QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
A Happy, Noisy Mess: Community Science Workshops Take Root in California
The Switching Outlets of Clear Lake
Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams
Science on the SPOT: New Hope for Heart Repair
Metal Materials, Cold Could Have Contributed to the Titanic’s Demise
Stanford Marine Biologists Share Their Artistic Side
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One Bay Area man wants to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35674\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Dan-and-whale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Dan-and-whale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Gray whale baleen \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35674\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Sudran explains a gray whale's baleen plates to kids at Mission Science Center in San Francisco.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dan Sudran grew up a good Jewish kid in Kansas City, Missouri. He went to college then law school. But he says there was always a sinking feeling that he wasn’t really cut out for the world he’d been born into. “I couldn’t really figure out what I was or what I wanted to be. I didn’t go to college because I wanted to. I went because that’s what you were supposed to do,” says Sudran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discovering Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until his late 30s that Sudran finally had his revelation. It happened in a garage. He had started taking apart electronics, collecting bones from the beach. In school, science had held no interest for him. But in the real, hands-on world he says, it turned out to be the thing he’d been missing all along, “My life is immeasurably better since I got into science.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35676\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Tarantulas.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Tarantulas-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Tarantulas\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35676\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are few rules at the science centers, but one is that kids must sit down while handling animals. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And this gave Sudran an idea. What if he could give kids the same experience he’d waited 30 years to discover? A local college donated some space and soon a small, non-profit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://cswnetwork.org/\">Community Science Workshop Network\u003c/a> was born. Sudran says the idea was to be the opposite of a big science museum, \"It's your own dream garage, in a sense, just a bunch of stuff you can play around with without being nervous that the curator's gonna have a nervous breakdown. There are no curators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Community Science Workshops Take Off\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are five community science workshops around the state, funded by private grants. One is in Greenfield, about 30 miles south of Salinas. It’s a farm town - lettuce, broccoli, apricots - mostly Spanish speaking. It’s one room, in the back of the former Greenfield City Hall. Every inch is crammed with stuff: Bones, microscopes, power tools, a turtle, a snake. And above all, there’s noise. A lot of noise. As kid’s bang away, Jose, a middle schooler, builds a submersible robot. “It’s the submarine type of thing. It runs on little engine things that would spin,” says Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone strums a guitar, an 11-year old named Eduardo scoops tadpoles out of a bucket of pond water to look at them under a microscope. “We have to take it out of the water, he explains.” Meanwhile, spread out on the floor, some older kids trim the outlines of a future hot air balloon and another kid plays the ever appealing, though not terribly scientific, Casio keyboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35673\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Greenfield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Greenfield-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Greenfield\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35673\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Greenfield Community Science Workshop, near Salinas, runs on a budget of $50,000 a year, with one full-time employee. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Running this place costs about $50,000, paid for by a grant from Bechtel and the Packard Foundation. But Sudran says grants can be sort of a mixed blessing. For instance, not long ago he came across a stranded gray whale on a beach near his house in Pescadero. “It was lifted up by the tide high on the beach. And it was completely recoverable. And there was no loss. I couldn't believe it, says Sudran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudran has a permit from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> to collect specimens and he thought the skeleton would make a good teaching tool. Although it would have been nice to get some funding, Sudran says there was no time for something like that. “You say these bones are gonna be lost. I can't let that happen. I'm not gonna waste time writing a grant. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Community Science Workshops Take Off\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are five community science workshops around the state, funded by private grants. One is in Greenfield, about 30 miles south of Salinas. It’s a farm town - lettuce, broccoli, apricots - mostly Spanish speaking. It’s one room, in the back of the former Greenfield City Hall. Every inch is crammed with stuff: Bones, microscopes, power tools, a turtle, a snake. And above all, there’s noise. A lot of noise. As kid’s bang away, Jose, a middle schooler, builds a submersible robot. “It’s the submarine type of thing. It runs on little engine things that would spin,” says Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone strums a guitar, an 11-year old named Eduardo scoops tadpoles out of a bucket of pond water to look at them under a microscope. “We have to take it out of the water, he explains.” Meanwhile, spread out on the floor, some older kids trim the outlines of a future hot air balloon and another kid plays the ever appealing, though not terribly scientific, Casio keyboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35673\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Greenfield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Greenfield-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Greenfield\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35673\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Greenfield Community Science Workshop, near Salinas, runs on a budget of $50,000 a year, with one full-time employee. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Running this place costs about $50,000, paid for by a grant from Bechtel and the Packard Foundation. But Sudran says grants can be sort of a mixed blessing. For instance, not long ago he came across a stranded gray whale on a beach near his house in Pescadero. “It was lifted up by the tide high on the beach. And it was completely recoverable. And there was no loss. I couldn't believe it, says Sudran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudran has a permit from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> to collect specimens and he thought the skeleton would make a good teaching tool. Although it would have been nice to get some funding, Sudran says there was no time for something like that. “You say these bones are gonna be lost. I can't let that happen. I'm not gonna waste time writing a grant. That takes months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_1856.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_1856-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Whale Bones\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35677\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bones from a gray whale that beached in Pescadero, Ca.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sudran got some volunteers to pull up the bones, then brought them to his backyard and spent months cleaning them off. Now he brings the entire skeleton to schools where kids can put it together. \"There ain’t no budget. No time for a budget, we just gotta go do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dream, Sudran says, is to take this model all over the state, “So many places, I could reel them off. Oxnard, Bakersfield, el Central. We don’t want to make our place any bigger. We want more of them.” The small southern California desert town of Coachella is in the works, so is Vallejo, and Sudran hopes soon to open a center in Daly City.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Switching Outlets of Clear Lake",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35637\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/cachecreekcut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35637\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekcut-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cachecreekcut\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35637\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recently accelerated erosion in the bed of Cache Creek testifies to a big change upstream: a switch in the drainage of Clear Lake. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rainy, dynamic terrain of the northern Coast Range features many rivers, but very few natural lakes. Any basins that may form by tectonic activity have short lives. Either they fill up with sediment, or rivers erode into them and they drain dry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clear Lake, by far the largest lake in the Coast Range, has sediments in it dating back some half a million years. The lake's basin never seems to fill with mud, although Clear Lake has always been shallow. Apparently something builds up the basin's sides whenever the lake outlet threatens to cut downward far enough to drain the lake dry. In recent geologic time, Clear Lake has drained eastward and westward at different times as one exit or the other has been plugged. You can visit both exits and glimpse the geologic evidence yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Clear Lake drains east to the Central Valley down Cache Creek through a rugged canyon with high, steep walls. But biologists tell us that the fish of Clear Lake come from both the Russian River and the Central Valley. Without that clue, we might not make much of the straight little valley northwest of Clear Lake, just a few meters above the present lake level. Created by slow faulting, the valley holds some bits of water called Blue Lakes. What could have made Clear Lake drain in this direction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35633\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/clearlakemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35633\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"clearlakemap\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35633\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clear Lake shows signs of having drained northwest, through Blue Lakes, as well as southeast through Cache Creek, its current outlet.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The east side of Clear Lake is full of young volcanoes ranging in size from Mount Konocti down to a dozen little cones a few tens of thousands of years old. With that in mind it's easy to picture a large lava flow, or the emergence of a small cone, blocking Cache Creek and causing the lake to rise until it spilled through the valley of Blue Lakes to the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can drive up state route 20 from the north side of Clear Lake into this valley, and it's easy to picture it holding a river. Then the road hits a large bump, a hill right in the middle of the valley, and that seems to be the end of the line. But geologic mapping has shown that this is an ancient landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35635\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/bluelakeslide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35635\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bluelakeslide\" width=\"600\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35635\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bare-topped hill blocking the valley past Upper Blue Lake is a landslide. The forested land in front is a younger delta fan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A look at the topography here is instructive, and Google Maps' \"terrain\" setting is an excellent way to do that. The photo above was taken from the middle \"20\" symbol and the hill is marked with an asterisk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/bluelakemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35634\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bluelakemap\" width=\"640\" height=\"460\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35634\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annotations: V symbols are delta-forming drainages, S marks landslides or possible landslides.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Notice how well-organized the stream drainages are leading down to the lakes. Each of the larger streams has built out a delta of sediment. But west of the lakes is an area of poorly organized, hummocky terrain that closely resembles \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">the body of a landslide\u003c/a>. It appears to me that the landslide nearest to Blue Lakes is the smallest and possibly the latest of a whole series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native tribes around Clear Lake have old stories of just such a landslide here. If we take them literally, that would place the event within the last few thousand years. The next thing to happen in this scenario is that Clear Lake would rise still further until it overcame the natural dam on Cache Creek and resumed its interrupted eastward drainage. In fact, there's no reason this should have happened only once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I mentioned visiting both exits of Clear Lake. Cache Creek goes into roadless country but on the other side, right where it meets state route 16, you can pull over at \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolocounty.org/index.aspx?page=379\">Cache Creek Regional Park\u003c/a> and see this beautiful exposure, about 5 meters high, across the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/cachecreekbank/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35636\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cachecreekbank\" width=\"600\" height=\"471\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-35636\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank-400x314.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From top to bottom its features are plain as day: a nice flat abandoned floodplain, a layer of coarse river rocks and gravel, the rugged profile of a former streambed, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">tilted bedrock of the Great Valley Sequence\u003c/a>. In the typical river, the streambed is cut downward so slowly, only in the largest \"hundred-year\" storm events, that an exposure like this is never seen. But today's newly invigorated Cache Creek has cut through all this in one clean chop in just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35637\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/cachecreekcut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35637\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekcut-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cachecreekcut\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35637\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recently accelerated erosion in the bed of Cache Creek testifies to a big change upstream: a switch in the drainage of Clear Lake. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rainy, dynamic terrain of the northern Coast Range features many rivers, but very few natural lakes. Any basins that may form by tectonic activity have short lives. Either they fill up with sediment, or rivers erode into them and they drain dry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clear Lake, by far the largest lake in the Coast Range, has sediments in it dating back some half a million years. The lake's basin never seems to fill with mud, although Clear Lake has always been shallow. Apparently something builds up the basin's sides whenever the lake outlet threatens to cut downward far enough to drain the lake dry. In recent geologic time, Clear Lake has drained eastward and westward at different times as one exit or the other has been plugged. You can visit both exits and glimpse the geologic evidence yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Clear Lake drains east to the Central Valley down Cache Creek through a rugged canyon with high, steep walls. But biologists tell us that the fish of Clear Lake come from both the Russian River and the Central Valley. Without that clue, we might not make much of the straight little valley northwest of Clear Lake, just a few meters above the present lake level. Created by slow faulting, the valley holds some bits of water called Blue Lakes. What could have made Clear Lake drain in this direction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35633\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/clearlakemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35633\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"clearlakemap\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35633\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clear Lake shows signs of having drained northwest, through Blue Lakes, as well as southeast through Cache Creek, its current outlet.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The east side of Clear Lake is full of young volcanoes ranging in size from Mount Konocti down to a dozen little cones a few tens of thousands of years old. With that in mind it's easy to picture a large lava flow, or the emergence of a small cone, blocking Cache Creek and causing the lake to rise until it spilled through the valley of Blue Lakes to the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can drive up state route 20 from the north side of Clear Lake into this valley, and it's easy to picture it holding a river. Then the road hits a large bump, a hill right in the middle of the valley, and that seems to be the end of the line. But geologic mapping has shown that this is an ancient landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35635\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/bluelakeslide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35635\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bluelakeslide\" width=\"600\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35635\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bare-topped hill blocking the valley past Upper Blue Lake is a landslide. The forested land in front is a younger delta fan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A look at the topography here is instructive, and Google Maps' \"terrain\" setting is an excellent way to do that. The photo above was taken from the middle \"20\" symbol and the hill is marked with an asterisk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/bluelakemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35634\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bluelakemap\" width=\"640\" height=\"460\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35634\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annotations: V symbols are delta-forming drainages, S marks landslides or possible landslides.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Notice how well-organized the stream drainages are leading down to the lakes. Each of the larger streams has built out a delta of sediment. But west of the lakes is an area of poorly organized, hummocky terrain that closely resembles \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">the body of a landslide\u003c/a>. It appears to me that the landslide nearest to Blue Lakes is the smallest and possibly the latest of a whole series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native tribes around Clear Lake have old stories of just such a landslide here. If we take them literally, that would place the event within the last few thousand years. The next thing to happen in this scenario is that Clear Lake would rise still further until it overcame the natural dam on Cache Creek and resumed its interrupted eastward drainage. In fact, there's no reason this should have happened only once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I mentioned visiting both exits of Clear Lake. Cache Creek goes into roadless country but on the other side, right where it meets state route 16, you can pull over at \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolocounty.org/index.aspx?page=379\">Cache Creek Regional Park\u003c/a> and see this beautiful exposure, about 5 meters high, across the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/cachecreekbank/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35636\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cachecreekbank\" width=\"600\" height=\"471\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-35636\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank-400x314.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From top to bottom its features are plain as day: a nice flat abandoned floodplain, a layer of coarse river rocks and gravel, the rugged profile of a former streambed, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">tilted bedrock of the Great Valley Sequence\u003c/a>. In the typical river, the streambed is cut downward so slowly, only in the largest \"hundred-year\" storm events, that an exposure like this is never seen. But today's newly invigorated Cache Creek has cut through all this in one clean chop in just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/grizzly_bear640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35562\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Grizzly_bear640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Grizzly_bear \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear in British Columbia. Its California cousin, Ursus horribilis californicus, is long extinct. (Photo: Charlesjsharp)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California’s beleaguered salmon fishing industry finally got a break. After the catastrophic collapse of Central Valley’s fall Chinook run in 2008-2009, hundreds of thousands of fish may be on their way back to Sacramento riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a forecast of 820,000 Chinook now at sea, commercial salmon boats, rendered irrelevant for two straight seasons and set loose for just eight days in 2010, can return to business as usual this summer. And though the apparent rebound is good news for salmon, the fall Chinook’s future is far from secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disheartening run of 2008 followed a lean spawning year (which biologists call “escapement,” after the number of fish that elude fishermen to reproduce), with just under 88,000 survivors returning to streams or hatcheries in 2007. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has four seasonal salmon runs, each with distinct behavioral and genetic traits. Conservation biologists like to compare genetic diversity to a diversified stock portfolio. More diversity means a better chance of weathering tough times. (See, for example, \"Irish potato famine.\") And while the National Marine Fisheries Service cited poor ocean conditions as the “proximate cause” for the dismal runs (because freshwater habitat, though degraded, was no worse than usual), the agency also noted several other factors, including heavy reliance on hatchery fish, which homogenized the fall Chinook’s historically diverse genetic portfolio. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall Chinook once thrived in every major river in the Central Valley. Biologists suspect the runs rivaled the storied San Joaquin spring runs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjrdotmdl.org/concept_model/phys-chem_model/documents/300001740.pdf\">Documents from 1870 unearthed by historian Paul Vandor\u003c/a> described salmon returning in “such shoals” that “restful sleep was disturbed because myriads of them can be heard nightly splashing over the sand bars in the river opposite town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35567\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/chinook/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chinook-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"chinook\" title=\"chinook\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook Salmon on the Lower Stanislaus River. (Photo: USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spring run Chinook are long gone from the San Joaquin watershed. Just 3,802 fish made the Sacramento run in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific fisheries managers monitor Chinook take to allow 122,000-180,000 fish to escape capture and swim upriver. In 2008, just 66,000 fish made it back. Fewer than 40,000 returned in 2009 (close to 54,000 counting hatchery fish), the worst run on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The runs in 2010 barely made it above the minimum target, with close to 40,000 returning to hatcheries and about 86,000 returning to wild streams.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season’s good news notwithstanding, the grim returns of the past few years didn’t affect just fishermen and salmon consumers. Biologists have long known that ecosystems suffer when managers value economics over ecosystems and allow overfishing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cutting back on harvests to let more salmon spawn in rivers and creeks will not only help safeguard their ecological role, argues a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HIs8gx\">study published last week in PLoS Biology\u003c/a>, but will help commercial fishers and consumers by ensuring a future for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When salmon thrive, so does everything else, says Taal Levi, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, who led the study. “Abundance matters in ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study supports a growing literature linking abundant salmon to positive ecological effects, Levi says. “It suggests we should be letting more salmon into rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/griz-with-salmon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35572\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/griz-with-salmon-250x253.png\" alt=\"grizzly with salmon\" title=\"grizzly with salmon\" width=\"250\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35572\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Letting more salmon return to coastal streams to spawn will benefit bears, ecosystems, and eventually the offshore salmon catch. (Photo: Jennifer Allen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are the ultimate mobile nutrient-delivery system. They spread the wealth wherever they go, from streams to sea and back again. Healthy salmon runs boost primary productivity in coastal lakes (by providing nutrients for algae), fuel vegetative growth along streams, creating better habitat for salmon hatchlings and leading to higher densities of \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4183m54576wq127/fulltext.html\">diverse insects\u003c/a> and songbirds. They also feed all manner of predators and scavengers, from orcas to raptors and—in the places they still exist—grizzly bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of thousands of salmon once injected massive seasonal pulses of nutrients from the sea to Pacific coastal and riparian ecosystems. Commercial harvests deprive ecosystems of this historic recharge. But restricting harvests cuts into fishery profits. Levi and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HAGkMV\">developed a model\u003c/a> to help fishery managers weigh the costs and benefits to commercial fishers and ecosystems of allowing more spawning, using grizzly bears as a proxy for salmon’s ecosystem benefits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IkmX7A\">spawning and dead salmon are the single most important fall resource\u003c/a> to grizzlies preparing for hibernation and cub-rearing on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. In this study, the authors show that grizzlies are good indicators of salmon’s ecosystem services because bear densities are so closely tied to salmon abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors used fishing records to model increased escapement across various management options for six sockeye salmon stocks in Alaska and British Columbia to determine how bear numbers and income from fishing change with the number of fish harvested. For each stock, more spawning meant more bears. And for sockeye stocks that breed in streams alongside other salmon species, both long-term fishing yields and bears benefited from higher escapement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation and economic interests conflicted only where grizzlies are threatened and eat primarily sockeye, because reducing harvests would cut into profits. But the tradeoffs would be clear, and managers could estimate the costs of protecting salmon runs and endangered bears. It’s conceivable that managers could even find ways to help fisheries recoup their losses in the name of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishing industry in California doesn’t dominate the state economy as it does in Alaska. But Levi argues that having more salmon in streams would also have economic benefits from better wildlife viewing opportunities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased salmon abundance would surely help California’s bald eagles. “We don’t have abundant bald eagle populations anymore but we have a nesting pair at Pinto Lake in Watsonville,” Levi says. (There’s another pair in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/\">San Mateo\u003c/a> now.) More salmon would be a boon to the state’s recovering eagle population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More salmon would also increase black bear populations, he says, which is good for both hunters and wildlife observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black bears often move in when grizzlies go extinct, serving a similar ecological role. In fact, biologists say, black bears eat more salmon than grizzlies because they’re more widely distributed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no reason that restoring California’s salmon runs couldn’t go hand in hand with restoring the state’s grizzly population, Levi says: California and Oregon have millions of acres of contiguous protected land, more than enough to support grizzlies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, grizzlies survived on only 4 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, he points out. Protected areas in six national forests from Klamath to Mendocino provide nearly 9 million acres of contiguous habitat, not counting available habitat along the coast range from Humboldt down to Point Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35652\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/salmon_grizz-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35652\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/salmon_grizz1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear\" title=\"Grizzly bear\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35652\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bear (Photo: Eric Sambol/www.raincoast.org)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzlies once inhabited nearly every part of the state. In the 1800s, there were so many in the Santa Cruz Mountains where Levi lives that a Spanish missionary said they prowled about “in herds like hogs on a farm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as late as the 1850s, grizzlies roamed San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. By the 1870s, they were gone because, as legendary naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote, “Great numbers of people…have been alert to seize any and every opportunity to \u003cem>kill\u003c/em> bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi admits the prospect for reintroducing grizzlies could be “politically insurmountable,” but adds wistfully, “this would be ambitious wildlife conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not at all crazy to think that grizzlies could have a viable population in California,\" he says. \"The question is just whether we want them back.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Using grizzly bears in the Pacific Northwest as a proxy for the benefits salmon deliver to ecological communities, a new study argues that letting more salmon migrate into coastal streams will lead to downstream improvements for the ecosystem and eventually the offshore salmon catch. ",
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"description": "Using grizzly bears in the Pacific Northwest as a proxy for the benefits salmon deliver to ecological communities, a new study argues that letting more salmon migrate into coastal streams will lead to downstream improvements for the ecosystem and eventually the offshore salmon catch. ",
"title": "Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/grizzly_bear640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35562\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Grizzly_bear640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Grizzly_bear \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear in British Columbia. Its California cousin, Ursus horribilis californicus, is long extinct. (Photo: Charlesjsharp)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California’s beleaguered salmon fishing industry finally got a break. After the catastrophic collapse of Central Valley’s fall Chinook run in 2008-2009, hundreds of thousands of fish may be on their way back to Sacramento riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a forecast of 820,000 Chinook now at sea, commercial salmon boats, rendered irrelevant for two straight seasons and set loose for just eight days in 2010, can return to business as usual this summer. And though the apparent rebound is good news for salmon, the fall Chinook’s future is far from secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disheartening run of 2008 followed a lean spawning year (which biologists call “escapement,” after the number of fish that elude fishermen to reproduce), with just under 88,000 survivors returning to streams or hatcheries in 2007. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has four seasonal salmon runs, each with distinct behavioral and genetic traits. Conservation biologists like to compare genetic diversity to a diversified stock portfolio. More diversity means a better chance of weathering tough times. (See, for example, \"Irish potato famine.\") And while the National Marine Fisheries Service cited poor ocean conditions as the “proximate cause” for the dismal runs (because freshwater habitat, though degraded, was no worse than usual), the agency also noted several other factors, including heavy reliance on hatchery fish, which homogenized the fall Chinook’s historically diverse genetic portfolio. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall Chinook once thrived in every major river in the Central Valley. Biologists suspect the runs rivaled the storied San Joaquin spring runs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjrdotmdl.org/concept_model/phys-chem_model/documents/300001740.pdf\">Documents from 1870 unearthed by historian Paul Vandor\u003c/a> described salmon returning in “such shoals” that “restful sleep was disturbed because myriads of them can be heard nightly splashing over the sand bars in the river opposite town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35567\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/chinook/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chinook-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"chinook\" title=\"chinook\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook Salmon on the Lower Stanislaus River. (Photo: USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spring run Chinook are long gone from the San Joaquin watershed. Just 3,802 fish made the Sacramento run in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific fisheries managers monitor Chinook take to allow 122,000-180,000 fish to escape capture and swim upriver. In 2008, just 66,000 fish made it back. Fewer than 40,000 returned in 2009 (close to 54,000 counting hatchery fish), the worst run on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The runs in 2010 barely made it above the minimum target, with close to 40,000 returning to hatcheries and about 86,000 returning to wild streams.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season’s good news notwithstanding, the grim returns of the past few years didn’t affect just fishermen and salmon consumers. Biologists have long known that ecosystems suffer when managers value economics over ecosystems and allow overfishing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cutting back on harvests to let more salmon spawn in rivers and creeks will not only help safeguard their ecological role, argues a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HIs8gx\">study published last week in PLoS Biology\u003c/a>, but will help commercial fishers and consumers by ensuring a future for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When salmon thrive, so does everything else, says Taal Levi, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, who led the study. “Abundance matters in ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study supports a growing literature linking abundant salmon to positive ecological effects, Levi says. “It suggests we should be letting more salmon into rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/griz-with-salmon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35572\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/griz-with-salmon-250x253.png\" alt=\"grizzly with salmon\" title=\"grizzly with salmon\" width=\"250\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35572\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Letting more salmon return to coastal streams to spawn will benefit bears, ecosystems, and eventually the offshore salmon catch. (Photo: Jennifer Allen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are the ultimate mobile nutrient-delivery system. They spread the wealth wherever they go, from streams to sea and back again. Healthy salmon runs boost primary productivity in coastal lakes (by providing nutrients for algae), fuel vegetative growth along streams, creating better habitat for salmon hatchlings and leading to higher densities of \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4183m54576wq127/fulltext.html\">diverse insects\u003c/a> and songbirds. They also feed all manner of predators and scavengers, from orcas to raptors and—in the places they still exist—grizzly bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of thousands of salmon once injected massive seasonal pulses of nutrients from the sea to Pacific coastal and riparian ecosystems. Commercial harvests deprive ecosystems of this historic recharge. But restricting harvests cuts into fishery profits. Levi and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HAGkMV\">developed a model\u003c/a> to help fishery managers weigh the costs and benefits to commercial fishers and ecosystems of allowing more spawning, using grizzly bears as a proxy for salmon’s ecosystem benefits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IkmX7A\">spawning and dead salmon are the single most important fall resource\u003c/a> to grizzlies preparing for hibernation and cub-rearing on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. In this study, the authors show that grizzlies are good indicators of salmon’s ecosystem services because bear densities are so closely tied to salmon abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors used fishing records to model increased escapement across various management options for six sockeye salmon stocks in Alaska and British Columbia to determine how bear numbers and income from fishing change with the number of fish harvested. For each stock, more spawning meant more bears. And for sockeye stocks that breed in streams alongside other salmon species, both long-term fishing yields and bears benefited from higher escapement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation and economic interests conflicted only where grizzlies are threatened and eat primarily sockeye, because reducing harvests would cut into profits. But the tradeoffs would be clear, and managers could estimate the costs of protecting salmon runs and endangered bears. It’s conceivable that managers could even find ways to help fisheries recoup their losses in the name of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishing industry in California doesn’t dominate the state economy as it does in Alaska. But Levi argues that having more salmon in streams would also have economic benefits from better wildlife viewing opportunities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased salmon abundance would surely help California’s bald eagles. “We don’t have abundant bald eagle populations anymore but we have a nesting pair at Pinto Lake in Watsonville,” Levi says. (There’s another pair in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/\">San Mateo\u003c/a> now.) More salmon would be a boon to the state’s recovering eagle population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More salmon would also increase black bear populations, he says, which is good for both hunters and wildlife observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black bears often move in when grizzlies go extinct, serving a similar ecological role. In fact, biologists say, black bears eat more salmon than grizzlies because they’re more widely distributed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no reason that restoring California’s salmon runs couldn’t go hand in hand with restoring the state’s grizzly population, Levi says: California and Oregon have millions of acres of contiguous protected land, more than enough to support grizzlies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, grizzlies survived on only 4 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, he points out. Protected areas in six national forests from Klamath to Mendocino provide nearly 9 million acres of contiguous habitat, not counting available habitat along the coast range from Humboldt down to Point Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35652\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/salmon_grizz-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35652\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/salmon_grizz1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear\" title=\"Grizzly bear\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35652\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bear (Photo: Eric Sambol/www.raincoast.org)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzlies once inhabited nearly every part of the state. In the 1800s, there were so many in the Santa Cruz Mountains where Levi lives that a Spanish missionary said they prowled about “in herds like hogs on a farm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as late as the 1850s, grizzlies roamed San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. By the 1870s, they were gone because, as legendary naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote, “Great numbers of people…have been alert to seize any and every opportunity to \u003cem>kill\u003c/em> bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi admits the prospect for reintroducing grizzlies could be “politically insurmountable,” but adds wistfully, “this would be ambitious wildlife conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not at all crazy to think that grizzlies could have a viable population in California,\" he says. \"The question is just whether we want them back.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: New Hope for Heart Repair",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: New Hope for Heart Repair",
"headTitle": "Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>More than 5 million people in the United States live with damaged hearts that make it difficult to walk and carry out other simple daily tasks. Pacemakers and drugs can help, but they don’t repair the heart muscle that has died as a result of a heart attack or clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists in San Francisco say a more effective treatment might be on the way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Research mouse\" title=\"602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35476\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three months after being injected with three genes, the hearts of mice that had suffered a heart attack pumped as much blood as a normal heart. Credit: Gabriela Quirós, QUEST \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\" title=\"The Gladstone Institutes\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, affiliated with the University of California-San Francisco, reported today that using a new genetic technique, they have succeeded for the first time in repairing, from within, the hearts of mice weakened by heart attacks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a variety of approaches we use right now to help people who are left with damaged hearts,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/srivastava/\" title=\"Dr. Deepak Srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a>, senior author of the paper and director of cardiovascular research at the Gladstone Institutes, “but none of them actually get to the root of the problem, which is replacing that damaged heart muscle. And that’s where our focus has been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists injected three genes into the hearts of research mice that had been given mild heart attacks. Within three months, the genes transformed non-beating cells in the heart into cells that looked and acted just like beating heart muscle cells. These new beating cells restored the heart’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human hearts have billions of non-beating cells, which support the beating cells by forming the heart’s structure, Srivastava said. Mice have millions of these support cells too. When a heart attack happens, the support cells rush to the site of the damage and form scar tissue, which preserves the heart’s structure, but doesn’t help it pump blood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve found a way to take these support cells that should normally never become muscle, and convert them into new muscle cells that actually integrate with the rest of the heart, contribute to the force that it generates, and allow us to regenerate the heart from within the organ itself,” said Srivastava.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35482\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mouse heart muscle cells created by Gladstone Institutes researchers.\" title=\"yellow induced muscle cells with sarcomere structure_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Non-beating heart cells became beating heart cells like these. Credit: Li Qian, Gladstone Institutes \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new research appears in the April 18 online edition of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html\" title=\"Journal Nature\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u003c/a> and was led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/publicaffairs/content/1/736\" title=\"Li Qian wins prestigious award\" target=\"_blank\">Li Qian\u003c/a>, also from the Gladstone Institutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart attacks and other heart disease kill 600,000 people each year. Many more survive, yet lead diminished lives. Some 5.7 million people live with damaged hearts that pump less blood, making it difficult for them to climb a flight of stairs or walk across a parking lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heart attack, clots block one or several coronary arteries and cut off blood flow. By rushing patients to the operating table and unclogging their arteries with catheters and stents, doctors are able to save all but 5 percent of victims who make it to the hospital. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’ve been doing better at saving lives, each time we save a life the patient still loses some of their muscle,” Srivastava said. “So the number of people who are left with damaged hearts is actually growing, even though the number of people who die from heart attacks is getting smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments for humans could be six to seven years away, he added. The next step will be to test the treatment on pigs. Scientists still need to figure out if cell reprogramming is safe for humans; how to deliver the genes into the heart, and how to produce enough new beating heart cells to repair a human – rather than a mouse – heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/childhood-obesity-kids-fight-back/\">Childhood Obesity: Kids Fight Back\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report/\">Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/rushing-to-save-heart-attack-patients/\">Rushing to Save Heart Attack Patients\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the research is drawing the attention of other heart researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major discovery and certainly suggests a new approach to treat injury that previously had been thought to be irreversible,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Bios---Physician/H-O/Eduardo-Marban-MD.aspx\" title=\"Dr. Eduardo Marban\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Eduardo Marbán\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Heart-Institute/\" title=\"Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\" target=\"_blank\">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\u003c/a> in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbán said it’s been “a long-held dogma” that once scar tissue has formed in the heart, it can’t change into heart muscle. This finding in mice, and recent research by Marbán’s team on a small group of human patients, challenge that belief, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the cell reprogramming research doesn’t involve stem cells, the Gladstone scientists used techniques that were discovered through stem cell research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists said their work was inspired by the discovery in 2007 that a few genes can transform an adult skin cell into a cell with the properties of a human embryonic stem cell. Researchers have been intensely interested in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" title=\"QUEST TV segment about stem cell research in California\" target=\"_blank\">embryonic stem cells\u003c/a> as a possible source of treatments for diseases like Parkinson’s because they can be coaxed to turn into virtually any type of cell in the body. But because embryonic stem cells are plucked from embryos left over from fertility treatments, and require the destruction of these embryos, their study has been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alternative to embryonic stem cells came with the skin cell breakthrough five years ago. Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/yamanaka/\" title=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\u003c/a>, of the Gladstone Institutes and Kyoto University in Japan, inserted four genes that are present in embryonic stem cells into adult skin cells. The four genes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/06/11/turning-skin-cells-into-embryonic-stem-cells/\" title=\"QUEST blog post about induced pluripotent stem cells\" target=\"_blank\">reprogrammed the skin cells to become embryonic-like stem cells\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led scientists to look for a way to transform one type of adult cell into another type of adult cell without the need to create stem cells at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yamanaka opened up the idea that adult cells weren’t permanently fixed,” said Srivastava. “That led us to ask whether or not we could convert one of these heart support cells into a heart muscle cell.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bypassing the creation of stem cells has several advantages. Though stem cells are versatile, when they’re introduced into the body they can behave as cancer cells and form tumors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a dramatic and heady possibility that vindicates for the first time the idea that we might be able to harness truly regenerative medicine,” Marbán said. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 5 million people in the United States live with damaged hearts that make it difficult to walk and carry out other simple daily tasks. Pacemakers and drugs can help, but they don’t repair the heart muscle that has died as a result of a heart attack or clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists in San Francisco say a more effective treatment might be on the way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Research mouse\" title=\"602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35476\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three months after being injected with three genes, the hearts of mice that had suffered a heart attack pumped as much blood as a normal heart. Credit: Gabriela Quirós, QUEST \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\" title=\"The Gladstone Institutes\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, affiliated with the University of California-San Francisco, reported today that using a new genetic technique, they have succeeded for the first time in repairing, from within, the hearts of mice weakened by heart attacks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a variety of approaches we use right now to help people who are left with damaged hearts,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/srivastava/\" title=\"Dr. Deepak Srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a>, senior author of the paper and director of cardiovascular research at the Gladstone Institutes, “but none of them actually get to the root of the problem, which is replacing that damaged heart muscle. And that’s where our focus has been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists injected three genes into the hearts of research mice that had been given mild heart attacks. Within three months, the genes transformed non-beating cells in the heart into cells that looked and acted just like beating heart muscle cells. These new beating cells restored the heart’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human hearts have billions of non-beating cells, which support the beating cells by forming the heart’s structure, Srivastava said. Mice have millions of these support cells too. When a heart attack happens, the support cells rush to the site of the damage and form scar tissue, which preserves the heart’s structure, but doesn’t help it pump blood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve found a way to take these support cells that should normally never become muscle, and convert them into new muscle cells that actually integrate with the rest of the heart, contribute to the force that it generates, and allow us to regenerate the heart from within the organ itself,” said Srivastava.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35482\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/yellow-induced-muscle-cells-with-sarcomere-structure_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mouse heart muscle cells created by Gladstone Institutes researchers.\" title=\"yellow induced muscle cells with sarcomere structure_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Non-beating heart cells became beating heart cells like these. Credit: Li Qian, Gladstone Institutes \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new research appears in the April 18 online edition of the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html\" title=\"Journal Nature\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u003c/a> and was led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/publicaffairs/content/1/736\" title=\"Li Qian wins prestigious award\" target=\"_blank\">Li Qian\u003c/a>, also from the Gladstone Institutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart attacks and other heart disease kill 600,000 people each year. Many more survive, yet lead diminished lives. Some 5.7 million people live with damaged hearts that pump less blood, making it difficult for them to climb a flight of stairs or walk across a parking lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heart attack, clots block one or several coronary arteries and cut off blood flow. By rushing patients to the operating table and unclogging their arteries with catheters and stents, doctors are able to save all but 5 percent of victims who make it to the hospital. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’ve been doing better at saving lives, each time we save a life the patient still loses some of their muscle,” Srivastava said. “So the number of people who are left with damaged hearts is actually growing, even though the number of people who die from heart attacks is getting smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments for humans could be six to seven years away, he added. The next step will be to test the treatment on pigs. Scientists still need to figure out if cell reprogramming is safe for humans; how to deliver the genes into the heart, and how to produce enough new beating heart cells to repair a human – rather than a mouse – heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/childhood-obesity-kids-fight-back/\">Childhood Obesity: Kids Fight Back\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report/\">Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/rushing-to-save-heart-attack-patients/\">Rushing to Save Heart Attack Patients\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the research is drawing the attention of other heart researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major discovery and certainly suggests a new approach to treat injury that previously had been thought to be irreversible,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Bios---Physician/H-O/Eduardo-Marban-MD.aspx\" title=\"Dr. Eduardo Marban\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Eduardo Marbán\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Heart-Institute/\" title=\"Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\" target=\"_blank\">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute\u003c/a> in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbán said it’s been “a long-held dogma” that once scar tissue has formed in the heart, it can’t change into heart muscle. This finding in mice, and recent research by Marbán’s team on a small group of human patients, challenge that belief, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the cell reprogramming research doesn’t involve stem cells, the Gladstone scientists used techniques that were discovered through stem cell research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists said their work was inspired by the discovery in 2007 that a few genes can transform an adult skin cell into a cell with the properties of a human embryonic stem cell. Researchers have been intensely interested in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" title=\"QUEST TV segment about stem cell research in California\" target=\"_blank\">embryonic stem cells\u003c/a> as a possible source of treatments for diseases like Parkinson’s because they can be coaxed to turn into virtually any type of cell in the body. But because embryonic stem cells are plucked from embryos left over from fertility treatments, and require the destruction of these embryos, their study has been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alternative to embryonic stem cells came with the skin cell breakthrough five years ago. Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/yamanaka/\" title=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka\u003c/a>, of the Gladstone Institutes and Kyoto University in Japan, inserted four genes that are present in embryonic stem cells into adult skin cells. The four genes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/06/11/turning-skin-cells-into-embryonic-stem-cells/\" title=\"QUEST blog post about induced pluripotent stem cells\" target=\"_blank\">reprogrammed the skin cells to become embryonic-like stem cells\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led scientists to look for a way to transform one type of adult cell into another type of adult cell without the need to create stem cells at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yamanaka opened up the idea that adult cells weren’t permanently fixed,” said Srivastava. “That led us to ask whether or not we could convert one of these heart support cells into a heart muscle cell.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bypassing the creation of stem cells has several advantages. Though stem cells are versatile, when they’re introduced into the body they can behave as cancer cells and form tumors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Metal Materials, Cold Could Have Contributed to the Titanic’s Demise",
"title": "Metal Materials, Cold Could Have Contributed to the Titanic’s Demise",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/metal-materials-cold-could-have-contributed-to-the-titanic%e2%80%99s-demise/titanic-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35434\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg\" alt=\"Titanic\" title=\"titanic resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past Sunday marked 100 years since the Titanic sank in the icy waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Yet after all this time, questions still remain about what really caused the ship to go down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often an \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/2012/04/14/the-science-behind-the-iceberg-that-sank-titanic/\">errant iceberg\u003c/a> gets all the blame. Others chalk up the disaster to human error. And a new book posits that odd weather conditions caused a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mirages-tides-may-have-triggered-titanic-hitting-iceberg-but-are-new-theories-just-excuses/2012/04/11/gIQAhhwpAT_story.html\"> hazy mirage that hid the iceberg from sight\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her most recent video, materials scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.seas.yale.edu/faculty-detail.php?id=91\">Ainissa Ramirez\u003c/a>, at Yale University, looks at two theories of how metals used to build the ship could have contributed to the damage. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One theory is that the frigid water cooled the ship’s hull enough to change its mechanical properties from flexible to brittle. If so, the metal sheets would crack easily upon impact, instead of denting like a car that’s been in an accident. If the boat was in warmer waters when it hit the iceberg, perhaps the gash in the hull would have been smaller, Ramirez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her video, Ramirez demonstrates how temperature can change flexible materials, like rubber, into brittle materials that shatter like glass. Rubber is a tangle of strands called polymers. Normally, individual polymer strings slide past each other like noodles in a bowl of spaghetti, she says. These strands stiffen as the rubber cools, making the material brittle and easily broken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmqKALQofNs]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the video, Ramirez mentions another theory for how materials contributed to the Titanic’s demise: the rivets that held the metal sheets together were inherently weak. The manufacturing process for these rivets introduced clusters of impurities into the iron. These clusters disrupt and weaken the neat network of atoms in a strong metal. Clumps can lead to cracks. And cracked rivets cause open joints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metal workers used to identify strong rivets by listening for a ting as they pounded the rivets into a joint. But workers building the Titanic could not hear this sound because they pounded in the rivets using noisy hydraulic hammers, Ramirez says. Perhaps if they built the boat by hand, workers could have heard that these rivets were not ideal, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re hooked on materials, learn about the tiles that keep the space shuttle cool as it enters our atmosphere, how materials can convert heat to electricity to power a cell phone and more from Dr. Ramirez’s videos at \u003ca href=\"http://www.materialmarvels.com/\">Material Marvels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One hundred years after the sinking of the Titanic, questions still abound about what really caused the ship to go down. Two theories say the physical properties of the ship’s metal hull or the composition of the iron rivets could have worsened the damage when the ship slammed into the iceberg.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/metal-materials-cold-could-have-contributed-to-the-titanic%e2%80%99s-demise/titanic-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35434\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg\" alt=\"Titanic\" title=\"titanic resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past Sunday marked 100 years since the Titanic sank in the icy waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Yet after all this time, questions still remain about what really caused the ship to go down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often an \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/2012/04/14/the-science-behind-the-iceberg-that-sank-titanic/\">errant iceberg\u003c/a> gets all the blame. Others chalk up the disaster to human error. And a new book posits that odd weather conditions caused a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mirages-tides-may-have-triggered-titanic-hitting-iceberg-but-are-new-theories-just-excuses/2012/04/11/gIQAhhwpAT_story.html\"> hazy mirage that hid the iceberg from sight\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her most recent video, materials scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.seas.yale.edu/faculty-detail.php?id=91\">Ainissa Ramirez\u003c/a>, at Yale University, looks at two theories of how metals used to build the ship could have contributed to the damage. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One theory is that the frigid water cooled the ship’s hull enough to change its mechanical properties from flexible to brittle. If so, the metal sheets would crack easily upon impact, instead of denting like a car that’s been in an accident. If the boat was in warmer waters when it hit the iceberg, perhaps the gash in the hull would have been smaller, Ramirez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her video, Ramirez demonstrates how temperature can change flexible materials, like rubber, into brittle materials that shatter like glass. Rubber is a tangle of strands called polymers. Normally, individual polymer strings slide past each other like noodles in a bowl of spaghetti, she says. These strands stiffen as the rubber cools, making the material brittle and easily broken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pmqKALQofNs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pmqKALQofNs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the video, Ramirez mentions another theory for how materials contributed to the Titanic’s demise: the rivets that held the metal sheets together were inherently weak. The manufacturing process for these rivets introduced clusters of impurities into the iron. These clusters disrupt and weaken the neat network of atoms in a strong metal. Clumps can lead to cracks. And cracked rivets cause open joints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metal workers used to identify strong rivets by listening for a ting as they pounded the rivets into a joint. But workers building the Titanic could not hear this sound because they pounded in the rivets using noisy hydraulic hammers, Ramirez says. Perhaps if they built the boat by hand, workers could have heard that these rivets were not ideal, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re hooked on materials, learn about the tiles that keep the space shuttle cool as it enters our atmosphere, how materials can convert heat to electricity to power a cell phone and more from Dr. Ramirez’s videos at \u003ca href=\"http://www.materialmarvels.com/\">Material Marvels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35412\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/rio_forty/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg\" alt=\"Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti\" title=\"Rio_Forty\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti (ecologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A painting of a cherry tree in full blossom adorns one wall. On a table beneath it, ceramic fingers reach from a blue-glazed ceramic basket. Opposite these hangs an intricately decorated guitar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35415\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/cake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35415\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Cake-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\" title=\"Cake\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35415\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The third annual Hopkins Marine Station Amateur Art Show was held this past weekend in Monterey, California. \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins\u003c/a> is Stanford University's marine biology satellite campus, next door to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, home to a tight-knit community of ocean-obsessed weirdos. (I've been one.) The overlap between colleagues, roommates, and friends is so thorough that you tend to share grocery lists and pipette tips with the same people. It’s hard to stop talking about science, even at bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought an art party would really foster conversations outside of this normal routine,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~jtladner/Jason_T_Ladner/Welcome.html\" title=\"Jason Ladner\">Jason Ladner\u003c/a>, who did his graduate work on coral genetics at Hopkins. Around year four, he got sick of thinking about science all the time and found an escape in art. \"I figured there were probably other people that could use a similar escape\"--and in 2010 the first Amateur Art Show and Garden Party was born. Ladner wrote in his invitation, \"This is a very low-key event where the term 'amateur' is stressed and the term 'art' is very loosely interpreted.\" It was a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 194px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tiger-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35414\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tiger-194x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tiger\" width=\"194\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35414\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the party's third incarnation on April 14, 2012, scientists mingled over cups of sangria and reveled in their conversational freedom. Ladner has moved on to post-doctoral work and this party was hosted at the home of \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~jpungor/home/Site_3/About_Me.html\" title=\"Judit Pungor\">Judit Pungor\u003c/a>, a graduate student studying octopus vision. One partygoer observed with wonder that very little of the art has a scientific theme. In addition to the guitar and the slightly disturbing ceramics, displays included hand-sewn clothing and a rainbow knitted blanket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all scientists can suppress their nerdiness just because they're making art. Squid student Hannah Rosen (yes, she's in my \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" title=\"the Gilly Lab\">old lab\u003c/a>) painted an octopus tap dancing, with a squid on the piano. When asked, \"Why not a tap-dancing \u003cem>squid\u003c/em> and a piano-playing \u003cem>octopus\u003c/em>?\" Rosen answered, \"The idea of a tap-dancing octopus just spoke to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the airy certainty of an artist's statement quickly devolved into a scientific assessment of habitat and behavior. Since octopuses can \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X00tmxswLNk\" title=\"Octopus Walking on Land\">crawl on land\u003c/a> but squid can't, the octopus is the logical choice for the tap-dancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tap_octopus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tap_octopus-260x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tap_octopus\" width=\"260\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35413\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As if that weren't enough, Jupiter hangs in the night sky behind the theatrical cephalopods. \"Are they on Europa?\" I asked Rosen. She confirmed that, indeed, the scene takes place on Jupiter's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa\">frozen ocean moon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Art by scientists, it turns out, can be everything that art by non-scientists can be: whimsical or solemn, accessible or obscure, technical or conceptual. And scientists are just as surprised as anyone to find that out. The best thing that you hear at these parties, over and over again, is: \"I didn't even know she did that!\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35412\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/rio_forty/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg\" alt=\"Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti\" title=\"Rio_Forty\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti (ecologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A painting of a cherry tree in full blossom adorns one wall. On a table beneath it, ceramic fingers reach from a blue-glazed ceramic basket. Opposite these hangs an intricately decorated guitar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35415\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/cake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35415\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Cake-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\" title=\"Cake\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35415\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The third annual Hopkins Marine Station Amateur Art Show was held this past weekend in Monterey, California. \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins\u003c/a> is Stanford University's marine biology satellite campus, next door to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, home to a tight-knit community of ocean-obsessed weirdos. (I've been one.) The overlap between colleagues, roommates, and friends is so thorough that you tend to share grocery lists and pipette tips with the same people. It’s hard to stop talking about science, even at bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought an art party would really foster conversations outside of this normal routine,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~jtladner/Jason_T_Ladner/Welcome.html\" title=\"Jason Ladner\">Jason Ladner\u003c/a>, who did his graduate work on coral genetics at Hopkins. Around year four, he got sick of thinking about science all the time and found an escape in art. \"I figured there were probably other people that could use a similar escape\"--and in 2010 the first Amateur Art Show and Garden Party was born. Ladner wrote in his invitation, \"This is a very low-key event where the term 'amateur' is stressed and the term 'art' is very loosely interpreted.\" It was a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 194px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tiger-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35414\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tiger-194x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tiger\" width=\"194\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35414\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the party's third incarnation on April 14, 2012, scientists mingled over cups of sangria and reveled in their conversational freedom. Ladner has moved on to post-doctoral work and this party was hosted at the home of \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~jpungor/home/Site_3/About_Me.html\" title=\"Judit Pungor\">Judit Pungor\u003c/a>, a graduate student studying octopus vision. One partygoer observed with wonder that very little of the art has a scientific theme. In addition to the guitar and the slightly disturbing ceramics, displays included hand-sewn clothing and a rainbow knitted blanket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all scientists can suppress their nerdiness just because they're making art. Squid student Hannah Rosen (yes, she's in my \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" title=\"the Gilly Lab\">old lab\u003c/a>) painted an octopus tap dancing, with a squid on the piano. When asked, \"Why not a tap-dancing \u003cem>squid\u003c/em> and a piano-playing \u003cem>octopus\u003c/em>?\" Rosen answered, \"The idea of a tap-dancing octopus just spoke to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the airy certainty of an artist's statement quickly devolved into a scientific assessment of habitat and behavior. Since octopuses can \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X00tmxswLNk\" title=\"Octopus Walking on Land\">crawl on land\u003c/a> but squid can't, the octopus is the logical choice for the tap-dancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tap_octopus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tap_octopus-260x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tap_octopus\" width=\"260\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35413\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As if that weren't enough, Jupiter hangs in the night sky behind the theatrical cephalopods. \"Are they on Europa?\" I asked Rosen. She confirmed that, indeed, the scene takes place on Jupiter's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa\">frozen ocean moon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Art by scientists, it turns out, can be everything that art by non-scientists can be: whimsical or solemn, accessible or obscure, technical or conceptual. And scientists are just as surprised as anyone to find that out. The best thing that you hear at these parties, over and over again, is: \"I didn't even know she did that!\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/how-green-are-electric-cars/chargingup-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35387\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-35387\" title=\"chargingup\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1-400x219.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because an electric vehicle (EV) lacks a tail pipe, it doesn’t mean it’s always cleaner than other fuel efficient cars. According to a new report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, where you live may determine how clean your electric car is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/technologies_and_fuels/hybrid_fuelcell_and_electric_vehicles/emissions-and-charging-costs-electric-cars.html?utm_source=SP&utm_medium=head&utm_campaign=EV%2BReport\">State of Charge\u003c/a>,\" looks at the entire life cycle of EV emissions that includes energy inputs from start to finish, not just during drive time. In other words, what kind of emissions do EVs create from charging on an electric grid and how does the cost of that charging compare to filling up a gasoline-powered vehicle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group of scientists has found that the greenhouse gases emitted from EVs depends on the sources of electricity. For example, California does not rely on coal fired power plants and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/race-for-renewables/\">state has aggressive renewable energy goals\u003c/a>. According to the report, charging (not driving) an all-electric car in the golden state results in global warming emissions equivalent to a car with a mileage rating of 80 mpg. But in several states, such as the mid-west, plug-in drivers charge their cars from electricity generated by burning coal or natural gas. There, the report has found that charging an EV may result in emissions similar to a car with a mileage rating between 31mpg. to 40 mpg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the report finds that no matter where one lives in the United States, electric cars are a good choice for reducing global warming emissions and saving money on fueling up. The authors also note that projected increases in solar and wind on the grid will mean that the global warming emissions from electric vehicles in those areas will decrease over time. Also, what time of day you charge matters. Charging at night is not only cheaper, it has less of an impact on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57414623-76/hybrids-can-be-less-polluting-than-coal-powered-evs/?part=rss&tag=feed&subj=\">Check out a great map from CNET on how EV emissions compare to gasoline emissions in your region.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/how-green-are-electric-cars/chargingup-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35387\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-35387\" title=\"chargingup\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1-400x219.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because an electric vehicle (EV) lacks a tail pipe, it doesn’t mean it’s always cleaner than other fuel efficient cars. According to a new report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, where you live may determine how clean your electric car is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/technologies_and_fuels/hybrid_fuelcell_and_electric_vehicles/emissions-and-charging-costs-electric-cars.html?utm_source=SP&utm_medium=head&utm_campaign=EV%2BReport\">State of Charge\u003c/a>,\" looks at the entire life cycle of EV emissions that includes energy inputs from start to finish, not just during drive time. In other words, what kind of emissions do EVs create from charging on an electric grid and how does the cost of that charging compare to filling up a gasoline-powered vehicle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group of scientists has found that the greenhouse gases emitted from EVs depends on the sources of electricity. For example, California does not rely on coal fired power plants and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/race-for-renewables/\">state has aggressive renewable energy goals\u003c/a>. According to the report, charging (not driving) an all-electric car in the golden state results in global warming emissions equivalent to a car with a mileage rating of 80 mpg. But in several states, such as the mid-west, plug-in drivers charge their cars from electricity generated by burning coal or natural gas. There, the report has found that charging an EV may result in emissions similar to a car with a mileage rating between 31mpg. to 40 mpg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the report finds that no matter where one lives in the United States, electric cars are a good choice for reducing global warming emissions and saving money on fueling up. The authors also note that projected increases in solar and wind on the grid will mean that the global warming emissions from electric vehicles in those areas will decrease over time. Also, what time of day you charge matters. Charging at night is not only cheaper, it has less of an impact on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57414623-76/hybrids-can-be-less-polluting-than-coal-powered-evs/?part=rss&tag=feed&subj=\">Check out a great map from CNET on how EV emissions compare to gasoline emissions in your region.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34895\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/16/divining-human-history-with-dna/twocows/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34895\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TwoCows\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cow DNA tells us domestication is an incredibly difficult undertaking.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows about how genetics is changing how we look at and treat human disease. But what may be less appreciated is what it can tell us about human history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From studying human genetics, we know that all humans \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">started out in Africa\u003c/a>. We also know that early humans interbred with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">Neanderthals \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=136\">Denisovans \u003c/a>before wiping them out. Now a \u003ca href=\"http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/14/molbev.mss092.abstract?sid=daaf90dc-65de-4981-a7a7-d92b1115b0b6\">new study\u003c/a> looking at cow DNA is teaching us about our agricultural history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists compared DNA from 8,000 year old cow bones to 20 or so different modern cow breeds from all over the world. When they plugged their data into various computer models, the one that made the most sense had modern cows coming from about 80 wild founders around 10,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only does this help explain why cows all look so much alike, it also tells us that our ancestors only managed to domesticate cows once. This is despite the fact that ancient, wild cows (called aurochs) were wandering all over Africa, Asia, and Europe at the time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious conclusion is that domesticating a cow is really hard. And this makes sense if you think about the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean placid Bessie out in the pasture. Ancient cows were huge, ornery creatures that would have been hard to capture alive and hard to breed. Archeological evidence suggests it took hundreds of years or more of breeding to get animals that were smaller and more docile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archeological evidence also helps us pinpoint where the first domestication probably happened – the Middle East. But because archeological data is often incomplete, it can’t tell us whether this was the only cattle domestication event in human history. We need genetics to confirm this (or at least to confirm that modern cows came from a single domestication event).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics is providing insight into human history that we could not have gotten in any other way. We can see that humans \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/levin/bio311d/articles/WhyHumansAndFur081903.pdf\">lost their fur and gained darker skin\u003c/a> around 1.2 million years ago. And we can see that our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=330\">original pale skin\u003c/a> from back when we were hairy came back into fashion in Europe about 6000-12,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cows aren’t the first animal’s DNA to tell us something about ourselves either. By looking at \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/08/science/la-sci-lice-clothing-20110108\">lice DNA\u003c/a>, scientists think that humans first started wearing clothes about 170,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amazing what we can learn about our history from looking at the DNA of ourselves and our associated creatures. Soon we’ll learn even more. As the price of deciphering our DNA goes down, the number of questions we can answer will go up dramatically. The only thing that will keep us back is figuring out the best questions to ask. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/04/2012-04-16-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35209\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/KEPLER22.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of mini planetary system found by Kepler. Credit: NASA\" title=\"Artist's concept of mini planetary system. Credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/KEPLER22.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/KEPLER22-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist's concept of mini planetary system. Credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s planet-hunting Kepler space telescope \u003c/a>has been given more time to look for life-supporting planets outside our own solar system. The project, which has found more than 2,000 planets since it was launched in 2009, recently edged out several popular space programs to secure an extension in funding. Geoff Marcy is one of the world’s most prolific planet hunters. He’s an astronomer at UC Berkeley and works on the Kepler project. KQED’s Andrea Kissack asked him for an update and his thoughts on the odds that the project may help find life somewhere else in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met with Marcy in his office in the astronomy building on the south side of UC Berkeley. If anyone is going to find alien life, it will be Marcy. He has spotted more extra solar planets than most astronomers and he now has taken on yet another project as the new chair of \u003ca href=\"http://seti.berkeley.edu/\">the SETI program at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. Marcy sees his work with Kepler, and the ground based radio receivers of SETI, dovetailing nicely. As the Kepler project continues to find earth like planets, the next step, he says, will be to see if there are intelligent civilizations out there. The way to do that, Marcy says, is to use Kepler to narrow down the choices and then use SETI to point radio receivers at those specific planets, rather than just listening to broad swaths of the sky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/poppy-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35235\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-35235 \" title=\"poppy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/poppy2-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"California poppies by Samuel Embry\" width=\"537\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California poppies at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Beauty and seduction, I believe, is nature’s tool for survival, because we will protect what we fall in love with.” (Louie Schwartzberg)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around San Francisco Bay this time of year, the open hills and valleys are a rich green velvet. Lengthening days and spring rains are coaxing the grasses and wildflowers to life. Each spring I’m drawn to the hills to search out the beautiful colors and finely wrought forms of our local wildflowers. On a recent hike to Little Yosemite at \u003ca title=\"Sunol Regional Wilderness website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, the wildflowers stood out like jewels among the grasses and hazed the hillsides with golden hues. Poppies, blue-eyed grass, buttercups, fiddlenecks, and lupine are blooming now. I was searching for some of my favorites: shooting stars, goldfields, Chinese houses. Maybe they’ll be out in a week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 203px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/dsc_0126-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35236\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-35236\" title=\"DSC_0126\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_01261-203x253.jpg\" alt=\"Blue-eyed grass at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\" width=\"203\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue-eyed grass at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Little jewels shining in the spring sunshine, each flower has a story and myriad connections to its ecosystem. Beauty -- in wildflower terms -- is a by-product. Attracting pollinators and setting seeds for the next generation of flowers are of top importance in their short lifespans. In return they provide sustenance, nectar and pollen, for bees, moths, butterflies, flies, and other insects, along with some birds and bats. Flowers are an integral part of the dance of life. Here’s a video excerpt from \u003ca title='TED Talks Louie Schwartzberg \"The Hidden Beauty of Pollination\"' href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/louie_schwartzberg_the_hidden_beauty_of_pollination.html\" target=\"_blank\">Louie Schwartzberg’s high-speed film of pollinators at work\u003c/a>. The images of honeybees swarming against a blue sky, thousands of monarch butterflies, and bats pollinating cactus at night are inspiring and memorable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0123.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35232\" title=\"DSC_0123\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0123-252x169.jpg\" alt='Brodiaea \"blue dicks\" wildflowers' width=\"252\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brodiaea \"blue dicks\" wildflowers at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can join the Wildflower Festival at Sunol Regional Wilderness this Sat., 4/14/12 from 11am-4pm to learn more about our local wildflowers with fun activities and guided walks. Or download one of the \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District wildflower guide download\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/stewardship/plants\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Regional Park wildflower guides\u003c/a> and take a hike to discover them for yourself. There are also some great websites like the \u003ca title=\"Celebrate Wildflowers, US Forest Service website\" href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/\" target=\"_blank\">US Forest Service's Celebrate Wildflowers\u003c/a> and a searchable \u003ca title=\"California Flora searchable website\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/\" target=\"_blank\">website of California Flora\u003c/a> that can help identify wildflower species. Regardless of where you go to enjoy them, remember that wildflowers need to be left to grow and set seed for future flowers, to feed pollinators, and to take their place in the cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"California Native Plant Society Chapters links\" href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/\" target=\"_blank\">California Native Plant Society Chapters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/angel-island-exploration/\" target=\"_blank\">Angel Island Quest Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bonus:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identify the mystery flower below using one of the field guides or websites listed above and leave your guess in the comments section below. Hint: they were found at Sunol Regional Wilderness and are less than 1/8 inch across and are about 2 inches tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35269\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/dsc_0050/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-35269\" title=\"DSC_0050\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0050-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mystery flowers\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mystery flowers at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/poppy-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35235\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-35235 \" title=\"poppy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/poppy2-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"California poppies by Samuel Embry\" width=\"537\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California poppies at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Beauty and seduction, I believe, is nature’s tool for survival, because we will protect what we fall in love with.” (Louie Schwartzberg)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around San Francisco Bay this time of year, the open hills and valleys are a rich green velvet. Lengthening days and spring rains are coaxing the grasses and wildflowers to life. Each spring I’m drawn to the hills to search out the beautiful colors and finely wrought forms of our local wildflowers. On a recent hike to Little Yosemite at \u003ca title=\"Sunol Regional Wilderness website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, the wildflowers stood out like jewels among the grasses and hazed the hillsides with golden hues. Poppies, blue-eyed grass, buttercups, fiddlenecks, and lupine are blooming now. I was searching for some of my favorites: shooting stars, goldfields, Chinese houses. Maybe they’ll be out in a week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 203px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/dsc_0126-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35236\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-35236\" title=\"DSC_0126\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_01261-203x253.jpg\" alt=\"Blue-eyed grass at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\" width=\"203\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue-eyed grass at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Little jewels shining in the spring sunshine, each flower has a story and myriad connections to its ecosystem. Beauty -- in wildflower terms -- is a by-product. Attracting pollinators and setting seeds for the next generation of flowers are of top importance in their short lifespans. In return they provide sustenance, nectar and pollen, for bees, moths, butterflies, flies, and other insects, along with some birds and bats. Flowers are an integral part of the dance of life. Here’s a video excerpt from \u003ca title='TED Talks Louie Schwartzberg \"The Hidden Beauty of Pollination\"' href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/louie_schwartzberg_the_hidden_beauty_of_pollination.html\" target=\"_blank\">Louie Schwartzberg’s high-speed film of pollinators at work\u003c/a>. The images of honeybees swarming against a blue sky, thousands of monarch butterflies, and bats pollinating cactus at night are inspiring and memorable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0123.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35232\" title=\"DSC_0123\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0123-252x169.jpg\" alt='Brodiaea \"blue dicks\" wildflowers' width=\"252\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brodiaea \"blue dicks\" wildflowers at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can join the Wildflower Festival at Sunol Regional Wilderness this Sat., 4/14/12 from 11am-4pm to learn more about our local wildflowers with fun activities and guided walks. Or download one of the \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District wildflower guide download\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/stewardship/plants\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Regional Park wildflower guides\u003c/a> and take a hike to discover them for yourself. There are also some great websites like the \u003ca title=\"Celebrate Wildflowers, US Forest Service website\" href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/\" target=\"_blank\">US Forest Service's Celebrate Wildflowers\u003c/a> and a searchable \u003ca title=\"California Flora searchable website\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/\" target=\"_blank\">website of California Flora\u003c/a> that can help identify wildflower species. Regardless of where you go to enjoy them, remember that wildflowers need to be left to grow and set seed for future flowers, to feed pollinators, and to take their place in the cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"California Native Plant Society Chapters links\" href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/\" target=\"_blank\">California Native Plant Society Chapters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/angel-island-exploration/\" target=\"_blank\">Angel Island Quest Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bonus:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identify the mystery flower below using one of the field guides or websites listed above and leave your guess in the comments section below. Hint: they were found at Sunol Regional Wilderness and are less than 1/8 inch across and are about 2 inches tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35269\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/dsc_0050/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-35269\" title=\"DSC_0050\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/DSC_0050-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mystery flowers\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mystery flowers at Sunol Regional Wilderness by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fracking in California: Any Cause For Concern?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/frackingtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35250\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35250\" title=\"frackingtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lost Hills oil field owes much of its production today to hydraulic fracturing. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Fracking,\" the ugly nickname for a common oilfield practice, is a rising concern in many places. What about California? Appropriately for a high-tech state, all kinds of advances in underground techniques have been used here. How safe are they? Hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with underground spaces means entering a dynamic environment. California oilfield operators learned that very early in ways that would horrify us today. A century ago, drillers would sometimes tap a highly overpressured oil pool and cause a gusher. The worst of these was the Lakeview gusher, a blowout that began in the spring of 1910 between Taft and Maricopa and lasted more than a year. (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/petroleum/ig/lakeviewgusher/\">The scene today is marked by a plaque.\u003c/a>) It ruined the California oil industry for a while—not because of environmental degradation or public revulsion or a government crackdown, but because the flood of oil made the price of crude collapse. Let me put it this way: the problems we have today from oilwell technologies aren't like they used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/lakeview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35249\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35249\" title=\"lakeview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Site of the Lakeview gusher north of Maricopa. A hundred years later, the ground is still paved with asphalt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) is a way to open up deep rocks by pumping liquids down a borehole at high pressure. The idea is to make a lot of little cracks in tight rocks so the trapped oil can flow out. In the old days, well operators in the Los Angeles basin would goose a fading well by pumping down the crude oil already in the borehole. Today fracking involves water mixed with a little sand, which washes into the new cracks and jams them open. It's widely performed in California to keep old oilfields producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to pump the fracking water back out before you can extract the oil. Most of the time you can pump it down somewhere else to backfill the space that used to hold the oil, a technique called water injection. The industry learned that about 50 years ago when sinking ground caused shallow earthquakes. The huge Wilmington oil field under Long Beach had six damaging earthquakes between 1947 and 1961 before water injection made them stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today oilfield earthquakes are not a problem in California. Disposal of excess fracking water is our dirty secret. Fracking water gets tainted from its exposure to the oil and natural brines down there, plus it's also mixed with various ingredients to help with the downhole chemistry. Water injection takes care of a lot of dirty fracking water, but the rest needs to be dealt with somehow. In the old days it was dumped on the ground or poured into ponds to evaporate, without much care. Today . . . well, nobody has been keeping track of the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state government's Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) claims to be regulating fracking, but when the state Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water inquired early last year, the agency had no data to supply. This was a year after DOGGR had gotten extra money, money it had asked for, to develop fracking regulations. The agency now says on its website that it \"only has limited information about the use of the practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> recently compiled what it could find on California fracking and DOGGR's role in overseeing it and issued a critical report called \"\u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/reports/2012/fracking/ca_fracking/ca_regulators_see_no_fracking.pdf\">California Regulators: See No Fracking, Speak No Fracking\u003c/a>.\" The title makes its message clear, and even though I am allergic to activist overstatement of all kinds, I found its factual contents worth heeding. Now the state legislature is considering several bills to encourage more disclosure of fracking; one of them, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1054&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley\">SB 1054\u003c/a>, would require neighboring property owners to be notified of fracking 30 days in advance. The issue is alive, and the legislative sumo match is underway. But the people's watchdog is sitting it out, leaving the fray to lawmakers and lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/frackingtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35250\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35250\" title=\"frackingtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lost Hills oil field owes much of its production today to hydraulic fracturing. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Fracking,\" the ugly nickname for a common oilfield practice, is a rising concern in many places. What about California? Appropriately for a high-tech state, all kinds of advances in underground techniques have been used here. How safe are they? Hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with underground spaces means entering a dynamic environment. California oilfield operators learned that very early in ways that would horrify us today. A century ago, drillers would sometimes tap a highly overpressured oil pool and cause a gusher. The worst of these was the Lakeview gusher, a blowout that began in the spring of 1910 between Taft and Maricopa and lasted more than a year. (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/petroleum/ig/lakeviewgusher/\">The scene today is marked by a plaque.\u003c/a>) It ruined the California oil industry for a while—not because of environmental degradation or public revulsion or a government crackdown, but because the flood of oil made the price of crude collapse. Let me put it this way: the problems we have today from oilwell technologies aren't like they used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/lakeview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35249\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35249\" title=\"lakeview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Site of the Lakeview gusher north of Maricopa. A hundred years later, the ground is still paved with asphalt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) is a way to open up deep rocks by pumping liquids down a borehole at high pressure. The idea is to make a lot of little cracks in tight rocks so the trapped oil can flow out. In the old days, well operators in the Los Angeles basin would goose a fading well by pumping down the crude oil already in the borehole. Today fracking involves water mixed with a little sand, which washes into the new cracks and jams them open. It's widely performed in California to keep old oilfields producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to pump the fracking water back out before you can extract the oil. Most of the time you can pump it down somewhere else to backfill the space that used to hold the oil, a technique called water injection. The industry learned that about 50 years ago when sinking ground caused shallow earthquakes. The huge Wilmington oil field under Long Beach had six damaging earthquakes between 1947 and 1961 before water injection made them stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today oilfield earthquakes are not a problem in California. Disposal of excess fracking water is our dirty secret. Fracking water gets tainted from its exposure to the oil and natural brines down there, plus it's also mixed with various ingredients to help with the downhole chemistry. Water injection takes care of a lot of dirty fracking water, but the rest needs to be dealt with somehow. In the old days it was dumped on the ground or poured into ponds to evaporate, without much care. Today . . . well, nobody has been keeping track of the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state government's Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) claims to be regulating fracking, but when the state Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water inquired early last year, the agency had no data to supply. This was a year after DOGGR had gotten extra money, money it had asked for, to develop fracking regulations. The agency now says on its website that it \"only has limited information about the use of the practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> recently compiled what it could find on California fracking and DOGGR's role in overseeing it and issued a critical report called \"\u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/reports/2012/fracking/ca_fracking/ca_regulators_see_no_fracking.pdf\">California Regulators: See No Fracking, Speak No Fracking\u003c/a>.\" The title makes its message clear, and even though I am allergic to activist overstatement of all kinds, I found its factual contents worth heeding. Now the state legislature is considering several bills to encourage more disclosure of fracking; one of them, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1054&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley\">SB 1054\u003c/a>, would require neighboring property owners to be notified of fracking 30 days in advance. The issue is alive, and the legislative sumo match is underway. But the people's watchdog is sitting it out, leaving the fray to lawmakers and lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Monday was the 182nd birthday of Eadward Muybridge, the moving picture pioneer who first answered the question: do all four feet of a galloping horse leave the ground at once?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muybridge took his famous horse photographs at the Palo Alto Stock Farm, 14 years before it would become Stanford University. Leland Stanford himself, former California governor and race horse owner, had hired the photographer simply to satisfy his curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35148\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/the_horse_in_motion/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35148\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg\" alt=\"The Horse in Motion - Eadward Muybridge\" title=\"The_Horse_in_Motion\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35148\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yep, all four feet off the ground. You're welcome, Mr. Stanford!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Muybridge had bigger ideas. He created a device called the \u003cem>zoopraxiscope\u003c/em> that projected still images from a spinning disc, creating the illusion of motion. (I'm disappointed that history nixed \"zoopraxiscope\" in favor of \"film projector.\" BORING.) In 1880, Muybridge presented a public screening of his running horse that was probably the world's first movie, though no one called it that at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Muybridge's remarkable contributions to film often overshadow his instrumental role in kickstarting the science of biomechanics. He was fascinated with locomotion, and moved on from horses to study a variety of other animals. The field has blossomed since Muybridge's time: modern high-speed cameras can record \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/11/dry-hummingbirds/\" title=\"Wired - How Hummingbirds Stay Dry\">hummingbird wings\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oberlin.edu/news-info/05may/expflower.html\" title=\"Oberlin College - World's Fastest Flower\">world's fastest flower\u003c/a> (!). I've even used high-speed video combined with a microscope to study the locomotion of baby squid--which brings us to the next curious character in this tale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who's seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0970179/\" title=\"Hugo (IMBD)\">\u003cem>Hugo\u003c/em>\u003c/a> knows, the French picked up where Muybridge left off and began to make all kinds of marvelous films. You may have heard of the Lumière brothers (\u003cem>The Arrival of a Train at La Ciolat Station\u003c/em>, 1885) and Georges Méliès (\u003cem>A Trip to the Moon\u003c/em>, 1902), but what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0656860/\" title=\"Jean Painlevé (IMDB)\">Jean Painlevé\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35153\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/800px-jean_painleve1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35153\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Jean_painleve1-640x360.png\" alt=\"Jean Painlevé\" title=\"800px-Jean_painleve1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35153\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jean Painlevé - from \"Science is Fiction: 23 Films by Jean Painlevé\" Producer: Kate Elmore\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Painlevé was a French artist and scientist who loved marine animals and film. The first underwater camera housing, which he helped develop, let him combine his passions. His early films (with names like \u003cem>The Stickleback's Egg\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The Devilfish\u003c/em>) amazed audiences from the 1920's through today with their meticulous scientific detail. Yet Painlevé's interest in a surrealist aesthetic brought anthropomorphism and metaphor into what might otherwise have been simple educational movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://player.vimeo.com/video/28884147\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea urchins look to many people like uncomfortably sharp plants, but in Painlevé's movie their animal nature is obvious. They dig. They crawl. At 3:45, a charming illustration explains how an urchin's tube foot (\u003cem>ventouse\u003c/em>) works. Then the entire animal rotates itself with the concerted effort of a hundred tube feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With videos like this, Painlevé followed in Muybridge's footsteps, studying animal locomotion in a way that hadn't been possible before film. The development of cinema may have given rise to a multi-billion dollar entertainment industry--but it should also be celebrated for science's sake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>H/t to the \u003ca href=\"http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2012/04/amazing-black-and-white-sea-urchin.html\" title=\"Echinoblog\">Echinoblog\u003c/a> for bringing Jean Painlevé to my attention.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Monday was the 182nd birthday of Eadward Muybridge, the moving picture pioneer who first answered the question: do all four feet of a galloping horse leave the ground at once?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muybridge took his famous horse photographs at the Palo Alto Stock Farm, 14 years before it would become Stanford University. Leland Stanford himself, former California governor and race horse owner, had hired the photographer simply to satisfy his curiosity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35148\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/the_horse_in_motion/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35148\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg\" alt=\"The Horse in Motion - Eadward Muybridge\" title=\"The_Horse_in_Motion\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35148\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/The_Horse_in_Motion-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yep, all four feet off the ground. You're welcome, Mr. Stanford!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Muybridge had bigger ideas. He created a device called the \u003cem>zoopraxiscope\u003c/em> that projected still images from a spinning disc, creating the illusion of motion. (I'm disappointed that history nixed \"zoopraxiscope\" in favor of \"film projector.\" BORING.) In 1880, Muybridge presented a public screening of his running horse that was probably the world's first movie, though no one called it that at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Muybridge's remarkable contributions to film often overshadow his instrumental role in kickstarting the science of biomechanics. He was fascinated with locomotion, and moved on from horses to study a variety of other animals. The field has blossomed since Muybridge's time: modern high-speed cameras can record \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/11/dry-hummingbirds/\" title=\"Wired - How Hummingbirds Stay Dry\">hummingbird wings\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oberlin.edu/news-info/05may/expflower.html\" title=\"Oberlin College - World's Fastest Flower\">world's fastest flower\u003c/a> (!). I've even used high-speed video combined with a microscope to study the locomotion of baby squid--which brings us to the next curious character in this tale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who's seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0970179/\" title=\"Hugo (IMBD)\">\u003cem>Hugo\u003c/em>\u003c/a> knows, the French picked up where Muybridge left off and began to make all kinds of marvelous films. You may have heard of the Lumière brothers (\u003cem>The Arrival of a Train at La Ciolat Station\u003c/em>, 1885) and Georges Méliès (\u003cem>A Trip to the Moon\u003c/em>, 1902), but what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0656860/\" title=\"Jean Painlevé (IMDB)\">Jean Painlevé\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35153\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/cinematic-science-from-the-farm-to-france/800px-jean_painleve1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35153\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Jean_painleve1-640x360.png\" alt=\"Jean Painlevé\" title=\"800px-Jean_painleve1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35153\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jean Painlevé - from \"Science is Fiction: 23 Films by Jean Painlevé\" Producer: Kate Elmore\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Painlevé was a French artist and scientist who loved marine animals and film. The first underwater camera housing, which he helped develop, let him combine his passions. His early films (with names like \u003cem>The Stickleback's Egg\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The Devilfish\u003c/em>) amazed audiences from the 1920's through today with their meticulous scientific detail. Yet Painlevé's interest in a surrealist aesthetic brought anthropomorphism and metaphor into what might otherwise have been simple educational movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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