QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Ten Random Astro-Facts to Entertain and Boggle
Watching the Atmospheric Rivers Flow
Frankenstein vs. Godzilla: What’s in Your Cereal Bowl?
Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants
Creepy Yet Compelling: Blood Vessels Blown in Glass
Science Behind Vampire Myths
Owls Around Us
More Clues About Singing Sand
Women in Science: Meet a Mathematician, a Physicist and a Geologist Through Art
Be HEARD: A Rare Disease Science Challenge To Find Cures
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/02/ten-random-astro-facts-to-entertain-and-boggle/beyondthesky-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46709\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/beyondthesky1.jpg\" alt=\"From a Flammarion woodcut, unknown artist.\" title=\"From a Flammarion woodcut, unknown artist.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46709\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/beyondthesky1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/beyondthesky1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a Flammarion woodcut, unknown artist.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I decided that instead of blogging on just one topic in astronomy, I'd blog about ten of them! Here are some of the astronomy fun facts from my archive that struck my fancy today, randomly chosen and in no particular order:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. \u003cem>In the city we can see maybe a few dozen stars on a \"dark” night—still, there are about 2000 stars overhead that are within our eye's ability to see, if only the skies were darker!\u003c/em> The total \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/24310/how-many-stars-can-you-see/\" title=\"How many stars can you see?\" target=\"_blank\">number of individual stars perceptible\u003c/a> by the human eye, in all directions in space, is around 6000, give or take depending on how good your eyesight and night vision are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003cem>In terms of size, the Earth is over 6 million times larger than a human being; compared to a typical atom, a human is over 20 billion times larger!\u003c/em> Our personal scale in the universe is a lot closer that of even the vast Earth we live on than to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/atoms.html\" title=\"How big is an atom?\" target=\"_blank\">atoms that make us\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NQwIJJtJ8E\" title=\"Ten largest known stars\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The largest known star\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, \u003cem>the red supergiant NML Cygni, is approximately 1650 times the diameter of our sun, or over 1.4 billion miles across!\u003c/em> Placed where our sun is, this star would swallow up all the planets closer to the sun than Saturn—and Saturn itself would practically skim the star's surface!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003cem>In about 5 billion years a day on Earth will be 48 hours long and the sun will start to run out of fuel.\u003c/em> So, yes, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/18/the-once-and-future-earth/\" title=\"The Once and Future Earth\" target=\"_blank\">we live on a planet\u003c/a> orbiting a star, both of which are slowly winding down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003cem>Television transmissions from the earliest TV broadcasts have traveled over\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/mwt_radio_sphere.php\" title=\"The Radio Sphere\" target=\"_blank\">70 light years into space\u003c/a> \u003cem>and have passed through over 500 star systems, many with known planets.\u003c/em> I Love Lucy original broadcasts are at this moment reaching other planets!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003cem>There is roughly the same number of stars in the universe as water molecules in a drop of water.\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/21/stars-and-sand-grains/\" title=\"Stars and Sandgrains\" target=\"_blank\">This kind of fact\u003c/a> always turns my attention away from how big the universe is to how ridiculously small its constituent parts are. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003cem>The old Greek word for \"comet” is \"disaster”. It means literally \"bad star.” Many cultures regarded the appearance of a comet in the skies a bad omen or harbinger of doom.\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://nineplanets.org/comets.html\" title=\"Comets\" target=\"_blank\">Have you seen a disaster lately?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. \u003cem>The moon may be 400 times smaller than the sun, but since it's 400 times closer to us they appear exactly the same size! What a coincidence.\u003c/em> Since the moon was once much closer to Earth, and will in the future get much farther away (at a rate of mere inches per year), it is a bit of a coincidence, really. But, of course, it was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies/\" title=\"Luna Nova\" target=\"_blank\">bound to pass through this state\u003c/a> at some point, and the only real coincidence is that we are alive at present to remark on it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003cem>The most distant object in the Universe perceivable to the unaided human eye is the\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1112/\" title=\"Hubble views of the Andromeda Galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">Andromeda Galaxy\u003c/a>, \u003cem>about 2.5 million light years away! That's 15 billion billion miles!\u003c/em> Everything else we can see without a telescope is a lot closer to us!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. \u003cem>Imagine taking the entire Earth and everything in it and crushing it to a mere point in space, infinitely smaller than a grain of sand. \u003c/em> This idea may be beyond imagination, but it's not beyond nature. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/what-is-a-black-hole-k4.html\" title=\"Black Holes\" target=\"_blank\">Black holes\u003c/a> are points in space where the mass of entire stars, and even millions or billions of stars, has collapsed. Kind of makes one re-think what solid matter actually means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the list goes on. What a privilege to exist in a reality where such mind-boggling facts absolutely abound!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/02/ten-random-astro-facts-to-entertain-and-boggle/beyondthesky-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46709\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/beyondthesky1.jpg\" alt=\"From a Flammarion woodcut, unknown artist.\" title=\"From a Flammarion woodcut, unknown artist.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46709\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/beyondthesky1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/beyondthesky1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a Flammarion woodcut, unknown artist.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I decided that instead of blogging on just one topic in astronomy, I'd blog about ten of them! Here are some of the astronomy fun facts from my archive that struck my fancy today, randomly chosen and in no particular order:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. \u003cem>In the city we can see maybe a few dozen stars on a \"dark” night—still, there are about 2000 stars overhead that are within our eye's ability to see, if only the skies were darker!\u003c/em> The total \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/24310/how-many-stars-can-you-see/\" title=\"How many stars can you see?\" target=\"_blank\">number of individual stars perceptible\u003c/a> by the human eye, in all directions in space, is around 6000, give or take depending on how good your eyesight and night vision are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003cem>In terms of size, the Earth is over 6 million times larger than a human being; compared to a typical atom, a human is over 20 billion times larger!\u003c/em> Our personal scale in the universe is a lot closer that of even the vast Earth we live on than to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/atoms.html\" title=\"How big is an atom?\" target=\"_blank\">atoms that make us\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NQwIJJtJ8E\" title=\"Ten largest known stars\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The largest known star\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, \u003cem>the red supergiant NML Cygni, is approximately 1650 times the diameter of our sun, or over 1.4 billion miles across!\u003c/em> Placed where our sun is, this star would swallow up all the planets closer to the sun than Saturn—and Saturn itself would practically skim the star's surface!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003cem>In about 5 billion years a day on Earth will be 48 hours long and the sun will start to run out of fuel.\u003c/em> So, yes, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/18/the-once-and-future-earth/\" title=\"The Once and Future Earth\" target=\"_blank\">we live on a planet\u003c/a> orbiting a star, both of which are slowly winding down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003cem>Television transmissions from the earliest TV broadcasts have traveled over\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/mwt_radio_sphere.php\" title=\"The Radio Sphere\" target=\"_blank\">70 light years into space\u003c/a> \u003cem>and have passed through over 500 star systems, many with known planets.\u003c/em> I Love Lucy original broadcasts are at this moment reaching other planets!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003cem>There is roughly the same number of stars in the universe as water molecules in a drop of water.\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/21/stars-and-sand-grains/\" title=\"Stars and Sandgrains\" target=\"_blank\">This kind of fact\u003c/a> always turns my attention away from how big the universe is to how ridiculously small its constituent parts are. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003cem>The old Greek word for \"comet” is \"disaster”. It means literally \"bad star.” Many cultures regarded the appearance of a comet in the skies a bad omen or harbinger of doom.\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://nineplanets.org/comets.html\" title=\"Comets\" target=\"_blank\">Have you seen a disaster lately?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. \u003cem>The moon may be 400 times smaller than the sun, but since it's 400 times closer to us they appear exactly the same size! What a coincidence.\u003c/em> Since the moon was once much closer to Earth, and will in the future get much farther away (at a rate of mere inches per year), it is a bit of a coincidence, really. But, of course, it was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies/\" title=\"Luna Nova\" target=\"_blank\">bound to pass through this state\u003c/a> at some point, and the only real coincidence is that we are alive at present to remark on it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003cem>The most distant object in the Universe perceivable to the unaided human eye is the\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1112/\" title=\"Hubble views of the Andromeda Galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">Andromeda Galaxy\u003c/a>, \u003cem>about 2.5 million light years away! That's 15 billion billion miles!\u003c/em> Everything else we can see without a telescope is a lot closer to us!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. \u003cem>Imagine taking the entire Earth and everything in it and crushing it to a mere point in space, infinitely smaller than a grain of sand. \u003c/em> This idea may be beyond imagination, but it's not beyond nature. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/what-is-a-black-hole-k4.html\" title=\"Black Holes\" target=\"_blank\">Black holes\u003c/a> are points in space where the mass of entire stars, and even millions or billions of stars, has collapsed. Kind of makes one re-think what solid matter actually means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the list goes on. What a privilege to exist in a reality where such mind-boggling facts absolutely abound!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Watching the Atmospheric Rivers Flow",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46689\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric river of October 13, 2009. NOAA images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are a 21st-century weather threat that first got their name in 1998, after satellites capable of measuring water vapor in the air began producing images like this one. It shows the chronically humid tropical ocean at the bottom, and long, thin streamers of water vapor threading away from the tropics. It was soon estimated that these streamers—atmospheric rivers or ARs—are responsible for essentially all of the moisture transported out of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic connection between ARs and major precipitation events was obvious. In California, our 20th-century name for these is the Pineapple Express: a huge influx of warm, water-heavy air from the tropical Pacific that overfills the rivers and piles snow on the mountains. Smaller ARs may not cause major floods, but they can bump up river flows by 10 times in a day or two. They deliver to California about one-third of its total water. Clearly ARs are important research topics for both scientific and practical reasons. How do they interact with El Niño/La Niña cycles? How will climate change affect them? How can we better protect ourselves from them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America has just finished going through Hurricane Sandy. Hurricanes are important events, but ARs affect both coasts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\">AR site\u003c/a> points to the notorious \"Snowmageddon\" blizzard of February 2010 as an East Coast example, when a river of Pacific moisture crossed Central America and the Caribbean before drenching the Atlantic states. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46688\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-46688\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norway got a large AR in the late summer of 2005, and many others are sure to be found in the global weather records. But California seems to be the current champion, maybe because the data is better here. Between 1997 and 2006 there were 42 AR events touching California, of which seven caused major flooding of the type requiring evacuations and triggering large-scale power outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without knowing their cause, California has had epic floods during its history, and recently emergency planners have begun to take the \"\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geologyandculture/qt/The-Deep-Present.htm\">deep present\u003c/a>\" approach to them. What if the worst example we know, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862\">great flood of 1862\u003c/a>, were to recur today? That had the earmarks of an unusually large AR event or a rapid series of them. As the planning agencies contemplated that question, they prepared a scenario in 2010 with the Noachian name \u003ca href=\"http://urbanearth.gps.caltech.edu/winter-storm-2/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a> (for \"AR thousand-year storm\") clearly demonstrating that ARs are our other \"Big One\" beside earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ARkStorm was completed, several agencies have carried its findings forward. In particular, a new Atmospheric River Observatory is nearing completion at Bodega Bay that will conduct crucial ground-based observations of ARs that pass over the Bay Area. The satellite water-vapor data is not enough, because everything else matters too: the elevation where the moisture sits, the winds at different levels, the temperature profile of the lower atmosphere and much more that meteorologists need for the best modeling. After that, the flood predicters add the model's results to their own knowledge of river levels and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes ARs so potent is that they bring in air saturated with tropical moisture, the closer to sea level the wetter. Such air will turn its water to rain almost instantly when lifted up by the Coast Range, and again when it hits the Sierra Nevada. The new AR Observatory at Bodega Bay, like others being built along the west coast, will interrogate the air with radar at various wavelengths, measure rainfall with standard gauges and drop-size distribution with disdrometers, and derive water-vapor content from GPS data (an unforeseen benefit of the universal navigation system). More instruments in the mountains near Cazadero will complement it. The promise is that we will be able to accurately forecast these 21st-century events, and their effects in our neighborhoods, a week or more in advance.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46689\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric river of October 13, 2009. NOAA images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are a 21st-century weather threat that first got their name in 1998, after satellites capable of measuring water vapor in the air began producing images like this one. It shows the chronically humid tropical ocean at the bottom, and long, thin streamers of water vapor threading away from the tropics. It was soon estimated that these streamers—atmospheric rivers or ARs—are responsible for essentially all of the moisture transported out of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic connection between ARs and major precipitation events was obvious. In California, our 20th-century name for these is the Pineapple Express: a huge influx of warm, water-heavy air from the tropical Pacific that overfills the rivers and piles snow on the mountains. Smaller ARs may not cause major floods, but they can bump up river flows by 10 times in a day or two. They deliver to California about one-third of its total water. Clearly ARs are important research topics for both scientific and practical reasons. How do they interact with El Niño/La Niña cycles? How will climate change affect them? How can we better protect ourselves from them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America has just finished going through Hurricane Sandy. Hurricanes are important events, but ARs affect both coasts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\">AR site\u003c/a> points to the notorious \"Snowmageddon\" blizzard of February 2010 as an East Coast example, when a river of Pacific moisture crossed Central America and the Caribbean before drenching the Atlantic states. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46688\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-46688\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norway got a large AR in the late summer of 2005, and many others are sure to be found in the global weather records. But California seems to be the current champion, maybe because the data is better here. Between 1997 and 2006 there were 42 AR events touching California, of which seven caused major flooding of the type requiring evacuations and triggering large-scale power outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without knowing their cause, California has had epic floods during its history, and recently emergency planners have begun to take the \"\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geologyandculture/qt/The-Deep-Present.htm\">deep present\u003c/a>\" approach to them. What if the worst example we know, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862\">great flood of 1862\u003c/a>, were to recur today? That had the earmarks of an unusually large AR event or a rapid series of them. As the planning agencies contemplated that question, they prepared a scenario in 2010 with the Noachian name \u003ca href=\"http://urbanearth.gps.caltech.edu/winter-storm-2/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a> (for \"AR thousand-year storm\") clearly demonstrating that ARs are our other \"Big One\" beside earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ARkStorm was completed, several agencies have carried its findings forward. In particular, a new Atmospheric River Observatory is nearing completion at Bodega Bay that will conduct crucial ground-based observations of ARs that pass over the Bay Area. The satellite water-vapor data is not enough, because everything else matters too: the elevation where the moisture sits, the winds at different levels, the temperature profile of the lower atmosphere and much more that meteorologists need for the best modeling. After that, the flood predicters add the model's results to their own knowledge of river levels and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes ARs so potent is that they bring in air saturated with tropical moisture, the closer to sea level the wetter. Such air will turn its water to rain almost instantly when lifted up by the Coast Range, and again when it hits the Sierra Nevada. The new AR Observatory at Bodega Bay, like others being built along the west coast, will interrogate the air with radar at various wavelengths, measure rainfall with standard gauges and drop-size distribution with disdrometers, and derive water-vapor content from GPS data (an unforeseen benefit of the universal navigation system). More instruments in the mountains near Cazadero will complement it. The promise is that we will be able to accurately forecast these 21st-century events, and their effects in our neighborhoods, a week or more in advance.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Frankenstein vs. Godzilla: What’s in Your Cereal Bowl?",
"title": "Frankenstein vs. Godzilla: What’s in Your Cereal Bowl?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46597\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl/godzillavsfrankenstein/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46597\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-46597\" title=\"GodzillaVsFrankenstein\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GodzillaVsFrankenstein-640x355.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Why fear Frankenstein and not Godzilla?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all of the recent discussion about genetically modified (GM) foods here in California, we’ve overlooked regular foods and how new traits are found (or created) in them. There isn’t usually a monk lovingly breeding peas in the Austrian countryside somewhere. Instead, more often than not, there is someone blasting a seed with radiation and/or harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, new traits come from differences in a plant’s genes. Plant breeders often use chemicals or radiation to create lots of new DNA differences in the plant they are interested in. The idea is that the more you mutate a plant’s DNA, the more likely you are to stumble on the DNA difference(s) you’re looking for. And this approach has worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, over 75% of the rice grown in California is a dwarf variety discovered this way. Same thing with different varieties of barley, peanuts, oats, wheat, and cocoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes radiation or chemicals are used to strengthen a trait that is already there too. The red grapefruit started out as a natural variety that lost its pink color with time. After zapping this variety’s seeds, scientists found a few that kept a deeper color of red. Now 75% of the grapefruits grown in Texas are this variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, this method has yielded many wonderful crop varieties. In fact, a lot of what we eat today is created through this process. But at the DNA level, it is a very messy affair. The genomes of these plants are often riddled with DNA mutations as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not bringing this up because this is bad. These foods have been around for a long time with no obvious side effects. No, I want to bring it up to contrast it with the way GM foods are made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of all the collateral genetic damage that comes with mutating the bejeezus out of a plant’s DNA, GM technology is much more elegant. A single gene is added to a plant’s DNA and the rest of its DNA is left untouched. This method gets around the potential problems of all of the mutational baggage caused by those chemicals and/or radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why this debate about GM foods seems so weird. In one case we are all perfectly fine with food that has a large mutational load built into it but frightened or hesitant about the one with a single extra gene. We fear Frankenstein but are ok with Godzilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again I am not saying that this mutated rice or barley or whatever is bad. I’m just saying that GM foods are, if anything, even more benign than these safe foods. If we follow the logic of Proposition 37 (which requires labeling of GM foods), should we also label these Godzilla foods as well? If Godzilla corn has more genetic damage than Frankencorn, which should be labeled?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/25/business/la-fi-prop37-food-poll-20121024\">Recent Polling Suggests Prop 37 Could Go Either Way\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&\">NY Times article: Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">More About Golden Rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46597\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl/godzillavsfrankenstein/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46597\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-46597\" title=\"GodzillaVsFrankenstein\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GodzillaVsFrankenstein-640x355.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Why fear Frankenstein and not Godzilla?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all of the recent discussion about genetically modified (GM) foods here in California, we’ve overlooked regular foods and how new traits are found (or created) in them. There isn’t usually a monk lovingly breeding peas in the Austrian countryside somewhere. Instead, more often than not, there is someone blasting a seed with radiation and/or harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, new traits come from differences in a plant’s genes. Plant breeders often use chemicals or radiation to create lots of new DNA differences in the plant they are interested in. The idea is that the more you mutate a plant’s DNA, the more likely you are to stumble on the DNA difference(s) you’re looking for. And this approach has worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, over 75% of the rice grown in California is a dwarf variety discovered this way. Same thing with different varieties of barley, peanuts, oats, wheat, and cocoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes radiation or chemicals are used to strengthen a trait that is already there too. The red grapefruit started out as a natural variety that lost its pink color with time. After zapping this variety’s seeds, scientists found a few that kept a deeper color of red. Now 75% of the grapefruits grown in Texas are this variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, this method has yielded many wonderful crop varieties. In fact, a lot of what we eat today is created through this process. But at the DNA level, it is a very messy affair. The genomes of these plants are often riddled with DNA mutations as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not bringing this up because this is bad. These foods have been around for a long time with no obvious side effects. No, I want to bring it up to contrast it with the way GM foods are made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of all the collateral genetic damage that comes with mutating the bejeezus out of a plant’s DNA, GM technology is much more elegant. A single gene is added to a plant’s DNA and the rest of its DNA is left untouched. This method gets around the potential problems of all of the mutational baggage caused by those chemicals and/or radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why this debate about GM foods seems so weird. In one case we are all perfectly fine with food that has a large mutational load built into it but frightened or hesitant about the one with a single extra gene. We fear Frankenstein but are ok with Godzilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again I am not saying that this mutated rice or barley or whatever is bad. I’m just saying that GM foods are, if anything, even more benign than these safe foods. If we follow the logic of Proposition 37 (which requires labeling of GM foods), should we also label these Godzilla foods as well? If Godzilla corn has more genetic damage than Frankencorn, which should be labeled?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/25/business/la-fi-prop37-food-poll-20121024\">Recent Polling Suggests Prop 37 Could Go Either Way\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&\">NY Times article: Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">More About Golden Rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ",
"title": "Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IDlb4N-_u4]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. But is it enough when manufacturers simply replace one toxic chemical with another?\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Creepy Yet Compelling: Blood Vessels Blown in Glass",
"title": "Creepy Yet Compelling: Blood Vessels Blown in Glass",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46496\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46496\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.jpg\" alt=\"Real blood vessels in a real brain\" title=\"Cerebral_angiography,_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46496\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Real blood vessels in a real brain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/plastic-skeleton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46485\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/plastic-skeleton-216x360.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic Skeleton\" title=\"plastic skeleton\" width=\"216\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46485\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic Skeleton from {link url=http://www.partycity.com/product/skeleton+5ft.do?sortby=ourPicks&pp=60&size=all&navSet=170566}Party City{/link} - Not Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Halloween means time for gore! Blood, bones, brains and more! Severed fingers, severed toes, eyeballs and organs galore!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how accurate are all these loose bits of human anatomy in our front yards, costumes and punch bowls? Can we use that skeleton in the corner to bone up for a biology exam--or are we missing out on a tremendous opportunity to learn medical science?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we need to look past the Halloween superstores for a vendor who truly appreciates the beautiful complexity of the human body’s inner workings. \u003ca href=\"http://www.farlowsci.com/\" title=\"Farlow's Scientific Glassblowing\">Farlow's Scientific Glassblowing\u003c/a>, located in Grass Valley in the Sierra foothills, is the perfect alternative source for holiday decorations. Their anatomical glass sculptures are exquisitely accurate, based on measurements from real cadavers. The brain model, pictured below, is so beautiful you may have to restrain any zombies at your party from taking a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Despite its recognizable shape, the model contains no gray matter at all--it's exclusively made up of arteries. They map out the cranial organ so nicely because the brain demands a massive amount of blood--\u003ca href=\"http://www.acnp.org/g4/gn401000064/ch064.html\" title=\"Brain Energy Metabolism\">15% of the total cardiac output\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/product_brain_cbam101/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/product_brain_cbam101.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"product_brain_cbam101\" width=\"230\" height=\"268\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-46479\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">{link url=http://www.farlowsci.com/products_brainlung.html}Glass Brain Vasculature{/link} from Farlow's - Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, these glass models have a more serious purpose than mere festivity. \"Ideal for stent placement testing and tortuous testing as well as catheter testing,\" Farlow's proudly proclaims. \"These models may be customized with aneurysms.\" Well! Who wouldn't want that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farlow's primary customers are the companies who research and design medical devices. Stents, for example, are short tubes than can be used to treat aneurysm--the ballooning of a weak-walled blood vessel--as well as to keep blocked arteries open. Stents in turn are often deployed by catheters, much longer tubes that can be threaded through the body's natural ducts and vessels in order to ferry tiny devices, drugs, or even remotely operated surgical tools to any desired location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/2_models/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46482\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/2_models-230x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2_models\" width=\"230\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">{link url=http://www.farlowsci.com/products_fullsize.html}Mrs. Einstein{/link} from Farlow's - Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that, I've learned, is where \u003cem>tortuous testing\u003c/em> comes in. Searching for the definition of this curious phrase, I found something hilarious: the \u003ca href=\"http://info.biocoat.com/default.aspx?Tag=tortuous%20path%20testing\" title=\"Hydrophilic Coatings Blog\">Hydrophilic Coatings Blog\u003c/a>. Why yes, of course such a thing exists! Hydrophilic Coatings informs me that tortuous testing is a way of making sure your device (probably a catheter) can turn all the necessary corners and angles to get where it needs to go. Glass models are just the thing for this--because they're transparent, you can see exactly where your catheter gets stuck or turns the wrong way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all honesty, we'll probably have to leave the gorgeous glass models to the serious researchers. It's too last-minute (and too expensive) for most of us to bother classing up our Halloween celebrations. But maybe Farlow's remarkable craftsmanship can remind us to take a moment on Wednesday night, when handing candy to a little skeleton or dancing with a zombie, to appreciate the beauty as well as the gruesomeness of the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/10/artists-transform-molten-glass-into-anatomical-wonders/?pid=4825&viewall=true\" title=\"Wired - Heart of Glass\">Wired\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46496\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46496\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.jpg\" alt=\"Real blood vessels in a real brain\" title=\"Cerebral_angiography,_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46496\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Real blood vessels in a real brain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/plastic-skeleton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46485\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/plastic-skeleton-216x360.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic Skeleton\" title=\"plastic skeleton\" width=\"216\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46485\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic Skeleton from {link url=http://www.partycity.com/product/skeleton+5ft.do?sortby=ourPicks&pp=60&size=all&navSet=170566}Party City{/link} - Not Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Halloween means time for gore! Blood, bones, brains and more! Severed fingers, severed toes, eyeballs and organs galore!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how accurate are all these loose bits of human anatomy in our front yards, costumes and punch bowls? Can we use that skeleton in the corner to bone up for a biology exam--or are we missing out on a tremendous opportunity to learn medical science?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we need to look past the Halloween superstores for a vendor who truly appreciates the beautiful complexity of the human body’s inner workings. \u003ca href=\"http://www.farlowsci.com/\" title=\"Farlow's Scientific Glassblowing\">Farlow's Scientific Glassblowing\u003c/a>, located in Grass Valley in the Sierra foothills, is the perfect alternative source for holiday decorations. Their anatomical glass sculptures are exquisitely accurate, based on measurements from real cadavers. The brain model, pictured below, is so beautiful you may have to restrain any zombies at your party from taking a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Despite its recognizable shape, the model contains no gray matter at all--it's exclusively made up of arteries. They map out the cranial organ so nicely because the brain demands a massive amount of blood--\u003ca href=\"http://www.acnp.org/g4/gn401000064/ch064.html\" title=\"Brain Energy Metabolism\">15% of the total cardiac output\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/product_brain_cbam101/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/product_brain_cbam101.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"product_brain_cbam101\" width=\"230\" height=\"268\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-46479\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">{link url=http://www.farlowsci.com/products_brainlung.html}Glass Brain Vasculature{/link} from Farlow's - Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, these glass models have a more serious purpose than mere festivity. \"Ideal for stent placement testing and tortuous testing as well as catheter testing,\" Farlow's proudly proclaims. \"These models may be customized with aneurysms.\" Well! Who wouldn't want that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farlow's primary customers are the companies who research and design medical devices. Stents, for example, are short tubes than can be used to treat aneurysm--the ballooning of a weak-walled blood vessel--as well as to keep blocked arteries open. Stents in turn are often deployed by catheters, much longer tubes that can be threaded through the body's natural ducts and vessels in order to ferry tiny devices, drugs, or even remotely operated surgical tools to any desired location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/2_models/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46482\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/2_models-230x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2_models\" width=\"230\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">{link url=http://www.farlowsci.com/products_fullsize.html}Mrs. Einstein{/link} from Farlow's - Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that, I've learned, is where \u003cem>tortuous testing\u003c/em> comes in. Searching for the definition of this curious phrase, I found something hilarious: the \u003ca href=\"http://info.biocoat.com/default.aspx?Tag=tortuous%20path%20testing\" title=\"Hydrophilic Coatings Blog\">Hydrophilic Coatings Blog\u003c/a>. Why yes, of course such a thing exists! Hydrophilic Coatings informs me that tortuous testing is a way of making sure your device (probably a catheter) can turn all the necessary corners and angles to get where it needs to go. Glass models are just the thing for this--because they're transparent, you can see exactly where your catheter gets stuck or turns the wrong way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all honesty, we'll probably have to leave the gorgeous glass models to the serious researchers. It's too last-minute (and too expensive) for most of us to bother classing up our Halloween celebrations. But maybe Farlow's remarkable craftsmanship can remind us to take a moment on Wednesday night, when handing candy to a little skeleton or dancing with a zombie, to appreciate the beauty as well as the gruesomeness of the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/10/artists-transform-molten-glass-into-anatomical-wonders/?pid=4825&viewall=true\" title=\"Wired - Heart of Glass\">Wired\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science Behind Vampire Myths",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46389\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Count Dracula played by Bela Lugosi in the 1931 film Dracula, courtesy of Creative Commons license. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/strange-creatures/vampire1.htm\" title=\"origin of vampire myths\">experts\u003c/a> believe that the origin of vampire folklore dates back at least 4,000 years to Ancient Greece, but legends of blood sucking creatures have existed around the world for millennia. Stories about vampires come from many different authors and filmmakers and from many different cultures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why have people around the world always been fascinated by vampires? Did vampire tales begin as a way to explain frightening phenomena actually witnessed? Although there is no scientific evidence for vampires, there is some scientific basis for vampire folklore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vampire has evolved over time in countless directions, moving in popular culture from a pure evil being to a conscience-bound but sexy seducer. The vampires of “Twilight” and “Vampire Diaries” act more human than Bram Stoker’s “Dracula.” However, in general vampires are predatory creatures in human form that survive by drinking the blood of the living through protruding fangs. They were once human, but they were bitten by a vampire, died and rose from the grave as one of the Undead. They are potentially immortal but they can be killed by a stake through the heart, direct sunlight, and beheading. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Vampires-Burial-Death-Folklore-Reality/dp/0300164815/ref=la_B001HD208E_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1350961536&sr=1-1\" title=\"Vampires, Burial and Death\">Vampires, Burial and Death\u003c/a>, Paul Barber argues that the belief in vampires came from pre-industrial society trying to explain the process of death and decomposition. People expected a body in the ground to decompose as quickly as one exposed to the elements. So they suspected vampirism when a cadaver looked unexpectedly well-preserved, bloated as though gorged with blood, with blood on its lips. But corpses naturally swell as gases from decomposition accumulate in the body, squeezing the lungs and forcing blood to ooze from the nose and mouth. In addition, the skin and gums contract to expose the teeth more prominently, making the canine teeth look perhaps a bit like fangs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber’s theory is supported by the fact that outbreaks of \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-Science-Vampires-Katherine-Ramsland/dp/0425186164\" title=\"The Science of Vampires\">tuberculosis were associated with outbreaks of vampirism\u003c/a>. During a tuberculosis outbreak, people often blamed the first victim of the disease. Believing him to be a vampire, they would dig him up and drive a stake through his heart. The corpse would then appear to spring to life and cry out — scary! But staking a bloated, decomposing corpse forces the accumulated gases to escape the body. This produces a groan-like sound as the gases are forced past the vocal cords and out the throat. Even without staking, many corpses make moaning sounds — just ask funeral directors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vampire behaviors can also be explained by medical conditions, such as the rare blood disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002188/\" title=\"PubMed on porphyria\">porphyria\u003c/a>. People with porphyria have an enzyme deficiency that interferes with the production of an important part of red blood cells, called heme. The skin of a porphyria sufferer burns, blisters and scars when exposed to sunlight, so they can only go out at night. This disease can also cause their mouth and urine to turn red, leading to the misbelief that they drink blood. And porphyria is hereditary, so there may have been concentrations of sufferers in certain areas throughout history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science can’t fully explain vampire myths. Some supernatural magic is required to do that, which is generally more entertaining. So dress up as a vampire on Halloween and just enjoy scaring everyone.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46389\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Count Dracula played by Bela Lugosi in the 1931 film Dracula, courtesy of Creative Commons license. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/strange-creatures/vampire1.htm\" title=\"origin of vampire myths\">experts\u003c/a> believe that the origin of vampire folklore dates back at least 4,000 years to Ancient Greece, but legends of blood sucking creatures have existed around the world for millennia. Stories about vampires come from many different authors and filmmakers and from many different cultures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why have people around the world always been fascinated by vampires? Did vampire tales begin as a way to explain frightening phenomena actually witnessed? Although there is no scientific evidence for vampires, there is some scientific basis for vampire folklore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vampire has evolved over time in countless directions, moving in popular culture from a pure evil being to a conscience-bound but sexy seducer. The vampires of “Twilight” and “Vampire Diaries” act more human than Bram Stoker’s “Dracula.” However, in general vampires are predatory creatures in human form that survive by drinking the blood of the living through protruding fangs. They were once human, but they were bitten by a vampire, died and rose from the grave as one of the Undead. They are potentially immortal but they can be killed by a stake through the heart, direct sunlight, and beheading. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Vampires-Burial-Death-Folklore-Reality/dp/0300164815/ref=la_B001HD208E_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1350961536&sr=1-1\" title=\"Vampires, Burial and Death\">Vampires, Burial and Death\u003c/a>, Paul Barber argues that the belief in vampires came from pre-industrial society trying to explain the process of death and decomposition. People expected a body in the ground to decompose as quickly as one exposed to the elements. So they suspected vampirism when a cadaver looked unexpectedly well-preserved, bloated as though gorged with blood, with blood on its lips. But corpses naturally swell as gases from decomposition accumulate in the body, squeezing the lungs and forcing blood to ooze from the nose and mouth. In addition, the skin and gums contract to expose the teeth more prominently, making the canine teeth look perhaps a bit like fangs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber’s theory is supported by the fact that outbreaks of \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-Science-Vampires-Katherine-Ramsland/dp/0425186164\" title=\"The Science of Vampires\">tuberculosis were associated with outbreaks of vampirism\u003c/a>. During a tuberculosis outbreak, people often blamed the first victim of the disease. Believing him to be a vampire, they would dig him up and drive a stake through his heart. The corpse would then appear to spring to life and cry out — scary! But staking a bloated, decomposing corpse forces the accumulated gases to escape the body. This produces a groan-like sound as the gases are forced past the vocal cords and out the throat. Even without staking, many corpses make moaning sounds — just ask funeral directors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vampire behaviors can also be explained by medical conditions, such as the rare blood disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002188/\" title=\"PubMed on porphyria\">porphyria\u003c/a>. People with porphyria have an enzyme deficiency that interferes with the production of an important part of red blood cells, called heme. The skin of a porphyria sufferer burns, blisters and scars when exposed to sunlight, so they can only go out at night. This disease can also cause their mouth and urine to turn red, leading to the misbelief that they drink blood. And porphyria is hereditary, so there may have been concentrations of sufferers in certain areas throughout history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science can’t fully explain vampire myths. Some supernatural magic is required to do that, which is generally more entertaining. So dress up as a vampire on Halloween and just enjoy scaring everyone.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Owls Around Us",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 249px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Barn-Owl-cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Barn-Owl-cropped-249x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Barn Owl \" width=\"249\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This downey barn owl chick gets a better look at his new home with Native Bird Connections. Photo by Carolyn Lie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Halloween nears, my thoughts turn to our local, enchanted forest at \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://test.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>. After dark, it’s a whole different habitat with nocturnal animals prowling and flying while the daytime inhabitants sequester themselves for survival and sleep. A significant number of owl species can be found in the redwood forest, bay-oak woodland and chaparral habitats along either side of the canyon. In fact, a birder reported hearing or sighting six species of owls in the park on just one “Big Day” of birding back in September. His list included \u003ca title=\"Barn Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Barn.htm\">barn\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Western screech owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Western_Screech.htm\">Western screech\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Great Horned Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Great_Horned.htm\">great horned\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"N. Pygmy Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Northern_Pygmy.htm\">Northern pygmy\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Long Earred Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Long-eared.htm\">long-earred\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"N. Saw-whet Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Northern_Saw-whet.htm\">Northern saw-whet \u003c/a>owls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, tonight we trekked into the dark, moist woodlands and I spent a few hours preparing to lead an \u003ca title=\"Owl Moon by Jane Yolen\" href=\"http://janeyolen.com/works/owl-moon/\">“Owl Moon” walk\u003c/a> for families in a couple of weeks. The cricket chorus was a backdrop of sound, echoing through the canyon. Our shoes squished quietly in the duff that had soaked up the first rain of the season. The breeze swayed the branches overhead and carried the sharp-fresh scent of bay leaves. I strained to hear any quiet metronome-like whooping of a saw-whet or accelerating \"bouncing ball\" call of the Western screech owl. We surprised a couple of deer who rushed across the trail and down into the creek. At several stops I tried my great horned owl call, hoping to get a response. The only reply was the quiet of a night alone in the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/26/owls-around-us/northern_saw-wet_owl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46378\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46378\" title=\"Northern_Saw-whet_Owl\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Northern_Saw-Wet_Owl-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saw-whet owls are well camoflauged and hard to find. Photo by http://www.flickr.com/photos/16452079@N03\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further along the trail, we paused to listen. We noticed the last of the garden spiders with any impressive web stretched between two redwoods. Hooting into the darkness, we still got no reply. As we headed back toward the parking lot, talking quietly, we made one more stop under the trees by the creek. A large, dark shape soared close, just overhead. It silently flapped several times, and then glided into the darkness through the trees. No flash of white, and its size made it likely a great horned owl. Then, in the next meadow over, I heard the unmistakable screech of a barn owl. We called tonight a “two-owl” success!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/26/owls-around-us/ghowl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46377\" title=\"Great Horned Owl\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GHOWL-e1351136811562-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This wildlife ambassador, a Great Horned Owl, visits schools and libraries to help people learn more about nocturnal animals. Photo by Carolyn Lie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can get out into your own local woodlands or park and try your luck at “\u003ca title=\"Introduction to Owling\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/introduction.htm\">owling.\u003c/a>” The fall and winter are actually good times to look and listen for owls. Some owls set up territories now or seek mates or even maintain their pair bonds, as most are monogamous and return year after year to the same nesting sites. Barn owls can be found in the city throughout the year and nest in palm trees and nest boxes. There are plenty of rodents for them to eat in our local parks and neighborhoods and they serve as important pest control species. Do them a favor by not using rat poisons as they can be killed by secondary poisoning. Join a night hike with one of the \u003ca title=\"Naturalist Activities, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/naturalists\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists\u003c/a> to learn more about the nocturnal inhabitants of the parks. You may even be inspired to improve your neighborhood for owls by constructing and installing an \u003ca title=\"Owl Pages - nest boxes\" href=\"http://www.owlpages.com/links.php?cat=Owls-Nest+Boxes\">owl nest box\u003c/a>. The photos used in this post by Carolyn Lie were provided through \u003ca title=\"Native Bird Connections website\" href=\"http://www.nativebirds.org/site2010/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Native Bird Connections\u003c/a> (NBC). NBC cares for injured raptors and bring ambassador, non-releasable animals to schools and other public facilities to help others learn more about these important wildlife species. You can join NBC and me on Sun., October 28 from 3-4pm in the \u003ca title=\"Owl Program at Alameda Free Library\" href=\"http://www.cityofalamedaca.gov/Library/Calendar-of-Events?id=1850&a=20121028\" target=\"_blank\">Alameda Free Library\u003c/a> for a free program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 249px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Barn-Owl-cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Barn-Owl-cropped-249x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Barn Owl \" width=\"249\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This downey barn owl chick gets a better look at his new home with Native Bird Connections. Photo by Carolyn Lie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Halloween nears, my thoughts turn to our local, enchanted forest at \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://test.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>. After dark, it’s a whole different habitat with nocturnal animals prowling and flying while the daytime inhabitants sequester themselves for survival and sleep. A significant number of owl species can be found in the redwood forest, bay-oak woodland and chaparral habitats along either side of the canyon. In fact, a birder reported hearing or sighting six species of owls in the park on just one “Big Day” of birding back in September. His list included \u003ca title=\"Barn Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Barn.htm\">barn\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Western screech owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Western_Screech.htm\">Western screech\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Great Horned Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Great_Horned.htm\">great horned\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"N. Pygmy Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Northern_Pygmy.htm\">Northern pygmy\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Long Earred Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Long-eared.htm\">long-earred\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"N. Saw-whet Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Northern_Saw-whet.htm\">Northern saw-whet \u003c/a>owls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, tonight we trekked into the dark, moist woodlands and I spent a few hours preparing to lead an \u003ca title=\"Owl Moon by Jane Yolen\" href=\"http://janeyolen.com/works/owl-moon/\">“Owl Moon” walk\u003c/a> for families in a couple of weeks. The cricket chorus was a backdrop of sound, echoing through the canyon. Our shoes squished quietly in the duff that had soaked up the first rain of the season. The breeze swayed the branches overhead and carried the sharp-fresh scent of bay leaves. I strained to hear any quiet metronome-like whooping of a saw-whet or accelerating \"bouncing ball\" call of the Western screech owl. We surprised a couple of deer who rushed across the trail and down into the creek. At several stops I tried my great horned owl call, hoping to get a response. The only reply was the quiet of a night alone in the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/26/owls-around-us/northern_saw-wet_owl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46378\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46378\" title=\"Northern_Saw-whet_Owl\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Northern_Saw-Wet_Owl-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saw-whet owls are well camoflauged and hard to find. Photo by http://www.flickr.com/photos/16452079@N03\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further along the trail, we paused to listen. We noticed the last of the garden spiders with any impressive web stretched between two redwoods. Hooting into the darkness, we still got no reply. As we headed back toward the parking lot, talking quietly, we made one more stop under the trees by the creek. A large, dark shape soared close, just overhead. It silently flapped several times, and then glided into the darkness through the trees. No flash of white, and its size made it likely a great horned owl. Then, in the next meadow over, I heard the unmistakable screech of a barn owl. We called tonight a “two-owl” success!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/26/owls-around-us/ghowl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46377\" title=\"Great Horned Owl\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GHOWL-e1351136811562-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This wildlife ambassador, a Great Horned Owl, visits schools and libraries to help people learn more about nocturnal animals. Photo by Carolyn Lie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can get out into your own local woodlands or park and try your luck at “\u003ca title=\"Introduction to Owling\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/introduction.htm\">owling.\u003c/a>” The fall and winter are actually good times to look and listen for owls. Some owls set up territories now or seek mates or even maintain their pair bonds, as most are monogamous and return year after year to the same nesting sites. Barn owls can be found in the city throughout the year and nest in palm trees and nest boxes. There are plenty of rodents for them to eat in our local parks and neighborhoods and they serve as important pest control species. Do them a favor by not using rat poisons as they can be killed by secondary poisoning. Join a night hike with one of the \u003ca title=\"Naturalist Activities, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/naturalists\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists\u003c/a> to learn more about the nocturnal inhabitants of the parks. You may even be inspired to improve your neighborhood for owls by constructing and installing an \u003ca title=\"Owl Pages - nest boxes\" href=\"http://www.owlpages.com/links.php?cat=Owls-Nest+Boxes\">owl nest box\u003c/a>. The photos used in this post by Carolyn Lie were provided through \u003ca title=\"Native Bird Connections website\" href=\"http://www.nativebirds.org/site2010/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Native Bird Connections\u003c/a> (NBC). NBC cares for injured raptors and bring ambassador, non-releasable animals to schools and other public facilities to help others learn more about these important wildlife species. You can join NBC and me on Sun., October 28 from 3-4pm in the \u003ca title=\"Owl Program at Alameda Free Library\" href=\"http://www.cityofalamedaca.gov/Library/Calendar-of-Events?id=1850&a=20121028\" target=\"_blank\">Alameda Free Library\u003c/a> for a free program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "More Clues About Singing Sand",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/kelsotop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46396\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/kelsotop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kelsotop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kelso Dunes are one of the rare sites where sand dunes can be made to sing. Science is still puzzling over the physics involved. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the coolest things I've done in my geological explorations was to make the trip to the Kelso Dunes, deep in the Mojave Desert and make the dunes sing. All I had to do was huff and puff my way to the top of the highest dune and then start the fine sand avalanching down a slip face. After a few seconds a fuzzy, baritone hum began to emanate from the body of the dune that lasted while the sand poured down, then gently died away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singing sands, also known as booming dunes, were once the stuff of legend. Marco Polo reported them from the steppes of central Asia. Nineteenth-century travelers and scientists, including Charles Darwin, observed them. Twentieth-century researchers recorded them, played with their sand in the lab, and tried mathematical models on them. This week a new paper is coming out in \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i> that marks a new proposition in the genteel argument among scientists over singing sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few dunes can sing—maybe 30 in the whole world. California has four of them: the Eureka Dunes in Death Valley, Panamint Dunes in Panamint Valley, Dumont Dunes north of Baker, and Kelso Dunes southeast of Zzyzx. The key factors seem to be very clean sand of a consistent size, very dry conditions and a good-sized slope at its angle of repose. A gentle avalanche of sand down the slope, triggered by the wind or by humans, sets off the sound. Researcher Stéphane Douady demonstrates the technique in this YouTube recording.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a flurry of recent research into booming dunes. A team from Caltech led by Nathalie Vriend studied the California dunes and proposed in 2007, in a paper titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2007/2007GL030276.shtml\">Solving the Mystery of Booming Sand Dunes\u003c/a>,\" that vibrations stirred in the falling sand reverberate within the layers inside the dune to produce the moaning tones, much as an alpenhorn produces its low tone from vibrations of the player's lips. Vriend and her thesis advisor, Melany Hunt, were invited to write a broader treatment of the subject in the prestigious \u003ci>Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science\u003c/i> in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the new paper, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2012GL052540.shtml\">Singing-Sand Avalanches Without Dunes\u003c/a>,\" a French team from Paris Diderot University led by Simon Dagois-Bohy, and including Douady, report their study on two booming dunes with different songs, one hoarse and the other sweet. Listen to the two songs here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team took sand from both dunes and \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Rj6oSd3B0s\">made it boom in the lab\u003c/a>, using just a shallow tray. Moreover, they showed that the songs of the two dunes differed because their sands, not their shapes and structures, were different. The hoarse dune, at Al-Ashkarah in Oman, had a sand with a wider range of grain sizes than the sweet dune, near Tarfayah in Morocco. But sifting the sand from Oman into a narrower size range purified its tone, as these two sonograms from the lab experiments show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 462px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/singingsand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46397\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/singingsand.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"singingsand\" width=\"462\" height=\"291\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From Dagois-Bohy et al., \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052540\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The French team's research supports a mechanism in which the sand itself is sufficient to produce the sound, the base tone depending on the rate of shear within the sand as it spills down the dune. The exact value of the tone depends on the grain size, and a mix of sizes produces a mix of tones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A song without a dune is as if a violin string could be stroked with a bow and produce its note without the violin. But no such instrument exists—not an acoustic one, anyway. It's hard to grasp that singing sand does not require a booming dune; if so, then why is it so rare? I feel that as we learn more, the whole story will come to embrace both the dunes and their sands.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/kelsotop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46396\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/kelsotop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kelsotop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kelso Dunes are one of the rare sites where sand dunes can be made to sing. Science is still puzzling over the physics involved. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the coolest things I've done in my geological explorations was to make the trip to the Kelso Dunes, deep in the Mojave Desert and make the dunes sing. All I had to do was huff and puff my way to the top of the highest dune and then start the fine sand avalanching down a slip face. After a few seconds a fuzzy, baritone hum began to emanate from the body of the dune that lasted while the sand poured down, then gently died away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singing sands, also known as booming dunes, were once the stuff of legend. Marco Polo reported them from the steppes of central Asia. Nineteenth-century travelers and scientists, including Charles Darwin, observed them. Twentieth-century researchers recorded them, played with their sand in the lab, and tried mathematical models on them. This week a new paper is coming out in \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i> that marks a new proposition in the genteel argument among scientists over singing sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few dunes can sing—maybe 30 in the whole world. California has four of them: the Eureka Dunes in Death Valley, Panamint Dunes in Panamint Valley, Dumont Dunes north of Baker, and Kelso Dunes southeast of Zzyzx. The key factors seem to be very clean sand of a consistent size, very dry conditions and a good-sized slope at its angle of repose. A gentle avalanche of sand down the slope, triggered by the wind or by humans, sets off the sound. Researcher Stéphane Douady demonstrates the technique in this YouTube recording.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a flurry of recent research into booming dunes. A team from Caltech led by Nathalie Vriend studied the California dunes and proposed in 2007, in a paper titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2007/2007GL030276.shtml\">Solving the Mystery of Booming Sand Dunes\u003c/a>,\" that vibrations stirred in the falling sand reverberate within the layers inside the dune to produce the moaning tones, much as an alpenhorn produces its low tone from vibrations of the player's lips. Vriend and her thesis advisor, Melany Hunt, were invited to write a broader treatment of the subject in the prestigious \u003ci>Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science\u003c/i> in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the new paper, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2012GL052540.shtml\">Singing-Sand Avalanches Without Dunes\u003c/a>,\" a French team from Paris Diderot University led by Simon Dagois-Bohy, and including Douady, report their study on two booming dunes with different songs, one hoarse and the other sweet. Listen to the two songs here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team took sand from both dunes and \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Rj6oSd3B0s\">made it boom in the lab\u003c/a>, using just a shallow tray. Moreover, they showed that the songs of the two dunes differed because their sands, not their shapes and structures, were different. The hoarse dune, at Al-Ashkarah in Oman, had a sand with a wider range of grain sizes than the sweet dune, near Tarfayah in Morocco. But sifting the sand from Oman into a narrower size range purified its tone, as these two sonograms from the lab experiments show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 462px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/singingsand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46397\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/singingsand.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"singingsand\" width=\"462\" height=\"291\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From Dagois-Bohy et al., \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052540\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The French team's research supports a mechanism in which the sand itself is sufficient to produce the sound, the base tone depending on the rate of shear within the sand as it spills down the dune. The exact value of the tone depends on the grain size, and a mix of sizes produces a mix of tones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A song without a dune is as if a violin string could be stroked with a bow and produce its note without the violin. But no such instrument exists—not an acoustic one, anyway. It's hard to grasp that singing sand does not require a booming dune; if so, then why is it so rare? I feel that as we learn more, the whole story will come to embrace both the dunes and their sands.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Women in Science: Meet a Mathematician, a Physicist and a Geologist Through Art",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_fullxfull-385270093_qj0a/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46345\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg\" alt=\"Linocut of the Enchantress of Numbers, Ada Lovelace - by Ele Willoughby\" title=\"il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week was \u003ca href=\"http://findingada.com/\" title=\"Ada Lovelace Day\">Ada Lovelace Day\u003c/a>, a celebration of women in science, technology, engineering, and math. Historically dominated by men, these fields have recently grown more welcoming of women, though sadly a few \u003ca href=\"http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3079&buffer_share=6f292&utm_source=buffer\" title=\"Bias in Academia\">challenges\u003c/a> linger. But there's nothing like role models for inspiring the scientific spirits of today and tomorrow! And Marie Curie isn't the only one out there--history is rife with lesser-known but no less fabulous female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/adasplashshirt-e1350402217169-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/adasplashshirt-e13504022171691-318x360.png\" alt=\"Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\" title=\"adasplashshirt-e1350402217169\" width=\"318\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) is a prime example: though ALD has raised her profile, she's not yet a household name. But as the world's first computer programmer, she deserves to be. She gets extra credit because her programs were written for an entirely theoretical machine, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage\" title=\"Charles Babbage - Wikipedia\">Charles Babbage\u003c/a>'s analytical engine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analytical engine was never realized, but Babbage's notes on a much simpler device, the difference engine, were finally translated into reality 120 years after his death. One of these remarkable machines is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\" title=\"Computer History Museum\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View, where you can also learn more about Lovelace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, for those who prefer to learn everything via the internet, check out the fantastic footnotes in \u003ca href=\"http://sydneypadua.com/2dgoggles/\" title=\"2D Goggles\">The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage\u003c/a>. In addition to being a serious nerd, the author is a professional animator. Lovelace is lucky to have her as a \u003cem>re-animator\u003c/em>! Heh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_570xn-387227875_o18c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46339\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_570xN.387227875_o18c-391x360.jpg\" alt=\"Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity\" title=\"il_570xN.387227875_o18c\" width=\"391\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity - Ele Willoughby\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking of portraits of women in science, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/83367125/linocut-history-of-physics-madame-wu-and\" title=\"Madame Wu - Etsy\">woodcut\u003c/a> of experimental physicist Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997). Wu emigrated from China to America in 1936 to get her doctorate at UC Berkeley under \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence\" title=\"Ernest Lawrence - Wikipedia\">Ernest O. Lawrence\u003c/a>. She later used her expertise in beta decay (a type of radioactivity) to prove the suspicion of a couple of theoretical physicists that the weak force \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation\" title=\"Wikipedia - Parity Violation\">disobeys the law of parity\u003c/a>. The theoreticians won a Nobel Prize in 1957. Whether Wu's exclusion from the award represents bias against women or experimentalists at the time (the other guys were Chinese too, so it wasn't sinophobia), who knows, but a couple of decades later Wu got the first \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize\" title=\"Wolf Prize - Wikipedia\">Wolf Prize\u003c/a>. She would have turned 100 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women like Lovelace and Wu are particularly inspiring because they entered STEM fields at times in history when few women saw it as an option. But valuable role models can also be found among contemporary female scientists--such as the creator of the Madame Wu woodcut! For her day job, geophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~willough/\" title=\"Eleanor Willoughby - U Toronto\">Eleanor Willoughby\u003c/a> studies \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate\" title=\"Methane Clathrates - Wikipedia\">marine gas hydrates\u003c/a> at the University of Toronto. But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/shop/minouette\" title=\"minouette - etsy\">minouette\u003c/a>, she makes and sells beautiful linoleum block prints on Etsy, many of them inspired by \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/96847205/roentgen-x-ray-thermochromic-linocut\" title=\"Roentgen Print - Etsy\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/112425952/darwin-on-galapagos-2nd-edition-lino\" title=\"Darwin Print - Etsy\">scientists\u003c/a>--including the print of Countess Lovelace, Enchantress of Numbers, shown above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor Ada died too young, but her spirit may be soothed by the knowledge that, almost two hundred years later, she's inspiring new generations of mathematicians, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://thefinchandpea.com/2012/10/16/the-art-of-science-madame-wu-and-the-violation-of-parity/#more-7145\" title=\"Finch and Pea - Madame Wu\">The Finch and Pea\u003c/a>\u003c/em> for the Wu linoprint\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_fullxfull-385270093_qj0a/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46345\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg\" alt=\"Linocut of the Enchantress of Numbers, Ada Lovelace - by Ele Willoughby\" title=\"il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week was \u003ca href=\"http://findingada.com/\" title=\"Ada Lovelace Day\">Ada Lovelace Day\u003c/a>, a celebration of women in science, technology, engineering, and math. Historically dominated by men, these fields have recently grown more welcoming of women, though sadly a few \u003ca href=\"http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3079&buffer_share=6f292&utm_source=buffer\" title=\"Bias in Academia\">challenges\u003c/a> linger. But there's nothing like role models for inspiring the scientific spirits of today and tomorrow! And Marie Curie isn't the only one out there--history is rife with lesser-known but no less fabulous female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/adasplashshirt-e1350402217169-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/adasplashshirt-e13504022171691-318x360.png\" alt=\"Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\" title=\"adasplashshirt-e1350402217169\" width=\"318\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) is a prime example: though ALD has raised her profile, she's not yet a household name. But as the world's first computer programmer, she deserves to be. She gets extra credit because her programs were written for an entirely theoretical machine, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage\" title=\"Charles Babbage - Wikipedia\">Charles Babbage\u003c/a>'s analytical engine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analytical engine was never realized, but Babbage's notes on a much simpler device, the difference engine, were finally translated into reality 120 years after his death. One of these remarkable machines is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\" title=\"Computer History Museum\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View, where you can also learn more about Lovelace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, for those who prefer to learn everything via the internet, check out the fantastic footnotes in \u003ca href=\"http://sydneypadua.com/2dgoggles/\" title=\"2D Goggles\">The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage\u003c/a>. In addition to being a serious nerd, the author is a professional animator. Lovelace is lucky to have her as a \u003cem>re-animator\u003c/em>! Heh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_570xn-387227875_o18c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46339\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_570xN.387227875_o18c-391x360.jpg\" alt=\"Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity\" title=\"il_570xN.387227875_o18c\" width=\"391\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity - Ele Willoughby\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking of portraits of women in science, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/83367125/linocut-history-of-physics-madame-wu-and\" title=\"Madame Wu - Etsy\">woodcut\u003c/a> of experimental physicist Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997). Wu emigrated from China to America in 1936 to get her doctorate at UC Berkeley under \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence\" title=\"Ernest Lawrence - Wikipedia\">Ernest O. Lawrence\u003c/a>. She later used her expertise in beta decay (a type of radioactivity) to prove the suspicion of a couple of theoretical physicists that the weak force \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation\" title=\"Wikipedia - Parity Violation\">disobeys the law of parity\u003c/a>. The theoreticians won a Nobel Prize in 1957. Whether Wu's exclusion from the award represents bias against women or experimentalists at the time (the other guys were Chinese too, so it wasn't sinophobia), who knows, but a couple of decades later Wu got the first \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize\" title=\"Wolf Prize - Wikipedia\">Wolf Prize\u003c/a>. She would have turned 100 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women like Lovelace and Wu are particularly inspiring because they entered STEM fields at times in history when few women saw it as an option. But valuable role models can also be found among contemporary female scientists--such as the creator of the Madame Wu woodcut! For her day job, geophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~willough/\" title=\"Eleanor Willoughby - U Toronto\">Eleanor Willoughby\u003c/a> studies \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate\" title=\"Methane Clathrates - Wikipedia\">marine gas hydrates\u003c/a> at the University of Toronto. But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/shop/minouette\" title=\"minouette - etsy\">minouette\u003c/a>, she makes and sells beautiful linoleum block prints on Etsy, many of them inspired by \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/96847205/roentgen-x-ray-thermochromic-linocut\" title=\"Roentgen Print - Etsy\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/112425952/darwin-on-galapagos-2nd-edition-lino\" title=\"Darwin Print - Etsy\">scientists\u003c/a>--including the print of Countess Lovelace, Enchantress of Numbers, shown above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor Ada died too young, but her spirit may be soothed by the knowledge that, almost two hundred years later, she's inspiring new generations of mathematicians, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://thefinchandpea.com/2012/10/16/the-art-of-science-madame-wu-and-the-violation-of-parity/#more-7145\" title=\"Finch and Pea - Madame Wu\">The Finch and Pea\u003c/a>\u003c/em> for the Wu linoprint\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Be HEARD: A Rare Disease Science Challenge To Find Cures",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46327\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A challenge to try to bypass Big Pharma's failure to tackle rare diseases.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curing or even finding treatments for rare diseases is hard. Not necessarily because these diseases are any more complex than more common ones. It has more to do with the fact that there is very little profit to be made in helping people with these diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is why a new initiative, the \u003ca href=\"http://challenge.assaydepot.com/rare-disease-challenge/\">Rare Disease Science Challenge\u003c/a> (which was discussed at this weekend’s \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View) is so exciting. It is trying to collect a critical mass of nonprofits, scientists, and families dealing with these diseases and to offer them seed money and free services to start to find treatments and/or cures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talked about in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/\">blog\u003c/a>, this model has worked well recently with cystic fibrosis. At first you might think cystic fibrosis is too common to need something like this. But it isn’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many ways to end up with cystic fibrosis, each of which might need a separate treatment or cure. A combination of nonprofits, scientists and families dealing with cystic fibrosis came together and brought Kalydeco to market. Even though it can only help ~4% of CF patients, it is a Godsend for these sufferers. Hopefully this new competition can spawn something similar for some other awful, rare diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46256\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/kevinlustigassaydepot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46256\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/KevinLustigAssayDepot.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"KevinLustigAssayDepot\" width=\"250\" height=\"309\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46256\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kevin Lustig, President and CEO of Assay Depot\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is such an important project that I wanted to talk with one of its sponsors. Here is my interview with Kevin Lustig, CEO and President of \u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/?utm_source=Challenges&utm_medium=Link&utm_content=Post&utm_campaign=Rare%2BDisease%2BChallenge\">Assay Depot\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me more about the Rare Disease Science Challenge. What is it all about and why do we need it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/\">Assay Depot\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.raregenomics.org/\">Rare Genomics Institute\u003c/a> are teaming up to sponsor the \u003ca href=\"http://challenge.assaydepot.com/rare-disease-challenge/\">Rare Disease Science Challenge\u003c/a> to accelerate rare disease research. Mainstream pharmaceutical companies have long ignored rare diseases. However, collectively rare diseases are not rare. The fact is that while a disease might be labeled as “rare,” the number of persons suffering from one of the thousands of rare diseases is estimated at 10% of the population, or approximately 30 million people in the United States and 350 million people globally. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the majority (greater than 95%) of the 7,000 rare diseases there is no FDA approved therapy. Perhaps the cruelest twist of rare diseases is that so many of the patients are young children with over 30% of them dying before their 5th birthday!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There probably isn’t enough money in prizes to find a cure or even a treatment. What do you think is realistically possible with the competition?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate aim of this challenge is to push rare disease studies at any phase of drug development and bring awareness to the current broken system for diagnosing, treating and curing rare diseases. Although the prizes themselves cannot find a cure, they reduce the barrier toward a solution for many diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prizes for this challenge include $10,000 cash and greater than $400,000 of donated research services from 19 participating service providers; this is a great indicator that the life science industry wants to help treat rare disease. If we can improve the standard of care for just one rare disease, we will bring relief to thousands of people, very likely children, who currently suffer. We think that is a dream worth fighting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s say I have a child with a rare disease but I am not a scientist. How can I tap into this money to help my child?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families with a child afflicted with a rare disease will have the opportunity to work with a network of academic researchers and use donated research services to develop research proposals tailored to their child’s needs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/computerhistorymuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46261\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ComputerHistoryMuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ComputerHistoryMuseum\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46261\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Computer History Museum in Mountain View was the site of last weekend's Open Science Summit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rare Disease Science Challenge isn’t the first competition you’ve been part of. What are some of the other competitions and have they yielded any results yet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our first \u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/pages/challenge?utm_source=Challenges&utm_medium=Link&utm_content=Post&utm_campaign=Bay%2BArea%2BOpen%2BScience%2BChallenge\">Open Science Challenge\u003c/a> was open to all Bay Area residents who wanted to take their research ideas to the next level. There were two citizen scientist winners of the challenge: Ryan Bethencourt and Derek Jacoby. Both received one-year memberships to the BioCurious community lab space in Sunnyvale as well as $5,000 to fund their research project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bethencourt is currently working on developing new ALS therapeutics, and Jacoby is seeking to find a probiotic method of improving uric acid clearance to combat gout. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our second Open Science Challenge in the Tri-State (NY) area will be ending soon and we have ongoing high school science competitions in San Diego, Boston, and New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You participated in the \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> in Mountain View this past weekend. What is open science, and how is the work you do connected?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assay Depot has always operated on a mission of “empowering scientists.” What that boils down to is continuously asking ourselves “does this help scientists?” We started learning about the Open Science movement and realized the question is much more far-reaching than we thought. For the unfamiliar, Open Science is based on the concept that \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmaphorum.com/2012/08/17/open-source-open-science/\">science can be done by anyone\u003c/a> and community collaboration is the key to innovation. Scientists, amateur or professional, were empowering themselves by having meet ups, organizing online discussion, pooling resources, and testing ideas outside of traditional laboratories. “Does this help scientists?” expanded beyond product design and became a question we asked of our community efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You run an online site called Assay Depot. Tell me a bit about the site and what you hope to accomplish with it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, the barriers to conducting drug discovery research stood high. Today, thanks in part to the Internet and the advent of research marketplaces like Assay Depot, anyone with a laptop and access to funding can embark on the search for a cure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assay Depot is now the world's leading provider of outsourced scientific services. The company operates a network of online research marketplaces that dramatically streamline purchases between scientists and more than 7,000 global research vendors. Assay Depot is changing the way life science research is done, one researcher, one vendor, one pharmaceutical customer at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If I am a high school teacher and I’d like to run an experiment but don’t have the facilities, is Assay Depot available to me? Or is it just for professional and academic scientists?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Assay Depot is empowering not only scientists and researchers, but also citizen scientists from any background, from artist to teacher to tinkerer. Assay Depot has recently helped start up a community lab in Carlsbad, CA, which should open early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you do before starting the site? How did you come up with the idea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have spent most of the past 28 years either managing research groups or running my own experiments at the lab bench. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My co-founders Chris Petersen, Andy Martin and I started Assay Depot with the idea of enabling personalized cancer research. We quickly realized though that we could fill a much more valuable and unique niche by creating a cloud-based marketplace that connects scientists with research providers, and Assay Depot was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to starting Assay Depot, I co-founded Kalypsys, a fully integrated drug discovery company that raised over $170 million in venture funding and put five drug candidates into human clinical trials in 2001. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to Kalypsys, I directed lead discovery at Tularik, a highly successful biopharmaceutical company purchased by Amgen for more than $2 billion. I carried out postdoctoral work in Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School after receiving a PhD degree from the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46327\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A challenge to try to bypass Big Pharma's failure to tackle rare diseases.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curing or even finding treatments for rare diseases is hard. Not necessarily because these diseases are any more complex than more common ones. It has more to do with the fact that there is very little profit to be made in helping people with these diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is why a new initiative, the \u003ca href=\"http://challenge.assaydepot.com/rare-disease-challenge/\">Rare Disease Science Challenge\u003c/a> (which was discussed at this weekend’s \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View) is so exciting. It is trying to collect a critical mass of nonprofits, scientists, and families dealing with these diseases and to offer them seed money and free services to start to find treatments and/or cures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talked about in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/\">blog\u003c/a>, this model has worked well recently with cystic fibrosis. At first you might think cystic fibrosis is too common to need something like this. But it isn’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many ways to end up with cystic fibrosis, each of which might need a separate treatment or cure. A combination of nonprofits, scientists and families dealing with cystic fibrosis came together and brought Kalydeco to market. Even though it can only help ~4% of CF patients, it is a Godsend for these sufferers. Hopefully this new competition can spawn something similar for some other awful, rare diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46256\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/kevinlustigassaydepot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46256\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/KevinLustigAssayDepot.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"KevinLustigAssayDepot\" width=\"250\" height=\"309\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46256\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kevin Lustig, President and CEO of Assay Depot\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is such an important project that I wanted to talk with one of its sponsors. Here is my interview with Kevin Lustig, CEO and President of \u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/?utm_source=Challenges&utm_medium=Link&utm_content=Post&utm_campaign=Rare%2BDisease%2BChallenge\">Assay Depot\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me more about the Rare Disease Science Challenge. What is it all about and why do we need it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/\">Assay Depot\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.raregenomics.org/\">Rare Genomics Institute\u003c/a> are teaming up to sponsor the \u003ca href=\"http://challenge.assaydepot.com/rare-disease-challenge/\">Rare Disease Science Challenge\u003c/a> to accelerate rare disease research. Mainstream pharmaceutical companies have long ignored rare diseases. However, collectively rare diseases are not rare. The fact is that while a disease might be labeled as “rare,” the number of persons suffering from one of the thousands of rare diseases is estimated at 10% of the population, or approximately 30 million people in the United States and 350 million people globally. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the majority (greater than 95%) of the 7,000 rare diseases there is no FDA approved therapy. Perhaps the cruelest twist of rare diseases is that so many of the patients are young children with over 30% of them dying before their 5th birthday!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There probably isn’t enough money in prizes to find a cure or even a treatment. What do you think is realistically possible with the competition?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate aim of this challenge is to push rare disease studies at any phase of drug development and bring awareness to the current broken system for diagnosing, treating and curing rare diseases. Although the prizes themselves cannot find a cure, they reduce the barrier toward a solution for many diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prizes for this challenge include $10,000 cash and greater than $400,000 of donated research services from 19 participating service providers; this is a great indicator that the life science industry wants to help treat rare disease. If we can improve the standard of care for just one rare disease, we will bring relief to thousands of people, very likely children, who currently suffer. We think that is a dream worth fighting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s say I have a child with a rare disease but I am not a scientist. How can I tap into this money to help my child?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families with a child afflicted with a rare disease will have the opportunity to work with a network of academic researchers and use donated research services to develop research proposals tailored to their child’s needs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/computerhistorymuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46261\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ComputerHistoryMuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ComputerHistoryMuseum\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46261\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Computer History Museum in Mountain View was the site of last weekend's Open Science Summit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rare Disease Science Challenge isn’t the first competition you’ve been part of. What are some of the other competitions and have they yielded any results yet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our first \u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/pages/challenge?utm_source=Challenges&utm_medium=Link&utm_content=Post&utm_campaign=Bay%2BArea%2BOpen%2BScience%2BChallenge\">Open Science Challenge\u003c/a> was open to all Bay Area residents who wanted to take their research ideas to the next level. There were two citizen scientist winners of the challenge: Ryan Bethencourt and Derek Jacoby. Both received one-year memberships to the BioCurious community lab space in Sunnyvale as well as $5,000 to fund their research project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bethencourt is currently working on developing new ALS therapeutics, and Jacoby is seeking to find a probiotic method of improving uric acid clearance to combat gout. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our second Open Science Challenge in the Tri-State (NY) area will be ending soon and we have ongoing high school science competitions in San Diego, Boston, and New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You participated in the \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> in Mountain View this past weekend. What is open science, and how is the work you do connected?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assay Depot has always operated on a mission of “empowering scientists.” What that boils down to is continuously asking ourselves “does this help scientists?” We started learning about the Open Science movement and realized the question is much more far-reaching than we thought. For the unfamiliar, Open Science is based on the concept that \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmaphorum.com/2012/08/17/open-source-open-science/\">science can be done by anyone\u003c/a> and community collaboration is the key to innovation. Scientists, amateur or professional, were empowering themselves by having meet ups, organizing online discussion, pooling resources, and testing ideas outside of traditional laboratories. “Does this help scientists?” expanded beyond product design and became a question we asked of our community efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You run an online site called Assay Depot. Tell me a bit about the site and what you hope to accomplish with it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, the barriers to conducting drug discovery research stood high. Today, thanks in part to the Internet and the advent of research marketplaces like Assay Depot, anyone with a laptop and access to funding can embark on the search for a cure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assay Depot is now the world's leading provider of outsourced scientific services. The company operates a network of online research marketplaces that dramatically streamline purchases between scientists and more than 7,000 global research vendors. Assay Depot is changing the way life science research is done, one researcher, one vendor, one pharmaceutical customer at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If I am a high school teacher and I’d like to run an experiment but don’t have the facilities, is Assay Depot available to me? Or is it just for professional and academic scientists?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Assay Depot is empowering not only scientists and researchers, but also citizen scientists from any background, from artist to teacher to tinkerer. Assay Depot has recently helped start up a community lab in Carlsbad, CA, which should open early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you do before starting the site? How did you come up with the idea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have spent most of the past 28 years either managing research groups or running my own experiments at the lab bench. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My co-founders Chris Petersen, Andy Martin and I started Assay Depot with the idea of enabling personalized cancer research. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46174\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/alphacentauri-bb-j2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46174\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46174\" title=\"alphacentauri-bb-j2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called Alpha Centauri Bb and orbits one of the pair of main stars that make up the Alpha Centauri system, Alpha Centauri B. (I heard that if you mention a name three times, people will remember it, so there you are. Either that or Michael Keaton shows up wearing a lot of make-up.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Alpha Centauri system is famous for several reasons, some popular, some more esoteric. First and most famously, it is celebrated as the closest star to our solar system: 4.3 light years, or a mere 25 trillion miles. But the fact that it is actually a system of three stars complicates this distinction a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and B, orbit each other every 80 years at a mutual distance ranging from the sun-Saturn and sun-Pluto distances (roughly 3 billion and 4 billion miles, respectively). Alpha Centauri A is about 10% more massive than our sun, and B is about 10% less weighty. The pair's combined luminosity and nearness in space make them the third brightest \"star\" in the night sky (from Earth they are seen as a single star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third star of the trio is Alpha Centauri C (aka Proxima Centauri). And though C is a red dwarf star and not visible to the unaided human eye, being a fifth of a light year closer to us than the A-B pair makes Proxima officially the closest star to our solar system. (Which is a bit ironic since it's not naked-eye visible!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly found planet, \u003ca title=\"Facts and figures for Alpha Centauri Bb\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/infographic-alpha-centauri-earth-sized-exoplanet-121017.html\" target=\"_blank\">Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/a>, will not have an Earth-like environment to offer us. It is less than 4 million miles from its star and takes only 3.2 days to orbit it once. Its surface temperature is estimated to be 1200 degrees C. The planet is, however, very Earth-like in terms of its size: about 1.13 times the mass of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the more esoteric claim to fame: Alpha Centauri was the fictional destination of the Space Family Robinson on the 60's television show \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space\" target=\"_blank\">Lost In Space\u003c/a>\"--in fact, it was the name used for the actual planet they were headed for. Alpha Centauri; Alpha Centauri Bb. Hmm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years after the Robinson's took off on their great misadventure, have we found the planet they were headed for? Probably not, considering Alpha Centauri Bb's surface temperature would melt all of their ship's aluminum fittings, but the find does demonstrate that planets are to be found around the nearest star, opening up the possibility for a more Earth-like landing site sometime in the future…if the Robinsons ever finally find their way to Alpha Centauri!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46174\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/alphacentauri-bb-j2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46174\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46174\" title=\"alphacentauri-bb-j2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called Alpha Centauri Bb and orbits one of the pair of main stars that make up the Alpha Centauri system, Alpha Centauri B. (I heard that if you mention a name three times, people will remember it, so there you are. Either that or Michael Keaton shows up wearing a lot of make-up.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Alpha Centauri system is famous for several reasons, some popular, some more esoteric. First and most famously, it is celebrated as the closest star to our solar system: 4.3 light years, or a mere 25 trillion miles. But the fact that it is actually a system of three stars complicates this distinction a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and B, orbit each other every 80 years at a mutual distance ranging from the sun-Saturn and sun-Pluto distances (roughly 3 billion and 4 billion miles, respectively). Alpha Centauri A is about 10% more massive than our sun, and B is about 10% less weighty. The pair's combined luminosity and nearness in space make them the third brightest \"star\" in the night sky (from Earth they are seen as a single star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third star of the trio is Alpha Centauri C (aka Proxima Centauri). And though C is a red dwarf star and not visible to the unaided human eye, being a fifth of a light year closer to us than the A-B pair makes Proxima officially the closest star to our solar system. (Which is a bit ironic since it's not naked-eye visible!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly found planet, \u003ca title=\"Facts and figures for Alpha Centauri Bb\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/infographic-alpha-centauri-earth-sized-exoplanet-121017.html\" target=\"_blank\">Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/a>, will not have an Earth-like environment to offer us. It is less than 4 million miles from its star and takes only 3.2 days to orbit it once. Its surface temperature is estimated to be 1200 degrees C. The planet is, however, very Earth-like in terms of its size: about 1.13 times the mass of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the more esoteric claim to fame: Alpha Centauri was the fictional destination of the Space Family Robinson on the 60's television show \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space\" target=\"_blank\">Lost In Space\u003c/a>\"--in fact, it was the name used for the actual planet they were headed for. Alpha Centauri; Alpha Centauri Bb. Hmm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years after the Robinson's took off on their great misadventure, have we found the planet they were headed for? Probably not, considering Alpha Centauri Bb's surface temperature would melt all of their ship's aluminum fittings, but the find does demonstrate that planets are to be found around the nearest star, opening up the possibility for a more Earth-like landing site sometime in the future…if the Robinsons ever finally find their way to Alpha Centauri!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/suigetsutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46194\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suigetsutop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pristine leaf fossils from Lake Suigetsu allowed radiocarbon dates to be calibrated against absolute dates from annual sediment layers. Photo courtesy Richard Staff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every historian knows about the Rosetta Stone, which had an ancient Egyptian text carved on it in three different scripts, two of which had long resisted translation. The ability to cross-correlate the scripts—to calibrate their alphabets—opened up a huge body of knowledge to scholars. Climate researchers, as well as archaeologists and geologists, look for similar natural records that allow us to calibrate different yardsticks of time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/337\">A paper published today in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a> unveils a superb \"document\" of conditions during the last 53,000 years in a single place: Japan's remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/embed.php?File=\" target=\"_blank\">Lake Suigetsu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, researchers drilled into the mud at the center of Lake Suigetsu and carefully extracted four long cores of sediment. They found that the top part of this sedimentary record consisted of thin annual layers—varves—representing about 60,000 years of time. Varves are close to the ideal time record, but the conditions that favor them are rare. And this record also contained abundant plant remains, allowing three different timekeeping \"scripts\" to be calibrated against each other: varves, tree rings, and radiocarbon. The first two are considered the most nearly perfect measure of absolute time, but radiocarbon is a much more important yardstick, although the stick is not quite straight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is a wonderful tool for determining the age of recent organic remains—\"recent\" to a geologist, that is, meaning the last few tens of thousands of years. Radiocarbon is an unstable isotope of carbon that is formed by cosmic radiation at the edge of space and rains down upon us constantly, becoming incorporated in every living thing. The minute a living thing dies, it stops replenishing its radiocarbon and the radiocarbon slowly fades away with a half-life of 5730 years. Radiocarbon dating, then, is simple in principle: you sort out the carbon atoms and see how many carbon-14 atoms there are among the common carbon-12 atoms. The carbon in living matter contains about one part per trillion carbon-14, and after \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-10-19T02:36:10+00:00\">eight \u003c/del> ten half-lives there would be 1/1024th of it left, or one part in a quadrillion. With the errors and uncertainties of measurements at this level, one or two more half-lives is as far as physics can take us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon is complicated by factors on Earth and in heaven. Its formation in the upper atmosphere changes with the balance in cosmic radiation from the sun and from the galaxy at large. Also, global warming and cooling puts different amounts of air at the altitude where radiocarbon is made. So radiocarbon production is not constant. And on Earth, radiocarbon circulates differently in the air, on land and in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record in Lake Suigetsu is so promising because of the varves and the perfectly preserved fossil leaves. The varves march nicely right through the whole time span of radiocarbon, and the fossils can then give us a really accurate description of the bends and warps in the radiocarbon yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used tree rings as the gold standard; their record here extends back to about 12,000 years ago. Tree rings were carefully matched against the varves, enabling the count to continue further into the Pleistocene based on varves alone. But Lake Suigetsu was not perfectly still all that time. The record of varves was interrupted by landslides from shore (perhaps caused by earthquakes), volcanic ash beds, and occasional fadeouts where no layers were visible. As a result even the varve record was about 6 percent uncertain by 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point the researchers brought in a more accurate yardstick: cavestone formations from China and the Bahamas, which were securely dated by both the radiocarbon and the uranium-thorium methods. This step pinned the Lake Suigetsu record to the very long uranium record, in principle knitting the varve record into the entire tapestry of geochronology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the oldest part of the Lake Suigetsu record is in establishing a radiocarbon yardstick for the continents during this time. Until now, most radiocarbon dates of that vintage have been from deep-sea organisms. So for ice age climate researchers, Suigetsu is their newest Rosetta stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Clear Lake is also a very old lake, and this year researchers took new sediment cores there. Today's \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper will surely give them clearer sight into Clear Lake's deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Info:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/\">Suigetsu Varves 2006\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/\">Radiocarbon Web-Info\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/suigetsutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46194\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suigetsutop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pristine leaf fossils from Lake Suigetsu allowed radiocarbon dates to be calibrated against absolute dates from annual sediment layers. Photo courtesy Richard Staff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every historian knows about the Rosetta Stone, which had an ancient Egyptian text carved on it in three different scripts, two of which had long resisted translation. The ability to cross-correlate the scripts—to calibrate their alphabets—opened up a huge body of knowledge to scholars. Climate researchers, as well as archaeologists and geologists, look for similar natural records that allow us to calibrate different yardsticks of time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/337\">A paper published today in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a> unveils a superb \"document\" of conditions during the last 53,000 years in a single place: Japan's remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/embed.php?File=\" target=\"_blank\">Lake Suigetsu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, researchers drilled into the mud at the center of Lake Suigetsu and carefully extracted four long cores of sediment. They found that the top part of this sedimentary record consisted of thin annual layers—varves—representing about 60,000 years of time. Varves are close to the ideal time record, but the conditions that favor them are rare. And this record also contained abundant plant remains, allowing three different timekeeping \"scripts\" to be calibrated against each other: varves, tree rings, and radiocarbon. The first two are considered the most nearly perfect measure of absolute time, but radiocarbon is a much more important yardstick, although the stick is not quite straight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is a wonderful tool for determining the age of recent organic remains—\"recent\" to a geologist, that is, meaning the last few tens of thousands of years. Radiocarbon is an unstable isotope of carbon that is formed by cosmic radiation at the edge of space and rains down upon us constantly, becoming incorporated in every living thing. The minute a living thing dies, it stops replenishing its radiocarbon and the radiocarbon slowly fades away with a half-life of 5730 years. Radiocarbon dating, then, is simple in principle: you sort out the carbon atoms and see how many carbon-14 atoms there are among the common carbon-12 atoms. The carbon in living matter contains about one part per trillion carbon-14, and after \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-10-19T02:36:10+00:00\">eight \u003c/del> ten half-lives there would be 1/1024th of it left, or one part in a quadrillion. With the errors and uncertainties of measurements at this level, one or two more half-lives is as far as physics can take us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon is complicated by factors on Earth and in heaven. Its formation in the upper atmosphere changes with the balance in cosmic radiation from the sun and from the galaxy at large. Also, global warming and cooling puts different amounts of air at the altitude where radiocarbon is made. So radiocarbon production is not constant. And on Earth, radiocarbon circulates differently in the air, on land and in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record in Lake Suigetsu is so promising because of the varves and the perfectly preserved fossil leaves. The varves march nicely right through the whole time span of radiocarbon, and the fossils can then give us a really accurate description of the bends and warps in the radiocarbon yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used tree rings as the gold standard; their record here extends back to about 12,000 years ago. Tree rings were carefully matched against the varves, enabling the count to continue further into the Pleistocene based on varves alone. But Lake Suigetsu was not perfectly still all that time. The record of varves was interrupted by landslides from shore (perhaps caused by earthquakes), volcanic ash beds, and occasional fadeouts where no layers were visible. As a result even the varve record was about 6 percent uncertain by 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point the researchers brought in a more accurate yardstick: cavestone formations from China and the Bahamas, which were securely dated by both the radiocarbon and the uranium-thorium methods. This step pinned the Lake Suigetsu record to the very long uranium record, in principle knitting the varve record into the entire tapestry of geochronology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the oldest part of the Lake Suigetsu record is in establishing a radiocarbon yardstick for the continents during this time. Until now, most radiocarbon dates of that vintage have been from deep-sea organisms. So for ice age climate researchers, Suigetsu is their newest Rosetta stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Clear Lake is also a very old lake, and this year researchers took new sediment cores there. Today's \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper will surely give them clearer sight into Clear Lake's deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Info:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/\">Suigetsu Varves 2006\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/\">Radiocarbon Web-Info\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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