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"disqusTitle": "Another Try For California's Second National Conservation Area",
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"content": "\u003cp>On one of those crystalline mornings so rare in California valleys, I joined a small group gathered in front of a coffee shop in the town of Winters, about 30 miles west of Sacramento. But we wouldn’t be lingering there over lattes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plan for the day is to go up to Cold Canyon,\" announced Bob Schneider of the Woodland-based conservation group, \u003ca title=\"Tuleyome - main\" href=\"http://www.tuleyome.org/\">Tuleyome\u003c/a>. \"We’re gonna hike up to the ridge for the views.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The views being sought were of what could become the nation’s newest National Conservation Area, tucked into the broad nether region between I-5 and Highway 101. \u003ca title=\"Berryessa-Snow Mtn NCA - map\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\">Nearly 350,000 acres\u003c/a> of federal land, the \u003ca title=\"Berryessa-Snow Mtn NCA\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/\">Berryessa Snow Mountain Conservation Area\u003c/a> would get permanent protection from mining activity, sale to commercial developers and -- it’s a bit unclear what else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuleyome’s promotional handout calls the region a “largely undiscovered national treasure.” Michael Brune, the national head of the Sierra Club, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It goes up about a hundred miles to the north to Snow Mountain and in between you’ve got got beautiful wintering habitat for bald eagles,\" Brune told me at a spot along Highway 128, overlooking Putah Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune has thrown his weight behind the move to set aside this expanse. \"Tule elk are here,\" he added, \"You've got beautiful rolling hills on the western part of the valley.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild\"- Michael Brune\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Compared to the nation’s 16 existing \u003ca title=\"BLM - NCAs\" href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/NLCS/National_Conservation_Areas.html\">National Conservation Areas\u003c/a>, it would be among the biggest, a patchwork of lands variously managed by the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Bureau of Reclamation, pulling in three already-designated wilderness areas and a sizable chunk of the Mendocino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild,\" says Brune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you make that hike up one of the ridges off the highway, east of Napa, the area stretches--literally--farther than the eye can see on most days. The \u003ca title=\"USFS - Snow Mtn\" href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mendocino/recreation/recarea/?recid=25214\">Snow Mountain Wilderness Area\u003c/a> is a hundred miles to the north. Down at the south end, the Conservation Area would encircle Lake Berryessa, a 16,000-acre reservoir and recreational magnet in this part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking with hikers and boaters around the lake, I found few who were even aware of the proposed NCA, let alone knew what it would mean. And that’s where it gets tricky. There seems to be no one set of rules for NCAs. Each one has its own \"site-specific\" set of protections and restrictions.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I say this just doesn’t qualify,\" says Peter Kilkus, who publishes the \u003ca title=\"Lake Berryessa News\" href=\"http://www.lakeberryessanews.com/\">\u003cem>Lake Berryessa News\u003c/em>\u003c/a> website from his 60-acre homestead overlooking the lake. He and some other landowners and business interests have opposed the NCA, saying it’s just not necessary. In February, the Woodland newspaper \u003ca title=\"Woodland Record - op ed\" href=\"http://woodlandrecord.com/letter-yolo-county-farm-bureau-opposes-district-supervisors-berryessa-s-p3062-1.htm\">published an open letter\u003c/a> to Yolo County supervisors from the head of the county's Farm Bureau, charging that an NCA designation \"accomplishes little of merit, other than placing an additional layer of regulation over the affected area.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s first National Conservation Area was also the nation’s first -- the \u003ca title=\"BLM - King Range\" href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/arcata/kingrange/index.html\">King Range\u003c/a>, along the stretch of northern California known as the “Lost Coast.” To qualify, lands are supposed to have “exceptional scientific, cultural, ecological, historical, and recreational values.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you look at this proposed National Conservation Area -- especially this south end at Lake Berryessa -- this in no way falls under what would be suitable for an NCA in my opinion,\" Kilkus says. \"It’s totally man-made, in the first place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True, Berryessa’s not a natural lake. It was created in 1957 when the Bureau of Reclamation penned up Putah Creek with the 300-foot-high Monticello Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53374\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53374 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Berryessa was born in 1957, when the federal government built the 300-foot-tall Monticello Dam across Putah Creek. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"360\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Berryessa was born in 1957, when the federal government built the 300-foot-tall Monticello Dam across Putah Creek. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Before the lake was here, it was a huge farming community,\" Kilkus explains. \"Then they built the dam, kicked all the people out. And they put in a lake. Even the fish are not indigenous.\" But down at the south end of Berryessa, the conflict doesn’t seem to be about fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many, the thrum of jet skis and power boats is the pulse of the Lake Berryessa economy -- an economy that has suffered in recent years, as an unfolding government snafu caused the shutdown of five of the lake's seven marinas. At first, the proposed NCA set off alarms that this kind of “motorized recreation” might be banned on the lake. Others worried that it might mean more restricted access to the lands themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn’t affect anybody’s private property,\" Congressman Mike Thompson told me at a recent town hall meeting. \"It’s federally owned property that will always be federally owned property.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time that Thompson, a Democrat, has put up a bill to designate this swath of land as an NCA. Barbara Boxer has a similar bill in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re providing this designation so all the federal agencies can better coordinate and better work together to get more bang for the taxpayer dollars,\" said Thompson. \"Now how in the world anybody could be opposed to that is beyond me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, lawmakers wrote in a promise not to mess with motorized recreation on the lake. That seemed to satisfy Marty Rodden, who runs the boat rentals at Markley Cove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hope so,\" he told me, in between tinkering with outboard motors and casting off pontoon boats loaded with partiers. \"Considering that this is how I make my living, and I’ll be out of business [if motors are banned].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodden says he’s hopeful that once under a new multi-agency management plan, some of the abandoned resorts around the lake might come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s a lot less going on up here,\" he reflected. \"I believe there was about a million visitors a year, and we’re probably down to 250,000, so it’s taken a really hard hit on everybody.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There’s still a lot of mistrust.\"- Peter Kilkus\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kilkus and others around Lake Berryessa are still skeptical. They’re concerned that once the land is redesignated, the government might yield to pressure from wilderness advocates and change the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you read the guiding documents behind a NCA, it gives the government huge latitude to do almost anything they want,\" says Kilkus. \"There’s still a lot of mistrust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, the bill will confront another group of skeptics. It now runs the gantlet of congressional committees, including the House Natural Resources Committee, which has not been real receptive of late to designating new protected lands. A committee is expected to hear the Senate version sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53387\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 649px\">\u003ca href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53387\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53387 \" title=\"Map: Berryessa-Snow Mountain NCA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051.jpg\" alt=\"NCA_Map130305\" width=\"649\" height=\"895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051.jpg 1081w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-400x552.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-800x1104.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-960x1325.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed 100-mile-long National Conservation Area, from Lake Berryessa at the south end, to the Mendocino National Forest in the north. Green areas are managed by the US Forest Service, gold areas by the Bureau of Land Management. (Map: Tuleyome)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Just north of the Bay Area is a vast and varied expanse of land and water that could be in line for new federal protections. The proposed Berryessa-Snow Mountain National Conservation Area would link wilderness zones and other lands in five counties. But it’s been a tough sell in some parts.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On one of those crystalline mornings so rare in California valleys, I joined a small group gathered in front of a coffee shop in the town of Winters, about 30 miles west of Sacramento. But we wouldn’t be lingering there over lattes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plan for the day is to go up to Cold Canyon,\" announced Bob Schneider of the Woodland-based conservation group, \u003ca title=\"Tuleyome - main\" href=\"http://www.tuleyome.org/\">Tuleyome\u003c/a>. \"We’re gonna hike up to the ridge for the views.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The views being sought were of what could become the nation’s newest National Conservation Area, tucked into the broad nether region between I-5 and Highway 101. \u003ca title=\"Berryessa-Snow Mtn NCA - map\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\">Nearly 350,000 acres\u003c/a> of federal land, the \u003ca title=\"Berryessa-Snow Mtn NCA\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/\">Berryessa Snow Mountain Conservation Area\u003c/a> would get permanent protection from mining activity, sale to commercial developers and -- it’s a bit unclear what else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuleyome’s promotional handout calls the region a “largely undiscovered national treasure.” Michael Brune, the national head of the Sierra Club, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It goes up about a hundred miles to the north to Snow Mountain and in between you’ve got got beautiful wintering habitat for bald eagles,\" Brune told me at a spot along Highway 128, overlooking Putah Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune has thrown his weight behind the move to set aside this expanse. \"Tule elk are here,\" he added, \"You've got beautiful rolling hills on the western part of the valley.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild\"- Michael Brune\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Compared to the nation’s 16 existing \u003ca title=\"BLM - NCAs\" href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/NLCS/National_Conservation_Areas.html\">National Conservation Areas\u003c/a>, it would be among the biggest, a patchwork of lands variously managed by the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Bureau of Reclamation, pulling in three already-designated wilderness areas and a sizable chunk of the Mendocino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild,\" says Brune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you make that hike up one of the ridges off the highway, east of Napa, the area stretches--literally--farther than the eye can see on most days. The \u003ca title=\"USFS - Snow Mtn\" href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mendocino/recreation/recarea/?recid=25214\">Snow Mountain Wilderness Area\u003c/a> is a hundred miles to the north. Down at the south end, the Conservation Area would encircle Lake Berryessa, a 16,000-acre reservoir and recreational magnet in this part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking with hikers and boaters around the lake, I found few who were even aware of the proposed NCA, let alone knew what it would mean. And that’s where it gets tricky. There seems to be no one set of rules for NCAs. Each one has its own \"site-specific\" set of protections and restrictions.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I say this just doesn’t qualify,\" says Peter Kilkus, who publishes the \u003ca title=\"Lake Berryessa News\" href=\"http://www.lakeberryessanews.com/\">\u003cem>Lake Berryessa News\u003c/em>\u003c/a> website from his 60-acre homestead overlooking the lake. He and some other landowners and business interests have opposed the NCA, saying it’s just not necessary. In February, the Woodland newspaper \u003ca title=\"Woodland Record - op ed\" href=\"http://woodlandrecord.com/letter-yolo-county-farm-bureau-opposes-district-supervisors-berryessa-s-p3062-1.htm\">published an open letter\u003c/a> to Yolo County supervisors from the head of the county's Farm Bureau, charging that an NCA designation \"accomplishes little of merit, other than placing an additional layer of regulation over the affected area.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s first National Conservation Area was also the nation’s first -- the \u003ca title=\"BLM - King Range\" href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/arcata/kingrange/index.html\">King Range\u003c/a>, along the stretch of northern California known as the “Lost Coast.” To qualify, lands are supposed to have “exceptional scientific, cultural, ecological, historical, and recreational values.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you look at this proposed National Conservation Area -- especially this south end at Lake Berryessa -- this in no way falls under what would be suitable for an NCA in my opinion,\" Kilkus says. \"It’s totally man-made, in the first place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True, Berryessa’s not a natural lake. It was created in 1957 when the Bureau of Reclamation penned up Putah Creek with the 300-foot-high Monticello Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53374\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53374 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Berryessa was born in 1957, when the federal government built the 300-foot-tall Monticello Dam across Putah Creek. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"360\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Berryessa was born in 1957, when the federal government built the 300-foot-tall Monticello Dam across Putah Creek. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Before the lake was here, it was a huge farming community,\" Kilkus explains. \"Then they built the dam, kicked all the people out. And they put in a lake. Even the fish are not indigenous.\" But down at the south end of Berryessa, the conflict doesn’t seem to be about fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many, the thrum of jet skis and power boats is the pulse of the Lake Berryessa economy -- an economy that has suffered in recent years, as an unfolding government snafu caused the shutdown of five of the lake's seven marinas. At first, the proposed NCA set off alarms that this kind of “motorized recreation” might be banned on the lake. Others worried that it might mean more restricted access to the lands themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn’t affect anybody’s private property,\" Congressman Mike Thompson told me at a recent town hall meeting. \"It’s federally owned property that will always be federally owned property.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time that Thompson, a Democrat, has put up a bill to designate this swath of land as an NCA. Barbara Boxer has a similar bill in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re providing this designation so all the federal agencies can better coordinate and better work together to get more bang for the taxpayer dollars,\" said Thompson. \"Now how in the world anybody could be opposed to that is beyond me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, lawmakers wrote in a promise not to mess with motorized recreation on the lake. That seemed to satisfy Marty Rodden, who runs the boat rentals at Markley Cove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hope so,\" he told me, in between tinkering with outboard motors and casting off pontoon boats loaded with partiers. \"Considering that this is how I make my living, and I’ll be out of business [if motors are banned].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodden says he’s hopeful that once under a new multi-agency management plan, some of the abandoned resorts around the lake might come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s a lot less going on up here,\" he reflected. \"I believe there was about a million visitors a year, and we’re probably down to 250,000, so it’s taken a really hard hit on everybody.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There’s still a lot of mistrust.\"- Peter Kilkus\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kilkus and others around Lake Berryessa are still skeptical. They’re concerned that once the land is redesignated, the government might yield to pressure from wilderness advocates and change the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you read the guiding documents behind a NCA, it gives the government huge latitude to do almost anything they want,\" says Kilkus. \"There’s still a lot of mistrust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, the bill will confront another group of skeptics. It now runs the gantlet of congressional committees, including the House Natural Resources Committee, which has not been real receptive of late to designating new protected lands. A committee is expected to hear the Senate version sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53387\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 649px\">\u003ca href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53387\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53387 \" title=\"Map: Berryessa-Snow Mountain NCA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051.jpg\" alt=\"NCA_Map130305\" width=\"649\" height=\"895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051.jpg 1081w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-400x552.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-800x1104.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-960x1325.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed 100-mile-long National Conservation Area, from Lake Berryessa at the south end, to the Mendocino National Forest in the north. Green areas are managed by the US Forest Service, gold areas by the Bureau of Land Management. (Map: Tuleyome)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130422science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52713\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg\" alt=\"fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Get ready for the year – or the decade – of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama recently announced what he called the next “Great American Project”: $100 million, plus private investment, to study what he called “that matter between our ears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of this work is already happening here in the Bay Area, where neuroscientists are starting small and dreaming big.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCracking the Code\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an idea about the brain that you hear a lot: That it’s akin to a language. If you could just figure out the meaning of every letter, you could read it and say – or do – anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what we could do once we do crack this code,” said President Obama in announcing his BRAIN initiative, which he’ll also have to sell to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if no family had to feel helpless watching a loved one disappear behind the mask of Parkinson’s or struggle in the grip of epilepsy. Imagine if we could reverse traumatic brain injury or PTSD for our veterans who are coming home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before any of that can be achieved – even if it can be achieved – we have to understand the brain first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The human brain is the most complicated known entity in the universe,” says William Newsome, a Stanford University professor of neurobiology and co-chair of the president’s BRAIN Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's Newsome’s job to figure out what this mapping plan is all about.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"The most complex entity in the universe\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says consider the numbers. There could be close to a hundred billion\u003cem> \u003c/em>neurons, or nerve cells, in the human brain. And somewhere in the neighborhood of a thousand trillion connections, zapping little jolts of information back and forth from cell to cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapping at that level is not going to happen anytime soon, Newsome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to solve and completely understand the human brain in ten years, or probably not even in 100 years,\" says Newsome. “It may take us a couple hundred years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a long time, which is one reason the project has been criticized as too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the goal of the BRAIN initiative isn't to fully map the brain or to cure a specific disease, what is it? And without a specific goal, how do you decide what kind of research to focus on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like trying to understand a beach. Do you count the grains of sand? Or study satellite photos of the entire coastline?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somewhere near the satellite level is the work happening in UC Berkeley psychology professor Jack Gallant’s lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A graduate student named James is trying to stay as still as possible inside a functional MRI machine. When James squeezes a ball, the machine beeps steadily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the sound of data,” Gallant says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMind Reading, Circa 2013\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallant points to a computer monitor where, every two seconds, another crisp, black and white image of James’ brain refreshes itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s the cortex, the cerebellum back here. This is the brain stem, the thalamus,” Gallant says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the fMRI, Gallant’s lab has been able to record what happens inside subjects’ brains while they watch movies, and then translate those responses into images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reconstructed videos are blurry but remarkable, about as close to mind-reading as we get in 2013. Gallant says in theory, this is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In principle, it’s probably possible to reconstruct any activity in your brain that reflects ongoing conscious brain processes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsjDnYxJ0bo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any conscious thought could, one day, be visible to the outside world: a memory, a dream or your private, internal dialogues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have this little person in our head that talks to us all the time,” says Gallant. “There’s no reason we shouldn’t be able to reconstruct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amazing – and scary – as this is, Gallant and others are quick to point out that the fMRI is full of limitations. For example, it doesn’t actually show neurons, let alone the connections between them. To be able to easily watch human neurons in action would take a machine that hasn’t been invented yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we knew what that technology will be, we would invent it today,” Gallant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the BRAIN Initiative is almost certainly going to involve engineers building better machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll also involve work that has seemingly very little to do with humans at all. This work is a lot closer to the grain of sand level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting Small, Dreaming Big\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ngai, director of UC Berkeley’s Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, studies the olfactory system of – among other things – zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ngai wants to understand what happens in the brain of a zebrafish when it detects pheromones that signal danger. When the fish smell this pheromone, they dive to the bottom of the tank and hide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of the zebra fish’s 100,000 or so neurons are driving this reaction and how?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Ngai’s lab can figure this out, they’d have a working model for how information in a brain translates into behavior. And eventually not just for zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsome, the head of the BRAIN Initiative, says\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>fast-forward this line of work a generation or a few, and maybe you're closer to curing diseases like Alzheimer’s. Maybe you’ve even started to answer bigger questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like, says Newsome, “why do I make so many mistakes that I know perfectly well are avoidable? Why do I hurt people that I love? Why do I turn left at some corner when I knew perfectly well that I should have turned right? What is it up there inside our head that produce emotions?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big questions that will have to start with very small answers.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52713\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg\" alt=\"fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Get ready for the year – or the decade – of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama recently announced what he called the next “Great American Project”: $100 million, plus private investment, to study what he called “that matter between our ears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of this work is already happening here in the Bay Area, where neuroscientists are starting small and dreaming big.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCracking the Code\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an idea about the brain that you hear a lot: That it’s akin to a language. If you could just figure out the meaning of every letter, you could read it and say – or do – anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what we could do once we do crack this code,” said President Obama in announcing his BRAIN initiative, which he’ll also have to sell to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if no family had to feel helpless watching a loved one disappear behind the mask of Parkinson’s or struggle in the grip of epilepsy. Imagine if we could reverse traumatic brain injury or PTSD for our veterans who are coming home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before any of that can be achieved – even if it can be achieved – we have to understand the brain first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The human brain is the most complicated known entity in the universe,” says William Newsome, a Stanford University professor of neurobiology and co-chair of the president’s BRAIN Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's Newsome’s job to figure out what this mapping plan is all about.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"The most complex entity in the universe\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says consider the numbers. There could be close to a hundred billion\u003cem> \u003c/em>neurons, or nerve cells, in the human brain. And somewhere in the neighborhood of a thousand trillion connections, zapping little jolts of information back and forth from cell to cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapping at that level is not going to happen anytime soon, Newsome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to solve and completely understand the human brain in ten years, or probably not even in 100 years,\" says Newsome. “It may take us a couple hundred years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a long time, which is one reason the project has been criticized as too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the goal of the BRAIN initiative isn't to fully map the brain or to cure a specific disease, what is it? And without a specific goal, how do you decide what kind of research to focus on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like trying to understand a beach. Do you count the grains of sand? Or study satellite photos of the entire coastline?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somewhere near the satellite level is the work happening in UC Berkeley psychology professor Jack Gallant’s lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A graduate student named James is trying to stay as still as possible inside a functional MRI machine. When James squeezes a ball, the machine beeps steadily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the sound of data,” Gallant says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMind Reading, Circa 2013\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallant points to a computer monitor where, every two seconds, another crisp, black and white image of James’ brain refreshes itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s the cortex, the cerebellum back here. This is the brain stem, the thalamus,” Gallant says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the fMRI, Gallant’s lab has been able to record what happens inside subjects’ brains while they watch movies, and then translate those responses into images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reconstructed videos are blurry but remarkable, about as close to mind-reading as we get in 2013. Gallant says in theory, this is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In principle, it’s probably possible to reconstruct any activity in your brain that reflects ongoing conscious brain processes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nsjDnYxJ0bo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nsjDnYxJ0bo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any conscious thought could, one day, be visible to the outside world: a memory, a dream or your private, internal dialogues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have this little person in our head that talks to us all the time,” says Gallant. “There’s no reason we shouldn’t be able to reconstruct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amazing – and scary – as this is, Gallant and others are quick to point out that the fMRI is full of limitations. For example, it doesn’t actually show neurons, let alone the connections between them. To be able to easily watch human neurons in action would take a machine that hasn’t been invented yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we knew what that technology will be, we would invent it today,” Gallant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the BRAIN Initiative is almost certainly going to involve engineers building better machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll also involve work that has seemingly very little to do with humans at all. This work is a lot closer to the grain of sand level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting Small, Dreaming Big\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ngai, director of UC Berkeley’s Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, studies the olfactory system of – among other things – zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ngai wants to understand what happens in the brain of a zebrafish when it detects pheromones that signal danger. When the fish smell this pheromone, they dive to the bottom of the tank and hide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of the zebra fish’s 100,000 or so neurons are driving this reaction and how?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Ngai’s lab can figure this out, they’d have a working model for how information in a brain translates into behavior. And eventually not just for zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsome, the head of the BRAIN Initiative, says\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>fast-forward this line of work a generation or a few, and maybe you're closer to curing diseases like Alzheimer’s. Maybe you’ve even started to answer bigger questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like, says Newsome, “why do I make so many mistakes that I know perfectly well are avoidable? Why do I hurt people that I love? Why do I turn left at some corner when I knew perfectly well that I should have turned right? What is it up there inside our head that produce emotions?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big questions that will have to start with very small answers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case",
"title": "Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130415science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area biotechnology companies are keeping an eye on the nation’s highest court. On Monday, the Supreme Court will hear a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study estimates that close to half of human genes identified so far are already patented. The court’s ruling could put millions of dollars at stake for Bay Area universities and biotech companies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are two genes related to breast and ovarian cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/#more-12082\">BRCA 1 and BRCA 2\u003c/a>. Women with mutations in these genes are five to eight times more likely to develop breast cancer. To gauge that risk, patients often get a genetic test. It’s one of the most common tests that genetic counselors handle, like Julie Mak at\u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/\"> UCSF’s Cancer Center\u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52321\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-52321 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I do think it opens up a very loaded set of questions for people who are sometimes very young,” says Mak. “As you can imagine, the things we talk about with people are very serious and sometimes stressful and upsetting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blood or saliva sample can tell a woman if she has those mutations, but that test isn’t run at UCSF. “For most BRCA 1 and 2 testing, the lab in Utah is the only one that does this testing,” Mak says, referring to Myriad Genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myriad.com/\">Myriad Genetics\u003c/a> holds patents on not only the test, but the actual genes themselves. That means one company has a monopoly on those genes and theoretically controls what can be done with them. That’s what’s being challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural or Not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people wonder: how can you patent a gene?” says Mildred Cho, associate director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bioethics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case, the ACLU is arguing that genes aren’t patentable because they’re naturally occurring -- they’re found inside our bodies. According to patent law, “products of nature are not patentable,” Cho says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myriad Genetics argues that by extracting a specific gene and isolating it, it turns into a man-made invention, which makes it patentable. “In order to analyze to DNA, you have to break open the cells and break the DNA up in to little pieces,” Cho explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal complexities aside, Cho says it has real effects on our healthcare decision, like getting a second opinion. “No laboratory has 100 percent accuracy and so you would ideally want to have a lab result that’s really important confirmed by another lab,” she says. “You can’t do that if there are patents on that lab test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Questions of Open Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patents can also affect genetic research, according to UCSF professor Dr. Robert Nusssbaum. When I meet him in his office, he’s wearing a button pinned to his shirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my button says ‘free the data,'” he points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since DNA doesn’t come with an instruction manual that reveals if a genetic mutation is harmful or not, the only way to find out is to compare it to thousands of other genetic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way to make that happen faster is for all the laboratories to pool all their information in one place and all have access to it,” Nussbaum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone is sharing. “There are a couple of laboratories, and Myriad is one of them, that have decided that since they had the patent on testing, that they would keep their data locked up as intellectual property,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, Nussbaum has organized an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharingclinicalreports.org/\">open source database\u003c/a> that holds genetic data about breast cancer mutations, free for researchers to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of gene testing, I think patents are of no value, period,” says Nussbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Basis of Biotech\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patents are a very important, fundamental part of the foundation on which the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical industry has been built,” says Sean Johnston, general counsel at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/\">Genentech\u003c/a> in South San Francisco, one of the largest biotech companies in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Genentech use genetic information to develop drugs and treatments, in addition to genetic diagnostic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biotech and biopharmaceutical companies have relied upon patent protection to justify the significant investment, the risk-taking and the innovation that is necessary to develop new drugs,” Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says it often takes a billion dollars to bring a drug to market, an investment that could be tougher to make without the protection of gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a matter that if the court were to rule broadly our business would be destroyed,” Johnston says. “But in theory I think it has the potential to be very disruptive to the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Universities in the Middle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biotech companies here aren’t the only ones watching this case. The University of California as a whole is one of the top ten gene patent holders in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Universities are often accused of patenting solely for the purpose of getting financial gain,” says Karin Immergluck of UCSF’s Office of Technology Management. The office handles several hundred gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“UCSF’s first goal is to translate our really exciting, cutting-edge technologies into products and services that will benefit the public,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university walks a fine line. Companies pay millions of dollars a year to use its patents, like the one related to human growth hormone. But the court case brings up issue in licensing patents that universities already grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, making sure the rights aren’t completely locked up in one company so that underinsured patients don’t have access,” says Immergluck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient access, biotech industry profits and innovation could all be affected by the Supreme Court’s ruling. It’s expected in June.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bay Area biotechnology companies are keeping an eye on the nation’s highest court. On Monday, the Supreme Court will hear a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study estimates that close to half of human genes identified so far are already patented. The court’s ruling could put millions of dollars at stake for Bay Area universities and biotech companies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are two genes related to breast and ovarian cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/#more-12082\">BRCA 1 and BRCA 2\u003c/a>. Women with mutations in these genes are five to eight times more likely to develop breast cancer. To gauge that risk, patients often get a genetic test. It’s one of the most common tests that genetic counselors handle, like Julie Mak at\u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/\"> UCSF’s Cancer Center\u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52321\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-52321 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I do think it opens up a very loaded set of questions for people who are sometimes very young,” says Mak. “As you can imagine, the things we talk about with people are very serious and sometimes stressful and upsetting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blood or saliva sample can tell a woman if she has those mutations, but that test isn’t run at UCSF. “For most BRCA 1 and 2 testing, the lab in Utah is the only one that does this testing,” Mak says, referring to Myriad Genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myriad.com/\">Myriad Genetics\u003c/a> holds patents on not only the test, but the actual genes themselves. That means one company has a monopoly on those genes and theoretically controls what can be done with them. That’s what’s being challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural or Not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people wonder: how can you patent a gene?” says Mildred Cho, associate director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bioethics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case, the ACLU is arguing that genes aren’t patentable because they’re naturally occurring -- they’re found inside our bodies. According to patent law, “products of nature are not patentable,” Cho says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myriad Genetics argues that by extracting a specific gene and isolating it, it turns into a man-made invention, which makes it patentable. “In order to analyze to DNA, you have to break open the cells and break the DNA up in to little pieces,” Cho explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal complexities aside, Cho says it has real effects on our healthcare decision, like getting a second opinion. “No laboratory has 100 percent accuracy and so you would ideally want to have a lab result that’s really important confirmed by another lab,” she says. “You can’t do that if there are patents on that lab test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Questions of Open Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patents can also affect genetic research, according to UCSF professor Dr. Robert Nusssbaum. When I meet him in his office, he’s wearing a button pinned to his shirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my button says ‘free the data,'” he points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since DNA doesn’t come with an instruction manual that reveals if a genetic mutation is harmful or not, the only way to find out is to compare it to thousands of other genetic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way to make that happen faster is for all the laboratories to pool all their information in one place and all have access to it,” Nussbaum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone is sharing. “There are a couple of laboratories, and Myriad is one of them, that have decided that since they had the patent on testing, that they would keep their data locked up as intellectual property,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, Nussbaum has organized an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharingclinicalreports.org/\">open source database\u003c/a> that holds genetic data about breast cancer mutations, free for researchers to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of gene testing, I think patents are of no value, period,” says Nussbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Basis of Biotech\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patents are a very important, fundamental part of the foundation on which the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical industry has been built,” says Sean Johnston, general counsel at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/\">Genentech\u003c/a> in South San Francisco, one of the largest biotech companies in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Genentech use genetic information to develop drugs and treatments, in addition to genetic diagnostic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biotech and biopharmaceutical companies have relied upon patent protection to justify the significant investment, the risk-taking and the innovation that is necessary to develop new drugs,” Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says it often takes a billion dollars to bring a drug to market, an investment that could be tougher to make without the protection of gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a matter that if the court were to rule broadly our business would be destroyed,” Johnston says. “But in theory I think it has the potential to be very disruptive to the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Universities in the Middle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biotech companies here aren’t the only ones watching this case. The University of California as a whole is one of the top ten gene patent holders in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Universities are often accused of patenting solely for the purpose of getting financial gain,” says Karin Immergluck of UCSF’s Office of Technology Management. The office handles several hundred gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“UCSF’s first goal is to translate our really exciting, cutting-edge technologies into products and services that will benefit the public,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university walks a fine line. Companies pay millions of dollars a year to use its patents, like the one related to human growth hormone. But the court case brings up issue in licensing patents that universities already grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, making sure the rights aren’t completely locked up in one company so that underinsured patients don’t have access,” says Immergluck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient access, biotech industry profits and innovation could all be affected by the Supreme Court’s ruling. It’s expected in June.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Navy Training Raises New Concerns for Whales off California Coast",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130408quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Navy is planning to increase training exercises off the Southern California coast, including sonar and explosives training. That’s raising concerns for whales and marine mammals on the entire coast including gray, humpback and blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonar is known to disturb whales and can harm their hearing, a danger in an environment where sound is dominant. Sound travels four times faster underwater than it does in air, making it a powerful communication tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52057\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/GettyImages_116382567.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52057\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/GettyImages_116382567.jpg\" alt=\"(Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/GettyImages_116382567.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/GettyImages_116382567-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The physical environment of the ocean really favors the use of sound and the animals have evolved accordingly,” said Brandon Southall, a marine scientist affiliated with the University of California-Santa Cruz. For the last few years, he’s been recording whales off California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue whales use deep rumblings, almost too low for humans to hear. “Some of these low-frequency sounds can be picked up hundreds of miles away from where the animals are,” said Southall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other dolphins and whales use sound to locate objects in the water through echolocation. It’s a key tool for deep-diving beaked whales, a family of rarely seen and little-understood whales found off the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pattern of clicking that’s almost like a searchlight, where they’re flashing this strobe of sound,” Southall said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navy sonar technology is based on the same idea, but the sounds can be four times louder than a whale call, loud enough to actually harm whales and in rare cases, kill them. That happened with a group of beaked whales in the Bahamas in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were training exercises, military sonar training exercises, and shortly thereafter, an atypical number of animals washed up dead on the beach,” said Southall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southall studies the effects of sonar, work that’s funded in part by the US Navy. Most commonly, sonar disrupts marine mammal behavior – sometimes behavior that’s crucial to survival. Southall and his team have seen blue whales and beaked whales stop feeding because of sonar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely share the concern about protecting marine mammals,” said Alex Stone, an environmental program manager with the Navy’s Pacific Fleet. The fleet has done sonar training off Southern California and Hawaii for years. Beginning next year, commanders are looking to increase it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A training scenario may involve two or three Navy destroyers out looking for a submarine,” said Stone. The threat of submarine warfare decreased after the end of the Cold War, “but that trend has absolutely reversed and there’s been a proliferation of these very quiet, inexpensive diesel-electric submarines that a lot of countries have now,” including North Korea, explained Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Navy’s analysis, the sonar-training program could affect the behavior of whales, dolphins and marine mammals millions of times over five years. Stone says there are lookouts on board Navy ships that stop training runs if whales are spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that the mitigation measures are effective, but it’s true, you’re never going to see every marine mammal that’s there,” said Stone. “But in terms of impacts on species, we really haven’t seen any of those after years and years of doing these same types of training and testing activities in these same areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s always been a dubious argument but in light of new information it’s wearing especially thin,” said Michael Jasny of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “We now know that beaked whales off California are declining precipitously. We know that blue whales aren’t recovering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jasny says the Navy should avoid key areas, like gray whale migration routes and the summer feeding grounds of endangered blue and fin whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California is a globally important feeding habitat for them,” said Jasny. “It should be elementary common sense to avoid the core feeding habitat of blue whales. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state of California came to the same conclusion in a review of the Navy’s plan. At a March meeting, the California Coastal Commission staff recommended the Navy stay out of sensitive areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We rely on this large area and when you start to segment it in little areas where - you can go here, can’t go there - it really affects the training realism,” Stone responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, California made the same request, but the Navy went ahead with the training anyway, citing national security concerns. The Coastal Commission sued and lost. This time, state officials didn’t mince words, like Commissioner Jana Zimmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got this stumbling block of the Navy being completely unwilling – completely unwilling to accept any of the mitigations,” Zimmer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Navy is also seeking approval from federal wildlife officials with the National Marine Fisheries Service. The agency is expected to make a decision later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The US Navy is planning to increase training exercises off the Southern California coast, including sonar and explosives training. That’s raising concerns for whales and marine mammals on the entire coast including gray, humpback and blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonar is known to disturb whales and can harm their hearing, a danger in an environment where sound is dominant. Sound travels four times faster underwater than it does in air, making it a powerful communication tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52057\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/GettyImages_116382567.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52057\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/GettyImages_116382567.jpg\" alt=\"(Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/GettyImages_116382567.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/GettyImages_116382567-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The physical environment of the ocean really favors the use of sound and the animals have evolved accordingly,” said Brandon Southall, a marine scientist affiliated with the University of California-Santa Cruz. For the last few years, he’s been recording whales off California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue whales use deep rumblings, almost too low for humans to hear. “Some of these low-frequency sounds can be picked up hundreds of miles away from where the animals are,” said Southall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other dolphins and whales use sound to locate objects in the water through echolocation. It’s a key tool for deep-diving beaked whales, a family of rarely seen and little-understood whales found off the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pattern of clicking that’s almost like a searchlight, where they’re flashing this strobe of sound,” Southall said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navy sonar technology is based on the same idea, but the sounds can be four times louder than a whale call, loud enough to actually harm whales and in rare cases, kill them. That happened with a group of beaked whales in the Bahamas in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were training exercises, military sonar training exercises, and shortly thereafter, an atypical number of animals washed up dead on the beach,” said Southall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southall studies the effects of sonar, work that’s funded in part by the US Navy. Most commonly, sonar disrupts marine mammal behavior – sometimes behavior that’s crucial to survival. Southall and his team have seen blue whales and beaked whales stop feeding because of sonar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely share the concern about protecting marine mammals,” said Alex Stone, an environmental program manager with the Navy’s Pacific Fleet. The fleet has done sonar training off Southern California and Hawaii for years. Beginning next year, commanders are looking to increase it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A training scenario may involve two or three Navy destroyers out looking for a submarine,” said Stone. The threat of submarine warfare decreased after the end of the Cold War, “but that trend has absolutely reversed and there’s been a proliferation of these very quiet, inexpensive diesel-electric submarines that a lot of countries have now,” including North Korea, explained Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Navy’s analysis, the sonar-training program could affect the behavior of whales, dolphins and marine mammals millions of times over five years. Stone says there are lookouts on board Navy ships that stop training runs if whales are spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that the mitigation measures are effective, but it’s true, you’re never going to see every marine mammal that’s there,” said Stone. “But in terms of impacts on species, we really haven’t seen any of those after years and years of doing these same types of training and testing activities in these same areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s always been a dubious argument but in light of new information it’s wearing especially thin,” said Michael Jasny of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “We now know that beaked whales off California are declining precipitously. We know that blue whales aren’t recovering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jasny says the Navy should avoid key areas, like gray whale migration routes and the summer feeding grounds of endangered blue and fin whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California is a globally important feeding habitat for them,” said Jasny. “It should be elementary common sense to avoid the core feeding habitat of blue whales. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state of California came to the same conclusion in a review of the Navy’s plan. At a March meeting, the California Coastal Commission staff recommended the Navy stay out of sensitive areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We rely on this large area and when you start to segment it in little areas where - you can go here, can’t go there - it really affects the training realism,” Stone responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, California made the same request, but the Navy went ahead with the training anyway, citing national security concerns. The Coastal Commission sued and lost. This time, state officials didn’t mince words, like Commissioner Jana Zimmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got this stumbling block of the Navy being completely unwilling – completely unwilling to accept any of the mitigations,” Zimmer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Navy is also seeking approval from federal wildlife officials with the National Marine Fisheries Service. The agency is expected to make a decision later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because if water flooding into the fields can’t penetrate through the dense Corcoran clay, it can’t recharge the deepest aquifers where farmers are pumping the most. And the weight of the water pushing down on that clay layer could make the land sink even faster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new approach to small-scale water \"banking\" could relieve stress on both the water supply and levees in California's San Joaquin Valley.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because if water flooding into the fields can’t penetrate through the dense Corcoran clay, it can’t recharge the deepest aquifers where farmers are pumping the most. And the weight of the water pushing down on that clay layer could make the land sink even faster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "San Francisco's Exploratorium is Moving, Growing -- and Evolving",
"title": "San Francisco's Exploratorium is Moving, Growing -- and Evolving",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>After forty-three years in the Palace of Fine Arts near the Golden Gate Bridge, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> is moving to a restored pier on the Embarcadero. The move is a big experiment for the museum: how to grow into its new location, without losing the feel of its old self.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leaving the Roman Ruin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Palace of Fine Arts is a rosy-colored faux-Roman ruin, sitting next to a pond popular with swans and brides. Stepping inside was always a funny juxtaposition: going from the Fantasia on the outside, in, to the din of the Exploratorium. In its old space, the museum was a buzzing, windowless warehouse, centered around a shop where museum staff figured out how to hack together its hundreds of quirky contraptions that help teach kids scientific concepts and where everything had a familiar, “do it yourself” feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I first took this job, a designer friend of mine said, 'So you gonna clean this place up?' And I said, 'No, please.'\" laughs Tom Rockwell, the director of exhibits at the Exploratorium. He took the job knowing it would eventually involve a move. But he says, it’s not about “cleaning the place up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cstrong>See more\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://wp.me/p1NykW-dkX\"> photos and images of the new building\u003c/a>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"To me, one of the key jobs has been not to lose the funkiness,\" he says. \"Not to lose the sense of it being like an inventor’s garage, where people are constantly making things and discovering things. And you know, inventors don’t worry so much about whether the cabinetry all looks perfect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day a few weeks before the facility closed in January for the big move, project manager Owen Lawrence was dressed in white coveralls, vacuuming a piece of the listening cloud exhibit before it got packed up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think anybody realized how much dirt was here,\" he says. \"Normally I’m doing budgets and timelines. So it’s kind of an all-hands on deck thing right now. So I've got my Tyvek suit on. I've got my gas mask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Upgrade on the Embarcadero\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new Exploratorium is a stunning, $300 million facility on the San Francisco waterfront at Pier 15, triple the size of the old museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 626px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Exploratorium1-Zum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-51332\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Exploratorium1-Zum-626x360.jpg\" alt=\"The new site includes a restored pier and new construction (Courtesy of Zum)\" width=\"626\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new site includes a restored pier and new construction (Courtesy of Zum)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One reason for the move was to be more accessible: the new location is easier to get to on public transportation, and close to downtown. Planners are hoping that will improve attendance. The Exploratorium has about 600,000 visitors a year now, half the annual total of the Ontario Science Centre in Canada, which is a similar museum. And there’s the California Academy of Sciences' new building in Golden Gate Park, which has overshadowed just about everything else in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, there are other things that could just work better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you needed air conditioning in the old building, we would buy an air conditioning unit for, like a house, and bolt it to the wall with plywood,\" says Chuck Mignacco, building operations manager. We're standing in front of the new building. There are still active piers nearby, but this one is now a state-of-the-art green building. And he is excited about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Think of the building like a living thing,\" Mignacco explains. \"This one, unlike the old one, has a brain and a computer in it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is for this new building, which will have 600 exhibits, to be net-zero energy -- to produce as much electricity as it consumes. There are 85,000 square feet of solar panels on the roof, and on the inside there's the Bay Water Room, part of the mechanical system for the building. The colorful pipes in the room suck water in from San Francisco Bay, which -- since we’re out on a pier -- is directly below our feet. The cold water helps regulate the temperature of the building – it cools off the warm spots and then distributes the heat to cooler places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the building is kind of a science experiment in itself. Marc L’Italien, from the San Francisco-based architecture firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehdd.com/\">EHDD\u003c/a> is the lead designer on the Exploratorium, and he says, that's part of how net-zero energy buildings work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 407px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/centralgallery.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/centralgallery-617x360.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the Central Gallery in the new building, where exhibits will focus on sight and sound. (Mark Pechenick/Exploratorium)\" width=\"407\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the Central Gallery in the new building, where exhibits will focus on sight and sound. (Mark Pechenick/Exploratorium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"You have to tinker with them and Exploratorium staff are born tinkerers,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum in this new building still has a warehouse-y feel: concrete floors, big open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We see the architecture as the straight man,\" says L'Italien. \"They steal the show with the punchline, with the exhibits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L’Italien and his team spruced up the exterior and restored signs from previous businesses on the old pier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think Pier 15 in its day wouldn’t have been a building that people would have taken much notice of,\" he says. \"And now the fact that you have a world-renowned institution like the Exploratorium here, it’s going to get a lot of people visiting, and we’re celebrating the history of this site, of San Francisco with this building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Site, New Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New exhibits take advantage of the site, too. The Bay Observatory is part of a newly-constructed wing of the museum, a transparent-feeling room with floor-to-ceiling windows giving big views of the Bay on one side, and downtown San Francisco on the other. Sebastian Martin, an exhibit developer working on the Bay Observatory, fiddles with an iPhone mounted on a spotting scope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call this the landscape scope,\" he says. \"Right now I’m looking at a spot over at Treasure Island. I’m actually looking at the water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's been using the scope to watch water currents change. Other exhibits here examine the sun, weather, wind direction and tides, and there's a computer that identifies ships as they go by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think when we first visited the piers we all realized what an opportunity this was for us to explore the world around us, rather than the kind of world in a kind of test tube,\" says Susan Schwartzenberg, who works with Martin on the Bay Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51349\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 167px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/oppenheimer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-51349 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/oppenheimer-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Physicist and teacher Frank Oppenheimer founded the Exploratorium in 1969. (Courtesy of the Exploratorium) \" width=\"167\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physicist and teacher Frank Oppenheimer founded the Exploratorium in 1969. (Courtesy of the Exploratorium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sticking With a Tradition of Staying in Flux\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some things won’t change. The shop is still in the middle, and familiar exhibits like the tornado are here, too. The old tactile dome didn’t make the move, but they're building a new one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Exploratorium has been a pioneer in the world of interactive, hands-on science education for over four decades. And when it's ready to unveil its new home, Rockwell says, it will still be a work in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We keep on reminding ourselves we don’t want to open too finished,\" he says. \"We have a lot of projects that we will open with prototypes, with things that we’re going to start learning from and then keep on changing and evolving as we go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Exploratorium is scheduled to reopen to the public -- prototypes and all -- on April 17.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Exploratorium, a San Francisco icon, will soon reopen as a stunning, new, energy efficient building on the city's Embarcadero.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After forty-three years in the Palace of Fine Arts near the Golden Gate Bridge, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> is moving to a restored pier on the Embarcadero. The move is a big experiment for the museum: how to grow into its new location, without losing the feel of its old self.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leaving the Roman Ruin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Palace of Fine Arts is a rosy-colored faux-Roman ruin, sitting next to a pond popular with swans and brides. Stepping inside was always a funny juxtaposition: going from the Fantasia on the outside, in, to the din of the Exploratorium. In its old space, the museum was a buzzing, windowless warehouse, centered around a shop where museum staff figured out how to hack together its hundreds of quirky contraptions that help teach kids scientific concepts and where everything had a familiar, “do it yourself” feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I first took this job, a designer friend of mine said, 'So you gonna clean this place up?' And I said, 'No, please.'\" laughs Tom Rockwell, the director of exhibits at the Exploratorium. He took the job knowing it would eventually involve a move. But he says, it’s not about “cleaning the place up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cstrong>See more\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://wp.me/p1NykW-dkX\"> photos and images of the new building\u003c/a>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"To me, one of the key jobs has been not to lose the funkiness,\" he says. \"Not to lose the sense of it being like an inventor’s garage, where people are constantly making things and discovering things. And you know, inventors don’t worry so much about whether the cabinetry all looks perfect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day a few weeks before the facility closed in January for the big move, project manager Owen Lawrence was dressed in white coveralls, vacuuming a piece of the listening cloud exhibit before it got packed up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think anybody realized how much dirt was here,\" he says. \"Normally I’m doing budgets and timelines. So it’s kind of an all-hands on deck thing right now. So I've got my Tyvek suit on. I've got my gas mask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Upgrade on the Embarcadero\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new Exploratorium is a stunning, $300 million facility on the San Francisco waterfront at Pier 15, triple the size of the old museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 626px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Exploratorium1-Zum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-51332\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Exploratorium1-Zum-626x360.jpg\" alt=\"The new site includes a restored pier and new construction (Courtesy of Zum)\" width=\"626\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new site includes a restored pier and new construction (Courtesy of Zum)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One reason for the move was to be more accessible: the new location is easier to get to on public transportation, and close to downtown. Planners are hoping that will improve attendance. The Exploratorium has about 600,000 visitors a year now, half the annual total of the Ontario Science Centre in Canada, which is a similar museum. And there’s the California Academy of Sciences' new building in Golden Gate Park, which has overshadowed just about everything else in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, there are other things that could just work better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you needed air conditioning in the old building, we would buy an air conditioning unit for, like a house, and bolt it to the wall with plywood,\" says Chuck Mignacco, building operations manager. We're standing in front of the new building. There are still active piers nearby, but this one is now a state-of-the-art green building. And he is excited about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Think of the building like a living thing,\" Mignacco explains. \"This one, unlike the old one, has a brain and a computer in it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is for this new building, which will have 600 exhibits, to be net-zero energy -- to produce as much electricity as it consumes. There are 85,000 square feet of solar panels on the roof, and on the inside there's the Bay Water Room, part of the mechanical system for the building. The colorful pipes in the room suck water in from San Francisco Bay, which -- since we’re out on a pier -- is directly below our feet. The cold water helps regulate the temperature of the building – it cools off the warm spots and then distributes the heat to cooler places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the building is kind of a science experiment in itself. Marc L’Italien, from the San Francisco-based architecture firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehdd.com/\">EHDD\u003c/a> is the lead designer on the Exploratorium, and he says, that's part of how net-zero energy buildings work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 407px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/centralgallery.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/centralgallery-617x360.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the Central Gallery in the new building, where exhibits will focus on sight and sound. (Mark Pechenick/Exploratorium)\" width=\"407\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the Central Gallery in the new building, where exhibits will focus on sight and sound. (Mark Pechenick/Exploratorium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"You have to tinker with them and Exploratorium staff are born tinkerers,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum in this new building still has a warehouse-y feel: concrete floors, big open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We see the architecture as the straight man,\" says L'Italien. \"They steal the show with the punchline, with the exhibits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L’Italien and his team spruced up the exterior and restored signs from previous businesses on the old pier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think Pier 15 in its day wouldn’t have been a building that people would have taken much notice of,\" he says. \"And now the fact that you have a world-renowned institution like the Exploratorium here, it’s going to get a lot of people visiting, and we’re celebrating the history of this site, of San Francisco with this building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Site, New Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New exhibits take advantage of the site, too. The Bay Observatory is part of a newly-constructed wing of the museum, a transparent-feeling room with floor-to-ceiling windows giving big views of the Bay on one side, and downtown San Francisco on the other. Sebastian Martin, an exhibit developer working on the Bay Observatory, fiddles with an iPhone mounted on a spotting scope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call this the landscape scope,\" he says. \"Right now I’m looking at a spot over at Treasure Island. I’m actually looking at the water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's been using the scope to watch water currents change. Other exhibits here examine the sun, weather, wind direction and tides, and there's a computer that identifies ships as they go by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think when we first visited the piers we all realized what an opportunity this was for us to explore the world around us, rather than the kind of world in a kind of test tube,\" says Susan Schwartzenberg, who works with Martin on the Bay Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51349\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 167px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/oppenheimer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-51349 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/oppenheimer-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Physicist and teacher Frank Oppenheimer founded the Exploratorium in 1969. (Courtesy of the Exploratorium) \" width=\"167\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physicist and teacher Frank Oppenheimer founded the Exploratorium in 1969. (Courtesy of the Exploratorium)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sticking With a Tradition of Staying in Flux\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some things won’t change. The shop is still in the middle, and familiar exhibits like the tornado are here, too. The old tactile dome didn’t make the move, but they're building a new one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Exploratorium has been a pioneer in the world of interactive, hands-on science education for over four decades. And when it's ready to unveil its new home, Rockwell says, it will still be a work in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We keep on reminding ourselves we don’t want to open too finished,\" he says. \"We have a lot of projects that we will open with prototypes, with things that we’re going to start learning from and then keep on changing and evolving as we go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Exploratorium is scheduled to reopen to the public -- prototypes and all -- on April 17.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "San Jose's Green Vision Helps Spur Silicon Valley Economic Growth",
"title": "San Jose's Green Vision Helps Spur Silicon Valley Economic Growth",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130318science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50438\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg\" alt=\"Chuck Reed, named ‘Green Mayor” by former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, shows off solar cells designed by local companies.\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chuck Reed, named ‘Green Mayor” by former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, shows off solar cells designed by local companies. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley is well known for being the cradle of tech innovation, but its largest city, San Jose, wants to claim the title as the world center of \u003cem>cleantech\u003c/em> innovation too. In 2007, the city launched its \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2737\">green vision\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong> a 15 year road map to make San Jose one of the nation’s greenest. City leaders have just released a report card on their ten ambitious goals at the one third marker. Let’s take a look at their green progress; and its impact on the local economy and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Green mayor, green building\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor Chuck Reed sits in a sunny corner office on the 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> floor of San Jose’s City Hall, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/825\">\u003cstrong>first city hall in the nation\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> to achieve a platinum certification, the highest green building award. He’s looking through a new report on how the city is doing. Five years after announcing his ambitious green vision plan, the city is on track to reach \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2743\">\u003cstrong>its goal of creating 25,000 new cleantech jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50410\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 169px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/San-Jose-City-Hall-Tower-169x253.jpg\" alt=\"San Jose's City Hall received its LEED Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council in 2009. It incorporates abundant natural light to reduce the need for electric lights. (Photo credit: City of San Jose) \" width=\"169\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Jose's City Hall received its LEED Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council in 2009. It incorporates abundant natural light to reduce the need for electric lights. (Photo credit: City of San Jose)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We started down this road trying to tie the environment and the economy together. So having 10,000 cleantech jobs is a big plus,” Reed says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s 10\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> largest city has nine other goals, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2950\">\u003cstrong>one to divert 100% of its trash\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> from landfills. San Jose is currently diverting 73% of its trash. This compares to \u003ca href=\"http://sfmayor.org/index.aspx?recordid=113&page=846\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco’s reported figure\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of 80%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already a plastic bag ban in San Jose has reduced bag litter by 89% in the storm drain system and the city council is \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/02/25/116850/san_jose_city_council_may_ban_polystyrene?category=science\">moving toward banning Styrofoam\u003c/a> containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ambitious Goals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of San Jose’s most ambitious goals is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2948\">\u003cstrong>to get \u003cem>all\u003c/em> of its electricity from renewable energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. With 10 years to go before the deadline, it’s reached just over 20% and needs to accelerate progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to mean radical changes, but this is a valley that does things in radical ways,” says Carl Guardino,\u003cem> \u003c/em>president of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group (SVLG), which represents hundreds of local businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Silicon Valley and San Jose Mayor Reed sets audacious goals,” adds Guardino. “If we fall a little short, just think of how far we would have come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose has helped change national standards for\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"http://ca-sanjose.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=1898\">LED street lights\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and is now saving thousands of dollars using efficient, dimmable street lights. Yet it’s only replaced 4% of its 62,000 lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using other people’s money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite making progress, it’s been a tough road through the recession. Like most U.S. cities, San Jose has faced severe budget constraints and was forced to be innovative in funding its green vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has managed to leverage more than $100 Million in federal tax credits and private and public funds to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said \u003ca href=\"http://www.freshdialogues.com/2008/11/11/chuck-reed-californias-green-mayor-welcomes-obamas-green-tech-focus/\">from the beginning\u003c/a> that the key to being able to succeed with our green vision was to work with other people’s money,” says Mayor Reed, who is known for his pragmatism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it helps to be located in the center of one of the country’s most innovative regions, according to Kim Walesh, director of economic development for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_4145-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Walesh, Director of economic development at the City of San Jose explains how the city's location within the Silicon Valley ecosystem offers strategic advantages for economic growth and innovation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Walesh, Director of economic development at the City of San Jose explains how the city's location within the Silicon Valley ecosystem offers strategic advantages for economic growth and innovation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Being the large anchor city in Silicon Valley, we are remarkably open to new ideas, to thinking differently and we’re scrappy, so we know how to pull resources together toward a common goal and leverage, leverage, leverage,” says Walesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has certainly leveraged its sunny climate. \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov/reports/locale_stats/\">\u003cstrong>According to state regulators\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, San Jose has installed more solar panels on its private and public buildings than any other California city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California sun doesn’t hold a candle to our aggressive goals for solar installations in sunny San Jose,” says a jubilant Walesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The challenge of higher hanging fruit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like Megan Medeiros with the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club, paint a less rosy picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Jose has already picked off the low hanging fruit of their green vision,” says Medeiros, who feels the city has prioritized productivity before efficiency\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’d like to see a lot more energy\u003cem> efficiency\u003c/em> measures like green building taking place. So far, the city has only built, or retrofitted, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2949\">\u003cstrong>13% of its goal of 50 Million square feet\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of green (private and public) buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose is doing better with its efforts to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2947\">\u003cstrong>cut per capita energy use in half\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>; it’s 25% of the way to its goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medeiros suggests San Jose adopt Palo Alto’s \u003cem>carbon neutral\u003c/em> goal or try to take the lead in alternative transportation like San Francisco has with its popular car share communities and mass transit system. But San Jose has had some success with its own public fleet of vehicles: \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2953\">\u003cstrong>40% now run on alternative fuels\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medeiros would like to see San Jose building more pedestrian and bicycle paths and planting more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_4157-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Megan Medeiros, Development Manager at the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club says San Jose needs to make it easy for people to get around on foot, bicycle and by public transportation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Megan Medeiros, Development Manager at the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club says San Jose needs to make it easy for people to get around on foot, bicycle and by public transportation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If it did that, it could be attracting a lot of younger people who, Medeiros says, are “flocking to San Francisco” because it provides them with a better quality of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The economic impact of green\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SVLG’s Carl Guardino praises cities such as San Jose that have taken big steps toward more sustainable economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both San Jose and San Francisco, they have taken tremendous strides, along with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57569425/bloomberg-pushes-green-agenda-in-final-nyc-state-of-the-city/\">Mayor Bloomberg in New York\u003c/a>, in being on the cutting edge of innovation, of the green economy, working as a public sector to bolster private sector success,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose’s Kim Walesh points out that cleantech jobs are an important new driver of the local economy. She cites last year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/publications.taf?function=detail&ID=38801388\">\u003cstrong>Milken Institute report\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, which described the San Jose metro area as the nation’s number one performing city in terms of jobs and wage growth - thanks to its innovative tech culture. The San Francisco metro region ranked 36.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not a splashy city that makes a lot of announcements,” says Walesh. “We’re a city of idea generators who also implement. We can talk about the green vision, but we’re really walking the green vision and we’re making some progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, San Jose city officials are abuzz about this summer’s opening of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7402\">\u003cstrong>Cleantech Innovation Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. It’s a partnership with Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and will offer a demonstration center for cleantech startups to test, showcase and speed commercialization of their green products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see all of San Jose’s green goals and how it’s measuring up, check out San Jose’s \u003ca href=\"http://sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/13270\">\u003cstrong>Green Vision Progress Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> for 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50438\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg\" alt=\"Chuck Reed, named ‘Green Mayor” by former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, shows off solar cells designed by local companies.\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chuck Reed, named ‘Green Mayor” by former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, shows off solar cells designed by local companies. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley is well known for being the cradle of tech innovation, but its largest city, San Jose, wants to claim the title as the world center of \u003cem>cleantech\u003c/em> innovation too. In 2007, the city launched its \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2737\">green vision\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong> a 15 year road map to make San Jose one of the nation’s greenest. City leaders have just released a report card on their ten ambitious goals at the one third marker. Let’s take a look at their green progress; and its impact on the local economy and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Green mayor, green building\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor Chuck Reed sits in a sunny corner office on the 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> floor of San Jose’s City Hall, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/825\">\u003cstrong>first city hall in the nation\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> to achieve a platinum certification, the highest green building award. He’s looking through a new report on how the city is doing. Five years after announcing his ambitious green vision plan, the city is on track to reach \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2743\">\u003cstrong>its goal of creating 25,000 new cleantech jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50410\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 169px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/San-Jose-City-Hall-Tower-169x253.jpg\" alt=\"San Jose's City Hall received its LEED Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council in 2009. It incorporates abundant natural light to reduce the need for electric lights. (Photo credit: City of San Jose) \" width=\"169\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Jose's City Hall received its LEED Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council in 2009. It incorporates abundant natural light to reduce the need for electric lights. (Photo credit: City of San Jose)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We started down this road trying to tie the environment and the economy together. So having 10,000 cleantech jobs is a big plus,” Reed says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s 10\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> largest city has nine other goals, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2950\">\u003cstrong>one to divert 100% of its trash\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> from landfills. San Jose is currently diverting 73% of its trash. This compares to \u003ca href=\"http://sfmayor.org/index.aspx?recordid=113&page=846\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco’s reported figure\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of 80%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already a plastic bag ban in San Jose has reduced bag litter by 89% in the storm drain system and the city council is \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/02/25/116850/san_jose_city_council_may_ban_polystyrene?category=science\">moving toward banning Styrofoam\u003c/a> containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ambitious Goals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of San Jose’s most ambitious goals is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2948\">\u003cstrong>to get \u003cem>all\u003c/em> of its electricity from renewable energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. With 10 years to go before the deadline, it’s reached just over 20% and needs to accelerate progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to mean radical changes, but this is a valley that does things in radical ways,” says Carl Guardino,\u003cem> \u003c/em>president of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group (SVLG), which represents hundreds of local businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Silicon Valley and San Jose Mayor Reed sets audacious goals,” adds Guardino. “If we fall a little short, just think of how far we would have come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose has helped change national standards for\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"http://ca-sanjose.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=1898\">LED street lights\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and is now saving thousands of dollars using efficient, dimmable street lights. Yet it’s only replaced 4% of its 62,000 lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using other people’s money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite making progress, it’s been a tough road through the recession. Like most U.S. cities, San Jose has faced severe budget constraints and was forced to be innovative in funding its green vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has managed to leverage more than $100 Million in federal tax credits and private and public funds to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said \u003ca href=\"http://www.freshdialogues.com/2008/11/11/chuck-reed-californias-green-mayor-welcomes-obamas-green-tech-focus/\">from the beginning\u003c/a> that the key to being able to succeed with our green vision was to work with other people’s money,” says Mayor Reed, who is known for his pragmatism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it helps to be located in the center of one of the country’s most innovative regions, according to Kim Walesh, director of economic development for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_4145-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Walesh, Director of economic development at the City of San Jose explains how the city's location within the Silicon Valley ecosystem offers strategic advantages for economic growth and innovation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Walesh, Director of economic development at the City of San Jose explains how the city's location within the Silicon Valley ecosystem offers strategic advantages for economic growth and innovation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Being the large anchor city in Silicon Valley, we are remarkably open to new ideas, to thinking differently and we’re scrappy, so we know how to pull resources together toward a common goal and leverage, leverage, leverage,” says Walesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has certainly leveraged its sunny climate. \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov/reports/locale_stats/\">\u003cstrong>According to state regulators\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, San Jose has installed more solar panels on its private and public buildings than any other California city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California sun doesn’t hold a candle to our aggressive goals for solar installations in sunny San Jose,” says a jubilant Walesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The challenge of higher hanging fruit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like Megan Medeiros with the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club, paint a less rosy picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Jose has already picked off the low hanging fruit of their green vision,” says Medeiros, who feels the city has prioritized productivity before efficiency\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’d like to see a lot more energy\u003cem> efficiency\u003c/em> measures like green building taking place. So far, the city has only built, or retrofitted, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2949\">\u003cstrong>13% of its goal of 50 Million square feet\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of green (private and public) buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose is doing better with its efforts to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2947\">\u003cstrong>cut per capita energy use in half\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>; it’s 25% of the way to its goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medeiros suggests San Jose adopt Palo Alto’s \u003cem>carbon neutral\u003c/em> goal or try to take the lead in alternative transportation like San Francisco has with its popular car share communities and mass transit system. But San Jose has had some success with its own public fleet of vehicles: \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2953\">\u003cstrong>40% now run on alternative fuels\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medeiros would like to see San Jose building more pedestrian and bicycle paths and planting more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_4157-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Megan Medeiros, Development Manager at the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club says San Jose needs to make it easy for people to get around on foot, bicycle and by public transportation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Megan Medeiros, Development Manager at the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club says San Jose needs to make it easy for people to get around on foot, bicycle and by public transportation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If it did that, it could be attracting a lot of younger people who, Medeiros says, are “flocking to San Francisco” because it provides them with a better quality of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The economic impact of green\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SVLG’s Carl Guardino praises cities such as San Jose that have taken big steps toward more sustainable economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both San Jose and San Francisco, they have taken tremendous strides, along with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57569425/bloomberg-pushes-green-agenda-in-final-nyc-state-of-the-city/\">Mayor Bloomberg in New York\u003c/a>, in being on the cutting edge of innovation, of the green economy, working as a public sector to bolster private sector success,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose’s Kim Walesh points out that cleantech jobs are an important new driver of the local economy. She cites last year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/publications.taf?function=detail&ID=38801388\">\u003cstrong>Milken Institute report\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, which described the San Jose metro area as the nation’s number one performing city in terms of jobs and wage growth - thanks to its innovative tech culture. The San Francisco metro region ranked 36.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not a splashy city that makes a lot of announcements,” says Walesh. “We’re a city of idea generators who also implement. We can talk about the green vision, but we’re really walking the green vision and we’re making some progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, San Jose city officials are abuzz about this summer’s opening of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7402\">\u003cstrong>Cleantech Innovation Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. It’s a partnership with Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and will offer a demonstration center for cleantech startups to test, showcase and speed commercialization of their green products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see all of San Jose’s green goals and how it’s measuring up, check out San Jose’s \u003ca href=\"http://sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/13270\">\u003cstrong>Green Vision Progress Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> for 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles",
"title": "Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp6Z-2Y-HGg]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. 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"disqusTitle": "Aboard the Tugnacious With Dr. Doom",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130304science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean Greene contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is retiring after 33 years working on the troubled ecosystem that's central to California's water supply.",
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"description": "The scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is retiring after 33 years working on the troubled ecosystem that's central to California's water supply.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Struggling Herring Make a Tiny Appearance",
"title": "Struggling Herring Make a Tiny Appearance",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/02/20130225science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49931\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/DFW-herring-samples.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49931\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/DFW-herring-samples.jpg\" alt=\"Brianne Brawley, a scientific aide with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, holds herring samples. (Photo: Shannon Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/DFW-herring-samples.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/DFW-herring-samples-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brianne Brawley, a scientific aide with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, holds herring samples. (Photo: Shannon Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you are a seafood lover, you are no doubt aware when the salmon or crab season begins. But late February marks the end of herring season. Herring are one of those small silver fish unceremoniously referred to as “bait fish.” Small fish like herring are the critical base of the marine food chain and, without them, there would be no bigger fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that long ago California’s herring population came perilously close to collapse. While their numbers are increasing, herring in the Bay are still struggling to return to their once prolific numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Fleet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s herring fleet is the last commercial fishery that chases its fish almost exclusively in San Francisco Bay. Captain Ernie Koepf has plied the Bay in his boat, The Ursula B, for 35 years. He offloads six tons of herring on a cool Monday morning behind Pier 45. Little shimmery scales line his wool cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herring is sucked out the boat’s hold by a giant orange vacuum that then spews it onto a conveyor belt while dozens of screeching gulls hover overhead. From there, the fish is dumped into boxes full of ice, shipped off -- often overseas -- then ripped open to get at the golden eggs, called roe, that are a delicacy in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Near Collapse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, there almost was no roe to enjoy. California nearly lost its herring population. Scientists believe a lack of food sources in the ocean and warming water caused the numbers to shrink by ninety percent. Government decisions to close the herring season and impose strict catch limits helped to bring back some of the herring, but now there is a new problem: The little silver fish are getting inexplicably tinier. It’s getting tougher to find older, more valuable herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact, there’s been a very, very dramatic decrease in the age distribution of the population,” says Audubon biologist Anna Weinstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what that means really is that the herring that are spawning now in San Francisco, and other parts of California, are almost all two and three year-old fish. Well, what’s wrong with that? This is a fish that lives to be 10 to 13 years old and is a multiple year spawner and the eggs of older fish tend to be better quality eggs. A whole population made up of younger fish is a classic sign of stress in fisheries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49938\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/the-ursula-b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49938\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/the-ursula-b-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Gulls swarm as the Ursula B offloads six tons of herring near Fisherman's Wharf. (Photo: Shannon Service)\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gulls swarm as the Ursula B offloads six tons of herring near Fisherman's Wharf. (Photo: Shannon Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Signs of stress in herring have conservationists like Weinstein worried. Herring is a critical food source for the ocean’s bigger fish. These little fish, also known as forage fish, are in decline globally. In fact, some conservation groups are so concerned about the state of West Coast anchovy and sardines, that they took the National Marine Fisheries Service to court this month in San Francisco. The suit is asking for stronger fishing regulations on forage fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While herring aren't included in the current lawsuit, Audubon and Earthjustice have expressed concern about how California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife are managing the state's herring stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely something the department is concerned with,” says Fish and Wildlife's Tom Greiner. He and his team fish for herring samples on the Bay to take back to the lab. But Greiner says the mystery of the missing older generations isn’t unique to San Francisco — which makes solving the problem tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually a coast-wide concern,” he says. “Including areas that aren’t even fished. So if we only had it in fished populations, then we’d assume it was overfishing. But the fact we’re seeing it in populations with no fishery makes us think there’s a different cause. We’re not sure”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse for San Francisco’s herring fisherman, prices for roe in Japan are sliding. It’s partly competition from herring fishermen in Canada and Alaska and it’s partly due to demographic shifts in Japan where the population is eating more Western-style food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let Them Eat Herring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some Bay Area chefs are interested in the plight of herring and they have an idea. It’s a counter-intuitive one. To save herring, they say, eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution is to eat herring,” says Kenny Belov, co-owner of Fish restaurant in Sausalito. “The solution is not to wipe out the population and ship it halfway across the world. We wouldn’t do any damage by leaving the fish in the Bay and taking less, higher quality, giving it to chefs that want to use the entire protein -- from the roe to the filet to the bones. All of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belov says the notion of eating the local, seasonal fish is creating a buzz among area chefs. He explains chefs are pickling it, curing it, grilling it and serving it fresh. “And they’re getting their customers asking for it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the demand for herring in the Bay is still pretty low, the foodie plan might just reduce the pressure on an already stressed fish. Last year, local herring fishermen like Koepf got twice as much per pound for herring bound for local plates as for those headed to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Not that long ago California’s herring population came perilously close to collapse. While their numbers are increasing, herring in the Bay are still struggling to return to their once prolific numbers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49931\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/DFW-herring-samples.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49931\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/DFW-herring-samples.jpg\" alt=\"Brianne Brawley, a scientific aide with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, holds herring samples. (Photo: Shannon Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/DFW-herring-samples.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/DFW-herring-samples-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brianne Brawley, a scientific aide with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, holds herring samples. (Photo: Shannon Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you are a seafood lover, you are no doubt aware when the salmon or crab season begins. But late February marks the end of herring season. Herring are one of those small silver fish unceremoniously referred to as “bait fish.” Small fish like herring are the critical base of the marine food chain and, without them, there would be no bigger fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that long ago California’s herring population came perilously close to collapse. While their numbers are increasing, herring in the Bay are still struggling to return to their once prolific numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Fleet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s herring fleet is the last commercial fishery that chases its fish almost exclusively in San Francisco Bay. Captain Ernie Koepf has plied the Bay in his boat, The Ursula B, for 35 years. He offloads six tons of herring on a cool Monday morning behind Pier 45. Little shimmery scales line his wool cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herring is sucked out the boat’s hold by a giant orange vacuum that then spews it onto a conveyor belt while dozens of screeching gulls hover overhead. From there, the fish is dumped into boxes full of ice, shipped off -- often overseas -- then ripped open to get at the golden eggs, called roe, that are a delicacy in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Near Collapse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, there almost was no roe to enjoy. California nearly lost its herring population. Scientists believe a lack of food sources in the ocean and warming water caused the numbers to shrink by ninety percent. Government decisions to close the herring season and impose strict catch limits helped to bring back some of the herring, but now there is a new problem: The little silver fish are getting inexplicably tinier. It’s getting tougher to find older, more valuable herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact, there’s been a very, very dramatic decrease in the age distribution of the population,” says Audubon biologist Anna Weinstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what that means really is that the herring that are spawning now in San Francisco, and other parts of California, are almost all two and three year-old fish. Well, what’s wrong with that? This is a fish that lives to be 10 to 13 years old and is a multiple year spawner and the eggs of older fish tend to be better quality eggs. A whole population made up of younger fish is a classic sign of stress in fisheries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49938\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/the-ursula-b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49938\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/the-ursula-b-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Gulls swarm as the Ursula B offloads six tons of herring near Fisherman's Wharf. (Photo: Shannon Service)\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gulls swarm as the Ursula B offloads six tons of herring near Fisherman's Wharf. (Photo: Shannon Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Signs of stress in herring have conservationists like Weinstein worried. Herring is a critical food source for the ocean’s bigger fish. These little fish, also known as forage fish, are in decline globally. In fact, some conservation groups are so concerned about the state of West Coast anchovy and sardines, that they took the National Marine Fisheries Service to court this month in San Francisco. The suit is asking for stronger fishing regulations on forage fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While herring aren't included in the current lawsuit, Audubon and Earthjustice have expressed concern about how California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife are managing the state's herring stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely something the department is concerned with,” says Fish and Wildlife's Tom Greiner. He and his team fish for herring samples on the Bay to take back to the lab. But Greiner says the mystery of the missing older generations isn’t unique to San Francisco — which makes solving the problem tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually a coast-wide concern,” he says. “Including areas that aren’t even fished. So if we only had it in fished populations, then we’d assume it was overfishing. But the fact we’re seeing it in populations with no fishery makes us think there’s a different cause. We’re not sure”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make matters worse for San Francisco’s herring fisherman, prices for roe in Japan are sliding. It’s partly competition from herring fishermen in Canada and Alaska and it’s partly due to demographic shifts in Japan where the population is eating more Western-style food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let Them Eat Herring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some Bay Area chefs are interested in the plight of herring and they have an idea. It’s a counter-intuitive one. To save herring, they say, eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution is to eat herring,” says Kenny Belov, co-owner of Fish restaurant in Sausalito. “The solution is not to wipe out the population and ship it halfway across the world. We wouldn’t do any damage by leaving the fish in the Bay and taking less, higher quality, giving it to chefs that want to use the entire protein -- from the roe to the filet to the bones. All of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belov says the notion of eating the local, seasonal fish is creating a buzz among area chefs. He explains chefs are pickling it, curing it, grilling it and serving it fresh. “And they’re getting their customers asking for it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the demand for herring in the Bay is still pretty low, the foodie plan might just reduce the pressure on an already stressed fish. Last year, local herring fishermen like Koepf got twice as much per pound for herring bound for local plates as for those headed to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sierra Club Director: Time to Take Climate Action to the Streets",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/02/20130218science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julian Bond and Michael Brune protest against Keystone XL Pipeline at Lafayette Park on Feb 13, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo: Leigh Vogel/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the week leading up to Presidents' Day, Michael Brune, the national executive director of the Sierra Club, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/13/sierra-club-chief-arrested-at-keystone-xl-pipeline-protest/\">found himself in handcuffs\u003c/a>, after strapping himself to the White House gates. He and other protesters are hoping to spur President Obama toward bold action to combat climate change with what's being billed as the biggest rally ever for climate action in this country. The Presidents' Day events in several cities, including San Francisco, where the Sierra Club is headquartered, mark a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir. Brune's arrest was the first of a Sierra Club chief in the club's 120-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune's not just rattling the gates from the outside, though. He managed to get sprung in time for the Valentine's Day roll-out of a major climate bill by Democratic Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders. It would tax carbon emissions, tighten regulations on fracking and provide investments for clean energy and energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down with Brune before he left for Washington to talk with him about climate action, the Keystone XL pipeline, and fracking. This is an edited transcript of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Many people were stunned when the president devoted a full paragraph to the climate issue in his inaugural address. Were you among those stunned people up there?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMichael Brune:\u003c/strong> I was certainly very pleased. The president gave more word space to climate change than any other issue during his inauguration. He articulated both the moral obligation we have to fight climate change and the fact that when we transition to clean energy, there will be great economic benefit brought to all Americans. So it was very encouraging.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Surprising talk, but on the action front how would you grade this president so far? Have you been a little disappointed?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Looking at his first term, you can simultaneously say that the president did more than any other president when it comes to climate change, particularly if you look at all the rules that the EPA put forward to improve public health that had an impact on fossil fuels. You could say he has done an insufficient job in that there’s a lot of things the president could do and should do that he hasn’t yet done. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire...or another super-storm hits.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I think the reason a lot of people were surprised was the word climate just about disappeared from his vocabulary for an extended period of time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know that’s disappointing. There’s really no other way to put it other than the fact that the president has the opportunity to lead not just the American people, but to lead the world in an all-out, concerted, thoughtful, but relentless effort to move away from dirty fuels and to embrace clean energy. He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire, or a crippling drought, or another super-storm hits. We have to be able to connect these extreme weather events to the fact that our climate is destabilizing as we speak. This is not something that can be addressed through the occasional mention or even the occasional rule put forward by his administration.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Do you think there’s been a sort of – no pun intended – sea change, a shift? Are people, are policymakers ready to see and hear what’s happening in your opinion?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> I think so. I spend a fair amount of time on Capitol Hill and you can tell people’s opinions have shifted just in the last six months. The reason for that is the American public’s opinions have shifted. There was a poll put out last week by Duke University that said 84% of all Americans believe that climate change is real, it’s man-made, it’s happening and that the solutions to climate change are here. So you’re seeing that reflected in a thawing, let’s say, of some of the attitudes that we often see on Capitol Hill. The question remains is whether or not this will lead to meaningful action.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> So what’s the most important first step that the president and Congress could take right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Job one is to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. We should not be building out new fossil fuel infrastructure at the same time we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> This is the big pipeline that is designed to bring Canadian oil sands all the way down to the Gulf Coast for refining. There’s a lot of opposition to it, but here in California, it’s an issue that feels remote to a lot of people. Why does it matter to us out here?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> There are two reasons why it matters. First is that this would be the biggest pipeline coming down from the tar sands. The tar sands is the dirtiest oil on the planet, and this pipeline would take 830,000 barrels of oil from the tar sands every day, bring it all the way through this country, and then have most of it be exported outside the U.S. borders. This will, by itself, contribute to global warming. But it’s also a symbol of the fact that we cannot continue to invest in dirty fuel sources whether it’s drilling in the Arctic, mountaintop removal in Appalachia, this tar sands project, fracking that’s happening across the country. We can’t continue to put billions of dollars of infrastructure into fossil fuels when we need to start investing that money toward clean energy solutions instead.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> In fact, we’re waiting to hear from the president on (the Keystone XL project) issue. What if he approves it? What then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> We’re actually waiting to hear from the president on all of these issues. We’re waiting to hear from the president on how drilling should take place in the Arctic when we’re trying to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. We’re waiting to see leadership from the president on the tar sands, as well. We’re waiting for a ruling that this pipeline should not be built. We’d like to see the president take on fracking as well as mountaintop removal. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge. We want to see the president reject the Keystone XL pipeline, but we want to see him go much farther than that. There’s an opportunity to regulate carbon pollution from smokestacks and refineries all across the country. There’s an opportunity to turn away from Arctic drilling and there’s an even bigger opportunity to invest in clean energy like solar and wind that will help to replace these dirty fuels. That creates more jobs and cuts air and water emissions at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Let’s talk about fracking. This is short for hydraulic fracturing the tech used to extract oil and gas from underground rock formations, stuff that was tough to get at before new technology made it possible. They’ve been\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\"> fracking in California\u003c/a> for oil in different ways but now it seems like there’s this new boom on its way here with the Monterey shale formation in Central California. How concerned are you about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> As a parent, I’m very concerned about the impacts of fracking on our air, our water and our climate particularly when there are much better solutions to meet our energy needs, particularly in California, where we’ve got solar that’s just growing by leaps and bounds and wind resources that are not fully utilized. We know that in the 21st century our economy will be based on energy that’s safe, secure and sustainable. We don’t need to be investing in fracking, or more oil drilling, mountaintop removal or more coal mining when we know that solar and wind can do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> But you can’t just throw a switch and tomorrow morning everything’s clean and renewable. In 2012, for example, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell to their lowest point in 20 years, and a lot of the credit for that is going to fracking for gas – cheap natural gas – which is cleaner than burning coal. Don’t you need to do some of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> Let’s be really clear here. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to 20 year lows and the reason for that is not because of fracking -- in no way, shape or form. The reason for that is we are replacing coal plants with a variety of clean energy sources. In most cases, wind and solar are taking up a bigger share of the energy mix than fracking ever is. Case in point, in 2012 there were more new wind resources brought online than natural gas. There was more solar and wind than all fossil fuel sources combined. What we are seeing right now is the United States slowly, but with increasing speed, is beginning to get off of fossil fuels -- at a much slower pace than we should, but it’s starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Going back to the D.C. rally, this kind of street-level activism is kind of a new direction for the Sierra Club, and it’s pretty much your doing since you took over. You must be getting some push back from some members who still see the primary mission of the Sierra Club as conservation of public lands and restoration of natural resources. Are you hearing some of that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Not really. The mission of the Sierra Club is very simple. It’s to explore, enjoy and protect the planet. We have Sierra Club members who have been volunteering with us for decades, some members who have been volunteering for a couple weeks, but all of them are united around a very simple credo. We know that getting into the outdoors inspires further activism and we also know that there are solutions to some of our country’s biggest environmental problems. The demonstration on the National Mall over the weekend and the rallies we are holding across the country really does tap into a long-held tradition that Sierra Club members want to participate in bringing out solutions to our country’s problems, and they know there are a lot of ways to get there.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiler:\u003c/strong> We had Jim Hansen here in the same studio for an interview recently – a certified climate change legend from NASA – who says that California’s whole approach is half-baked. We’d be much better off with a straight-on carbon tax than this complicated market-based cap-and-trade system that we’re using.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Hansen has a point. Most economists that you talk to will view a carbon tax as a much more efficient and, thus, much more effective way of putting a price on carbon and hastening a tradition toward clean energy resources. But it’s also true that California is making more progress than any other state in de-carbonizing and transitioning to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Speaking of presidential decisions, Sally Jewell is Mr. Obama’s choice for the new Secretary of the Interior, currently the CEO of REI, the outdoor clothing and gear company out of Seattle. What specifically does Jewell bring to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> What Sally brings is potential for a sea change in terms of how the Department of Interior looks at natural resources. For the last century or more, most people who have been in her position have looked at the oil, or timber or gas as a resource to exploit. What Sally recognizes is that there’s more economic gain from protecting our public resources, but also there’s great opportunity to expand protection to benefit wildlife, landscapes and the communities that surround them. We’re very optimistic that when she assumes this position, we’ll have a great opportunity to get more people in the outdoors and then have those folks be active part in helping to protect our last remaining natural treasures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julian Bond and Michael Brune protest against Keystone XL Pipeline at Lafayette Park on Feb 13, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo: Leigh Vogel/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the week leading up to Presidents' Day, Michael Brune, the national executive director of the Sierra Club, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/13/sierra-club-chief-arrested-at-keystone-xl-pipeline-protest/\">found himself in handcuffs\u003c/a>, after strapping himself to the White House gates. He and other protesters are hoping to spur President Obama toward bold action to combat climate change with what's being billed as the biggest rally ever for climate action in this country. The Presidents' Day events in several cities, including San Francisco, where the Sierra Club is headquartered, mark a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir. Brune's arrest was the first of a Sierra Club chief in the club's 120-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune's not just rattling the gates from the outside, though. He managed to get sprung in time for the Valentine's Day roll-out of a major climate bill by Democratic Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders. It would tax carbon emissions, tighten regulations on fracking and provide investments for clean energy and energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down with Brune before he left for Washington to talk with him about climate action, the Keystone XL pipeline, and fracking. This is an edited transcript of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Many people were stunned when the president devoted a full paragraph to the climate issue in his inaugural address. Were you among those stunned people up there?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMichael Brune:\u003c/strong> I was certainly very pleased. The president gave more word space to climate change than any other issue during his inauguration. He articulated both the moral obligation we have to fight climate change and the fact that when we transition to clean energy, there will be great economic benefit brought to all Americans. So it was very encouraging.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Surprising talk, but on the action front how would you grade this president so far? Have you been a little disappointed?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Looking at his first term, you can simultaneously say that the president did more than any other president when it comes to climate change, particularly if you look at all the rules that the EPA put forward to improve public health that had an impact on fossil fuels. You could say he has done an insufficient job in that there’s a lot of things the president could do and should do that he hasn’t yet done. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire...or another super-storm hits.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I think the reason a lot of people were surprised was the word climate just about disappeared from his vocabulary for an extended period of time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know that’s disappointing. There’s really no other way to put it other than the fact that the president has the opportunity to lead not just the American people, but to lead the world in an all-out, concerted, thoughtful, but relentless effort to move away from dirty fuels and to embrace clean energy. He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire, or a crippling drought, or another super-storm hits. We have to be able to connect these extreme weather events to the fact that our climate is destabilizing as we speak. This is not something that can be addressed through the occasional mention or even the occasional rule put forward by his administration.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Do you think there’s been a sort of – no pun intended – sea change, a shift? Are people, are policymakers ready to see and hear what’s happening in your opinion?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> I think so. I spend a fair amount of time on Capitol Hill and you can tell people’s opinions have shifted just in the last six months. The reason for that is the American public’s opinions have shifted. There was a poll put out last week by Duke University that said 84% of all Americans believe that climate change is real, it’s man-made, it’s happening and that the solutions to climate change are here. So you’re seeing that reflected in a thawing, let’s say, of some of the attitudes that we often see on Capitol Hill. The question remains is whether or not this will lead to meaningful action.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> So what’s the most important first step that the president and Congress could take right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Job one is to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. We should not be building out new fossil fuel infrastructure at the same time we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> This is the big pipeline that is designed to bring Canadian oil sands all the way down to the Gulf Coast for refining. There’s a lot of opposition to it, but here in California, it’s an issue that feels remote to a lot of people. Why does it matter to us out here?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> There are two reasons why it matters. First is that this would be the biggest pipeline coming down from the tar sands. The tar sands is the dirtiest oil on the planet, and this pipeline would take 830,000 barrels of oil from the tar sands every day, bring it all the way through this country, and then have most of it be exported outside the U.S. borders. This will, by itself, contribute to global warming. But it’s also a symbol of the fact that we cannot continue to invest in dirty fuel sources whether it’s drilling in the Arctic, mountaintop removal in Appalachia, this tar sands project, fracking that’s happening across the country. We can’t continue to put billions of dollars of infrastructure into fossil fuels when we need to start investing that money toward clean energy solutions instead.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> In fact, we’re waiting to hear from the president on (the Keystone XL project) issue. What if he approves it? What then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> We’re actually waiting to hear from the president on all of these issues. We’re waiting to hear from the president on how drilling should take place in the Arctic when we’re trying to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. We’re waiting to see leadership from the president on the tar sands, as well. We’re waiting for a ruling that this pipeline should not be built. We’d like to see the president take on fracking as well as mountaintop removal. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge. We want to see the president reject the Keystone XL pipeline, but we want to see him go much farther than that. There’s an opportunity to regulate carbon pollution from smokestacks and refineries all across the country. There’s an opportunity to turn away from Arctic drilling and there’s an even bigger opportunity to invest in clean energy like solar and wind that will help to replace these dirty fuels. That creates more jobs and cuts air and water emissions at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Let’s talk about fracking. This is short for hydraulic fracturing the tech used to extract oil and gas from underground rock formations, stuff that was tough to get at before new technology made it possible. They’ve been\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\"> fracking in California\u003c/a> for oil in different ways but now it seems like there’s this new boom on its way here with the Monterey shale formation in Central California. How concerned are you about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> As a parent, I’m very concerned about the impacts of fracking on our air, our water and our climate particularly when there are much better solutions to meet our energy needs, particularly in California, where we’ve got solar that’s just growing by leaps and bounds and wind resources that are not fully utilized. We know that in the 21st century our economy will be based on energy that’s safe, secure and sustainable. We don’t need to be investing in fracking, or more oil drilling, mountaintop removal or more coal mining when we know that solar and wind can do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> But you can’t just throw a switch and tomorrow morning everything’s clean and renewable. In 2012, for example, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell to their lowest point in 20 years, and a lot of the credit for that is going to fracking for gas – cheap natural gas – which is cleaner than burning coal. Don’t you need to do some of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> Let’s be really clear here. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to 20 year lows and the reason for that is not because of fracking -- in no way, shape or form. The reason for that is we are replacing coal plants with a variety of clean energy sources. In most cases, wind and solar are taking up a bigger share of the energy mix than fracking ever is. Case in point, in 2012 there were more new wind resources brought online than natural gas. There was more solar and wind than all fossil fuel sources combined. What we are seeing right now is the United States slowly, but with increasing speed, is beginning to get off of fossil fuels -- at a much slower pace than we should, but it’s starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Going back to the D.C. rally, this kind of street-level activism is kind of a new direction for the Sierra Club, and it’s pretty much your doing since you took over. You must be getting some push back from some members who still see the primary mission of the Sierra Club as conservation of public lands and restoration of natural resources. Are you hearing some of that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Not really. The mission of the Sierra Club is very simple. It’s to explore, enjoy and protect the planet. We have Sierra Club members who have been volunteering with us for decades, some members who have been volunteering for a couple weeks, but all of them are united around a very simple credo. We know that getting into the outdoors inspires further activism and we also know that there are solutions to some of our country’s biggest environmental problems. The demonstration on the National Mall over the weekend and the rallies we are holding across the country really does tap into a long-held tradition that Sierra Club members want to participate in bringing out solutions to our country’s problems, and they know there are a lot of ways to get there.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiler:\u003c/strong> We had Jim Hansen here in the same studio for an interview recently – a certified climate change legend from NASA – who says that California’s whole approach is half-baked. We’d be much better off with a straight-on carbon tax than this complicated market-based cap-and-trade system that we’re using.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Hansen has a point. Most economists that you talk to will view a carbon tax as a much more efficient and, thus, much more effective way of putting a price on carbon and hastening a tradition toward clean energy resources. But it’s also true that California is making more progress than any other state in de-carbonizing and transitioning to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Speaking of presidential decisions, Sally Jewell is Mr. Obama’s choice for the new Secretary of the Interior, currently the CEO of REI, the outdoor clothing and gear company out of Seattle. What specifically does Jewell bring to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> What Sally brings is potential for a sea change in terms of how the Department of Interior looks at natural resources. For the last century or more, most people who have been in her position have looked at the oil, or timber or gas as a resource to exploit. What Sally recognizes is that there’s more economic gain from protecting our public resources, but also there’s great opportunity to expand protection to benefit wildlife, landscapes and the communities that surround them. We’re very optimistic that when she assumes this position, we’ll have a great opportunity to get more people in the outdoors and then have those folks be active part in helping to protect our last remaining natural treasures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Ano Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the melodious sounds of Barry White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\">\u003c/iframe> The unique calls of three male elephants seals: X579, 1C and GL (top to bottom). (Photos and recordings: C. Reichmuth and University of California-Santa Cruz NMFS Permit No. 14636)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV -- fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,\" says Wolfklain. \"And they want to have the first right to mate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy's coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others' chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at the UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite. He always has this really lovely note at the end of it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible. All of the animals sound completely different from one another,” Casey says. What’s more, Casey's team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\" alt=\"A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"207\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit, call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me,'” says Casey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals, Casey explains. \"That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are 170,000 northern elephant seals and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Ano Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the melodious sounds of Barry White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\">\u003c/iframe> The unique calls of three male elephants seals: X579, 1C and GL (top to bottom). (Photos and recordings: C. Reichmuth and University of California-Santa Cruz NMFS Permit No. 14636)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV -- fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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