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"disqusTitle": "Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>“Battling the Bloom” was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of people depend on Lake Erie for drinking water. Many others rely on it for commerce and recreation. The lake also provides critical habitat for fish and wildlife. Toxic algae blooms are now putting all of this at risk. In this QUEST video we set out to investigate the problem and talk to researchers and others looking for the cause on Ohio’s farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In shooting “Battling the Bloom,” our team traveled to South Bass Island, a hidden gem just off the north shore of Ohio in the western basin of Lake Erie. There are dozens of islands like this in Erie, left behind by the last glacier that scraped out the Great Lakes. Some of Lake Erie’s islands are populated year round by a small number of residents, but the numbers swell in the summer as more than a million visitors head for fun in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60187\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We were on the island to visit Dr. Jeff Reutter, who runs Ohio State University’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonelab.osu.edu\">Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> research center there. Established in 1895, Stone Lab is the oldest freshwater biological lab in the country. Reutter has been working on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, are caused by too many nutrients getting into the lake. When those extra nutrients combine with warm water in the lake’s shallow end at the end of summer, the result is an algal bloom that is toxic to humans and animals and can cause fish-killing conditions -- dead zones -- at the bottom of the lake. In the 1970s and ’80s, HABs were caused by excess sewage going into the lake. Today, sewage overflow still can cause HABs, but the primary culprit is nutrient runoff in the form of fertilizer and animal waste from farms in the Lake Erie watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Boat-in-harbor-Perry-monument-in-background-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Miller Ferry docked at the south end of South Bass Island and we headed up the narrow island to its main attraction, the town of Put in Bay. Put in Bay is the harbor as well as the island’s social and entertainment center. You can’t miss \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pevi/index.htm\">Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial\u003c/a>, which soars more than 350 feet over Lake Erie. The giant Doric column celebrates Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory during the \u003ca href=\"http://battleoflakeerie-bicentennial.com/\">Battle of Lake Erie\u003c/a> in September 1813 and the resulting peace among the U.S., Britain, and Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59273\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59273\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-interview-harbor-boat-in-bkgd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our camera crew set up shop at Stone Lab and interviewed Reutter at the water’s edge as boats and kayaks floated by in the distance and stable flies bit our ankles. We then boarded a Stone Lab research boat for a lunchtime excursion to Gibraltar Island, a smaller island just offshore in the harbor. Ohio State University owns Gibraltar Island, where it has another lab facility. Students live, study, and conduct research here during the summer. The island provides great views of the lake and many of the neighboring islands, especially from the stone cliffs of Perry’s Lookout on Gibraltar’s northeast corner. The lookout is named for Commodore Perry, who is said to have watched for British ships from here before the historic battle. Perry is a legend in northern Ohio -- there is even a beer named for him at Cleveland’s Great Lakes Brewery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59801\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/marina-wide-shot-algae-and-ODNR-boat-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schedule constraints meant we had to film this story in the spring, so we were unable to capture any footage of the harmful algal blooms that typically peak in late summer. Fortunately, we were able to include footage from Erie’s 2011 algal bloom, one of the worst in recent history. NOAA forecasters \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/news/?article=619\">predicted\u003c/a> that the 2013 bloom would be twice as bad as that in 2012 but not nearly as bad as 2011. Data are still coming in for the actual algal counts in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we returned to the dock at Put in Bay, a bald eagle swooped over the harbor. The majestic bird served as a reminder that the lake is so much more than a lovely summer tourist destination. Lake Erie and its shores are home to an amazing diversity of wildlife all year, including some species that are struggling -- or have had to struggle -- to survive. Today, a cleaner lake teeming with fish and an actively protected habitat have turned Lake Erie’s islands into a prime area for spotting \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/13/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback/\">bald eagles\u003c/a>, a species that nearly disappeared several decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake/\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, was removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife, thanks in part to active education efforts and protection of the islands’ shores where it makes its home. As an added bonus, the snakes have developed an appetite for an invasive fish called the round goby, helping to minimize the impacts of this non-native species on the lake’s ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake’s islands provide critical habitat for shorebirds, a major rest stop for migrating birds, a heavenly launch for fisherman, and a reminder that we need to continuously work to protect these important natural areas from the damage wrought by human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf\">Explore the Lake Erie Islands: A Guide to Nature and History along the Lake Erie Coastal Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shoresandislands.com/\">Lake Erie Shores and Islands\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/lake_erie_hab/lake_erie_hab.html\">NOAA’s Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie Weekly Bulletin \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/09/10/220721622/remembering-a-brave-lucky-hero-in-the-war-of-1812\">NPR: Remembering a “Brave,” “Lucky” Hero in the War of 1812 (Re-enactment on Lake Erie)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>“Battling the Bloom” was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of people depend on Lake Erie for drinking water. Many others rely on it for commerce and recreation. The lake also provides critical habitat for fish and wildlife. Toxic algae blooms are now putting all of this at risk. In this QUEST video we set out to investigate the problem and talk to researchers and others looking for the cause on Ohio’s farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In shooting “Battling the Bloom,” our team traveled to South Bass Island, a hidden gem just off the north shore of Ohio in the western basin of Lake Erie. There are dozens of islands like this in Erie, left behind by the last glacier that scraped out the Great Lakes. Some of Lake Erie’s islands are populated year round by a small number of residents, but the numbers swell in the summer as more than a million visitors head for fun in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60187\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We were on the island to visit Dr. Jeff Reutter, who runs Ohio State University’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonelab.osu.edu\">Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> research center there. Established in 1895, Stone Lab is the oldest freshwater biological lab in the country. Reutter has been working on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, are caused by too many nutrients getting into the lake. When those extra nutrients combine with warm water in the lake’s shallow end at the end of summer, the result is an algal bloom that is toxic to humans and animals and can cause fish-killing conditions -- dead zones -- at the bottom of the lake. In the 1970s and ’80s, HABs were caused by excess sewage going into the lake. Today, sewage overflow still can cause HABs, but the primary culprit is nutrient runoff in the form of fertilizer and animal waste from farms in the Lake Erie watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Boat-in-harbor-Perry-monument-in-background-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Miller Ferry docked at the south end of South Bass Island and we headed up the narrow island to its main attraction, the town of Put in Bay. Put in Bay is the harbor as well as the island’s social and entertainment center. You can’t miss \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pevi/index.htm\">Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial\u003c/a>, which soars more than 350 feet over Lake Erie. The giant Doric column celebrates Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory during the \u003ca href=\"http://battleoflakeerie-bicentennial.com/\">Battle of Lake Erie\u003c/a> in September 1813 and the resulting peace among the U.S., Britain, and Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59273\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59273\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-interview-harbor-boat-in-bkgd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our camera crew set up shop at Stone Lab and interviewed Reutter at the water’s edge as boats and kayaks floated by in the distance and stable flies bit our ankles. We then boarded a Stone Lab research boat for a lunchtime excursion to Gibraltar Island, a smaller island just offshore in the harbor. Ohio State University owns Gibraltar Island, where it has another lab facility. Students live, study, and conduct research here during the summer. The island provides great views of the lake and many of the neighboring islands, especially from the stone cliffs of Perry’s Lookout on Gibraltar’s northeast corner. The lookout is named for Commodore Perry, who is said to have watched for British ships from here before the historic battle. Perry is a legend in northern Ohio -- there is even a beer named for him at Cleveland’s Great Lakes Brewery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59801\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/marina-wide-shot-algae-and-ODNR-boat-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schedule constraints meant we had to film this story in the spring, so we were unable to capture any footage of the harmful algal blooms that typically peak in late summer. Fortunately, we were able to include footage from Erie’s 2011 algal bloom, one of the worst in recent history. NOAA forecasters \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/news/?article=619\">predicted\u003c/a> that the 2013 bloom would be twice as bad as that in 2012 but not nearly as bad as 2011. Data are still coming in for the actual algal counts in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we returned to the dock at Put in Bay, a bald eagle swooped over the harbor. The majestic bird served as a reminder that the lake is so much more than a lovely summer tourist destination. Lake Erie and its shores are home to an amazing diversity of wildlife all year, including some species that are struggling -- or have had to struggle -- to survive. Today, a cleaner lake teeming with fish and an actively protected habitat have turned Lake Erie’s islands into a prime area for spotting \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/13/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback/\">bald eagles\u003c/a>, a species that nearly disappeared several decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake/\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, was removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife, thanks in part to active education efforts and protection of the islands’ shores where it makes its home. As an added bonus, the snakes have developed an appetite for an invasive fish called the round goby, helping to minimize the impacts of this non-native species on the lake’s ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake’s islands provide critical habitat for shorebirds, a major rest stop for migrating birds, a heavenly launch for fisherman, and a reminder that we need to continuously work to protect these important natural areas from the damage wrought by human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf\">Explore the Lake Erie Islands: A Guide to Nature and History along the Lake Erie Coastal Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shoresandislands.com/\">Lake Erie Shores and Islands\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/lake_erie_hab/lake_erie_hab.html\">NOAA’s Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie Weekly Bulletin \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/09/10/220721622/remembering-a-brave-lucky-hero-in-the-war-of-1812\">NPR: Remembering a “Brave,” “Lucky” Hero in the War of 1812 (Re-enactment on Lake Erie)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The future of home design is in a box. At least, that’s where 100 \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are placing their bets. They’ve constructed a mechanical room that powers a house like the engine of a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students have spent thousands of hours over the past two years designing and creating a prefabricated home on campus that they hope will win top honors at the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">Department of Energy\u003c/a>’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/contests.html\">Solar Decathlon Competition\u003c/a> that kicks off in Irvine, CA on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've waited so long for this moment,\" said graduate student \u003ca href=\"http://tedx.stanford.edu/2013/speakers/derek-ouyang/\">Derek Ouyang\u003c/a>, project manager of the Stanford team. \"I'm excited and exhausted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61556 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Irvine just two days before the competition. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA before the contest starts on Oct 3. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every two years, hundreds of teams from around the world submit proposals. Only 20 teams, however, are invited to compete in the home-building event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is no official prize, placing first in any one of ten categories all but guarantees a job offer from a prestigious architecture firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOE provided $100,000 in seed funding for each team and Stanford fund-raised an additional $1 million for construction, labor and material. Ouyang values the house at about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other California teams, including Santa Clara University, the University of Southern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/team_sci_arc_caltech.html\">Southern California Institute of Architecture and California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>, are also competing in event, which runs through October 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is Stanford’s first entry in the competition. Participating students have backgrounds in everything from computer science to product design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 students participated in building Stanford's “\u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">Start.Home\u003c/a>”, though roughly 20 have worked continuously on the project. None of the students had ever built a house before and many had never even hammered a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61559\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61559 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior-546x360.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\" width=\"382\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To fulfill the DOE requirements of a creating 1,000 square foot solar-powered home that is attractive, affordable and energy-efficient, Stanford decided to rethink how prefabricated homes are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most prefab homes come in a limited number of sizes and styles, Stanford’s team decided to create a house that could expand to meet a family's needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a unit that contains a majority of the house’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems in a “core,” the homeowner could build rooms around this central fixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 180 square foot core attaches to a kitchen counter and appliances, a bathroom and a laundry room, so all that’s needed, the students say, are additional living spaces—as many as the homeowner desires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With this design everything arrives on site ready to go,\" said graduate student and construction team leader Rob Best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You build rooms around the core and just as a family grows, the house can grow with you because you can always add on more rooms that connect to the core.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61471 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford's main innovative is a "core" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford's main innovative is a \"core\" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core has a pump that filters used water from the kitchen sink and shower (known as graywater), and sends it to a vegetable garden in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121220143405.htm\">special layer of paint\u003c/a> covering the core removes nitrogen oxides --major components of smog--from the air. Ouyang said it’s the equivalent of removing two cars from the road every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels cover the roof of the house so that the home is a net-zero energy building, which means it generates all its power from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the house even greener, the students salvaged wood from old homes in the Bay Area for the walls and floor, and put a living wall made out of plants in the bathroom to purify the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to encourage sustainable behavior, the students installed an iPad on the wall of the core that tells users about their water and energy consumption. It allows the homeowner to set goals and compare his or her energy use with neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people actually want to behave in a more sustainable way, the issue is just convenience,” said alum and design team leader Jason Bade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the invisible visible was a key part of the team’s strategy; the outlets on the walls glow red if they aren’t turned “off” and the team created a central switch that prevents energy from going to the sockets when appliances are not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people don’t realize that plugged-in appliances like toasters and blenders are still using energy even when they are just sitting on the counter,” Bade said. “We’re trying to make saving energy almost a no-brainer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students built the home on campus, then took it apart and moved it to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocgp.org/\">Orange County Great Park\u003c/a> for the competition, which was no easy feat. The handicap ramp leading to the entrance was too steep in some sections and the students had to rebuild it on-site in Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the contest coincides with the first week of classes. Ouyang said very few students traveled to Irvine, making re-assembly quite difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having enough manpower has been really tough,\" Ouyang said. \"We've been working from 7 a.m. to midnight for eight days straight, barely finishing the house in time for Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the competition, the Start.Home will be re-assembled on Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve and provide a new home for the resident ranger and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Ouyang. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 10/13/13\u003c/strong> – Stanford placed fifth overall. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The future of home design is in a box. At least, that’s where 100 \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are placing their bets. They’ve constructed a mechanical room that powers a house like the engine of a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students have spent thousands of hours over the past two years designing and creating a prefabricated home on campus that they hope will win top honors at the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">Department of Energy\u003c/a>’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/contests.html\">Solar Decathlon Competition\u003c/a> that kicks off in Irvine, CA on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've waited so long for this moment,\" said graduate student \u003ca href=\"http://tedx.stanford.edu/2013/speakers/derek-ouyang/\">Derek Ouyang\u003c/a>, project manager of the Stanford team. \"I'm excited and exhausted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61556 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Irvine just two days before the competition. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA before the contest starts on Oct 3. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every two years, hundreds of teams from around the world submit proposals. Only 20 teams, however, are invited to compete in the home-building event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is no official prize, placing first in any one of ten categories all but guarantees a job offer from a prestigious architecture firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOE provided $100,000 in seed funding for each team and Stanford fund-raised an additional $1 million for construction, labor and material. Ouyang values the house at about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other California teams, including Santa Clara University, the University of Southern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/team_sci_arc_caltech.html\">Southern California Institute of Architecture and California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>, are also competing in event, which runs through October 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is Stanford’s first entry in the competition. Participating students have backgrounds in everything from computer science to product design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 students participated in building Stanford's “\u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">Start.Home\u003c/a>”, though roughly 20 have worked continuously on the project. None of the students had ever built a house before and many had never even hammered a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61559\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61559 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior-546x360.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\" width=\"382\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To fulfill the DOE requirements of a creating 1,000 square foot solar-powered home that is attractive, affordable and energy-efficient, Stanford decided to rethink how prefabricated homes are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most prefab homes come in a limited number of sizes and styles, Stanford’s team decided to create a house that could expand to meet a family's needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a unit that contains a majority of the house’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems in a “core,” the homeowner could build rooms around this central fixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 180 square foot core attaches to a kitchen counter and appliances, a bathroom and a laundry room, so all that’s needed, the students say, are additional living spaces—as many as the homeowner desires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With this design everything arrives on site ready to go,\" said graduate student and construction team leader Rob Best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You build rooms around the core and just as a family grows, the house can grow with you because you can always add on more rooms that connect to the core.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61471 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford's main innovative is a "core" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford's main innovative is a \"core\" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core has a pump that filters used water from the kitchen sink and shower (known as graywater), and sends it to a vegetable garden in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121220143405.htm\">special layer of paint\u003c/a> covering the core removes nitrogen oxides --major components of smog--from the air. Ouyang said it’s the equivalent of removing two cars from the road every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels cover the roof of the house so that the home is a net-zero energy building, which means it generates all its power from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the house even greener, the students salvaged wood from old homes in the Bay Area for the walls and floor, and put a living wall made out of plants in the bathroom to purify the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to encourage sustainable behavior, the students installed an iPad on the wall of the core that tells users about their water and energy consumption. It allows the homeowner to set goals and compare his or her energy use with neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people actually want to behave in a more sustainable way, the issue is just convenience,” said alum and design team leader Jason Bade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the invisible visible was a key part of the team’s strategy; the outlets on the walls glow red if they aren’t turned “off” and the team created a central switch that prevents energy from going to the sockets when appliances are not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people don’t realize that plugged-in appliances like toasters and blenders are still using energy even when they are just sitting on the counter,” Bade said. “We’re trying to make saving energy almost a no-brainer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students built the home on campus, then took it apart and moved it to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocgp.org/\">Orange County Great Park\u003c/a> for the competition, which was no easy feat. The handicap ramp leading to the entrance was too steep in some sections and the students had to rebuild it on-site in Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the contest coincides with the first week of classes. Ouyang said very few students traveled to Irvine, making re-assembly quite difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having enough manpower has been really tough,\" Ouyang said. \"We've been working from 7 a.m. to midnight for eight days straight, barely finishing the house in time for Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the competition, the Start.Home will be re-assembled on Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve and provide a new home for the resident ranger and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Ouyang. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 10/13/13\u003c/strong> – Stanford placed fifth overall. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Before I met \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/\">Claudio Gratton\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, my idea of a “bee” was a little striped insect that lives in a hive and makes honey, pollinating the flowers whose nectar it collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Gratton, the honeybee that I’m imagining is only one of a huge, diverse -- and largely unknown -- set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-buzz-on-native-bees/\">bee species\u003c/a> on the planet. Despite their ubiquity in North America, honeybees are a European import.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of other pollinators out there,” explains Gratton. The 500 or 600 wild bee species that live in Wisconsin are only a fraction of the 4,000 native to the United States. But because they tend to be solitary, aren’t easily managed, and don’t produce honey, they’ve mostly flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw some of these native bees neatly pinned in glass cases in Gratton’s lab. They range from big, fluffy bumblebees to tiny creatures barely larger than the head of the pin skewering them. Some are iridescent -- almost otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59185 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h-414x360.jpg\" alt=\"Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program. \" width=\"331\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/\">USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much more than just eye-catching novelties, native bees could be the key to avoiding an impending agricultural crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rely on honeybees to pollinate about three-quarters of the world’s food. Crops like almonds, apples, onions, and blueberries all need animals like insects and bats to ferry pollen from anther to stigma. Most commercial farmers rent honeybee hives each year to provide pollination services. But over the last decade the honeybee population has been devastated by an onslaught of agricultural chemicals, diseases, parasites, and climate-change-induced shifts in plant behavior. In combination, these forces cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/honeybee-decline.html\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, which has claimed a third of the nation’s honeybees every year for the last seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could wild, native bees step into the breach and offer the same agricultural support long provided by honeybees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using native pollinators as a substitute for honeybees is something we’re looking at,” Gratton says. After all, before European settlers arrived with their straw beehives in the 17th century, wild bees and other native pollinators turned America’s flowers into food. Based on Gratton’s studies of cranberry farms in Wisconsin (the country’s largest cranberry producer), they may be doing it again. Some cranberry farmers can get a good yield without bringing in any honeybees at all. A study in New Jersey found similar results for watermelons. In fact, some recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348685/description/Native_pollinators_boost_crop_yields_worldwide\">data\u003c/a> suggest that wild bees may be even more efficient pollinators than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can farmers encourage wild bees to pollinate crops? \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf\">Studies\u003c/a> suggest that strategies like planting small patches of other flowering plants among crops, avoiding pesticides and herbicides, and planning crop rotations to ensure blossoms throughout the season can all encourage native-pollinator activity. But perhaps most critical, says Gratton, is keeping agricultural landscapes diverse. Because wild bees depend on natural landscapes for habitat and food, interspersing fields with uncultivated areas like grasslands and forests can actually increase crop yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Gratton points out, “We often think of these areas as wastelands, as unproductive environments, when in fact they’re very productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if farmers are able to attract native bees, one of the key questions is whether or not these bees will be able to sidestep the challenges facing honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is “maybe.” In honeybee colonies, tens of thousands of bees pick up an array of pesticides and herbicides as the hives are trucked around the country chasing blooming crops. These chemicals get commingled and concentrated in the food fed to the queen bee and her young. This can create a toxic cocktail that wipes out generations of larvae. But most native bees tend to be loners. A single bee feeding only her own offspring might be able to avoid the disastrous effects of concentrating and combining agricultural chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these are new questions, and the answers won’t reveal themselves without much more data, which can be difficult for researchers to collect. Wild bees’ solitary habits make them especially challenging to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things I would love to do,” says Gratton, “is to have eyes everywhere in the landscape.” But even if you can find them, bee species are tricky to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/BFoW/Images/Introduction/Introduction.html\">tell apart\u003c/a> -- even for experts -- so Gratton is working with colleagues in the engineering department to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://idbee.ece.wisc.edu\">computer program\u003c/a> that can identify a bee’s species just by looking at the veins on its wings. He’s hoping that one day this technology will become a mobile app, so anyone anywhere could snap a cell phone picture and help entomologists like Gratton make sure that native pollinators keep on pollinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Gratton and his students troop into the landscape with low-tech equipment, trapping bees with insect nets, bowls of soapy water, and simulated nests made out of bamboo. They painstakingly catalog the insects they catch. And they hope that the data they collect will shed light on the promise that native pollinators can help build sustainable agricultural systems -- with or without honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Before I met \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/\">Claudio Gratton\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, my idea of a “bee” was a little striped insect that lives in a hive and makes honey, pollinating the flowers whose nectar it collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Gratton, the honeybee that I’m imagining is only one of a huge, diverse -- and largely unknown -- set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-buzz-on-native-bees/\">bee species\u003c/a> on the planet. Despite their ubiquity in North America, honeybees are a European import.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of other pollinators out there,” explains Gratton. The 500 or 600 wild bee species that live in Wisconsin are only a fraction of the 4,000 native to the United States. But because they tend to be solitary, aren’t easily managed, and don’t produce honey, they’ve mostly flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw some of these native bees neatly pinned in glass cases in Gratton’s lab. They range from big, fluffy bumblebees to tiny creatures barely larger than the head of the pin skewering them. Some are iridescent -- almost otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59185 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h-414x360.jpg\" alt=\"Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program. \" width=\"331\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/\">USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much more than just eye-catching novelties, native bees could be the key to avoiding an impending agricultural crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rely on honeybees to pollinate about three-quarters of the world’s food. Crops like almonds, apples, onions, and blueberries all need animals like insects and bats to ferry pollen from anther to stigma. Most commercial farmers rent honeybee hives each year to provide pollination services. But over the last decade the honeybee population has been devastated by an onslaught of agricultural chemicals, diseases, parasites, and climate-change-induced shifts in plant behavior. In combination, these forces cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/honeybee-decline.html\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, which has claimed a third of the nation’s honeybees every year for the last seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could wild, native bees step into the breach and offer the same agricultural support long provided by honeybees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using native pollinators as a substitute for honeybees is something we’re looking at,” Gratton says. After all, before European settlers arrived with their straw beehives in the 17th century, wild bees and other native pollinators turned America’s flowers into food. Based on Gratton’s studies of cranberry farms in Wisconsin (the country’s largest cranberry producer), they may be doing it again. Some cranberry farmers can get a good yield without bringing in any honeybees at all. A study in New Jersey found similar results for watermelons. In fact, some recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348685/description/Native_pollinators_boost_crop_yields_worldwide\">data\u003c/a> suggest that wild bees may be even more efficient pollinators than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can farmers encourage wild bees to pollinate crops? \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf\">Studies\u003c/a> suggest that strategies like planting small patches of other flowering plants among crops, avoiding pesticides and herbicides, and planning crop rotations to ensure blossoms throughout the season can all encourage native-pollinator activity. But perhaps most critical, says Gratton, is keeping agricultural landscapes diverse. Because wild bees depend on natural landscapes for habitat and food, interspersing fields with uncultivated areas like grasslands and forests can actually increase crop yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Gratton points out, “We often think of these areas as wastelands, as unproductive environments, when in fact they’re very productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if farmers are able to attract native bees, one of the key questions is whether or not these bees will be able to sidestep the challenges facing honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is “maybe.” In honeybee colonies, tens of thousands of bees pick up an array of pesticides and herbicides as the hives are trucked around the country chasing blooming crops. These chemicals get commingled and concentrated in the food fed to the queen bee and her young. This can create a toxic cocktail that wipes out generations of larvae. But most native bees tend to be loners. A single bee feeding only her own offspring might be able to avoid the disastrous effects of concentrating and combining agricultural chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these are new questions, and the answers won’t reveal themselves without much more data, which can be difficult for researchers to collect. Wild bees’ solitary habits make them especially challenging to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things I would love to do,” says Gratton, “is to have eyes everywhere in the landscape.” But even if you can find them, bee species are tricky to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/BFoW/Images/Introduction/Introduction.html\">tell apart\u003c/a> -- even for experts -- so Gratton is working with colleagues in the engineering department to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://idbee.ece.wisc.edu\">computer program\u003c/a> that can identify a bee’s species just by looking at the veins on its wings. He’s hoping that one day this technology will become a mobile app, so anyone anywhere could snap a cell phone picture and help entomologists like Gratton make sure that native pollinators keep on pollinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Gratton and his students troop into the landscape with low-tech equipment, trapping bees with insect nets, bowls of soapy water, and simulated nests made out of bamboo. They painstakingly catalog the insects they catch. And they hope that the data they collect will shed light on the promise that native pollinators can help build sustainable agricultural systems -- with or without honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Penguin Sentinels",
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"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science- Web series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In this short video, we travel with conservation biologist Dee Boersma to the Galapagos Islands where she works to support a population of temperate penguins that are being impacted by climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this half-hour special, QUEST Northern California explores genetically engineered crops in the wake of Proposition 37, the 2012 ballot initiative that would have required foods containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled in California. Prop 37 lost, but some 6 million Californians voted in favor of labeling, signaling that many aren't completely comfortable with genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Meal: Engineering Food\u003c/strong> explores how genetically engineered crops are made, their pros and cons, and what the future holds for research and regulations such as labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ever wondered what genetically engineered crops and other foods are in the pipeline?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Click through the map below and find out what's in your next meal... or in the forest on your next camping trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bigger version of this map, click on the link below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360]\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&source=embed\">Genetically Engineered Foods in the Pipeline\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Conventional plant breeding vs. genetic engineering – 5 differences:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. When did we start using each technique?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plant breeding is some 10,000 years old – as old as agriculture itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ancestors of tomatoes were the size of my thumb and they tasted very bad,” said \u003ca title=\"Eduardo Blumwald's lab at UC Davis\" href=\"http://blumwald.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Eduardo Blumwald\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Davis. “And breeding gave us what we have right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato paste made from genetically engineered tomatoes in the mid-1990s.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the mid-1990s, tomatoes genetically engineered in California were made into a tomato paste that sold well in England. But the tomatoes were short-lived. Photo: Alan McHughen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered food to be commercialized, the Flavr Savr tomato, was sold by Calgene, a Davis company, starting in 1994. The tomato was engineered to stay firm on the vine for longer, but it was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, the Missouri-based seed company, started selling genetically engineered soybeans and cotton in 1996. The soybeans tolerate the herbicide Roundup, so that farmers can spray it on weeds without hurting their crop in the process. The cotton keeps away pests like the bollworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>2. How do these two techniques work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical plant breeding involves taking the female eggs from one plant and bringing them together with the male parts of another plant,” said \u003ca title=\"Peggy Lemaux, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://pmb.berkeley.edu/profile/plemaux\" target=\"_blank\">Peggy Lemaux\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “And then all that genetic information gets mixed up. Half of the information in the progeny – or children – of that cross comes from the mother and half comes from the father. And it just all gets mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the plant, breeders use different strategies to cross them. Corn breeders, for example, gather pollen from female plants and shake it onto male plants. \u003ca title=\"Cucumber breeding\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5a-coN2Xgg&list=UUqyLv50NSDw9MHhtZ3OBrBw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Plants such as cucumbers\u003c/a> usually contain both female and male flowers on each plant. Breeders remove the male part from one flower and attach it to a female flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun-300x169.jpg\" alt='\"Gene gun\" at the University of California-Berkeley' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant biologist Peggy Lemaux, at the University of California-Berkeley, uses a \"gene gun\" to genetically engineer crops like corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast with breeding, genetic engineering involves only one or a few genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With genetic engineering, it’s just moving very small parts of the genetic information. You might take it out of one plant and move it into another plant,” said Lemaux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetic engineering, genes can be transported into a plant by a type of soil bacterium. Or they can be injected into a plant using a tool called a gene gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>3. What can you do with each one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classical plant breeding allows scientists to do things like breed disease resistance or a higher-protein content into crops like wheat, said \u003ca title=\"UC Davis Wheat Breeding Program\" href=\"http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/dubcovsky/Breeding/WheatBreedingUCD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Jorge Dubcovsky\u003c/a>, leader of the wheat breeding program at the University of California at Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they’re breeding, scientists have to cross plants that are closely related to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical breeding is done between closely related plants, so you might take a wild variety of rice, for example, and you could cross that with modern cultivated rice,” said Peggy Lemaux. “However, maybe there are traits that you want, that you can’t find in a wild variety of rice. Maybe you want to introduce some vitamin or mineral, and you can’t find a wild rice species that would give you that particular trait. So what you have to do is you have to go and find some other organism that does make, let’s say, vitamin A, and you can pull that information out from that plant and put it in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, genetic engineering would be required. Engineering would also be required to tweak a gene in such a way that it produces more or less of a desired trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Is conventional plant breeding low-tech, while genetic engineering is high-tech?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic engineering can be more expensive than conventional plant breeding, and is usually faster. But this doesn’t mean that breeding is as low-tech as you might think. In the past 15 years or so, plant breeders have been able to speed up the crossing process by using \u003ca title=\"Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat \" href=\"http://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/Education/animations/anim_mas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetic markers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The markers allow me to see the genes that I have bred into a plant,” said Jorge Dubcovsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genes that scientists set out to breed into plants are difficult to see and expensive to find within the plant. A genetic marker is a piece of DNA that is easy to see and inexpensive to find within a plant. So scientists identify the markers that are on either side of the gene they’re trying to breed into a plant. This way, when they have crossed their plants to contain that gene, they can easily and inexpensively find out which plants contain their gene of interest by looking for the markers, rather than for the gene. Markers are like tiny flags on either side of the gene that make it visible to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>5. Do scientists do either one \u003cem>or \u003c/em>the other?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, some researchers specialize in plant breeding and others in genetic engineering. But both types of scientists work closely to improve crops, said Eduardo Blumwald, who is genetically engineering rice to be drought-tolerant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are placing new genes in those varieties which plant breeders have bred,” said Blumwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this half-hour special, QUEST Northern California explores genetically engineered crops in the wake of Proposition 37, the 2012 ballot initiative that would have required foods containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled in California. Prop 37 lost, but some 6 million Californians voted in favor of labeling, signaling that many aren't completely comfortable with genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Meal: Engineering Food\u003c/strong> explores how genetically engineered crops are made, their pros and cons, and what the future holds for research and regulations such as labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ever wondered what genetically engineered crops and other foods are in the pipeline?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Click through the map below and find out what's in your next meal... or in the forest on your next camping trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bigger version of this map, click on the link below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360'\n title='https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360'\n width='640'\n height='360'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&source=embed\">Genetically Engineered Foods in the Pipeline\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Conventional plant breeding vs. genetic engineering – 5 differences:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. When did we start using each technique?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plant breeding is some 10,000 years old – as old as agriculture itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ancestors of tomatoes were the size of my thumb and they tasted very bad,” said \u003ca title=\"Eduardo Blumwald's lab at UC Davis\" href=\"http://blumwald.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Eduardo Blumwald\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Davis. “And breeding gave us what we have right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato paste made from genetically engineered tomatoes in the mid-1990s.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the mid-1990s, tomatoes genetically engineered in California were made into a tomato paste that sold well in England. But the tomatoes were short-lived. Photo: Alan McHughen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered food to be commercialized, the Flavr Savr tomato, was sold by Calgene, a Davis company, starting in 1994. The tomato was engineered to stay firm on the vine for longer, but it was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, the Missouri-based seed company, started selling genetically engineered soybeans and cotton in 1996. The soybeans tolerate the herbicide Roundup, so that farmers can spray it on weeds without hurting their crop in the process. The cotton keeps away pests like the bollworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>2. How do these two techniques work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical plant breeding involves taking the female eggs from one plant and bringing them together with the male parts of another plant,” said \u003ca title=\"Peggy Lemaux, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://pmb.berkeley.edu/profile/plemaux\" target=\"_blank\">Peggy Lemaux\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “And then all that genetic information gets mixed up. Half of the information in the progeny – or children – of that cross comes from the mother and half comes from the father. And it just all gets mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the plant, breeders use different strategies to cross them. Corn breeders, for example, gather pollen from female plants and shake it onto male plants. \u003ca title=\"Cucumber breeding\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5a-coN2Xgg&list=UUqyLv50NSDw9MHhtZ3OBrBw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Plants such as cucumbers\u003c/a> usually contain both female and male flowers on each plant. Breeders remove the male part from one flower and attach it to a female flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun-300x169.jpg\" alt='\"Gene gun\" at the University of California-Berkeley' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant biologist Peggy Lemaux, at the University of California-Berkeley, uses a \"gene gun\" to genetically engineer crops like corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast with breeding, genetic engineering involves only one or a few genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With genetic engineering, it’s just moving very small parts of the genetic information. You might take it out of one plant and move it into another plant,” said Lemaux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetic engineering, genes can be transported into a plant by a type of soil bacterium. Or they can be injected into a plant using a tool called a gene gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>3. What can you do with each one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classical plant breeding allows scientists to do things like breed disease resistance or a higher-protein content into crops like wheat, said \u003ca title=\"UC Davis Wheat Breeding Program\" href=\"http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/dubcovsky/Breeding/WheatBreedingUCD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Jorge Dubcovsky\u003c/a>, leader of the wheat breeding program at the University of California at Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they’re breeding, scientists have to cross plants that are closely related to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical breeding is done between closely related plants, so you might take a wild variety of rice, for example, and you could cross that with modern cultivated rice,” said Peggy Lemaux. “However, maybe there are traits that you want, that you can’t find in a wild variety of rice. Maybe you want to introduce some vitamin or mineral, and you can’t find a wild rice species that would give you that particular trait. So what you have to do is you have to go and find some other organism that does make, let’s say, vitamin A, and you can pull that information out from that plant and put it in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, genetic engineering would be required. Engineering would also be required to tweak a gene in such a way that it produces more or less of a desired trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Is conventional plant breeding low-tech, while genetic engineering is high-tech?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic engineering can be more expensive than conventional plant breeding, and is usually faster. But this doesn’t mean that breeding is as low-tech as you might think. In the past 15 years or so, plant breeders have been able to speed up the crossing process by using \u003ca title=\"Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat \" href=\"http://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/Education/animations/anim_mas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetic markers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The markers allow me to see the genes that I have bred into a plant,” said Jorge Dubcovsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genes that scientists set out to breed into plants are difficult to see and expensive to find within the plant. A genetic marker is a piece of DNA that is easy to see and inexpensive to find within a plant. So scientists identify the markers that are on either side of the gene they’re trying to breed into a plant. This way, when they have crossed their plants to contain that gene, they can easily and inexpensively find out which plants contain their gene of interest by looking for the markers, rather than for the gene. Markers are like tiny flags on either side of the gene that make it visible to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>5. Do scientists do either one \u003cem>or \u003c/em>the other?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, some researchers specialize in plant breeding and others in genetic engineering. But both types of scientists work closely to improve crops, said Eduardo Blumwald, who is genetically engineering rice to be drought-tolerant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are placing new genes in those varieties which plant breeders have bred,” said Blumwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: The Glowing Millipedes of Alcatraz",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/brco-colony-001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/brco-colony-001-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Brandt's cormorants\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-50533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandt's cormorants. Image courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">National Park Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last March, one of our QUEST contributors, Thibault Worth, wrote \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/14/millipede-mystery-a-new-fluorescent-subspecies-on-alcatraz/\">a piece about the fluorescent millipedes\u003c/a> that were unexpectedly discovered on Alcatraz during a survey of the rat population on the island. As we were eager to learn more about these fascinating arthropods, I and my several of my KQED Science colleagues headed to Alcatraz with forensic entomologist Dr. Robert Kimsey, the National Park Service's Integrated Pest Manager Bruce Badzik and the \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/a/ucdavis.edu/entclubug/home\">UC Davis Entomology Club\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was my first visit to Alcatraz, and my general impression of the island was as Badzik described it to me during our interview: “Most people are fascinated with the history of the federal penitentiary on Alcatraz because of the well-known criminals such as Al Capone, “Creepy” Karpis, the “Birdman of Alcatraz” and Machine Gun Kelly. There were also a lot of movies made about Alcatraz: \u003cem>Murder In The First\u003c/em>, \u003cem>The Rock\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Escape From Alcatraz\u003c/em> with Clint Eastwood. So people love to come out to see where those films were filmed and see what they can see of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t realize it also has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/seabirds.htm\" target=\"_blank\">thriving water bird population\u003c/a> and serves as a sanctuary to a diverse number of species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks who may not be interested in the prison love to come out here and see the large quantities of birds that we have that inhabit the island, such as the pelicans, the Brandt’s cormorants, the black-crowned night herons, the snowy white egret, mallards and a whole host of other sea birds that call this place home,” says Badzik.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50326\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz11-e1362701046404.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz11.jpg\" alt=\"Senior Interactive Producer Craig Rosa and Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy served as camera and sound on the millipedes shoot.\" width=\"225\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50326\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Senior Interactive Producer Craig Rosa and Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy served as camera and sound on the millipedes shoot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the name of the island is derived from the Spanish word, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.bop.gov/about/history/alcatraz.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">alcatraces\u003c/a>\", another indicator of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">avian history\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other people talk about it meaning strange white bird, but Alcatraz basically means pelican,” says Badzik. “This island, before it became a federal institution, was just covered with pelicans. Folks talked about how this was just covered in guano. Some folks actually called this 'White Island', just because of all the guano out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kimsey adds, “When the National Park Service got the island assigned to them, water bird rookeries began to develop and so now for a large part of the year, a large fraction of the island is closed because these rookeries are protected by federal law. And so the ecology of the island [over time] has changed rather considerably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I didn't have time to get a tour of Alcatraz while we were there, so I'll have to go back to check out the penitentiary. But it was a real privilege to be able to gain access to the more restricted portions of the island. We filmed our interviews in one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alcatrazgardens.org/visit.php\">private gardens\u003c/a> created by its previous military residents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we shot most of our footage at night, filming in the darkness posed some technical challenges for the crew and evolved into a \"hunting-the-hunter-with-lights\" scenario. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50331\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg\" alt=\"Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy films Alex Nguyen looking for milipedes on Alcatraz. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy films Alex Nguyen looking for milipedes on Alcatraz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alex Nguyen, the UC Davis undergraduate student who originally found the millipedes last winter, would shine his UV flashlight on the ground in search of millipedes and we'd closely track him with a high-powered portable LED light. When he finally found his first millipede, we were just as enthralled as he was when it glowed a brilliant turquoise blue under the UV light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg\" alt=\"millipede on alcatraz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50332\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn a few more basic facts about millipedes? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://popcorn.webmaker.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Popcorn Maker\u003c/a>-enhanced web extra featuring Dr. Kimsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://popcorn.webmadecontent.org/nbp_]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "More than a million visitors visit Alcatraz every year, but a recent discovery has revealed another attraction that lives within the shadows of this historic prison. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/brco-colony-001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/brco-colony-001-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Brandt's cormorants\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-50533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandt's cormorants. Image courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">National Park Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last March, one of our QUEST contributors, Thibault Worth, wrote \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/14/millipede-mystery-a-new-fluorescent-subspecies-on-alcatraz/\">a piece about the fluorescent millipedes\u003c/a> that were unexpectedly discovered on Alcatraz during a survey of the rat population on the island. As we were eager to learn more about these fascinating arthropods, I and my several of my KQED Science colleagues headed to Alcatraz with forensic entomologist Dr. Robert Kimsey, the National Park Service's Integrated Pest Manager Bruce Badzik and the \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/a/ucdavis.edu/entclubug/home\">UC Davis Entomology Club\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was my first visit to Alcatraz, and my general impression of the island was as Badzik described it to me during our interview: “Most people are fascinated with the history of the federal penitentiary on Alcatraz because of the well-known criminals such as Al Capone, “Creepy” Karpis, the “Birdman of Alcatraz” and Machine Gun Kelly. There were also a lot of movies made about Alcatraz: \u003cem>Murder In The First\u003c/em>, \u003cem>The Rock\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Escape From Alcatraz\u003c/em> with Clint Eastwood. So people love to come out to see where those films were filmed and see what they can see of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t realize it also has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/seabirds.htm\" target=\"_blank\">thriving water bird population\u003c/a> and serves as a sanctuary to a diverse number of species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks who may not be interested in the prison love to come out here and see the large quantities of birds that we have that inhabit the island, such as the pelicans, the Brandt’s cormorants, the black-crowned night herons, the snowy white egret, mallards and a whole host of other sea birds that call this place home,” says Badzik.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50326\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz11-e1362701046404.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz11.jpg\" alt=\"Senior Interactive Producer Craig Rosa and Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy served as camera and sound on the millipedes shoot.\" width=\"225\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50326\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Senior Interactive Producer Craig Rosa and Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy served as camera and sound on the millipedes shoot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the name of the island is derived from the Spanish word, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.bop.gov/about/history/alcatraz.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">alcatraces\u003c/a>\", another indicator of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/alca/naturescience/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">avian history\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other people talk about it meaning strange white bird, but Alcatraz basically means pelican,” says Badzik. “This island, before it became a federal institution, was just covered with pelicans. Folks talked about how this was just covered in guano. Some folks actually called this 'White Island', just because of all the guano out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kimsey adds, “When the National Park Service got the island assigned to them, water bird rookeries began to develop and so now for a large part of the year, a large fraction of the island is closed because these rookeries are protected by federal law. And so the ecology of the island [over time] has changed rather considerably.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I didn't have time to get a tour of Alcatraz while we were there, so I'll have to go back to check out the penitentiary. But it was a real privilege to be able to gain access to the more restricted portions of the island. We filmed our interviews in one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alcatrazgardens.org/visit.php\">private gardens\u003c/a> created by its previous military residents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we shot most of our footage at night, filming in the darkness posed some technical challenges for the crew and evolved into a \"hunting-the-hunter-with-lights\" scenario. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50331\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg\" alt=\"Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy films Alex Nguyen looking for milipedes on Alcatraz. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz16-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multimedia Producer Joshua Cassidy films Alex Nguyen looking for milipedes on Alcatraz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alex Nguyen, the UC Davis undergraduate student who originally found the millipedes last winter, would shine his UV flashlight on the ground in search of millipedes and we'd closely track him with a high-powered portable LED light. When he finally found his first millipede, we were just as enthralled as he was when it glowed a brilliant turquoise blue under the UV light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg\" alt=\"millipede on alcatraz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50332\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/alcatraz17-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn a few more basic facts about millipedes? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://popcorn.webmaker.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Popcorn Maker\u003c/a>-enhanced web extra featuring Dr. Kimsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea",
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"content": "\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Top KQED Science & QUEST Stories from 2012",
"headTitle": "Top KQED Science & QUEST Stories from 2012 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to killer whales, bicycles to cheese — it’s been another year of diverse storytelling from the KQED Science and Environment team. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 stories shared on our website (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed in 2012. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" title=\"suigetsutop\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The most popular story featured on our website was written by our geology blogger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Alden\u003c/a>; it describes a core of sediment from a Japanese lake that’s a Rosetta Stone for ice-age climate research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/20/why-killer-whales-don%E2%80%99t-eat-people-where-science-and-legend-meet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Killer Whales Don’t Eat People: Where Science and Legend Meet\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDontEatPeopleBlog.jpg\" title=\"killerwhale\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\"> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s clear that in the wild, orcas seem to have a pretty universal rule: don’t attack humans. The reason would appear to be both biological and cultural. Read more from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/ethanmorris/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethan Morris\u003c/a> of KCTS, our partner station in Seattle.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_mosquito.jpg\" title=\"mosquitoes\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this perennially popular blog post, The Oakland Zoo’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-gotliffe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Gotliffe\u003c/a> shares some interesting facts and fables about why mosquitoes buzz in our ears — especially when we’re trying to sleep at night.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s Deadlocked Delta: Interactive Map\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Deltamap2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-37979\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science radio reporter \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/laurensommer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a> created a rich, multimedia series that chronicles the history and issues surrounding the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/DeltaHEStudy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute – Aquatic Science Center\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West, Stanford University\u003c/a>, their interactive maps take an in-depth look at the region that’s the heart of California’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%E2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/\">In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/genie2.jpg\" title=\"eugeniescott\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liza Gross\u003c/a> generated a lot of discussion with her interview with Eugenie Scott, the longtime director of Oakland’s National Center for Science Education. Scott shared her thoughts on the challenges of communicating science in a climate of denial.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/16/rumors-and-truth-in-lake-tahoe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rumors and Truth in Lake Tahoe\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" title=\"laketahoe\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This past summer, scuba divers in Lake Tahoe found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well-preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes writer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a> uneasy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-of-riding-a-bicycle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science of Riding a Bicycle\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Their basic design hasn’t changed much, but scientists still don’t fully understand the forces that allow humans to balance atop a bicycle. QUEST producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gabriela-quiros/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gabriela Quirós\u003c/a> visited Davis – a city that loves its bicycles – to take a look at a research bike and explore a collection of antique bicycles. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/space-shuttle-endeavour-makes-a-bay-area-victory-lap/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Space Shuttle Endeavour Makes a Bay Area Victory Lap\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/92krJJyEPGM\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Endeavour flyover made a striking appearance in the Bay Area in late September. Piggybacked to a 747, the shuttle flew at a low altitude of 1500 feet over several local cities. KQED Science radio reporter \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amystanden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Standen\u003c/a> covered the flight and Interactive Producer Jenny Oh created a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Storify presentation\u003c/a> that collected residents’ reactions from all over the Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/21/open-source-science-on-the-internet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Source Science on the Internet\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/DnWocYKqvhw\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about the Open Science movement and how science discoveries can spread across the Web in this post by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/laura-khalil/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Khalil\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to killer whales, bicycles to cheese -- it's been another year of diverse storytelling from the KQED Science and Environment team. Here's a round-up of the top 10 stories shared on our website (based on page views) that you've enjoyed in 2012.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to killer whales, bicycles to cheese — it’s been another year of diverse storytelling from the KQED Science and Environment team. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 stories shared on our website (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed in 2012. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" title=\"suigetsutop\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The most popular story featured on our website was written by our geology blogger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Alden\u003c/a>; it describes a core of sediment from a Japanese lake that’s a Rosetta Stone for ice-age climate research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/20/why-killer-whales-don%E2%80%99t-eat-people-where-science-and-legend-meet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Killer Whales Don’t Eat People: Where Science and Legend Meet\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDontEatPeopleBlog.jpg\" title=\"killerwhale\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\"> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s clear that in the wild, orcas seem to have a pretty universal rule: don’t attack humans. The reason would appear to be both biological and cultural. Read more from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/ethanmorris/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethan Morris\u003c/a> of KCTS, our partner station in Seattle.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_mosquito.jpg\" title=\"mosquitoes\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this perennially popular blog post, The Oakland Zoo’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-gotliffe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Gotliffe\u003c/a> shares some interesting facts and fables about why mosquitoes buzz in our ears — especially when we’re trying to sleep at night.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s Deadlocked Delta: Interactive Map\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Deltamap2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-37979\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science radio reporter \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/laurensommer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a> created a rich, multimedia series that chronicles the history and issues surrounding the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/DeltaHEStudy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute – Aquatic Science Center\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West, Stanford University\u003c/a>, their interactive maps take an in-depth look at the region that’s the heart of California’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%E2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/\">In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/genie2.jpg\" title=\"eugeniescott\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liza Gross\u003c/a> generated a lot of discussion with her interview with Eugenie Scott, the longtime director of Oakland’s National Center for Science Education. Scott shared her thoughts on the challenges of communicating science in a climate of denial.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/16/rumors-and-truth-in-lake-tahoe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rumors and Truth in Lake Tahoe\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" title=\"laketahoe\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This past summer, scuba divers in Lake Tahoe found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well-preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes writer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a> uneasy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-of-riding-a-bicycle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science of Riding a Bicycle\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Their basic design hasn’t changed much, but scientists still don’t fully understand the forces that allow humans to balance atop a bicycle. QUEST producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gabriela-quiros/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gabriela Quirós\u003c/a> visited Davis – a city that loves its bicycles – to take a look at a research bike and explore a collection of antique bicycles. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/space-shuttle-endeavour-makes-a-bay-area-victory-lap/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Space Shuttle Endeavour Makes a Bay Area Victory Lap\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/92krJJyEPGM\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Endeavour flyover made a striking appearance in the Bay Area in late September. Piggybacked to a 747, the shuttle flew at a low altitude of 1500 feet over several local cities. KQED Science radio reporter \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amystanden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Standen\u003c/a> covered the flight and Interactive Producer Jenny Oh created a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Storify presentation\u003c/a> that collected residents’ reactions from all over the Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/21/open-source-science-on-the-internet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Source Science on the Internet\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/DnWocYKqvhw\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about the Open Science movement and how science discoveries can spread across the Web in this post by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/laura-khalil/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Khalil\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California",
"headTitle": "Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Human beings have always been fascinated with caves. These clandestine spaces carved by mysterious forces elicit our natural curiosity, while at the same time the foreboding depth of their darkness creates a very visceral apprehension. Coupled with the baseline fear of earthquakes that many of us in California share, caves are often regarded with suspicion. Ironically, it is the cave that typically has more to fear from encounters with humans, and for that reason White Moon Cave and the CEMEX Redwoods Property are protected, and off limits to the public. We at KQED were fortunate enough to get a rare invitation to explore this natural wonder, and capture it on video for the very first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47297\" title=\"BruceCloseFilmCrew-11\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/BruceCloseFilmCrew-11-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The KQED Science team was allowed special acceess to be the first to film in White Moon Cave.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/\" title=\"POST\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sempervirens.org/\">The Sempervirens Fund\u003c/a> joined forces in 2011 to purchase the CEMEX Property near Davenport, CA they had no idea that White Moon Cave even existed. Their intent was to purchase the large tract of land from the Mexican cement company, as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/\">Living Landscapes Initiative\u003c/a>, in order to conserve the coast redwood groves that blanket the mountainous terrain. It was only after the purchase that they received a call from members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westerncaves.org/\">Western Cave Conservancy\u003c/a> revealing the cave’s existence, and the need to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I twisted through the narrow entrance to the cave, I felt as if I were moving between two realms of existence. The cave air is cool, laden with moisture; the air inside exudes an earthy perfume, both familiar and strange but pleasant; the enveloping sense of stillness grows into something profound; time seems to move slower, insulated from the light and sound of daily life. One of the most powerful ways to experience this exquisite isolation is to find a corner, sit down, and turn off all of the lights. It takes a few minutes, but soon the darkness and quiet wash over you. Deprived, the senses become magnified. Even the sound of a single drop of water falling onto the sandy cave floor resolves in crisp detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47322\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\" title=\"6th Choice_Gordon Opening Cave\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving through the cave could be very challenging. The cave floor varied from slippery wet rock to fine dry silt that clung to every piece of clothing. The unforgiving marble walls seemed to reach out to bite at my shoulders and knees, and the ceiling seemed to creep just below where I expected I to be, making my helmet more than a mere precaution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Soution_Caves.htm\">Solution caves\u003c/a> like this one are created when rainwater is absorbed by the soil. Microbes in the soil produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and as the water percolates through the soil it becomes acidified, creating a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). This slightly acidic water makes its way down to the limestone where the carbonic acid slowly dissolves the calcium carbonate in the marble. The dissolved limestone is said to be “in solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take thousands to millions of years. But sadly, malicious or absent-minded humans can reverse it much more quickly. Some cave visitors don’t see the harm in taking ancient cave decorations as personal souvenirs. But when this minor theft is multiplied by hundreds of other visitors, the cave is quickly robbed of its ancient beauty. Others selfishly spray paint or etch their names into the cave walls. “After several thousand people come through, then you see a cave that is really a hulk of its former beauty,” said our guide Bruce Rogers of the Western Cave Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar caves in the Santa Cruz area have been victims of vandalism and overuse. But for those interested in responsible caving, I encourage you to look into The Western Cave Conservancy, a collective of citizens who have surrendered themselves to the draw of the caves, but do so with the appropriate level of scientific inquiry, safety and respect. Interested parties should attend a local ‘grotto’ meeting as they are an excellent resource for those who share their fascination with the subterranean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The rural foothills along the Santa Cruz County Coast hold an ancient secret. Deep below the redwoods, White Moon Cave extends for nearly a mile -- making it one of the longest caves in California. But few people have ever been in it. Join the KQED Science team as we squeeze through the narrow clandestine entrance, and meet the uncanny cave inhabitants to bring new light to this hidden realm.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Human beings have always been fascinated with caves. These clandestine spaces carved by mysterious forces elicit our natural curiosity, while at the same time the foreboding depth of their darkness creates a very visceral apprehension. Coupled with the baseline fear of earthquakes that many of us in California share, caves are often regarded with suspicion. Ironically, it is the cave that typically has more to fear from encounters with humans, and for that reason White Moon Cave and the CEMEX Redwoods Property are protected, and off limits to the public. We at KQED were fortunate enough to get a rare invitation to explore this natural wonder, and capture it on video for the very first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47297\" title=\"BruceCloseFilmCrew-11\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/BruceCloseFilmCrew-11-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The KQED Science team was allowed special acceess to be the first to film in White Moon Cave.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/\" title=\"POST\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sempervirens.org/\">The Sempervirens Fund\u003c/a> joined forces in 2011 to purchase the CEMEX Property near Davenport, CA they had no idea that White Moon Cave even existed. Their intent was to purchase the large tract of land from the Mexican cement company, as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/\">Living Landscapes Initiative\u003c/a>, in order to conserve the coast redwood groves that blanket the mountainous terrain. It was only after the purchase that they received a call from members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westerncaves.org/\">Western Cave Conservancy\u003c/a> revealing the cave’s existence, and the need to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I twisted through the narrow entrance to the cave, I felt as if I were moving between two realms of existence. The cave air is cool, laden with moisture; the air inside exudes an earthy perfume, both familiar and strange but pleasant; the enveloping sense of stillness grows into something profound; time seems to move slower, insulated from the light and sound of daily life. One of the most powerful ways to experience this exquisite isolation is to find a corner, sit down, and turn off all of the lights. It takes a few minutes, but soon the darkness and quiet wash over you. Deprived, the senses become magnified. Even the sound of a single drop of water falling onto the sandy cave floor resolves in crisp detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47322\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\" title=\"6th Choice_Gordon Opening Cave\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving through the cave could be very challenging. The cave floor varied from slippery wet rock to fine dry silt that clung to every piece of clothing. The unforgiving marble walls seemed to reach out to bite at my shoulders and knees, and the ceiling seemed to creep just below where I expected I to be, making my helmet more than a mere precaution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Soution_Caves.htm\">Solution caves\u003c/a> like this one are created when rainwater is absorbed by the soil. Microbes in the soil produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and as the water percolates through the soil it becomes acidified, creating a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). This slightly acidic water makes its way down to the limestone where the carbonic acid slowly dissolves the calcium carbonate in the marble. The dissolved limestone is said to be “in solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take thousands to millions of years. But sadly, malicious or absent-minded humans can reverse it much more quickly. Some cave visitors don’t see the harm in taking ancient cave decorations as personal souvenirs. But when this minor theft is multiplied by hundreds of other visitors, the cave is quickly robbed of its ancient beauty. Others selfishly spray paint or etch their names into the cave walls. “After several thousand people come through, then you see a cave that is really a hulk of its former beauty,” said our guide Bruce Rogers of the Western Cave Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar caves in the Santa Cruz area have been victims of vandalism and overuse. But for those interested in responsible caving, I encourage you to look into The Western Cave Conservancy, a collective of citizens who have surrendered themselves to the draw of the caves, but do so with the appropriate level of scientific inquiry, safety and respect. Interested parties should attend a local ‘grotto’ meeting as they are an excellent resource for those who share their fascination with the subterranean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Palumbi Lab at Stanford University\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>, Director of Stanford University's \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/index.html\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, is one of the world's leading authorities on tropical corals and the pressures they face from climate change - namely, warmer and more acidic oceans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Palumbi frame_1_360\" width=\"360\" height=\"203\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephen Palumbi, Director of Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. Image courtesy Josiah Hooper.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Professor Palumbi has been traveling for years to Ofu, a tiny island in American Samoa, to study how some species of corals are capable of adapting to waters within this patch of the South Pacific, which would otherwise be too warm for them to survive. \"So either the corals hadn’t read the scientific literature and didn't know they should be dead, or they were doing something different than anybody else knew about,\" he said. \"Our work there really was built around the idea of trying to find out from the corals how it was they were living in places that were too hot for them,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research team's inquiry into the resilient adaptation of these \"super corals\" is more than just academic. As he explained to me, most of the oxygen we breathe come from tiny algae that live in the ocean and that a quarter of all marine species depend on corals for their survival. So the decline of the world's corals portends bad news for the marine ecosystem, from tiny crustaceans to the psychedelic, vividly-hued parrotfishes which eat algae and seaweed among vast reefs of table corals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42435\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny piece from a tropical coral sample taken by marine biologist Stephen Palumbi during his research in the island of Ofu in America Samoa.Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palumbi's path to and passion for marine biology began at a young age. He grew up in Baltimore and the proximity to the water, as well as the support of his parents, one of whom was a schoolteacher, sparked his lifelong interest in science. \"We'd go down the docks to see the big marlin competitions come back and we’d see those fish, and we’d go to the beach for vacations,\" he said, adding, \"The ocean is full of mysteries...And what I love is uncovering those mysteries and figuring them out and explaining them and revealing them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most scientists, Palumbi is attracted to the process of discovery which lies at the heart of nearly every scientific discipline. These discoveries are often the culmination of dedication, diligence and the perseverance to slog through long days and the painstaking, even tedious, analysis of massive amounts of data. But as Palumbi told me, \"everyone is a scientist...everybody has to get data in their life.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, in an increasingly complex world awash with information bombarding us from a dizzying array of technological gadgets, the scientific method provides a steady compass to make sense of this torrent of data and stimuli every day and arrive at decisions, from the profound to the mundane. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Palumbi Lab at Stanford University\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>, Director of Stanford University's \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/index.html\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, is one of the world's leading authorities on tropical corals and the pressures they face from climate change - namely, warmer and more acidic oceans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Palumbi frame_1_360\" width=\"360\" height=\"203\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephen Palumbi, Director of Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. Image courtesy Josiah Hooper.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Professor Palumbi has been traveling for years to Ofu, a tiny island in American Samoa, to study how some species of corals are capable of adapting to waters within this patch of the South Pacific, which would otherwise be too warm for them to survive. \"So either the corals hadn’t read the scientific literature and didn't know they should be dead, or they were doing something different than anybody else knew about,\" he said. \"Our work there really was built around the idea of trying to find out from the corals how it was they were living in places that were too hot for them,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research team's inquiry into the resilient adaptation of these \"super corals\" is more than just academic. As he explained to me, most of the oxygen we breathe come from tiny algae that live in the ocean and that a quarter of all marine species depend on corals for their survival. So the decline of the world's corals portends bad news for the marine ecosystem, from tiny crustaceans to the psychedelic, vividly-hued parrotfishes which eat algae and seaweed among vast reefs of table corals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42435\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny piece from a tropical coral sample taken by marine biologist Stephen Palumbi during his research in the island of Ofu in America Samoa.Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palumbi's path to and passion for marine biology began at a young age. He grew up in Baltimore and the proximity to the water, as well as the support of his parents, one of whom was a schoolteacher, sparked his lifelong interest in science. \"We'd go down the docks to see the big marlin competitions come back and we’d see those fish, and we’d go to the beach for vacations,\" he said, adding, \"The ocean is full of mysteries...And what I love is uncovering those mysteries and figuring them out and explaining them and revealing them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most scientists, Palumbi is attracted to the process of discovery which lies at the heart of nearly every scientific discipline. These discoveries are often the culmination of dedication, diligence and the perseverance to slog through long days and the painstaking, even tedious, analysis of massive amounts of data. But as Palumbi told me, \"everyone is a scientist...everybody has to get data in their life.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "SF Scientist Wins Nobel for Stem Cell Breakthrough",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinya Yamanaka, a stem cell researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, which is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, has won this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with English researcher John B. Gurdon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who is also an investigator at Kyoto University, in Japan, and a professor of anatomy at UCSF, won the prize for developing a technology to create stem cells that can become any type of cell in the body. His method creates cells that are like embryonic stem cells, without using human embryos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These so-called induced pluripotent stem cells, or IPS cells, could one day lead to cures for a wide range of diseases, from Parkinson’s to heart disease. And they bypass the ethical issues surrounding the use of human embryos for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPS cells are like embryonic stem cells in that they can be coaxed into becoming any type of cell in the body. But unlike embryonic stem cells, which are created from human embryos, IPS cells are developed by introducing a few genes into common adult cells like skin cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that embryonic stem cells and skin cells, although they are very different, have the same blueprint, which consists of approximately 30,000 genes,” Yamanaka told KQED News during an interview at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco in 2010. His method consisted in getting the skin cells to “read” the genes that give embryonic stem cells their qualities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9072\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Shinya-Yamanaka_9-14-10_JO_BEST_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9072\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In announcing the award today in Stockholm, Sweden, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine said that “These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialization. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialized state.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka won the award jointly with John B. Gurdon, from the University of Cambridge and the Gurdon Institute, in Cambridge, England. The Nobel Committee recognized Gurdon for his pioneering work in animal cloning. In 1962, Gurdon discovered that “the specialization of cells into different tissues is reversible,” said the Committee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who was an orthopedic surgeon before becoming a research scientist, became interested in stem cells as a way to potentially help patients suffering from spinal cord injuries, for which there are no treatments today. He decided to look for an alternative to embryonic stem cells in response to the controversy around the use of embryos for research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’m hoping is that by using IPS cells, which are free from ethical issues, we can speed everything up,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\">funding is available in California \u003c/a>for researchers using embryonic stem cells, federal funds have been subject to the political pendulum. President George W. Bush restricted funding in 2001. On his first day in office in 2009, President Obama overturned Bush’s decision and made federal funding available for the research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, Yamanaka was able to create IPS cells from mice adult cells. His big breakthrough came in 2007, when he created the embryonic-like cells from human skin cells. He then took these IPS cells, and using their ability to become any cell in the body, coaxed them into becoming heart cells. Proof of his success arrived in the form of an email from a researcher at his lab in Kyoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was in San Francisco. He sent me a video showing beating heart cells,” Yamanaka said. “But those heart cells were not from a heart. They were actually from skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/stem-cells-breakthrough.html\">NOVA ScienceNow video\u003c/a>, Yamanaka explains how he made his breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments based on IPS cells would be based on their ability to become stem cells that could regenerate damaged cells in different organs. Yamanaka said that stem cell transplants on animals with spinal injuries have shown promising results in his lab. Clinical trials could be five years away, he said. He is also using IPS cells to test drugs against Lou Gehrig’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to bypassing the ethical issues, IPS cells have another advantage over embryonic stem cells. Because they’re created from patients’ own cells, they would be less likely to be rejected by their bodies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Yamanaka’s breakthrough, scientists have taken his cellular reprogramming techniques one step further and are now able to transform one type of adult cell directly into another, bypassing the stem cell stage altogether. Deepak Srivastava and his team at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-new-hope-for-heart-repair/\" title=\"New Hope for Heart Repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have created beating heart muscle cells in mice\u003c/a> from another type of heart cell that normally becomes scar tissue after a heart attack. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka is only the second Japanese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. In 1987, Susumo Tonegawa, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received the award. Yamanaka said he plans to use his award money to fund young researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, 50, spends a few days each month in San Francisco working at the Gladstone Institutes, where he began his research career in 1993 as a postdoctoral fellow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He lives in Osaka with his wife, a dermatologist, and two daughters, aged 22 and 20, both of whom are in medical school. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the least busy person in my house,” he joked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cell researcher Shinya Yamanaka talks about how he created embryonic-like stem cells from skin cells; when treatments might be available, and why researchers still need to study embryonic stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinya Yamanaka, a stem cell researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, which is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, has won this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with English researcher John B. Gurdon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who is also an investigator at Kyoto University, in Japan, and a professor of anatomy at UCSF, won the prize for developing a technology to create stem cells that can become any type of cell in the body. His method creates cells that are like embryonic stem cells, without using human embryos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These so-called induced pluripotent stem cells, or IPS cells, could one day lead to cures for a wide range of diseases, from Parkinson’s to heart disease. And they bypass the ethical issues surrounding the use of human embryos for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPS cells are like embryonic stem cells in that they can be coaxed into becoming any type of cell in the body. But unlike embryonic stem cells, which are created from human embryos, IPS cells are developed by introducing a few genes into common adult cells like skin cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that embryonic stem cells and skin cells, although they are very different, have the same blueprint, which consists of approximately 30,000 genes,” Yamanaka told KQED News during an interview at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco in 2010. His method consisted in getting the skin cells to “read” the genes that give embryonic stem cells their qualities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9072\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Shinya-Yamanaka_9-14-10_JO_BEST_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9072\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In announcing the award today in Stockholm, Sweden, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine said that “These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialization. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialized state.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka won the award jointly with John B. Gurdon, from the University of Cambridge and the Gurdon Institute, in Cambridge, England. The Nobel Committee recognized Gurdon for his pioneering work in animal cloning. In 1962, Gurdon discovered that “the specialization of cells into different tissues is reversible,” said the Committee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who was an orthopedic surgeon before becoming a research scientist, became interested in stem cells as a way to potentially help patients suffering from spinal cord injuries, for which there are no treatments today. He decided to look for an alternative to embryonic stem cells in response to the controversy around the use of embryos for research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’m hoping is that by using IPS cells, which are free from ethical issues, we can speed everything up,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\">funding is available in California \u003c/a>for researchers using embryonic stem cells, federal funds have been subject to the political pendulum. President George W. Bush restricted funding in 2001. On his first day in office in 2009, President Obama overturned Bush’s decision and made federal funding available for the research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, Yamanaka was able to create IPS cells from mice adult cells. His big breakthrough came in 2007, when he created the embryonic-like cells from human skin cells. He then took these IPS cells, and using their ability to become any cell in the body, coaxed them into becoming heart cells. Proof of his success arrived in the form of an email from a researcher at his lab in Kyoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was in San Francisco. He sent me a video showing beating heart cells,” Yamanaka said. “But those heart cells were not from a heart. They were actually from skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/stem-cells-breakthrough.html\">NOVA ScienceNow video\u003c/a>, Yamanaka explains how he made his breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments based on IPS cells would be based on their ability to become stem cells that could regenerate damaged cells in different organs. Yamanaka said that stem cell transplants on animals with spinal injuries have shown promising results in his lab. Clinical trials could be five years away, he said. He is also using IPS cells to test drugs against Lou Gehrig’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to bypassing the ethical issues, IPS cells have another advantage over embryonic stem cells. Because they’re created from patients’ own cells, they would be less likely to be rejected by their bodies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Yamanaka’s breakthrough, scientists have taken his cellular reprogramming techniques one step further and are now able to transform one type of adult cell directly into another, bypassing the stem cell stage altogether. Deepak Srivastava and his team at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-new-hope-for-heart-repair/\" title=\"New Hope for Heart Repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have created beating heart muscle cells in mice\u003c/a> from another type of heart cell that normally becomes scar tissue after a heart attack. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka is only the second Japanese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. In 1987, Susumo Tonegawa, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received the award. Yamanaka said he plans to use his award money to fund young researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, 50, spends a few days each month in San Francisco working at the Gladstone Institutes, where he began his research career in 1993 as a postdoctoral fellow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He lives in Osaka with his wife, a dermatologist, and two daughters, aged 22 and 20, both of whom are in medical school. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the least busy person in my house,” he joked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cell researcher Shinya Yamanaka talks about how he created embryonic-like stem cells from skin cells; when treatments might be available, and why researchers still need to study embryonic stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Like what you see in the supermarket produce section? Enjoy, because things may be changing there – the prices, even the mix of available fruits, nuts and veggies. Long acknowledged as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" California's farm belt is facing some thorny challenges from our changing climate: rising temperatures, an uncertain water supply and more abundant pests that threaten multi-billion-dollar crops. The half-hour documentary \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest\u003c/strong>, a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, examines these threats and some potential solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44759\" title=\"Cherry blossom\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cherries need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" to bloom evenly. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first story in the program, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Uncool Cherries\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/uncool-cherries/\" target=\"_blank\">Uncool Cherries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, looks at the challenges facing cherry growers near Stockton. Life is hardly a bowl of cherries if you're trying to grow them in California lately. Cherries and other major fruit crops need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" in order to produce healthy blossoms and fruit. But in recent years, the spring nights have brought warmer temperatures and less of the legendary Valley fog that helps keep the chill on. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44690\" title=\"Almond plant damaged by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond plants damaged by salt in the groundwater, which burned their leaves. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second story, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Dry and Salted\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dry-and-salted/\" target=\"_blank\">Dry and Salted\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45106\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists believe that warmer winters have made the potato-tomato psyllid, which damages 40 crops, more abundant in California. Photo: Gary McDonald.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>ends with \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Some Bugs Like it Hot\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\" target=\"_blank\">Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a look at how climate change is making agricultural pests more abundant in the state’s fields. A tiny insect that didn’t used to pose a problem for California farmers is now transmitting a disease that damages potato chips and threatens the state’s tomato crop. Are more pesticides the answer? We talk to farmers and scientists to see what's being done to meet the challenge. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like what you see in the supermarket produce section? Enjoy, because things may be changing there – the prices, even the mix of available fruits, nuts and veggies. Long acknowledged as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" California's farm belt is facing some thorny challenges from our changing climate: rising temperatures, an uncertain water supply and more abundant pests that threaten multi-billion-dollar crops. The half-hour documentary \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest\u003c/strong>, a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, examines these threats and some potential solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44759\" title=\"Cherry blossom\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cherries need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" to bloom evenly. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first story in the program, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Uncool Cherries\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/uncool-cherries/\" target=\"_blank\">Uncool Cherries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, looks at the challenges facing cherry growers near Stockton. Life is hardly a bowl of cherries if you're trying to grow them in California lately. Cherries and other major fruit crops need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" in order to produce healthy blossoms and fruit. But in recent years, the spring nights have brought warmer temperatures and less of the legendary Valley fog that helps keep the chill on. 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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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