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Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. 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"content": "\u003cp>How do you see the world? \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/seeing/\">Visual perspective\u003c/a> - the way things appear to our eye- things like shapes, dimensions, colors- those are set. But some \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconperception.html\">perspectives\u003c/a> can be manipulated; proximity or angles can be changed. For example, you might be sitting at your computer now. Stand up and see how the room looks different from that other angle. While there are optical illusions and tricks to the eye, most visual variables are not going to be physically altered. (standing up isn’t going to change the color of the curtains) But a different view can change perceptions. And how we perceive the information we take in is very much a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all perceive the world through our own lens. (You might think those curtains are ugly) Our point of view, or cognitive perception, is largely shaped by our experiences, our beliefs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/shapes-emotions-and-perception/551731\">emotions\u003c/a>, moods and the actions around us. In that way, you choose how you see. And how we traverse the world and how we interact with others is shaped by this perspective. For instance, does the world look different when you are happy or sad? Does the traffic you are in seem worse when you are late or \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/green-living-article/perception/1360527\">angry\u003c/a>? Doesn’t the sun shine brighter when you are in love? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive perception can be manipulated too. Perhaps you are feeling blue because you are being laid off and losing your job? You might be feeling embarrassed, hurt or concerned about the future. It might feel like it’s the end of the world. But with a small twist of your point of view, the perspective might change. How does it compare on scale to other people or events around you? For example, how does the pain of losing your job compare to the illness or loss of a loved one? How would losing your job feel compared to, say, losing your ability to walk? Pretty small concern then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most visual and cognitive perception is unconscious. It’s not something we focus on as we slog through our daily routines. But for people in wheelchairs, perspective is often in the forefront. When you navigate the world on wheels, you have to think about how you get in a building, get out of bed, make breakfast, get into your car to get to work -- how you do so many of the things able-bodied people take for granted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world looks different from a sitting position too. When you are in a wheelchair, you always have to look up to talk with your standing fiends and family. That shapes your perspective, both visual and cognitive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So thinking about perspectives, one of the things that struck me most was the inspiring attitudes of \u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\">Tamara Mena \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>, the two exoskeleton test pilots we featured in our story. These two young people were both dealt major blows while in the prime of their lives. Both were vibrant and active teenagers when each was involved in catastrophic automobile accidents. Both had to deal with painful rehabilitations. And both faced a future where they probably would never walk again. And through that, both remain courageous, upbeat and positive. Where many might have given up, these two are charging into the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So put yourself in their shoes and think about what it might mean to be able to stand up and change your perspective. What would it mean to be able to look your friends in the eye, to stand and fully embrace your family again? Think about how the room looked different when you stood up from your computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of exoskeleton technology is marching forward. We saw Austin Whitney \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\">walk across the stage\u003c/a> to receive his college diploma. More is hopefully on the way. Maybe someday soon we’ll also see paraplegics walking down the aisle at their weddings and walking onto airplanes to fly off on their honeymoons. Or less dramatically, maybe soon paraplegics will be able to regain the mundane pleasure of standing at the kitchen counter, making peanut butter sandwiches for their kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fantasy? Too much to hope for? It’s all in your perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****************************************************************************************************\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Web Extra - Tamara Mena: Exoskeleton Test Pilot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was 19 years old, Tamara Mena suffered a debilitating spinal injury that left her paralyzed from the chest down. Today she is working as an exoskeleton \"test pilot\" at Ekso Bionics, putting this new technology through its paces. Someday exoskeletons like the one she is testing may give paraplegics the ability to stand up and walk. This is her story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4DdHGEucTE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional links:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\" title=\"Tamara Mena\">Tamara Mena\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\" title=\"Austin Whitney \">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/\" title=\"Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory \">Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.eksobionics.com/\" title=\" Ekso Bionics\">Ekso Bionics\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.tibion.com/\" title=\"Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\">Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\" title=\"The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \">The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/05/12/paraplegic-student-exoskeleton-graduation-walk/\" title=\"Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\">Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/10/07/berkeley-bionics-to-launch-elegs/\" title=\"Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\">Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How do you see the world? \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/seeing/\">Visual perspective\u003c/a> - the way things appear to our eye- things like shapes, dimensions, colors- those are set. But some \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconperception.html\">perspectives\u003c/a> can be manipulated; proximity or angles can be changed. For example, you might be sitting at your computer now. Stand up and see how the room looks different from that other angle. While there are optical illusions and tricks to the eye, most visual variables are not going to be physically altered. (standing up isn’t going to change the color of the curtains) But a different view can change perceptions. And how we perceive the information we take in is very much a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all perceive the world through our own lens. (You might think those curtains are ugly) Our point of view, or cognitive perception, is largely shaped by our experiences, our beliefs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/shapes-emotions-and-perception/551731\">emotions\u003c/a>, moods and the actions around us. In that way, you choose how you see. And how we traverse the world and how we interact with others is shaped by this perspective. For instance, does the world look different when you are happy or sad? Does the traffic you are in seem worse when you are late or \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/green-living-article/perception/1360527\">angry\u003c/a>? Doesn’t the sun shine brighter when you are in love? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive perception can be manipulated too. Perhaps you are feeling blue because you are being laid off and losing your job? You might be feeling embarrassed, hurt or concerned about the future. It might feel like it’s the end of the world. But with a small twist of your point of view, the perspective might change. How does it compare on scale to other people or events around you? For example, how does the pain of losing your job compare to the illness or loss of a loved one? How would losing your job feel compared to, say, losing your ability to walk? Pretty small concern then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most visual and cognitive perception is unconscious. It’s not something we focus on as we slog through our daily routines. But for people in wheelchairs, perspective is often in the forefront. When you navigate the world on wheels, you have to think about how you get in a building, get out of bed, make breakfast, get into your car to get to work -- how you do so many of the things able-bodied people take for granted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world looks different from a sitting position too. When you are in a wheelchair, you always have to look up to talk with your standing fiends and family. That shapes your perspective, both visual and cognitive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So thinking about perspectives, one of the things that struck me most was the inspiring attitudes of \u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\">Tamara Mena \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>, the two exoskeleton test pilots we featured in our story. These two young people were both dealt major blows while in the prime of their lives. Both were vibrant and active teenagers when each was involved in catastrophic automobile accidents. Both had to deal with painful rehabilitations. And both faced a future where they probably would never walk again. And through that, both remain courageous, upbeat and positive. Where many might have given up, these two are charging into the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So put yourself in their shoes and think about what it might mean to be able to stand up and change your perspective. What would it mean to be able to look your friends in the eye, to stand and fully embrace your family again? Think about how the room looked different when you stood up from your computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of exoskeleton technology is marching forward. We saw Austin Whitney \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\">walk across the stage\u003c/a> to receive his college diploma. More is hopefully on the way. Maybe someday soon we’ll also see paraplegics walking down the aisle at their weddings and walking onto airplanes to fly off on their honeymoons. Or less dramatically, maybe soon paraplegics will be able to regain the mundane pleasure of standing at the kitchen counter, making peanut butter sandwiches for their kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fantasy? Too much to hope for? It’s all in your perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****************************************************************************************************\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Web Extra - Tamara Mena: Exoskeleton Test Pilot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was 19 years old, Tamara Mena suffered a debilitating spinal injury that left her paralyzed from the chest down. Today she is working as an exoskeleton \"test pilot\" at Ekso Bionics, putting this new technology through its paces. Someday exoskeletons like the one she is testing may give paraplegics the ability to stand up and walk. This is her story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4DdHGEucTE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional links:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\" title=\"Tamara Mena\">Tamara Mena\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\" title=\"Austin Whitney \">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/\" title=\"Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory \">Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.eksobionics.com/\" title=\" Ekso Bionics\">Ekso Bionics\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.tibion.com/\" title=\"Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\">Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\" title=\"The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \">The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/05/12/paraplegic-student-exoskeleton-graduation-walk/\" title=\"Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\">Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/10/07/berkeley-bionics-to-launch-elegs/\" title=\"Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\">Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: The Science of Salt Glaze Pottery",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Owen family can trace their pottery roots back six generations, so far back that their family’s artwork now rest in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mintmuseum.org/%20\" title=\"Mint Museum\" target=\"_blank\">The Mint Museum\u003c/a> in Charlotte, NC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Ben Owen Pottery\" href=\"http://www.benowenpottery.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ben Owen III\u003c/a> has been making pottery since he was big enough to sit at a potter’s wheel. Some of his earliest memories are of him with his grandfather learning to control clay, center it, open it and create a piece of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(4)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26165\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people ask me, how long did it take you to make this pot?” explained Owen. “30 years”. For nearly three decades, Owen has been creating pottery and has traveled around the world and has been commissioned to create artwork for Bob Hope, Elizabeth Taylor, and Ronald Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Owen’s most unique and popular styles of pottery, \u003ca title=\"salt glazing\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_glaze_pottery\">salt glazing\u003c/a>, requires extensive precision, accuracy, and chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salt glazing is a unique process different from \u003ca title=\"bisque pottery\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisque_(pottery)\" target=\"_blank\">bisque pottery\u003c/a> because it involves one single firing. These pots used to be essential for sanitary purposes in cooking, aiding in pickling and food storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The art and science of pottery requires skills and techniques acquired over generations of trial and error. The combination of the Owen family’s experiential knowledge of pottery and his university education - he graduated with a BFA in ceramics with honors in 1993 - make him a unique seasoned artist. Owen now employs additional scientific knowledge about how elements, chemical reactions, barometric pressure and temperature affect and improve his works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you grow up in a family tradition, you learn things from family experience. People have the answers for you, but understanding what combinations of formulas work, what works based on temperature – If you don’t know how to recreate it, if you don’t know the science, you can’t reproduce it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Back when I was a teenager, we did things just because they worked. I asked a lot of questions: Why are we losing all these pots? What did we do wrong? Did we heat the kiln too fast? Being exposed to other potters, artists in a formal university setting, a lot of those things come out that help you realize what you did back then and why it didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creating a piece of salt glazed pottery is a lengthy process. Before the glazing can begin, Owen must create the shape and pot itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We place the clay on the wheel, center it, open it, form it into a bowl or cylinder adding water throughout the process until our piece is formed. After creating the shape and piece of pottery, we allow them to sit and dry for a couple of weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the pots are properly dried, the loading and firing process begins. The firing and heating of the kiln takes several days because the pots need to be warmed slowly to drive off moisture and water inside the core of the clay walls. If the pots are warmed too quickly, the moisture becomes steam and the pots start exploding inside the kiln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV3-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(3)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26167\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kiln is heated in stages, 200 degrees per hour, until it reaches 2300 degrees. Once the pottery is nearly molten, rock salt is thrown into the kiln. When salt is introduced into the kiln, it starts melting and becomes a glass, and then a vapor. This vapor is attracted to the silica in the clay and begins coating the surface of the pots, creating a unique orange peel texture. Test rings are used and dropped in water to see if the salt is building up properly and is creating the signature glassy appearance on the exterior of the pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salt-glazing process takes seven days to complete, including two overnight shifts where Owen regulates the temperature of the kiln all night. Even though he's been firing his kiln for nearly 30 years, Owen still feels that there’s always room for improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No matter how many times you’ve done it, no matter how many times you’ve practiced doing it, I’m not doing surgery on a patient or somebody but I’m doing surgery on clay and I’m wanting that clay to be successful and be healthy when it comes out. So in a way, I’ve got to learn, I need to learn more about my materials to the extent that I can hopefully be able to make and determine the right decisions along the way that can solve some of these problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.discoverseagrove.com\" title=\"Seagrove Area Potters Association\" target=\"_blank\">Seagrove Area Potters Association\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.celebrationofseagrovepotters.com\" title=\"Celebration of Seagrove Potters\" target=\"_blank\">Celebration of Seagrove Potters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Owen family can trace their pottery roots back six generations, so far back that their family’s artwork now rest in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mintmuseum.org/%20\" title=\"Mint Museum\" target=\"_blank\">The Mint Museum\u003c/a> in Charlotte, NC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Ben Owen Pottery\" href=\"http://www.benowenpottery.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ben Owen III\u003c/a> has been making pottery since he was big enough to sit at a potter’s wheel. Some of his earliest memories are of him with his grandfather learning to control clay, center it, open it and create a piece of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(4)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26165\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people ask me, how long did it take you to make this pot?” explained Owen. “30 years”. For nearly three decades, Owen has been creating pottery and has traveled around the world and has been commissioned to create artwork for Bob Hope, Elizabeth Taylor, and Ronald Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Owen’s most unique and popular styles of pottery, \u003ca title=\"salt glazing\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_glaze_pottery\">salt glazing\u003c/a>, requires extensive precision, accuracy, and chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salt glazing is a unique process different from \u003ca title=\"bisque pottery\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisque_(pottery)\" target=\"_blank\">bisque pottery\u003c/a> because it involves one single firing. These pots used to be essential for sanitary purposes in cooking, aiding in pickling and food storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The art and science of pottery requires skills and techniques acquired over generations of trial and error. The combination of the Owen family’s experiential knowledge of pottery and his university education - he graduated with a BFA in ceramics with honors in 1993 - make him a unique seasoned artist. Owen now employs additional scientific knowledge about how elements, chemical reactions, barometric pressure and temperature affect and improve his works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you grow up in a family tradition, you learn things from family experience. People have the answers for you, but understanding what combinations of formulas work, what works based on temperature – If you don’t know how to recreate it, if you don’t know the science, you can’t reproduce it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Back when I was a teenager, we did things just because they worked. I asked a lot of questions: Why are we losing all these pots? What did we do wrong? Did we heat the kiln too fast? Being exposed to other potters, artists in a formal university setting, a lot of those things come out that help you realize what you did back then and why it didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creating a piece of salt glazed pottery is a lengthy process. Before the glazing can begin, Owen must create the shape and pot itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We place the clay on the wheel, center it, open it, form it into a bowl or cylinder adding water throughout the process until our piece is formed. After creating the shape and piece of pottery, we allow them to sit and dry for a couple of weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the pots are properly dried, the loading and firing process begins. The firing and heating of the kiln takes several days because the pots need to be warmed slowly to drive off moisture and water inside the core of the clay walls. If the pots are warmed too quickly, the moisture becomes steam and the pots start exploding inside the kiln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV3-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(3)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26167\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kiln is heated in stages, 200 degrees per hour, until it reaches 2300 degrees. Once the pottery is nearly molten, rock salt is thrown into the kiln. When salt is introduced into the kiln, it starts melting and becomes a glass, and then a vapor. This vapor is attracted to the silica in the clay and begins coating the surface of the pots, creating a unique orange peel texture. Test rings are used and dropped in water to see if the salt is building up properly and is creating the signature glassy appearance on the exterior of the pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salt-glazing process takes seven days to complete, including two overnight shifts where Owen regulates the temperature of the kiln all night. Even though he's been firing his kiln for nearly 30 years, Owen still feels that there’s always room for improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No matter how many times you’ve done it, no matter how many times you’ve practiced doing it, I’m not doing surgery on a patient or somebody but I’m doing surgery on clay and I’m wanting that clay to be successful and be healthy when it comes out. So in a way, I’ve got to learn, I need to learn more about my materials to the extent that I can hopefully be able to make and determine the right decisions along the way that can solve some of these problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.discoverseagrove.com\" title=\"Seagrove Area Potters Association\" target=\"_blank\">Seagrove Area Potters Association\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.celebrationofseagrovepotters.com\" title=\"Celebration of Seagrove Potters\" target=\"_blank\">Celebration of Seagrove Potters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>FRIDAY HARBOR, SAN JUAN ISLAND - How do we distinguish orca sounds from other underwater noise?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Friday Harbor, a decade-old \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophone\">hydrophone\u003c/a> system running 200 meters along Snug Harbor is constantly recording sounds that come through Haro Strait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Val Veirs, the owner of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/\">Orcasound\u003c/a>, uses custom software to detect interesting sounds recorded by his hydrophones. When a sequence of sounds displays a particular harmonic structure, it gets converted into an .mp3 sound file that is uploaded into a database for further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how exactly do hydrophones work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When underwater sounds push against a hydrophone, a small voltage is created. That voltage is pre-amplified and then sent up cables to computers for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/webextraorcas-marqueeimage2-to-use-within-blog-post.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/webextraorcas-marqueeimage2-to-use-within-blog-post-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"hydrophone\" title=\"webextraorcas-marqueeimage2 - to use within blog post\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-23891\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The voltage (or sound) is sampled at a very high rate - 196 thousand samples per second - which is 4 times higher than compact disc sample rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Veirs, sampling high frequencies that are above the human hearing range allows him to study the intricacies of orca language; more importantly, he wants to show how noise such as boats and ships make it harder for orcas to communicate and hunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying orcas, Veirs uses a complicated set of algorithms to discriminate against 99.9% of the sounds that come through the hydrophones. Orcas produce sounds that have a very simple harmonic structure, and that’s what his software looks for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Orcas make sounds with frequencies that change in a smooth way, with most of the energy in 3, 4, 5 peaks,” says Veirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And sounds that have a complicated harmonic structure - with many frequencies in it are discriminated by the software, because these are sounds not typically made by orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Southern resident orcas in Friday Harbor are considered an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Whales-Dolphins-Porpoise/Killer-Whales/ESA-Status/\">endangered population segment by NOAA\u003c/a> (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Ultimately, Veirs wants to use his research to create public policy that urges boats to slow down, stay farther away from the orcas, and to use quieter engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that these noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a better chance of surviving…That is the best hope we have for them.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/webextraorcas-marqueeimage2-to-use-within-blog-post.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/webextraorcas-marqueeimage2-to-use-within-blog-post-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"hydrophone\" title=\"webextraorcas-marqueeimage2 - to use within blog post\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-23891\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The voltage (or sound) is sampled at a very high rate - 196 thousand samples per second - which is 4 times higher than compact disc sample rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Veirs, sampling high frequencies that are above the human hearing range allows him to study the intricacies of orca language; more importantly, he wants to show how noise such as boats and ships make it harder for orcas to communicate and hunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying orcas, Veirs uses a complicated set of algorithms to discriminate against 99.9% of the sounds that come through the hydrophones. Orcas produce sounds that have a very simple harmonic structure, and that’s what his software looks for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Orcas make sounds with frequencies that change in a smooth way, with most of the energy in 3, 4, 5 peaks,” says Veirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And sounds that have a complicated harmonic structure - with many frequencies in it are discriminated by the software, because these are sounds not typically made by orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Southern resident orcas in Friday Harbor are considered an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Whales-Dolphins-Porpoise/Killer-Whales/ESA-Status/\">endangered population segment by NOAA\u003c/a> (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Ultimately, Veirs wants to use his research to create public policy that urges boats to slow down, stay farther away from the orcas, and to use quieter engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that these noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a better chance of surviving…That is the best hope we have for them.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every day, San Francisco’s compostables – all 600 tons of them – are hauled away from the city. I found myself asking, “Where does it all go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While looking for the answers, I found agronomist Bob Shaffer. Shaffer started out as a farmer, but soon realized that he was more interested in the soil than in what grew out of it. That led to a career in making and applying compost. He now works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.recology.com/index.htm\">Recology\u003c/a>, the company that composts San Francisco's green waste, at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.jepsonprairieorganics.com/\">composting facility in Vacaville\u003c/a> and with farmers who want to improve their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Shaffer’s clients is \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckzin.com/index.html\">Old Hill Ranch\u003c/a> in Glen Ellen. As the name suggests, the vineyard is one of the earliest in Sonoma County and has many 100-year-old vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Old Hill was first established, it was planted in the traditional way – a lot of different grape varietals were planted, producing a blended wine. The vineyard has a colorful map that identifies the patchwork of varietals on the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines are dry farmed, with no irrigation system running between the vine rows. This makes adding compost really important, as it helps with water retention in the soil. Old Hill’s owner, Will Bucklin, is also experimenting with compost tea, in which a small amount of compost is “brewed” into a dark tea to develop beneficial microbes. The tea can be added to a water supply or sprayed onto the leaves directly. It’s another way of making nutrients and protective microbes available to the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23733\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23733\" title=\"Compost_grapes_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny young grapes on a vine at Old Hill Ranch, in Glen Ellen. Photo: Kate Szrom.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When QUEST visited Old Hill Ranch, it was a hot, sunny June day. There had just been a full moon and the blooms on the vines had set into tiny green grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he does in the summer season, Shaffer checked to see if the vines were getting water and nutrients by observing the leaves and tendrils on the vines. He pointed out some of the cover crops he has planted to prevent soil erosion. Through their roots, cover crops like grasses and legumes can also carry carbon deeper into the soil than compost alone would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, compost will be applied at Old Hill and on other vineyards like it. Over the winter, rains will help spread the nutrients and beneficial microbes in the compost through the ground to be made available for next year’s growing season.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every day, San Francisco’s compostables – all 600 tons of them – are hauled away from the city. I found myself asking, “Where does it all go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While looking for the answers, I found agronomist Bob Shaffer. Shaffer started out as a farmer, but soon realized that he was more interested in the soil than in what grew out of it. That led to a career in making and applying compost. He now works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.recology.com/index.htm\">Recology\u003c/a>, the company that composts San Francisco's green waste, at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.jepsonprairieorganics.com/\">composting facility in Vacaville\u003c/a> and with farmers who want to improve their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Shaffer’s clients is \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckzin.com/index.html\">Old Hill Ranch\u003c/a> in Glen Ellen. As the name suggests, the vineyard is one of the earliest in Sonoma County and has many 100-year-old vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Old Hill was first established, it was planted in the traditional way – a lot of different grape varietals were planted, producing a blended wine. The vineyard has a colorful map that identifies the patchwork of varietals on the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines are dry farmed, with no irrigation system running between the vine rows. This makes adding compost really important, as it helps with water retention in the soil. Old Hill’s owner, Will Bucklin, is also experimenting with compost tea, in which a small amount of compost is “brewed” into a dark tea to develop beneficial microbes. The tea can be added to a water supply or sprayed onto the leaves directly. It’s another way of making nutrients and protective microbes available to the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23733\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23733\" title=\"Compost_grapes_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny young grapes on a vine at Old Hill Ranch, in Glen Ellen. Photo: Kate Szrom.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When QUEST visited Old Hill Ranch, it was a hot, sunny June day. There had just been a full moon and the blooms on the vines had set into tiny green grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he does in the summer season, Shaffer checked to see if the vines were getting water and nutrients by observing the leaves and tendrils on the vines. He pointed out some of the cover crops he has planted to prevent soil erosion. Through their roots, cover crops like grasses and legumes can also carry carbon deeper into the soil than compost alone would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, compost will be applied at Old Hill and on other vineyards like it. Over the winter, rains will help spread the nutrients and beneficial microbes in the compost through the ground to be made available for next year’s growing season.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22991\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22991\" title=\"BlogPost\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/BlogPost-e1313703705765-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes are skilled swimmers, so take caution when reaching for that \"stick\" in the water. Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have always inspired our imaginations, from Native American cultures who have depicted them in their art and religions, to portrayals in Westerns as villainous, bad-tempered animals. But despite some popularly held beliefs about rattlesnakes’ supposed bad behavior, this is not usually the case. People aren't on the rattlesnakes' prey list. If they strike anyone, it’s usually a defensive maneuver – such as when they’re accidentally stepped on. And the majority of rattlesnake bites that occur in the United States are received by young men who tease a rattlesnake (and yes, alcohol is often involved in these instances). So for the majority of us who would never consider playing with a rattlesnake, there's relatively very little danger. It is important, however, to watch where you walk or put your hands when spending time in rattlesnake country. They’re not always vocal with their telltale rattle sound and blend in easily with their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katie Colbert, a naturalist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol-Ohlone Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, has often heard people warn that a baby rattlesnake is a greater threat due to the fact that they're unable to control the amount of poison they inject into their victim when they bite. According to Colbert, this is just not true: all rattlesnakes, babies and adults, can control their venom. In addition, Colbert says, \"Baby rattlesnakes can only produce and stash a very small fraction of [venom] an adult can.\" This does not change the fact, however, that a bite from any rattlesnake, regardless of age, is a dangerous bite and requires medical attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another myth is that a rattlesnake's tail can be used to determine the age of the animal. The origin of this misconception that each segment of the rattle corresponds to a year of the snake’s life can be traced back to English writer Thomas Morton, author of the book, \u003cem>New English Canaan\u003c/em>,\u003cem> \u003c/em>that was published in 1637. According to the website, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyreptilenews.com/?p=3644\" target=\"_blank\">Daily Reptile News\u003c/a>, we now understand that every time rattlesnakes shed their skin, they add a segment to their rattle. They can shed anywhere from one to three times a year, and the rattles often break off in the normal daily lives of the snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what should you do if you've been bitten by a rattlesnake? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpoison.com/public/snakebite.html\" target=\"_blank\">California Poison Control Systems website\u003c/a> offers some helpful guidance:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A tourniquet should never be applied to the limb with the bite wound. This can cause gangrene to form and amputation may become necessary.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Bite wounds should never be cut open with a knife or razor. The extra blood flow is not only bad for the injured victim, but it can also spread the venom throughout the body more quickly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Sucking out the poison is also a bad idea, as it will not extract all of the venom. Bacteria from the person's mouth could also transmit bacteria to the wound that could exacerbate the risk of infection.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>While keeping the victim calm and still, wash the wound with soap and water, keep the wound below the heart, and get them emergency medical attention as soon as possible.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Although they are potentially dangerous animals, rattlesnakes tend to keep to themselves and only really become aggressive when provoked or cornered. As they are an important part of the ecosystem, it's best to just allow them plenty of room and safe passage when encountered in the wild so they can continue to do their part for the animal kingdom: control the population of rodents and provide food to the predators that feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rattlesnake Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22991\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22991\" title=\"BlogPost\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/BlogPost-e1313703705765-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes are skilled swimmers, so take caution when reaching for that \"stick\" in the water. Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have always inspired our imaginations, from Native American cultures who have depicted them in their art and religions, to portrayals in Westerns as villainous, bad-tempered animals. But despite some popularly held beliefs about rattlesnakes’ supposed bad behavior, this is not usually the case. People aren't on the rattlesnakes' prey list. If they strike anyone, it’s usually a defensive maneuver – such as when they’re accidentally stepped on. And the majority of rattlesnake bites that occur in the United States are received by young men who tease a rattlesnake (and yes, alcohol is often involved in these instances). So for the majority of us who would never consider playing with a rattlesnake, there's relatively very little danger. It is important, however, to watch where you walk or put your hands when spending time in rattlesnake country. They’re not always vocal with their telltale rattle sound and blend in easily with their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katie Colbert, a naturalist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol-Ohlone Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, has often heard people warn that a baby rattlesnake is a greater threat due to the fact that they're unable to control the amount of poison they inject into their victim when they bite. According to Colbert, this is just not true: all rattlesnakes, babies and adults, can control their venom. In addition, Colbert says, \"Baby rattlesnakes can only produce and stash a very small fraction of [venom] an adult can.\" This does not change the fact, however, that a bite from any rattlesnake, regardless of age, is a dangerous bite and requires medical attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another myth is that a rattlesnake's tail can be used to determine the age of the animal. The origin of this misconception that each segment of the rattle corresponds to a year of the snake’s life can be traced back to English writer Thomas Morton, author of the book, \u003cem>New English Canaan\u003c/em>,\u003cem> \u003c/em>that was published in 1637. According to the website, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyreptilenews.com/?p=3644\" target=\"_blank\">Daily Reptile News\u003c/a>, we now understand that every time rattlesnakes shed their skin, they add a segment to their rattle. They can shed anywhere from one to three times a year, and the rattles often break off in the normal daily lives of the snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what should you do if you've been bitten by a rattlesnake? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpoison.com/public/snakebite.html\" target=\"_blank\">California Poison Control Systems website\u003c/a> offers some helpful guidance:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A tourniquet should never be applied to the limb with the bite wound. This can cause gangrene to form and amputation may become necessary.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Bite wounds should never be cut open with a knife or razor. The extra blood flow is not only bad for the injured victim, but it can also spread the venom throughout the body more quickly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Sucking out the poison is also a bad idea, as it will not extract all of the venom. Bacteria from the person's mouth could also transmit bacteria to the wound that could exacerbate the risk of infection.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>While keeping the victim calm and still, wash the wound with soap and water, keep the wound below the heart, and get them emergency medical attention as soon as possible.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Although they are potentially dangerous animals, rattlesnakes tend to keep to themselves and only really become aggressive when provoked or cornered. As they are an important part of the ecosystem, it's best to just allow them plenty of room and safe passage when encountered in the wild so they can continue to do their part for the animal kingdom: control the population of rodents and provide food to the predators that feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Rendezvous With Horseshoe Crabs",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22625\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22625\" title=\"crab1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crabs are related to spiders and scorpions.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE – Each spring the shores of the Delaware Bay in Delaware and New Jersey host a spectacular mating event: the annual horseshoe crab spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their name, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">horseshoe crabs \u003c/a>are not actually a crab, but more closely related to spiders and scorpions. Their bodies are covered in a stone-like shell, the size of a soccer ball cut in half. They have evolved little in the hundreds of millions of years that they have lived in the ocean, and their mating ritual could be just as ancient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guided by sea temperatures and lunar cycles, these prehistoric-looking animals scrape their way from the sea floor to the beach to meet their mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the high tide hits on those really good nights and you get a full moon, you’ll see just thousands and thousands of crabs,” said Jim Hewes, a science teacher at Smyrna Middle School, in Delaware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hewes.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22618\" title=\"hewes\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hewes-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Hewes, science teacher and horseshoe crab enthusiast.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Hewes, science teacher and horseshoe crab enthusiast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It would be an understatement to call Hewes a horseshoe crab enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year he sacrifices sleep to head to the beach for midnight horseshoe crab counts as a volunteer with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. This year, Hewes led a small crew of volunteers on \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/swc/coastal/DNERR/Pages/StJonesReserve.aspx\">Kitts Hummock Beach\u003c/a>, near the town of Dover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They walk in regular paces for about a mile stretch of beach, stopping periodically to count the number of crabs within a square meter chunk of shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re counting the horseshoe crabs because for a long time we’ve been seeing a decline in the population,” Hewes explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22617\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crablandscape-1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22617\" title=\"crablandscape-1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crablandscape-1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crabs crowd onto the beach at night.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs crowd onto the beach at night.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel love the taste of a horseshoe crab. For years, fishermen could grab as many horseshoes as they could handle, chop them in half, and drop them into a cage to trap conch and eel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the harvest had unintended consequences. Shore birds – who travel with bewildering accuracy from their wintering grounds in South America to show up exactly during the horseshoe crab spawn – rely on the eggs the crabs lay during their mating frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds “come here completely emaciated and really need to work hard to put on a lot of weight,” said Kevin Kalasz, a wildlife biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/fw/Pages/FWPortal.aspx\">Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, “and horseshoe crab eggs are the best food source for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds need to bulk up so they can make the final leg of their migration up to the Arctic, where they lay their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 20 years ago, shore bird numbers, particularly of one species called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/science/watchlist/red_knot.html\">red knot\u003c/a>, dropped dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Red knots have declined approximately 80 to 90 percent in the last 20 years,” said Kalasz. “They’re currently considered a candidate species under the Endangered Species Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalasz said that the presumption was that horseshoe crab harvests limited the number of eggs available for red knots to eat. State governments responded by putting limits on the number of horseshoe crabs harvesters could take, but it’s still too early to tell whether the harvest policies have impacted the bird populations, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hewes is optimistic that horseshoe crabs are beginning to rebound. As he stands knee-deep in a pile of horseshoes, he counts the animals and his colleague records the sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far I’m seeing a lot of good numbers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Hewes, the surveys are not just part of helping to protect the horseshoe crabs and the birds that depend on them. It’s also an effort to preserve something that makes Delaware special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the littlest states around, and we’ve got the biggest numbers of horseshoe crabs,” he said. “It doesn’t happen anywhere else like this in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22625\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22625\" title=\"crab1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crabs are related to spiders and scorpions.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE – Each spring the shores of the Delaware Bay in Delaware and New Jersey host a spectacular mating event: the annual horseshoe crab spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their name, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">horseshoe crabs \u003c/a>are not actually a crab, but more closely related to spiders and scorpions. Their bodies are covered in a stone-like shell, the size of a soccer ball cut in half. They have evolved little in the hundreds of millions of years that they have lived in the ocean, and their mating ritual could be just as ancient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guided by sea temperatures and lunar cycles, these prehistoric-looking animals scrape their way from the sea floor to the beach to meet their mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the high tide hits on those really good nights and you get a full moon, you’ll see just thousands and thousands of crabs,” said Jim Hewes, a science teacher at Smyrna Middle School, in Delaware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hewes.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22618\" title=\"hewes\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hewes-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Hewes, science teacher and horseshoe crab enthusiast.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Hewes, science teacher and horseshoe crab enthusiast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It would be an understatement to call Hewes a horseshoe crab enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year he sacrifices sleep to head to the beach for midnight horseshoe crab counts as a volunteer with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. This year, Hewes led a small crew of volunteers on \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/swc/coastal/DNERR/Pages/StJonesReserve.aspx\">Kitts Hummock Beach\u003c/a>, near the town of Dover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They walk in regular paces for about a mile stretch of beach, stopping periodically to count the number of crabs within a square meter chunk of shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re counting the horseshoe crabs because for a long time we’ve been seeing a decline in the population,” Hewes explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22617\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crablandscape-1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22617\" title=\"crablandscape-1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crablandscape-1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crabs crowd onto the beach at night.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs crowd onto the beach at night.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel love the taste of a horseshoe crab. For years, fishermen could grab as many horseshoes as they could handle, chop them in half, and drop them into a cage to trap conch and eel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the harvest had unintended consequences. Shore birds – who travel with bewildering accuracy from their wintering grounds in South America to show up exactly during the horseshoe crab spawn – rely on the eggs the crabs lay during their mating frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds “come here completely emaciated and really need to work hard to put on a lot of weight,” said Kevin Kalasz, a wildlife biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/fw/Pages/FWPortal.aspx\">Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, “and horseshoe crab eggs are the best food source for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds need to bulk up so they can make the final leg of their migration up to the Arctic, where they lay their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 20 years ago, shore bird numbers, particularly of one species called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/science/watchlist/red_knot.html\">red knot\u003c/a>, dropped dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Red knots have declined approximately 80 to 90 percent in the last 20 years,” said Kalasz. “They’re currently considered a candidate species under the Endangered Species Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalasz said that the presumption was that horseshoe crab harvests limited the number of eggs available for red knots to eat. State governments responded by putting limits on the number of horseshoe crabs harvesters could take, but it’s still too early to tell whether the harvest policies have impacted the bird populations, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hewes is optimistic that horseshoe crabs are beginning to rebound. As he stands knee-deep in a pile of horseshoes, he counts the animals and his colleague records the sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far I’m seeing a lot of good numbers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Hewes, the surveys are not just part of helping to protect the horseshoe crabs and the birds that depend on them. It’s also an effort to preserve something that makes Delaware special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the littlest states around, and we’ve got the biggest numbers of horseshoe crabs,” he said. “It doesn’t happen anywhere else like this in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crab\" title=\"crab1_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22678\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE - The empty shells of an unfortunate horseshoe crab or two are a common sight on the popular Jersey shore (that’s what locals call the beach in these parts) during the early summer beach season. Occasionally a child may tentatively investigate one, but most steer clear of what’s left of the dangerous-looking arthropod. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What many people never see, and probably aren’t even aware of, is the frenzy going on in the nearby (and less frequented) Delaware Bay. Hundreds of thousands of the crabs come ashore there every year in May and June to mate and lay eggs, and then mostly disappear as the summer gets into full swing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The horseshoe crab is a bit intimidating at first, looking like a cross between an amphibious assault vehicle and a creature out of the movie Alien. In reality, you’d need to go out of your way to get harmed by one – though Jim Hewes, the science teacher and volunteer crab surveyor whom we interviewed for this video, confided in us that he did once get stabbed through the boot by a crab’s spike-shaped tail, or telson, when he stepped on it by accident. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabs use their tails to try to turn themselves over if they get flipped upside down, though they aren’t always successful, as documented by the beautiful clock-face pattern in the sand that surrounds the crab that Jim rescues in the story. The telson is attached to the crab by tendons, which tend to get injured if the crab is picked up by it. So if you ever attempt to rescue a flipped horseshoe crab, the best way is to hold it by its shell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">Horseshoe crabs\u003c/a>, as it turns out, aren’t really crabs at all but a separate subphylum, which makes them more closely related to things like scorpions and spiders. The males and females can be told apart by their size (females grow much larger) and their appendages. The male possesses specialized ones designed to latch onto the back of the female while \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/Ventral.html\">mating\u003c/a>. The Atlantic horseshoe crab (\u003cem>Limulus polyphemus\u003c/em>) has its main migration in the Delaware Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel fishermen now face restrictions on the amount of horseshoe crabs they can harvest to use as bait, but the animals have also become attractive to the biomedical industry. Researchers have found that the crab’s blue blood contains a clotting agent with anti-bacterial properties. One quart of horseshoe crab blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/video-blue-blood-at-15000-a-quart/614/\">can sell for about $15,000\u003c/a>. While the bleeding process itself doesn’t usually kill the crabs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/the-benefits-of-blue-blood/595/\">there is some debate \u003c/a>over how harmful the process is to their health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take a decade or more to begin to see the results of the regulations that went into place in the early 2000s to protect the crab population. So scientists and volunteers like Jim Hewes will continue to monitor the health of the crab population - and of shorebirds like the red knot, which depend on their eggs - for signs of recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to their efforts, curious children at the Jersey shore should continue to have strange, alien-looking life forms to investigate for many years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/whyy_crab_ed_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every summer, 250,000 female bats take up residence under a freeway bridge in California’s Central Valley, to wait for the birth of their pups. And each night, the hungry mammals exit the bridge in a stunning ribbon-like formation to hunt for insects. (I strongly recommend you watch the HD version of this video - you'll really appreciate the beauty of the bat flyouts much better, especially the final one!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican free-tailed bats living beneath the Yolo Causeway, a three-mile bridge near Davis, make up the largest colony of bats in the Central Valley and most likely one of the biggest in California, said Corky Quirk, education associate with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/\">Yolo Basin Foundation\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Corky Quirk and QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros\" title=\"Bats of Yolo Causeway (31)_resizedtighter\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22045\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corky Quirk helps QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros prepare to film the bat flyout at the Yolo Causeway.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Amanda Stupi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Yolo Causeway carries highway 80 traffic over the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/05/19/californias-ingenious-flood-relief-valve/\">Yolo Bypass\u003c/a>, a flood-control structure that protects Sacramento, West Sacramento and nearby communities from the Sacramento River’s rising waters during the winter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats fly out from under the bridge each evening from two locations. Between June and August, Quirk takes groups of visitors to watch a large group of the bats fly out in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, which is managed by the state’s Department of Fish and Game. This year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/events.cfm\">bat tours\u003c/a> sold out after the Sacramento Bee published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/07/08/3755355/yolo-bat-advocate-shines-light.html#storylink=misearch\">story\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican free-tailed bats fly out at sunset\" title=\"DSC_5171_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22096\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats fly out over the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, in Davis.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Corky Quirk\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But you can watch a slightly smaller group of bats fly out shortly before sunset from the causeway’s bike trail, on the bridge’s west end. Quirk recommends parking on the northwest side of the causeway and walking up onto the levee to reach the bike trail. The bats fly from under the causeway near the levee on the north side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know where these bats spend the rest of the year, although they suspect that some of them remain at the causeway and that others live under nearby Central Valley bridges and in the Bay Area. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bats-in-our-midst/\">another QUEST video \u003c/a>I produced, bat scientists counted 16,000 Mexican free-tailed bats spending the winter under a small bridge in the town of Galt, 20 miles south of Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats start to arrive at the causeway in May and make themselves at home in the bridge’s exposition joints, crevices that are one inch wide and 12 inches deep and allow the cement structure to contract and expand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In our area we don’t have caves, which would be the normal habitat for this particular species,” said Quirk. “But they’ve adapted to live in the structures that the humans have ended up providing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Under the Yolo Causeway\" title=\"DSC_0001_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22034\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mexican free-tailed bats have adapted to living under bridges instead of in caves. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mexican free-tailed bats are one of around 16 species of bats in the Bay Area, said Dave Johnston, a wildlife ecologist and an officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbwg.org/index.html\">Western Bat Working Group\u003c/a>. While this species is doing well, other Bay Area bats such as the long-eared myotis, the Townsend’s big-eared bat and the pallid bat, aren’t as numerous as they once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re learning is that more and more of these species are more sensitive to urbanization than we previously thought,” said Johnston. “Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are probably the big suspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a disease called white-nose syndrome has killed more than one million bats in the eastern United States since it was introduced to New York state in 2006, likely from Europe. The fungal disease attacks bats hibernating in caves and causes them to develop what looks like frost on their snouts and chins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is expected to reach California, but Johnston said it’s not clear how it might impact the state’s bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our bats typically do not go into the deep torpor or deep hibernation when this fungus does its worst effect,” said Johnston. “So that’s a wild card out there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Mexican free-tailed bats weigh about half an ounce and are three inches long. Their 10-inch wingspan makes them look bigger when they’re flying, which they do at speeds of about 50 miles per hour. Under the causeway, they chatter away in high-pitched, bird-like chirps. But when they exit the bridge at sunset, Quirk holds up a phone-sized machine called a bat detector to hear the high-frequency sounds that help the bats locate their prey. Without the bat detector, these sounds aren’t audible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, Mexican free-tailed bats feed on the moths and moth larvae that attack corn and tomatoes. In Texas, where they’re also known as Brazilian free-tailed bats, they protect the cotton crops and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/cleveland-et-al06.pdf\">reduce the cost of pesticides for cotton farmers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re pregnant or nursing, they’re going to eat about the equivalent of their weight in insects each night,” said Quirk. “They’re very, very important for our pest control.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Four-day-old Mexican-free tailed bat pup\" title=\"DSC_0027_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-day-old bat pup. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each female gives birth to a single pup once a year. The pups, which are born translucent and furless, are large, compared to their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think of it as a human mother giving birth to a kindergartner,” said Quirk. Around July 1, Quirk starts to look for tiny bat placentas and umbilical cords that have fallen to the ground under the bridge - a sign that the bats have given birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because nursing bats need to eat so many insects, once they give birth they fly in thicker groups than during their pregnancy. They fly out from under the bridge in a long, twirling line that Quirk describes as a “ribbon.” Each night, three or four ribbons are visible from the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like that they’re so different than their reputation,” said Quirk as she watched a flyout in July. “I like that they’re actually very calm animals for the most part, that they’re hunting insects and not interested in us.” \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every summer, 250,000 female bats take up residence under a freeway bridge in California’s Central Valley, to wait for the birth of their pups. And each night, the hungry mammals exit the bridge in a stunning ribbon-like formation to hunt for insects. (I strongly recommend you watch the HD version of this video - you'll really appreciate the beauty of the bat flyouts much better, especially the final one!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican free-tailed bats living beneath the Yolo Causeway, a three-mile bridge near Davis, make up the largest colony of bats in the Central Valley and most likely one of the biggest in California, said Corky Quirk, education associate with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/\">Yolo Basin Foundation\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Corky Quirk and QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros\" title=\"Bats of Yolo Causeway (31)_resizedtighter\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22045\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corky Quirk helps QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros prepare to film the bat flyout at the Yolo Causeway.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Amanda Stupi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Yolo Causeway carries highway 80 traffic over the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/05/19/californias-ingenious-flood-relief-valve/\">Yolo Bypass\u003c/a>, a flood-control structure that protects Sacramento, West Sacramento and nearby communities from the Sacramento River’s rising waters during the winter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats fly out from under the bridge each evening from two locations. Between June and August, Quirk takes groups of visitors to watch a large group of the bats fly out in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, which is managed by the state’s Department of Fish and Game. This year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/events.cfm\">bat tours\u003c/a> sold out after the Sacramento Bee published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/07/08/3755355/yolo-bat-advocate-shines-light.html#storylink=misearch\">story\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican free-tailed bats fly out at sunset\" title=\"DSC_5171_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22096\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats fly out over the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, in Davis.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Corky Quirk\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But you can watch a slightly smaller group of bats fly out shortly before sunset from the causeway’s bike trail, on the bridge’s west end. Quirk recommends parking on the northwest side of the causeway and walking up onto the levee to reach the bike trail. The bats fly from under the causeway near the levee on the north side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know where these bats spend the rest of the year, although they suspect that some of them remain at the causeway and that others live under nearby Central Valley bridges and in the Bay Area. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bats-in-our-midst/\">another QUEST video \u003c/a>I produced, bat scientists counted 16,000 Mexican free-tailed bats spending the winter under a small bridge in the town of Galt, 20 miles south of Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats start to arrive at the causeway in May and make themselves at home in the bridge’s exposition joints, crevices that are one inch wide and 12 inches deep and allow the cement structure to contract and expand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In our area we don’t have caves, which would be the normal habitat for this particular species,” said Quirk. “But they’ve adapted to live in the structures that the humans have ended up providing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Under the Yolo Causeway\" title=\"DSC_0001_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22034\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mexican free-tailed bats have adapted to living under bridges instead of in caves. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mexican free-tailed bats are one of around 16 species of bats in the Bay Area, said Dave Johnston, a wildlife ecologist and an officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbwg.org/index.html\">Western Bat Working Group\u003c/a>. While this species is doing well, other Bay Area bats such as the long-eared myotis, the Townsend’s big-eared bat and the pallid bat, aren’t as numerous as they once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re learning is that more and more of these species are more sensitive to urbanization than we previously thought,” said Johnston. “Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are probably the big suspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a disease called white-nose syndrome has killed more than one million bats in the eastern United States since it was introduced to New York state in 2006, likely from Europe. The fungal disease attacks bats hibernating in caves and causes them to develop what looks like frost on their snouts and chins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is expected to reach California, but Johnston said it’s not clear how it might impact the state’s bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our bats typically do not go into the deep torpor or deep hibernation when this fungus does its worst effect,” said Johnston. “So that’s a wild card out there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Mexican free-tailed bats weigh about half an ounce and are three inches long. Their 10-inch wingspan makes them look bigger when they’re flying, which they do at speeds of about 50 miles per hour. Under the causeway, they chatter away in high-pitched, bird-like chirps. But when they exit the bridge at sunset, Quirk holds up a phone-sized machine called a bat detector to hear the high-frequency sounds that help the bats locate their prey. Without the bat detector, these sounds aren’t audible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, Mexican free-tailed bats feed on the moths and moth larvae that attack corn and tomatoes. In Texas, where they’re also known as Brazilian free-tailed bats, they protect the cotton crops and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/cleveland-et-al06.pdf\">reduce the cost of pesticides for cotton farmers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re pregnant or nursing, they’re going to eat about the equivalent of their weight in insects each night,” said Quirk. “They’re very, very important for our pest control.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Four-day-old Mexican-free tailed bat pup\" title=\"DSC_0027_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-day-old bat pup. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each female gives birth to a single pup once a year. The pups, which are born translucent and furless, are large, compared to their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think of it as a human mother giving birth to a kindergartner,” said Quirk. Around July 1, Quirk starts to look for tiny bat placentas and umbilical cords that have fallen to the ground under the bridge - a sign that the bats have given birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because nursing bats need to eat so many insects, once they give birth they fly in thicker groups than during their pregnancy. They fly out from under the bridge in a long, twirling line that Quirk describes as a “ribbon.” Each night, three or four ribbons are visible from the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like that they’re so different than their reputation,” said Quirk as she watched a flyout in July. “I like that they’re actually very calm animals for the most part, that they’re hunting insects and not interested in us.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Green Eggs By The Gram - Sustainable Caviar",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: Green Eggs By The Gram - Sustainable Caviar",
"headTitle": "Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21331\" title=\"caviar (81)_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/caviar-81_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"White sturgeon farmed by Sterling Caviar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-year-old white sturgeons farmed by Sterling Caviar in Sacramento County. Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sturgeons, the fish whose eggs are known as caviar, have been around for about 250 million years. These giants are the largest of the freshwater fish and have been known to grow to over 4,000 pounds and live more than 100 years. But it took us only a couple hundred years to deplete their stocks around the world, to the point where most caviar is now harvested from farmed sturgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caviar is generally associated with the \u003ca href=\"http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-caspian-sea.htm\">Caspian Sea\u003c/a>, the large land-locked body of water surrounded by Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Sturgeon are such big animals and the females produce so many eggs (in the wild, eggs can make up as much as 25 percent of their bodyweight) that historically they were a great source of protein. The caviar was for royalty, with the lightest-colored, blond caviar being reserved for the tsar, in Russia, and the shah, in Iran. But this year, virtually \u003ca href=\"http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/sturgeon_intro.shtml\">no wild-harvested caviar\u003c/a> came out of that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less known is the fact that in the late 1800s, the United States was a purveyor of wild-harvested caviar to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in California, they were harvesting millions of pounds in the late 1800s. And actually there was a town in New Jersey called Caviar, which was the world-leading exporter of caviar,” said Peter Struffeneger, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/\">Sterling Caviar\u003c/a>, one of the two companies in California that farm sturgeon for caviar. “But within a span of 30 years they wiped it out. They closed down all fishing from about 1905 to the 1950s, 1960s, depending on which river, for the stocks to recover. And most of them have only gotten back to a point where there’s a limited sport fish for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two species of sturgeon are native to California: the \u003ca href=\"http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=113&ds=241\">white sturgeon \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Sturgeon/index.asp\">green sturgeon\u003c/a>. The green sturgeon is a threatened species and can’t even be fished by sport fishermen. Anglers in California can only catch \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/sportfishing_regs2011.asp#tips\">three white sturgeon per year \u003c/a>and need a special card from the state’s Department of Fish and Game to do so. White sturgeons have been plentiful in the Bay Area in 2011, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_18192560\">this report\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news04/04040.html\">sturgeon poaching \u003c/a>remains a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We filmed the caviar harvest at Sterling Caviar’s processing plant in Sacramento County. Sterling Caviar is one of only two companies in California, and a handful around the country, that are raising sturgeon for caviar and meat. (Sterling Caviar ships most of the meat overseas, though some ends up in Brooklyn, where it’s prized by the Russian community).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wondered why caviar is so expensive (an ounce of Sterling’s highest-grade caviar goes for close to $90 \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/details.asp?ItemID=57&loc=3\">on its Web site\u003c/a>), one reason is that even in the best of circumstances, you can only harvest a small amount of it, said Struffeneger. It takes eight to 10 years for Sterling’s female sturgeons to produce eggs. The other reason for the high price, said Struffeneger, is caviar’s unique flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe a hint of the ocean to it, but not an overbearing saltiness,” he said. “It should hit your taste buds and it actually explodes and you get this ‘wow’ sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with \u003ca href=\"http://caba.ucdavis.edu/faculty/dir/sidorosh\">Serge Doroshov\u003c/a>, a University of California, Davis, scientist who pioneered sturgeon farming in California, Sterling Caviar has figured out ways to \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AquacultureCriteraMethodology.pdf\">farm sustainably\u003c/a>. When the company started out, in the early 1980s, it got permits from the Department of Fish and Game to take white sturgeon from the Sacramento River. But in 1994 the company figured out how to spawn its own females, and since then it hasn’t taken any fish from the wild. And Sterling’s sturgeons are fed fish meal made from sustainably fished sardines and menhaden from Peru and Chile, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Struffeneger, who has degrees in marine and fisheries biology, the United States isn't doing enough to encourage aquaculture. As a result, he said, the country imports 82 percent of the fish we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish farming is the only way forward, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t increase the supply out of the oceans without doing what happened to sturgeon, destroying the resource,” he said. “One hundred years from now we’ll look back at this as a very transitional period in which we’ve really changed from a hunting-and-gathering society for our seafood to a farming-and-ranching society for our seafood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Caviar_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21331\" title=\"caviar (81)_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/caviar-81_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"White sturgeon farmed by Sterling Caviar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-year-old white sturgeons farmed by Sterling Caviar in Sacramento County. Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sturgeons, the fish whose eggs are known as caviar, have been around for about 250 million years. These giants are the largest of the freshwater fish and have been known to grow to over 4,000 pounds and live more than 100 years. But it took us only a couple hundred years to deplete their stocks around the world, to the point where most caviar is now harvested from farmed sturgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caviar is generally associated with the \u003ca href=\"http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-caspian-sea.htm\">Caspian Sea\u003c/a>, the large land-locked body of water surrounded by Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Sturgeon are such big animals and the females produce so many eggs (in the wild, eggs can make up as much as 25 percent of their bodyweight) that historically they were a great source of protein. The caviar was for royalty, with the lightest-colored, blond caviar being reserved for the tsar, in Russia, and the shah, in Iran. But this year, virtually \u003ca href=\"http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/sturgeon_intro.shtml\">no wild-harvested caviar\u003c/a> came out of that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less known is the fact that in the late 1800s, the United States was a purveyor of wild-harvested caviar to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in California, they were harvesting millions of pounds in the late 1800s. And actually there was a town in New Jersey called Caviar, which was the world-leading exporter of caviar,” said Peter Struffeneger, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/\">Sterling Caviar\u003c/a>, one of the two companies in California that farm sturgeon for caviar. “But within a span of 30 years they wiped it out. They closed down all fishing from about 1905 to the 1950s, 1960s, depending on which river, for the stocks to recover. And most of them have only gotten back to a point where there’s a limited sport fish for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two species of sturgeon are native to California: the \u003ca href=\"http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=113&ds=241\">white sturgeon \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Sturgeon/index.asp\">green sturgeon\u003c/a>. The green sturgeon is a threatened species and can’t even be fished by sport fishermen. Anglers in California can only catch \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/sportfishing_regs2011.asp#tips\">three white sturgeon per year \u003c/a>and need a special card from the state’s Department of Fish and Game to do so. White sturgeons have been plentiful in the Bay Area in 2011, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_18192560\">this report\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news04/04040.html\">sturgeon poaching \u003c/a>remains a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We filmed the caviar harvest at Sterling Caviar’s processing plant in Sacramento County. Sterling Caviar is one of only two companies in California, and a handful around the country, that are raising sturgeon for caviar and meat. (Sterling Caviar ships most of the meat overseas, though some ends up in Brooklyn, where it’s prized by the Russian community).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wondered why caviar is so expensive (an ounce of Sterling’s highest-grade caviar goes for close to $90 \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/details.asp?ItemID=57&loc=3\">on its Web site\u003c/a>), one reason is that even in the best of circumstances, you can only harvest a small amount of it, said Struffeneger. It takes eight to 10 years for Sterling’s female sturgeons to produce eggs. The other reason for the high price, said Struffeneger, is caviar’s unique flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe a hint of the ocean to it, but not an overbearing saltiness,” he said. “It should hit your taste buds and it actually explodes and you get this ‘wow’ sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with \u003ca href=\"http://caba.ucdavis.edu/faculty/dir/sidorosh\">Serge Doroshov\u003c/a>, a University of California, Davis, scientist who pioneered sturgeon farming in California, Sterling Caviar has figured out ways to \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AquacultureCriteraMethodology.pdf\">farm sustainably\u003c/a>. When the company started out, in the early 1980s, it got permits from the Department of Fish and Game to take white sturgeon from the Sacramento River. But in 1994 the company figured out how to spawn its own females, and since then it hasn’t taken any fish from the wild. And Sterling’s sturgeons are fed fish meal made from sustainably fished sardines and menhaden from Peru and Chile, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Struffeneger, who has degrees in marine and fisheries biology, the United States isn't doing enough to encourage aquaculture. As a result, he said, the country imports 82 percent of the fish we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish farming is the only way forward, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t increase the supply out of the oceans without doing what happened to sturgeon, destroying the resource,” he said. “One hundred years from now we’ll look back at this as a very transitional period in which we’ve really changed from a hunting-and-gathering society for our seafood to a farming-and-ranching society for our seafood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Caviar_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves - Listening to Orcas",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Val_Veirs_House640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"val veirs\" title=\"Val_Veirs_House640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20671\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired professor Val Veirs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>LIME KILN STATE PARK, SAN JUAN ISLAND – It is hard to describe what it’s like when you see a killer whale up close. “Awe” and “inspiring” are the two words that come to most people’s minds. If you ever want to have that awe-inspiring experience, then \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.wa.gov/parks/?selectedpark=Lime%20Kiln%20Point\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on San Juan Island, Washington is the place to go.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“This is the foremost whale watching park in the world,” says retired professor Val Veirs. “There’s no place else in the world you can go with a higher probability of seeing a whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs, who taught physics at Colorado College for more than 30 years, visited the San Juan Islands on vacation with his wife Leslie and never left. Unable to spend his retirement idly, Veirs turned his attention from particle waves to sound waves, and took up the hobby of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/lk/\">recording underwater marine life\u003c/a>. That’s when he heard his first killer whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody who was making recordings sent me a tape, it was back in the days of cassette tapes, and he played this tape and I said ‘Wow, that’s not what I’ve been hearing on my hydrophone, I’ve been hearing ferry boats and crabs, but I haven’t heard these marvelous sounds that these animals make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Veirs puts almost all of his efforts into tracking orcas. “Listening to the underwater sounds of the sea is an effort to try to understand the acoustic environment of the killer whales that very commonly visit this island,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs recordings confirm what many scientists have theorized about orcas. Different groups of killer whales – known as pods – have different sounds. “There are about 85 animals in three pods, labeled J, K, and L,” says Veirs, “and each of those pods seems to have a signature or contact call. By listening to these a lot, you kind of develop a sense of the vocabulary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that vocabulary is telling Veirs is that the Southern Resident Killer Whales of Puget Sound are in trouble – threatened by a lack of food, pollution, and underwater noise harassment. It is this third factor that interests Veirs, mostly because he hears it firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were listening to the underwater sounds we might hear the waves lapping on the shore, but that would soon be interrupted by the high speed whine of a speed boat. And then echoing and rumbling we would hear a container ship coming in from Asia coming around the corner of Vancouver Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound travels through the air at about 700 miles-per-hour. Underwater, it travels even faster – closer to 3,500 miles-per-hour. Veirs says, if you want to know what it’s like to be an orca, imagine living under the flight path of an airport and next to a train station at the same time. Veirs says his research shows that the whales are compensating for all that noise. “We’ve had three or four experiments which have documented the fact that the whales speak more loudly when the background noises are higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater noise isn’t just a nuisance for orcas. It’s critical for their survival, since killer whales rely on echolocation to find their food. Orcas emit a high-pitched click, which, like sonar, bounces off their prey and tells them exactly where a tasty salmon might be swimming nearby. “If it’s harder for them to hear their echoes then they won’t be able to detect,” say Veirs. “The fish that used to be 100 meters away now maybe it can only be 20 meters away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that scientists would love to know is whether the orcas’ chirps and whistles are just general communication, or whether they are a more formal language. In other words, are the orcas actually speaking to each other? Val Veirs thinks he has the answer. In a recording made a few years ago, Veirs documented a mother orca “talking” to her calf, which was approaching Veirs’ research boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the recording afterwards, Veirs was able to triangulate the calls and recreate the communication. “The reconstruction on the computer looks like, [the calf saying] ‘I’m going over there… I’m going over there.’ [Then the mother says] ‘Don’t go over there, don’t go over there,’ a little louder. And in that intense back and forth, the young whale turns away from the boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Veirs has documented the first evidence of an orca “conversation” or not, he is committed to continuing to study these iconic animals. “Our goals for this are multiple. One is kind of public education. Another is trying to move toward a deeper understanding of how the underwater noise may affect the behavior of the orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that, and we understand that those noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to navigate, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a little better chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to various sounds the Orcas encounter around San Juan Island in this map below.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Produced by Kevin Bang, KCTS. View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218377787807598434655.0004a6cdaa21a5a498385&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=h&vpsrc=0&ll=48.54866,-123.150215&spn=0.109092,0.219727&z=12&source=embed\">Listening to Orcas - KCTS 9 Quest\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.orcasound.net/\">Salish Sea Hydrophone Network\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whalemuseum.org/seasound/ref.html\">SeaSound Project of the Whale Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/Research/Faculty/OVALItems/FordOsborneVocabulary/_SouthernVocabularyTable.html\">Val Veirs Orca Call Catalogue\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Val_Veirs_House640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"val veirs\" title=\"Val_Veirs_House640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20671\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired professor Val Veirs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>LIME KILN STATE PARK, SAN JUAN ISLAND – It is hard to describe what it’s like when you see a killer whale up close. “Awe” and “inspiring” are the two words that come to most people’s minds. If you ever want to have that awe-inspiring experience, then \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.wa.gov/parks/?selectedpark=Lime%20Kiln%20Point\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on San Juan Island, Washington is the place to go.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“This is the foremost whale watching park in the world,” says retired professor Val Veirs. “There’s no place else in the world you can go with a higher probability of seeing a whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs, who taught physics at Colorado College for more than 30 years, visited the San Juan Islands on vacation with his wife Leslie and never left. Unable to spend his retirement idly, Veirs turned his attention from particle waves to sound waves, and took up the hobby of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/lk/\">recording underwater marine life\u003c/a>. That’s when he heard his first killer whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody who was making recordings sent me a tape, it was back in the days of cassette tapes, and he played this tape and I said ‘Wow, that’s not what I’ve been hearing on my hydrophone, I’ve been hearing ferry boats and crabs, but I haven’t heard these marvelous sounds that these animals make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Veirs puts almost all of his efforts into tracking orcas. “Listening to the underwater sounds of the sea is an effort to try to understand the acoustic environment of the killer whales that very commonly visit this island,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs recordings confirm what many scientists have theorized about orcas. Different groups of killer whales – known as pods – have different sounds. “There are about 85 animals in three pods, labeled J, K, and L,” says Veirs, “and each of those pods seems to have a signature or contact call. By listening to these a lot, you kind of develop a sense of the vocabulary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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