have way too many questions and not enough time for me to do what I want to do. Science takes time. So I have to be choosey. And also being a steward of the legacies. That’s something that really weighs heavily on me. I want to make sure the collection is as good, if not better, than when I received it, as it would be for somebody maybe 200 years from now. I want to make sure someone I will never meet will look at the fossils that I brought in to the museum and say, “Yeah, Nick didn’t screw it up too badly, he did an okay job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What motivates you? When you wake up in the morning are you thinking whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First I need a coffee before I do anything else. I get up in the morning because I love what I do. It’s tremendously exhilarating and exciting to me, to be able to walk through museum collections. It’s basically like walking through time. You get to encounter the remains of past worlds that would seem so strange that you would think you’re on a different planet – but you’re not. You’re on planet earth, but at a different time in the geologic past. With different organisms—some of which are extinct, some of which are around today. And you’re charged with that detective story, trying to figure things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How would you describe yourself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of me as a marine mammal detective through geologic time. I look to the past to track down whale bones to understand how whales came to be and where they’re going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Travel+Through+Time+With+A+Whale+Detective+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Suitland, Maryland a giant warehouse holds the largest collection of whale bones in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacked from floor to ceiling are bones of sperm whales, gray whales, and the largest whales on Earth—blue whales, which can reach 380,000 pounds. Ancient whale fossils, tens of millions of years old, are also packed into the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It’s the job of \u003ca href=\"http://paleobiology.si.edu/staff/individuals/pyenson.html\">Nick Pyenson\u003c/a> to try to figure out how these whales developed to what they are now. He sees himself as kind of a paleontologist detective. His more formal title is Curator of Fossil Marine Mammals for the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with him to find out what it’s like to be a scientist at the top of their field. Like all scientists, Pyenson is a focused on making sense of the world around him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some snippets from our conversation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, I got interested in whales because I thought they were fantastic vehicles to understand evolution. I think that’s the job of any paleontologist, is trying to understand what happened in the history of life that we didn’t see. It’s a big detective story. With whales, we know how amazing they are in the modern world. How did that ever come to be? If you want to be able to answer that question, that is when you turn to the fossil record. So that’s what got me broadly interested in where whales came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most frustrating part of your job?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frustrating thing about my job is that there are not enough hours in the day. I have way too many questions and not enough time for me to do what I want to do. Science takes time. So I have to be choosey. And also being a steward of the legacies. That’s something that really weighs heavily on me. I want to make sure the collection is as good, if not better, than when I received it, as it would be for somebody maybe 200 years from now. I want to make sure someone I will never meet will look at the fossils that I brought in to the museum and say, “Yeah, Nick didn’t screw it up too badly, he did an okay job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What motivates you? When you wake up in the morning are you thinking whales?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First I need a coffee before I do anything else. I get up in the morning because I love what I do. It’s tremendously exhilarating and exciting to me, to be able to walk through museum collections. It’s basically like walking through time. You get to encounter the remains of past worlds that would seem so strange that you would think you’re on a different planet – but you’re not. You’re on planet earth, but at a different time in the geologic past. With different organisms—some of which are extinct, some of which are around today. And you’re charged with that detective story, trying to figure things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How would you describe yourself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of me as a marine mammal detective through geologic time. I look to the past to track down whale bones to understand how whales came to be and where they’re going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Travel+Through+Time+With+A+Whale+Detective+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]With summer just around the corner, Southern California beaches are ready to welcome the yearly arrival of some very unique and amorous guests. That’s right, the grunion are running!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California grunion are fish that spend their lives in the ocean. But when the tides are at their highest during spring and summer, grunion make a trip up onto beaches to mate and lay eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion mate on beaches throughout Southern California and down into Mexico. The grunion runs are especially popular in coastal communities like Santa Barbara and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During warm summer nights, crowds emerge to witness the grunion run. Some are there just to watch. Others scramble in the darkness to catch the fish and bring them home for a date with the grill or frying pan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion ride in on the biggest waves, wiggling and flopping to get as far up onto the sand as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California grunion spawning events can completely cover a section of beach. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not particularly agile on land but they’re able to do what they need to do,” said Karen Martin, a biology professor at Pepperdine University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin said she doesn’t get much sleep this time of year because California grunion typically run at night. Instead she can be found leading groups of students and researchers out to the coast where they use night-vision scopes and headlamps to search for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By tracking the tides, Martin is able to estimate the time \u003ca href=\"http://www.grunion.org/\">when grunion are most likely to run\u003c/a>. But the exact timing and locations are anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to know where to look,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like they run across the entire beach, usually it’s just one little area where you might be able to find them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Female grunion use their tails to burrow down into the loose wet sand until they are buried up to their gills. That’s when they lay their translucent orange-yolked eggs. The eggs are tiny— each one a little smaller than a pea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male grunion do their best to join up with the females and that’s no easy feat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689039\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grunion searches for a mate by flopping on the damp sand. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grunion don’t appear particularly well adapted to getting around on the damp sand. Instead they bend their bodies and hurl themselves into the dark in search of mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do meet up, the males curl their bodies around the females and fertilize the eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689041\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689041\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female grunion burrow into the semi-liquid sand to deposit their eggs. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/ Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not out very long,” Martin said. “But they’re not breathing air. They won’t survive very long like that, but when they’re out they don’t appear to be stressed out and panicking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the deed is done, the grunion wiggle back out and catch the next big wave home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole undertaking is a sight to behold and prompts the question of why a fish would want to risk coming out on land just to leave their next generation stranded in the dry sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess they just do it for the kids’ sake,” Martin said. “They get to develop in a protected area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is full of predators who would like to gobble up a tasty fish egg. The grunion eggs tend to be safer up on the beach if they can make it there without raising the attention of predators like birds and raccoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each egg is encased in a thick clear layer called a chorion that serves to protect them from damage while allowing oxygen through to the developing fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you touch them they almost feel like they’re made of plastic,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689042\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eyes of a developing grunion are clearly visible through the translucent chorion layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The chorion makes the eggs tough enough to survive being buried under the sand and keeps them from drying out while they develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that sand may not be as dry as it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surface might be totally dry but if you dig down a few inches where the eggs are then it’s still damp,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baby grunion wait for the next cycle of high tides to take them back out to sea. That typically means a two-week wait. But if that set of high tides turns out to be a dud, the grunion eggs can stay put for an extra two weeks to catch the following cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the high tides do return, the grunion get swept out by the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold seawater is the signal to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When exposed to seawater, grunion secrete enzymes from glands in their tails that eat through the chorion allowing them to break free from the protective layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spurred on by the agitation of getting bounced around in the waves, the grunion come bursting out of their chorions and swim off to live their lives in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mating runs were first described in the early part of the 20th century, but the timing wasn’t linked to the tides until the 1940s. By then it was also becoming clear that people were catching grunion faster than they could be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grunion, the fishing season closes every year during the peak of the expected spawning period. During the open season there is no take limit but grunion can only be caught with hands without the use of nets or traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their dangerous mating strategy, grunion populations also contend with loss of sandy beach habitats and coastal pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals depend on their beaches,” said Martin. “The experience of watching them come surfing in on the waves… it goes along with our whole California thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info about grunion head over to http://www.grunion.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>With summer just around the corner, Southern California beaches are ready to welcome the yearly arrival of some very unique and amorous guests. That’s right, the grunion are running!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California grunion are fish that spend their lives in the ocean. But when the tides are at their highest during spring and summer, grunion make a trip up onto beaches to mate and lay eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion mate on beaches throughout Southern California and down into Mexico. The grunion runs are especially popular in coastal communities like Santa Barbara and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During warm summer nights, crowds emerge to witness the grunion run. Some are there just to watch. Others scramble in the darkness to catch the fish and bring them home for a date with the grill or frying pan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grunion ride in on the biggest waves, wiggling and flopping to get as far up onto the sand as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-run-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California grunion spawning events can completely cover a section of beach. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not particularly agile on land but they’re able to do what they need to do,” said Karen Martin, a biology professor at Pepperdine University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin said she doesn’t get much sleep this time of year because California grunion typically run at night. Instead she can be found leading groups of students and researchers out to the coast where they use night-vision scopes and headlamps to search for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By tracking the tides, Martin is able to estimate the time \u003ca href=\"http://www.grunion.org/\">when grunion are most likely to run\u003c/a>. But the exact timing and locations are anyone’s guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to know where to look,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like they run across the entire beach, usually it’s just one little area where you might be able to find them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Female grunion use their tails to burrow down into the loose wet sand until they are buried up to their gills. That’s when they lay their translucent orange-yolked eggs. The eggs are tiny— each one a little smaller than a pea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male grunion do their best to join up with the females and that’s no easy feat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689039\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-flop-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grunion searches for a mate by flopping on the damp sand. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grunion don’t appear particularly well adapted to getting around on the damp sand. Instead they bend their bodies and hurl themselves into the dark in search of mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do meet up, the males curl their bodies around the females and fertilize the eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689041\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689041\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-laying-eggs-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female grunion burrow into the semi-liquid sand to deposit their eggs. \u003ccite>(Michael Murrie/ Pepperdine University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re not out very long,” Martin said. “But they’re not breathing air. They won’t survive very long like that, but when they’re out they don’t appear to be stressed out and panicking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the deed is done, the grunion wiggle back out and catch the next big wave home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole undertaking is a sight to behold and prompts the question of why a fish would want to risk coming out on land just to leave their next generation stranded in the dry sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess they just do it for the kids’ sake,” Martin said. “They get to develop in a protected area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is full of predators who would like to gobble up a tasty fish egg. The grunion eggs tend to be safer up on the beach if they can make it there without raising the attention of predators like birds and raccoons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each egg is encased in a thick clear layer called a chorion that serves to protect them from damage while allowing oxygen through to the developing fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you touch them they almost feel like they’re made of plastic,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689042\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-egg-eye-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eyes of a developing grunion are clearly visible through the translucent chorion layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The chorion makes the eggs tough enough to survive being buried under the sand and keeps them from drying out while they develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that sand may not be as dry as it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surface might be totally dry but if you dig down a few inches where the eggs are then it’s still damp,” Martin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baby grunion wait for the next cycle of high tides to take them back out to sea. That typically means a two-week wait. But if that set of high tides turns out to be a dud, the grunion eggs can stay put for an extra two weeks to catch the following cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the high tides do return, the grunion get swept out by the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold seawater is the signal to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1689044\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1689044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/DL411-Grunion-hatch01-500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When exposed to seawater, grunion secrete enzymes from glands in their tails that eat through the chorion allowing them to break free from the protective layer. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spurred on by the agitation of getting bounced around in the waves, the grunion come bursting out of their chorions and swim off to live their lives in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mating runs were first described in the early part of the 20th century, but the timing wasn’t linked to the tides until the 1940s. By then it was also becoming clear that people were catching grunion faster than they could be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grunion, the fishing season closes every year during the peak of the expected spawning period. During the open season there is no take limit but grunion can only be caught with hands without the use of nets or traps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their dangerous mating strategy, grunion populations also contend with loss of sandy beach habitats and coastal pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These animals depend on their beaches,” said Martin. “The experience of watching them come surfing in on the waves… it goes along with our whole California thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info about grunion head over to http://www.grunion.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[contextly_sidebar id=”eJ0QXNOa8DNu6lO8Q91tUozjMG0obbS5″]\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Why have dozens of great white sharks turned up around Southern California beaches recently? Finding the answer led to a close-up view of a baby great white shark — and the researcher who caught her.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "behind-the-scenes-with-deep-look-the-diva-decorator-crabs",
"title": "Behind the Scenes With Deep Look: The Diva Decorator Crabs",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> has been exploring big scientific mysteries and revealing the unseen at the edge of our visible word since 2014. In early 2017, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> welcomed a new host: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> an award-winning KQED radio reporter who can make the most obscure science concepts clear and entertaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and key members of the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> team give fans a behind-the-scenes look at what goes into crafting their weirdly wonderful videos. Below are highlights from interviews conducted while the team was shooting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Deep Look producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy film biologist Jay Stachowicz\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy follow biologist Jay Stachowicz as he heads out to collect crabs for his research at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer, Host and Writer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is all about the wonder in the natural world. There are so many surprising, weird and beautiful stories to uncover, even in things we encounter every day. You don’t have to be interested in science to find a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> episode that’s captivating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The producers come back with these really incredible images from the field. And I work with them on shaping the story and finding what the really fascinating tidbits are to highlight for our viewers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my favorite things about \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that we ask how and why things happen at a very tiny scale. And from that, we discover some incredible universal truths that you never would think would be there. We usually end up tapping into our own human experience or things that all organisms on the planet share. You probably wouldn’t think you have a lot in common with a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/23/sea-urchins-pull-themselves-inside-out-to-be-reborn/\">sea urchin\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/10/04/for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served/\">spider,\u003c/a> but you’d be surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a radio reporter, I’m usually out in the field solo, gathering interviews and finding news. It’s been a lot of fun collaborating on writing scripts and shaping stories. I cover major science news stories like droughts and floods, so sometimes it’s nice to think about lighter things like an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/14/if-your-hands-could-smell-youd-be-an-octopus/\">octopus’s suckers,\u003c/a> finessing the . . . um . . . ‘action’ between \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/14/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex/\">two garden snails\u003c/a> or a decorator crab’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">latest bling.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648231\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before recording narration for an episode on decorator crabs, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> host Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Quirós, Coordinating Producer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aim to develop a story with characters and a narrative arc. We treat animals, or plants, as characters and try to figure out what they want, who or what is keeping them from getting what they want, and how they go about getting around these obstacles to achieve their goals. We want our stories to be as dramatic as possible, while remaining accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main challenge of producing \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that animals and plants are on their own schedules. When we went out to film the decorator crabs, we waited almost two full days, and in the afternoon of the second day, they finally decorated for a total of about 15 minutes. Here’s an interesting fact that didn’t make it into the video: When decorator crabs outgrow their shells and molt, they sometimes transfer seaweed and anemones from their old shells to their new shells. So even decorator crabs can’t seem to let some old outfits go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inevitably, there’s that moment when you’re looking through the camera lens, and you see the animal or plant doing that thing that the scientists described, and it’s so fantastic. I really hope that what we’re conveying to viewers is, ‘Look how amazing the natural world is!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1661669\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1661669\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg\" alt=\"Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film. \" width=\"800\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-768x671.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1020x891.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1180x1031.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-960x839.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-375x328.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-520x454.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI.jpg 1236w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Josh Cassidy, Lead Producer and Cinematographer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really like answering a big scientific question by zooming in on our subject, like decorator crabs. When you look at a decorator crab’s shells with your naked eye, the shells look kind of fuzzy, but with the macro lens you can zoom in and really see the hooks that hold the kelp, which look a lot like Velcro.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Filming in the wild is always fun and always super challenging. The tide pools are a perfect example of a place that’s constantly changing. The waves can be coming in, and you can never really focus completely on whatever it is you’re filming. I have to keep at least one eye on the waves to make sure I don’t get swept out. I’ve spent a couple of very short trips into the ocean with my camera equipment and, of course, nothing can wreck electronics and optical equipment quite like sea water!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this line of work, it’s always the instant that you look away when the action happens, so you have to stay focused. It was a great feeling to finally catch that whimsical moment when the crab started to get dressed like it was about to go out on the town. After a while they become their own little walking ecosystems. Nature is full of surprises.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648116\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Cassidy films a moss crab \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> cinematographer Josh Cassidy films a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nElliott Kennerson, Producer and Post-Production Coordinator\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We love to create a sense of magic and wonder around nature; it’s really a collaborative show. The stories are all discovered by the individual producers, but then workshopped among the producers as well as with our host, Lauren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before shooting begins, the producers do a lot of research so we can anticipate what’s going to happen when we get out there. That means understanding whatever animals we’re filming as well as the conditions we’ll be filming in. We go in with a plan for getting what we need for the show, but, that said, nature is always surprising! Sometimes we have to scrap the plan and work on the fly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Macro cinematography works best when you can control the conditions. That’s a tall order in the wild. Often we’re working in a scientist’s lab or in our studio at KQED, where we have the best chance of controlling the things that can work against you on a shoot, like light, temperature and weather. Sometimes we build little sets for the critters that mimic natural conditions that allow us to capture their behaviors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this type of cinematography is incredibly difficult. It’s also not always the kind of thing where we can look into the camera as we’re filming and know that we got our shot. Often we don’t even know until we are sitting in the edit room and looking at the footage. That’s when we know we can pull together a show.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> post-production supervisor, checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Check out our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/16/behind-the-scenes-with-deep-look-caddisflies/\">first Behind the Scenes episode\u003c/a> for more insider information on camera tricks and water, and be sure to watch the crabs due their fashion thing: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a> Watch new videos twice a month and show us some love by \u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">subscribing to \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> on YouTube.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648115\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy at table\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy are the three producers for KQED’s \u003cem>Deep Look.\u003c/em> \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> core production team includes: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/craig-rosa/\">Craig Rosa,\u003c/a> series producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> host and writer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/gabriela-quiros/\">Gabriela Quirós,\u003c/a> coordinating producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Josh Cassidy,\u003c/a> lead producer and cinematographer; and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/ekennerson/\">Elliott Kennerson,\u003c/a> producer and post-production coordinator. In addition, each episode is accompanied by an original musical score by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sethgsamuel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seth G. Samuel\u003c/a> as well as additional editing and motion graphics by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sneakylittlesister.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kia Simon.\u003c/a> Many episodes also feature animations by Teodros Hailye. The original story idea for the episode about decorator crabs came from \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> intern Jacob Shea, a student at the University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Get to know host Lauren Sommer and producers Gabriela Quirós, Josh Cassidy and Elliott Kennerson as we put together our episode on decorator crabs and reflect on the joys and challenges of making nature films. ",
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"title": "Behind the Scenes With Deep Look: The Diva Decorator Crabs | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> has been exploring big scientific mysteries and revealing the unseen at the edge of our visible word since 2014. In early 2017, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> welcomed a new host: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> an award-winning KQED radio reporter who can make the most obscure science concepts clear and entertaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and key members of the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> team give fans a behind-the-scenes look at what goes into crafting their weirdly wonderful videos. Below are highlights from interviews conducted while the team was shooting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648114\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Deep Look producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy film biologist Jay Stachowicz\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_GABRIELA_JOSH_AND_JAY_STACHOWICZ_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy follow biologist Jay Stachowicz as he heads out to collect crabs for his research at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer, Host and Writer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is all about the wonder in the natural world. There are so many surprising, weird and beautiful stories to uncover, even in things we encounter every day. You don’t have to be interested in science to find a \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> episode that’s captivating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The producers come back with these really incredible images from the field. And I work with them on shaping the story and finding what the really fascinating tidbits are to highlight for our viewers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of my favorite things about \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that we ask how and why things happen at a very tiny scale. And from that, we discover some incredible universal truths that you never would think would be there. We usually end up tapping into our own human experience or things that all organisms on the planet share. You probably wouldn’t think you have a lot in common with a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/23/sea-urchins-pull-themselves-inside-out-to-be-reborn/\">sea urchin\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/10/04/for-these-tiny-spiders-its-sing-or-get-served/\">spider,\u003c/a> but you’d be surprised.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a radio reporter, I’m usually out in the field solo, gathering interviews and finding news. It’s been a lot of fun collaborating on writing scripts and shaping stories. I cover major science news stories like droughts and floods, so sometimes it’s nice to think about lighter things like an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/14/if-your-hands-could-smell-youd-be-an-octopus/\">octopus’s suckers,\u003c/a> finessing the . . . um . . . ‘action’ between \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/14/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex/\">two garden snails\u003c/a> or a decorator crab’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">latest bling.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648231\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_LAUREN_GABI-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before recording narration for an episode on decorator crabs, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> host Lauren Sommer goes over narration with producer Gabriela Quirós. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Quirós, Coordinating Producer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aim to develop a story with characters and a narrative arc. We treat animals, or plants, as characters and try to figure out what they want, who or what is keeping them from getting what they want, and how they go about getting around these obstacles to achieve their goals. We want our stories to be as dramatic as possible, while remaining accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main challenge of producing \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is that animals and plants are on their own schedules. When we went out to film the decorator crabs, we waited almost two full days, and in the afternoon of the second day, they finally decorated for a total of about 15 minutes. Here’s an interesting fact that didn’t make it into the video: When decorator crabs outgrow their shells and molt, they sometimes transfer seaweed and anemones from their old shells to their new shells. So even decorator crabs can’t seem to let some old outfits go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Inevitably, there’s that moment when you’re looking through the camera lens, and you see the animal or plant doing that thing that the scientists described, and it’s so fantastic. I really hope that what we’re conveying to viewers is, ‘Look how amazing the natural world is!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1661669\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1661669\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg\" alt=\"Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film. \" width=\"800\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-800x699.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-768x671.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1020x891.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-1180x1031.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-960x839.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-375x328.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI-520x454.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_MIKE_ELWELL_FILMS_JOSH_AND_GABI.jpg 1236w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> producer Gabriela Quirós and cinematographer Josh Cassidy set up the tank to film a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Josh Cassidy, Lead Producer and Cinematographer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really like answering a big scientific question by zooming in on our subject, like decorator crabs. When you look at a decorator crab’s shells with your naked eye, the shells look kind of fuzzy, but with the macro lens you can zoom in and really see the hooks that hold the kelp, which look a lot like Velcro.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Filming in the wild is always fun and always super challenging. The tide pools are a perfect example of a place that’s constantly changing. The waves can be coming in, and you can never really focus completely on whatever it is you’re filming. I have to keep at least one eye on the waves to make sure I don’t get swept out. I’ve spent a couple of very short trips into the ocean with my camera equipment and, of course, nothing can wreck electronics and optical equipment quite like sea water!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this line of work, it’s always the instant that you look away when the action happens, so you have to stay focused. It was a great feeling to finally catch that whimsical moment when the crab started to get dressed like it was about to go out on the town. After a while they become their own little walking ecosystems. Nature is full of surprises.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648116\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Cassidy films a moss crab \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_JOSH_CASSIDY_FILMS_CRAB_AT_BODEGA_MARINE_LAB-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> cinematographer Josh Cassidy films a moss crab at the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, in Bodega Bay, California. \u003ccite>(Shelley Pearson Cranshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nElliott Kennerson, Producer and Post-Production Coordinator\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We love to create a sense of magic and wonder around nature; it’s really a collaborative show. The stories are all discovered by the individual producers, but then workshopped among the producers as well as with our host, Lauren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before shooting begins, the producers do a lot of research so we can anticipate what’s going to happen when we get out there. That means understanding whatever animals we’re filming as well as the conditions we’ll be filming in. We go in with a plan for getting what we need for the show, but, that said, nature is always surprising! Sometimes we have to scrap the plan and work on the fly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Macro cinematography works best when you can control the conditions. That’s a tall order in the wild. Often we’re working in a scientist’s lab or in our studio at KQED, where we have the best chance of controlling the things that can work against you on a shoot, like light, temperature and weather. Sometimes we build little sets for the critters that mimic natural conditions that allow us to capture their behaviors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing this type of cinematography is incredibly difficult. It’s also not always the kind of thing where we can look into the camera as we’re filming and know that we got our shot. Often we don’t even know until we are sitting in the edit room and looking at the footage. That’s when we know we can pull together a show.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_IN_EDIT_SUITE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> post-production supervisor, checks out footage from our episode about decorator crabs. \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Check out our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/16/behind-the-scenes-with-deep-look-caddisflies/\">first Behind the Scenes episode\u003c/a> for more insider information on camera tricks and water, and be sure to watch the crabs due their fashion thing: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/05/09/decorator-crabs-make-high-fashion-at-low-tide/\">“Decorator Crabs Make High Fashion at Low Tide.”\u003c/a> Watch new videos twice a month and show us some love by \u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">subscribing to \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> on YouTube.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1648115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1648115\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy at table\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/DL_400BBehind_the_Scenes_ELLIOTT_GABI_JOSH-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elliott Kennerson, Gabriela Quirós and Josh Cassidy are the three producers for KQED’s \u003cem>Deep Look.\u003c/em> \u003ccite>(Mike Elwell/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> core production team includes: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/craig-rosa/\">Craig Rosa,\u003c/a> series producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\">Lauren Sommer,\u003c/a> host and writer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/gabriela-quiros/\">Gabriela Quirós,\u003c/a> coordinating producer; \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Josh Cassidy,\u003c/a> lead producer and cinematographer; and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/ekennerson/\">Elliott Kennerson,\u003c/a> producer and post-production coordinator. In addition, each episode is accompanied by an original musical score by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sethgsamuel.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seth G. Samuel\u003c/a> as well as additional editing and motion graphics by \u003ca href=\"http://www.sneakylittlesister.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kia Simon.\u003c/a> Many episodes also feature animations by Teodros Hailye. The original story idea for the episode about decorator crabs came from \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> intern Jacob Shea, a student at the University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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