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(Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Could the Nebraska Sandhills resemble the Sahara? They have before. Join QUEST as we explore dating and recreating drought in dunes.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains have experienced prolonged, and in some places severe, drought during the last several years. But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you’re hungry, do you reach for potato chips or peanuts? What about a handful of crickets? One daring entrepreneur is bucking the “yuck” factor and opening the first U.S. farm to grow insects exclusively for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to visit this intrepid cricketeer at \u003ca href=\"http://bigcricketfarms.com/\">Big Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, located in an old warehouse in Youngstown, Ohio. It’s the perfect place to grow crickets, according to owner Kevin Bachhuber. “So these are our babies. They’re actually hardening up right now,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71831 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 029\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owner Kevin Bachhuber points to the tubs that house the young crickets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crickets live in big, black square tents that sit right on the warehouse floor. Inside the tents are bright lights, an interior like tin foil, and stacks of Rubbermaid tubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71833 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 013\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crickets live in tightly-sealed tents within an old Ohio warehouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crack a lid on one of those tubs and you’ll find cricket city. “There are little cricket high-rises made out of egg carton. If you look here, the little tiny grains of rice things -- wow, there’s a lot of them -- are the eggs,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These guys munch on organic chicken feed and mature rapidly, within two months. While some of these crickets will be sold whole at local farmers’ markets, most will be ground up and made into “cricket flour,” a nutrient-dense product that can be used in baked goods. Bachhuber says they’re in talks with energy bar companies as well as chip and cookie manufacturers who are interested in buying cricket flour in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be because insects are such a rich source of protein and minerals. They’re commonly used in zoo and pet food. In other countries, people have been eating bugs for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, though, there’s the cultural “yuck” factor to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I said the word ‘insect’ to the average person on the street, immediately they’ll think of a cockroach,” said Sonny Ramaswamy, the director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the USDA. “So there is that sort of a creepy-crawly-hairy-cockroachy type of a mental image that’s created…so that’s one thing that you’ve got to overcome,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71834 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 016\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Egg cartons are like \"cricket high rises\" says Bachhuber. The insects munch on organic chicken feed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And there’s good reason to make the critters more approachable to Western palates, says Ramaswamy, who, by the way, cooks up curried crickets for DC crowds whenever he gets the chance. In addition to their high protein content and rapid reproduction rate, “their ecological footprint is pretty significantly lower than other things. They use a lot less resources -- the amount of energy needed, the amount of water needed, the amount of land needed, and things like that,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing crickets, or any insect for that matter, is uncharted water for regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Insect farms are new,” said Ashley McDonald with the Ohio Department of Agriculture. “They would be new to us. And we don’t regulate them at this time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald says they do regulate food processors, and so in that sense the operation would be treated like any other food facility when it comes to good practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Big Cricket Farms, Bachhuber takes food safety to the point of self-described paranoia. “These guys should be clean and safe. We don’t want to destroy our industry before it starts or anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They welcome inspectors and want their operation to be a model for other startup insect farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is working on insect-specific regulations, but they aren’t finished yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for when you can expect to see cricket on the menu or in your protein bar, it might not be that far off. Big Cricket Farms will debut their product this August.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Insect protein is all the buzz lately, and for good reason -- it doesn’t require many resources to produce. Now one urban farmer in Ohio wants to cash in on that trend.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you’re hungry, do you reach for potato chips or peanuts? What about a handful of crickets? One daring entrepreneur is bucking the “yuck” factor and opening the first U.S. farm to grow insects exclusively for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to visit this intrepid cricketeer at \u003ca href=\"http://bigcricketfarms.com/\">Big Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, located in an old warehouse in Youngstown, Ohio. It’s the perfect place to grow crickets, according to owner Kevin Bachhuber. “So these are our babies. They’re actually hardening up right now,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71831 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 029\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owner Kevin Bachhuber points to the tubs that house the young crickets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crickets live in big, black square tents that sit right on the warehouse floor. Inside the tents are bright lights, an interior like tin foil, and stacks of Rubbermaid tubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71833 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 013\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crickets live in tightly-sealed tents within an old Ohio warehouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crack a lid on one of those tubs and you’ll find cricket city. “There are little cricket high-rises made out of egg carton. If you look here, the little tiny grains of rice things -- wow, there’s a lot of them -- are the eggs,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These guys munch on organic chicken feed and mature rapidly, within two months. While some of these crickets will be sold whole at local farmers’ markets, most will be ground up and made into “cricket flour,” a nutrient-dense product that can be used in baked goods. Bachhuber says they’re in talks with energy bar companies as well as chip and cookie manufacturers who are interested in buying cricket flour in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be because insects are such a rich source of protein and minerals. They’re commonly used in zoo and pet food. In other countries, people have been eating bugs for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, though, there’s the cultural “yuck” factor to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I said the word ‘insect’ to the average person on the street, immediately they’ll think of a cockroach,” said Sonny Ramaswamy, the director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the USDA. “So there is that sort of a creepy-crawly-hairy-cockroachy type of a mental image that’s created…so that’s one thing that you’ve got to overcome,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71834 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 016\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Egg cartons are like \"cricket high rises\" says Bachhuber. The insects munch on organic chicken feed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And there’s good reason to make the critters more approachable to Western palates, says Ramaswamy, who, by the way, cooks up curried crickets for DC crowds whenever he gets the chance. In addition to their high protein content and rapid reproduction rate, “their ecological footprint is pretty significantly lower than other things. They use a lot less resources -- the amount of energy needed, the amount of water needed, the amount of land needed, and things like that,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing crickets, or any insect for that matter, is uncharted water for regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Insect farms are new,” said Ashley McDonald with the Ohio Department of Agriculture. “They would be new to us. And we don’t regulate them at this time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald says they do regulate food processors, and so in that sense the operation would be treated like any other food facility when it comes to good practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Big Cricket Farms, Bachhuber takes food safety to the point of self-described paranoia. “These guys should be clean and safe. We don’t want to destroy our industry before it starts or anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They welcome inspectors and want their operation to be a model for other startup insect farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is working on insect-specific regulations, but they aren’t finished yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for when you can expect to see cricket on the menu or in your protein bar, it might not be that far off. Big Cricket Farms will debut their product this August.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Shrimp from Wisconsin? New Aquatic Farming Methods Are Making It Possible",
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"content": "\u003cp>The aquaculture industry in Wisconsin could be in for a boost, as techniques for growing marine life in artificial ponds are leading to the state's first indoor shrimp farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every morning inside a big red building near downtown Westby, you'll find Forbes Adam feeding his 14,000 shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70376 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These shrimp are about two months old. Forbes Adam gets the juveniles from Matt Weichers at Northern Iowa Shrimp, which raises the larvae in a hatchery. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These shrimp are about two months old. Forbes Adam gets the juveniles from Matt Weichers at Northern Iowa Shrimp, which raises the larvae in a hatchery. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We can feed them a little bit,” he said, shaking a protein feed into the tank. “Oh, here they come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small, translucent shrimp bop their way to the water's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they're little, they're calm,” Adam said. “When they get older, they're flopping all over like crazy. Flopping around like... oh, there he goes!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is \u003ca title=\"Dairyland Shrimp\" href=\"http://www.dairylandshrimp.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Dairyland Shrimp\u003c/a>, Wisconsin's first indoor shrimp farm. The heaters, fans, and water pumps hum loudly and keep the room at a balmy 93 degrees. Pacific white shrimp swim in four saltwater tanks that look like huge above-ground swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam may be an unlikely farmer. The former excavating contractor was looking for a new line of work when he stumbled across the idea of inland shrimp farming. He eventually visited an Indiana shrimp farm and was instantly hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70378 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp7-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three of Dairyland Shrimp's four tanks. Owner Forbes Adam hopes to triple the number of tanks he has over the year. (Maureen McCollum/WPR) \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of Dairyland Shrimp's four tanks. Owner Forbes Adam hopes to triple the number of tanks he has over the year. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I bought a pound of shrimp down there and when I ate it, I was just blown away by the flavor. I've never tasted shrimp that tasted so good. That's what really solidified the idea that I should do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam isn't the first Wisconsin farmer to try shrimping, but he is the first to do it indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Johnson is an aquaculture outreach specialist with University of Wisconsin-Extension. He says Wisconsin farmers have tried to raise shrimp in outdoor ponds in the past, but the region's climate isn't ideal for operations. Johnson says it's always good for the industry when a farmer tries to raise a product in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shrimp is one of the highest consumed seafood products in the United States, so the markets are there,” Johnson said. “It's just a matter of whether the shrimp can be produced economically to make a profit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is profitable For Matt Weichers, who started Northern Iowa Shrimp in Cedar Falls last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I'm completely sold out of shrimp,” Weichers said, “and I'm unable to keep up with that demand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weichers only sells to individuals; he doesn't have enough shrimp to sell to interested restaurants and markets. Northern Iowa Shrimp has 40 tanks, 10 times the number as Dairyland Shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weichers says a number of factors play into the growing demand for local seafood. Consumers are concerned about antibiotics and hormones commonly used at foreign shrimp farms. There's a shrimp disease sweeping farms in Southeast Asia and Mexico, and wild shrimp stocks are declining around the world. Weichers says indoor farming will help keep shrimp on the dinner table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it's the only way it's sustainable in the long run,” Weichers said. “The demand for a high-quality, high-protein, and healthy food is doing nothing but going up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Dairyland Shrimp, Adam considers the industry's legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70377\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70377 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg\" alt=\"Forbes Adam says one of the reasons he started Dairyland Shrimp was to provide his family with a safer product that he trusted. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1448px) 100vw, 1448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forbes Adam says one of the reasons he started Dairyland Shrimp was to provide his family with a safer product that he trusted. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don't know if it will be the wave of the future, but it definitely has the potential. I hope for the environment's sake it will be,” Adam said. “Not only for the environment, for just sustainable food and quality food, I think the United States does need more shrimp farms, absolutely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond high energy costs, Adam considers his operation to be environmentally sustainable. He recycles water in the tanks and there is very little wastewater. Shrimp live off of feed and biofloc, a bacteria that consumes the shrimp's waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam already has plans to expand Dairyland Shrimp this year. He will sell his products to local individuals and restaurants, and at the nearby farmers' market.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The aquaculture industry in Wisconsin could be in for a boost, as techniques for growing marine life in artificial ponds are leading to the state's first indoor shrimp farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every morning inside a big red building near downtown Westby, you'll find Forbes Adam feeding his 14,000 shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70376 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These shrimp are about two months old. Forbes Adam gets the juveniles from Matt Weichers at Northern Iowa Shrimp, which raises the larvae in a hatchery. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These shrimp are about two months old. Forbes Adam gets the juveniles from Matt Weichers at Northern Iowa Shrimp, which raises the larvae in a hatchery. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We can feed them a little bit,” he said, shaking a protein feed into the tank. “Oh, here they come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small, translucent shrimp bop their way to the water's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they're little, they're calm,” Adam said. “When they get older, they're flopping all over like crazy. Flopping around like... oh, there he goes!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is \u003ca title=\"Dairyland Shrimp\" href=\"http://www.dairylandshrimp.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Dairyland Shrimp\u003c/a>, Wisconsin's first indoor shrimp farm. The heaters, fans, and water pumps hum loudly and keep the room at a balmy 93 degrees. Pacific white shrimp swim in four saltwater tanks that look like huge above-ground swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam may be an unlikely farmer. The former excavating contractor was looking for a new line of work when he stumbled across the idea of inland shrimp farming. He eventually visited an Indiana shrimp farm and was instantly hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70378 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp7-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three of Dairyland Shrimp's four tanks. Owner Forbes Adam hopes to triple the number of tanks he has over the year. (Maureen McCollum/WPR) \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of Dairyland Shrimp's four tanks. Owner Forbes Adam hopes to triple the number of tanks he has over the year. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I bought a pound of shrimp down there and when I ate it, I was just blown away by the flavor. I've never tasted shrimp that tasted so good. That's what really solidified the idea that I should do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam isn't the first Wisconsin farmer to try shrimping, but he is the first to do it indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Johnson is an aquaculture outreach specialist with University of Wisconsin-Extension. He says Wisconsin farmers have tried to raise shrimp in outdoor ponds in the past, but the region's climate isn't ideal for operations. Johnson says it's always good for the industry when a farmer tries to raise a product in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shrimp is one of the highest consumed seafood products in the United States, so the markets are there,” Johnson said. “It's just a matter of whether the shrimp can be produced economically to make a profit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is profitable For Matt Weichers, who started Northern Iowa Shrimp in Cedar Falls last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I'm completely sold out of shrimp,” Weichers said, “and I'm unable to keep up with that demand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weichers only sells to individuals; he doesn't have enough shrimp to sell to interested restaurants and markets. Northern Iowa Shrimp has 40 tanks, 10 times the number as Dairyland Shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weichers says a number of factors play into the growing demand for local seafood. Consumers are concerned about antibiotics and hormones commonly used at foreign shrimp farms. There's a shrimp disease sweeping farms in Southeast Asia and Mexico, and wild shrimp stocks are declining around the world. Weichers says indoor farming will help keep shrimp on the dinner table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it's the only way it's sustainable in the long run,” Weichers said. “The demand for a high-quality, high-protein, and healthy food is doing nothing but going up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Dairyland Shrimp, Adam considers the industry's legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70377\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70377 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg\" alt=\"Forbes Adam says one of the reasons he started Dairyland Shrimp was to provide his family with a safer product that he trusted. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1448px) 100vw, 1448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forbes Adam says one of the reasons he started Dairyland Shrimp was to provide his family with a safer product that he trusted. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don't know if it will be the wave of the future, but it definitely has the potential. I hope for the environment's sake it will be,” Adam said. “Not only for the environment, for just sustainable food and quality food, I think the United States does need more shrimp farms, absolutely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond high energy costs, Adam considers his operation to be environmentally sustainable. He recycles water in the tanks and there is very little wastewater. Shrimp live off of feed and biofloc, a bacteria that consumes the shrimp's waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam already has plans to expand Dairyland Shrimp this year. He will sell his products to local individuals and restaurants, and at the nearby farmers' market.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71048 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\" alt=\"QUEST jose luis\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Luis Duce, from Spain's Ministry of the Environment, is training to do a prescribed burn with firefighters from Spain, Colorado, Wyoming, California, and Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71043\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71043 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Phil Dye\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Phil Dye uses a flapper tool to put out any remaining flames on the black line. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re working on a prescribed burn, you need to have a few things with you. “This tool here is called a thaw claw or a hoe… This is called a fire swatter or flapper,” said Phil Dye, a firefighter from the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flapper looks exactly like a giant flyswatter. But that’s not how it’s used. Right now Dye and a few dozen firefighters are doing what’s called “black lining” just outside Elba, a small town on the Loup River in north central Nebraska. The crew is split into igniters and holders, and they’re walking along a 15-foot-wide line of grass that’s been mowed around the perimeter of a burn unit. The igniters pour gasoline on the short grass and then light the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the grass has burned black, the holders drag their flappers on the ground to smother any remaining flames. Tomorrow, if the weather, wind, and humidity are just right, the firefighters will set fire to the 700 acres inside the black line. That line keeps the fire from spreading outside the burn unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, it’s a buffer, because fire’s not going to burn in an area that’s already been burned,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Why burn?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The firefighters are participating in a 10-day-long training exchange hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://nebraskapf.com/\">Pheasants Forever\u003c/a>. The exchange has two goals: one is for firefighters to train on a prescribed burn and the other is to actually burn 4,000 acres of land to control the eastern redcedar population on the prairie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redcedars are native to Nebraska, but they’re starting to take over grassland areas -- partly because of us. Ben Wheeler, the wildlife ecologist with the conservation group Pheasants Forever, said, “When white settlers moved in, we began some pretty aggressive fire-suppression campaigns, you know, because people were worried about fire going through their homesteads and being destructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the redcedar population has grown so much that parts of the prairie look more like forest than grassland. Wheeler says that eastern redcedars used to only grow where natural wildfire couldn’t reach them, like steep, northern-facing slopes. Without fire, Wheeler said, “Those refuge areas for trees expanded exponentially -- basically across the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71053 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ashley\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Ashley Whitworth sprays water along the edges of the black line that will end up being about 15 feet wide and encompass 700 acres. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don Westover, fire program leader with the \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Forest Service\u003c/a>, said recently that land management organizations like the U.S. Forest Service went from seeing fire as a threat to an integral force in prairie ecology. Westover said, “The U.S. Forest Service had a policy for a number of years that they called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\">10 am policy\u003c/a>, and that policy stated that all wildfires will be suppressed by 10 am the morning following the fire started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed for the Forest Service and other federal agencies about 25 years ago. Instead of putting every fire out, the current policy is to let wildfires happen under very controlled circumstances, like at the training exchange near Elba, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keeping control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safety is every firefighter’s concern on the training exchange, especially for Dye, who is the burn’s plan chief. Every night he writes the \u003ca href=\"http://gpfirescience.missouristate.edu/assets/gpfirescience/NE_NRCSexampleBurnPlanFillable.pdf\">incident action plan\u003c/a>, or IAP, for the next day’s work. It’s a thick document that lists things like the burn’s objectives, weather forecast, each crew member’s assignment, and a go/no go checklist. Everything on the checklist has to be “yes before we can light fire,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71041 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spraying water on the borders of the black line, firefighters pour gas, ignite the grass, and wait for the fire to burn out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The IAP is handbook, schedule, and manual all in one for the firefighters to refer to throughout the day. It cuts down on the chances that someone will accidentally start a fire. Dye has worked on grassland burns before, but not all the firefighters here have, like Ashley Whitworth, a firefighter in the Colorado Springs Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve only done ditch burning and a few prescribed fires, but not 700 acres,” Whitworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71039 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the grass has burnt, the crew follows with flappers to make sure the fire is out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are also firefighters from Nebraska, Idaho, Minnesota, Utah, California, and even Spain. Jose Luis Duce works for the Ministry of Environment in Spain and is one of 12 visiting firefighters. He’s also never worked on a prescribed fire, but he says that Spain’s grasslands evolved with fire, similar to Nebraska’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of fuel, we have this fuel in Spain,” Duce said, “but we don’t burn that much in Spain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel, to firefighters, means anything that will burn. In this case, Duce means grass. Like Nebraska, wildfire spreads easily in Spain because of that grass, and especially on dry, windy days. In July 2009, those factors led to \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8167101.stm#map\">wildfires across Europe, from Spain to Turkey\u003c/a>, resulting in hundreds of people evacuating their homes and eight deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duce thinks that’s why people are so reluctant to use fire as a management tool. “People only see the bad side of fire. It’s a part of the ecosystem. People don’t consider using fire as a natural tool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The blackline acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond what's planned. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The black line acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond the intended unit. It took the burn crew a few hours to complete this section of the line. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the crew finishes black lining, the firefighters will head back to the command post to get some sleep. Except for Dye. He’ll be working late into the night on the burn plan for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dye spends so much time on the IAP because it’s the only way to make sure the burn stays safe for everyone involved, from the firefighters to the landowners. And it’s those procedures that drew so many firefighters to Nebraska for the training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/media.php?bin=NET&vidgroup=40164419\">a timelapse video of the prescribed burn on the Loup River\u003c/a> from QUEST Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/iframe.php?vidgroup=40164419&w=600&h=385&bin=NET\" width=\"100%\" height=\"385\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fire can be dangerous, but it's not always a bad thing. On the Great Plains, firefighters, ecologists, and ranchers are slowly trying to make fire a part of the region's ecosystem again. ",
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"description": "Fire can be dangerous, but it's not always a bad thing. On the Great Plains, firefighters, ecologists, and ranchers are slowly trying to make fire a part of the region's ecosystem again. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71048 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\" alt=\"QUEST jose luis\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Luis Duce, from Spain's Ministry of the Environment, is training to do a prescribed burn with firefighters from Spain, Colorado, Wyoming, California, and Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71043\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71043 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Phil Dye\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Phil Dye uses a flapper tool to put out any remaining flames on the black line. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re working on a prescribed burn, you need to have a few things with you. “This tool here is called a thaw claw or a hoe… This is called a fire swatter or flapper,” said Phil Dye, a firefighter from the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flapper looks exactly like a giant flyswatter. But that’s not how it’s used. Right now Dye and a few dozen firefighters are doing what’s called “black lining” just outside Elba, a small town on the Loup River in north central Nebraska. The crew is split into igniters and holders, and they’re walking along a 15-foot-wide line of grass that’s been mowed around the perimeter of a burn unit. The igniters pour gasoline on the short grass and then light the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the grass has burned black, the holders drag their flappers on the ground to smother any remaining flames. Tomorrow, if the weather, wind, and humidity are just right, the firefighters will set fire to the 700 acres inside the black line. That line keeps the fire from spreading outside the burn unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, it’s a buffer, because fire’s not going to burn in an area that’s already been burned,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Why burn?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The firefighters are participating in a 10-day-long training exchange hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://nebraskapf.com/\">Pheasants Forever\u003c/a>. The exchange has two goals: one is for firefighters to train on a prescribed burn and the other is to actually burn 4,000 acres of land to control the eastern redcedar population on the prairie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redcedars are native to Nebraska, but they’re starting to take over grassland areas -- partly because of us. Ben Wheeler, the wildlife ecologist with the conservation group Pheasants Forever, said, “When white settlers moved in, we began some pretty aggressive fire-suppression campaigns, you know, because people were worried about fire going through their homesteads and being destructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the redcedar population has grown so much that parts of the prairie look more like forest than grassland. Wheeler says that eastern redcedars used to only grow where natural wildfire couldn’t reach them, like steep, northern-facing slopes. Without fire, Wheeler said, “Those refuge areas for trees expanded exponentially -- basically across the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71053 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ashley\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Ashley Whitworth sprays water along the edges of the black line that will end up being about 15 feet wide and encompass 700 acres. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don Westover, fire program leader with the \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Forest Service\u003c/a>, said recently that land management organizations like the U.S. Forest Service went from seeing fire as a threat to an integral force in prairie ecology. Westover said, “The U.S. Forest Service had a policy for a number of years that they called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\">10 am policy\u003c/a>, and that policy stated that all wildfires will be suppressed by 10 am the morning following the fire started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed for the Forest Service and other federal agencies about 25 years ago. Instead of putting every fire out, the current policy is to let wildfires happen under very controlled circumstances, like at the training exchange near Elba, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keeping control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safety is every firefighter’s concern on the training exchange, especially for Dye, who is the burn’s plan chief. Every night he writes the \u003ca href=\"http://gpfirescience.missouristate.edu/assets/gpfirescience/NE_NRCSexampleBurnPlanFillable.pdf\">incident action plan\u003c/a>, or IAP, for the next day’s work. It’s a thick document that lists things like the burn’s objectives, weather forecast, each crew member’s assignment, and a go/no go checklist. Everything on the checklist has to be “yes before we can light fire,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71041 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spraying water on the borders of the black line, firefighters pour gas, ignite the grass, and wait for the fire to burn out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The IAP is handbook, schedule, and manual all in one for the firefighters to refer to throughout the day. It cuts down on the chances that someone will accidentally start a fire. Dye has worked on grassland burns before, but not all the firefighters here have, like Ashley Whitworth, a firefighter in the Colorado Springs Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve only done ditch burning and a few prescribed fires, but not 700 acres,” Whitworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71039 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the grass has burnt, the crew follows with flappers to make sure the fire is out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are also firefighters from Nebraska, Idaho, Minnesota, Utah, California, and even Spain. Jose Luis Duce works for the Ministry of Environment in Spain and is one of 12 visiting firefighters. He’s also never worked on a prescribed fire, but he says that Spain’s grasslands evolved with fire, similar to Nebraska’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of fuel, we have this fuel in Spain,” Duce said, “but we don’t burn that much in Spain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel, to firefighters, means anything that will burn. In this case, Duce means grass. Like Nebraska, wildfire spreads easily in Spain because of that grass, and especially on dry, windy days. In July 2009, those factors led to \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8167101.stm#map\">wildfires across Europe, from Spain to Turkey\u003c/a>, resulting in hundreds of people evacuating their homes and eight deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duce thinks that’s why people are so reluctant to use fire as a management tool. “People only see the bad side of fire. It’s a part of the ecosystem. People don’t consider using fire as a natural tool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The blackline acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond what's planned. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The black line acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond the intended unit. It took the burn crew a few hours to complete this section of the line. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the crew finishes black lining, the firefighters will head back to the command post to get some sleep. Except for Dye. He’ll be working late into the night on the burn plan for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dye spends so much time on the IAP because it’s the only way to make sure the burn stays safe for everyone involved, from the firefighters to the landowners. And it’s those procedures that drew so many firefighters to Nebraska for the training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/media.php?bin=NET&vidgroup=40164419\">a timelapse video of the prescribed burn on the Loup River\u003c/a> from QUEST Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Skin of a Building and Why it Matters",
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"content": "\u003cp>Cleveland, like many cities, has a fleet of old, drafty buildings. These buildings are energy hogs and account for close to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2009/06/02/working-toward-the-very-low-energy-consumption-building-of-the-future/\">half\u003c/a> of the nation’s overall greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama highlighted the building sector recently, announcing \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-6GW6ccLK0\">$2 billion\u003c/a> in energy upgrades to federal buildings, and many in the environmental community say we should be focusing on improving building performance across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71065\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get a sense of how and why one might want to retrofit an older building, I climbed inside a local company’s test chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited \u003ca href=\"http://www.tremcoinc.com/\">Tremco’s\u003c/a> Sustainable Building Solutions Test Facility in Cleveland, Ohio, it was drizzling outside, but inside there was a full-on rainstorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at Tremco they focus on improving the\u003cstrong> skin\u003c/strong> of a building -- that is, its walls, windows, glazing, and basically everything that protects a building from, say, a rainstorm. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole,\" said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With a couple keystrokes, Tremco Manager Tim Mattox started simulating a heavy storm in their test chamber. The see-through chamber is skinny but tall, stretching up nearly to the ceiling of the warehouse. I can see sprinklers inside the chamber shooting water from every direction. Getting pummeled by this rainstorm is a test wall. They’re testing the ability of one of their silicone sheet products to provide a \u003ca href=\"https://www.opt-osfns.org/nycdsf/forms/custodians/Chapters/7_Caulking.pdf\">watertight seal\u003c/a> on a typical building gap, like one you might see around the edges of a window frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 188px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649-188x253.jpg\" alt=\"Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\" width=\"188\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Buildings actually have a surprisingly large number of gaps, small stuff usually, but it really adds up. “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole in the inside of the house just because when you take the collective openings that are available to seal on any given home out there, that’s about what you’re getting -- a 15-foot hole,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t seal off building gaps, moisture can get in, cause mold growth, and rot your walls. A silicone sheet like the one getting drenched in the test chamber also prevents air from leaking out. Stopping air leaks is key to reducing a building’s overall energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattox eventually cuts the jets and prepares to simulate windy conditions and measure the movement of air through this silicone-sealed building gap. Bright-orange tubing feeds into the chamber like a scene out of \u003cstrong>The Matrix\u003c/strong>. “It’s running right now, so he’s pulling a vacuum, so you can sort of see the silicone sheet start to pull in,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital monitors show this gap is well sealed. The sheet’s doing its job and keeping air and water out of the simulated building gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tremco works mainly with commercial properties, but homeowners can benefit from a gap inspection as well, whether you do it yourself or call in a professional. Gaps can be found anywhere in a building, especially at joints where one material or part meets another. Mattox’s advice is to start with the low-hanging fruit: your doors and windows. Swap out old weather stripping, apply an exterior sealant around your windows, maybe stuff some “flex foam” in there, too. Basically find any crack or crevice and seal it off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a party trick, said Mattox, keep an eye out for spider webs. “Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing this will go a long way toward greater energy efficiency and could save you a wad of cash. “Any time it rolls through a duct, you’re investing money into that air, and if you’re not containing that or controlling that airflow, you are throwing money literally out the window,” said Mattox. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue,\" said Kerr.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Laurie Kerr is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityenergyproject.org/about/\">City Energy Project,\u003c/a> an initiative of the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Institute for Market Transformation. She says we don’t hear a lot about buildings, but in fact, nationally they’re responsible for about 40 percent of our carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue. So if something happened, a big storm and it knocked out the electricity for the area, a building that has really good insulation and isn’t leaking is going to maintain its habitability a lot longer than one that doesn’t have a good building envelope, which is the wrapping of the building,” said Kerr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerr says old buildings need checkups, just as people do when they’re under the weather. Calling in some house doctors -- a professional energy audit -- can be a good way to think through your options, such as sealants, roof insulation, lighting changes, and window and HVAC upgrades. An audit will give you a sense of what options would deliver the best return on investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like people, each older building is unique, and most could benefit from a performance boost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cleveland, like many cities, has a fleet of old, drafty buildings. These buildings are energy hogs and account for close to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2009/06/02/working-toward-the-very-low-energy-consumption-building-of-the-future/\">half\u003c/a> of the nation’s overall greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama highlighted the building sector recently, announcing \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-6GW6ccLK0\">$2 billion\u003c/a> in energy upgrades to federal buildings, and many in the environmental community say we should be focusing on improving building performance across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71065\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get a sense of how and why one might want to retrofit an older building, I climbed inside a local company’s test chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited \u003ca href=\"http://www.tremcoinc.com/\">Tremco’s\u003c/a> Sustainable Building Solutions Test Facility in Cleveland, Ohio, it was drizzling outside, but inside there was a full-on rainstorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at Tremco they focus on improving the\u003cstrong> skin\u003c/strong> of a building -- that is, its walls, windows, glazing, and basically everything that protects a building from, say, a rainstorm. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole,\" said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With a couple keystrokes, Tremco Manager Tim Mattox started simulating a heavy storm in their test chamber. The see-through chamber is skinny but tall, stretching up nearly to the ceiling of the warehouse. I can see sprinklers inside the chamber shooting water from every direction. Getting pummeled by this rainstorm is a test wall. They’re testing the ability of one of their silicone sheet products to provide a \u003ca href=\"https://www.opt-osfns.org/nycdsf/forms/custodians/Chapters/7_Caulking.pdf\">watertight seal\u003c/a> on a typical building gap, like one you might see around the edges of a window frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 188px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649-188x253.jpg\" alt=\"Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\" width=\"188\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Buildings actually have a surprisingly large number of gaps, small stuff usually, but it really adds up. “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole in the inside of the house just because when you take the collective openings that are available to seal on any given home out there, that’s about what you’re getting -- a 15-foot hole,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t seal off building gaps, moisture can get in, cause mold growth, and rot your walls. A silicone sheet like the one getting drenched in the test chamber also prevents air from leaking out. Stopping air leaks is key to reducing a building’s overall energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattox eventually cuts the jets and prepares to simulate windy conditions and measure the movement of air through this silicone-sealed building gap. Bright-orange tubing feeds into the chamber like a scene out of \u003cstrong>The Matrix\u003c/strong>. “It’s running right now, so he’s pulling a vacuum, so you can sort of see the silicone sheet start to pull in,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital monitors show this gap is well sealed. The sheet’s doing its job and keeping air and water out of the simulated building gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tremco works mainly with commercial properties, but homeowners can benefit from a gap inspection as well, whether you do it yourself or call in a professional. Gaps can be found anywhere in a building, especially at joints where one material or part meets another. Mattox’s advice is to start with the low-hanging fruit: your doors and windows. Swap out old weather stripping, apply an exterior sealant around your windows, maybe stuff some “flex foam” in there, too. Basically find any crack or crevice and seal it off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a party trick, said Mattox, keep an eye out for spider webs. “Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing this will go a long way toward greater energy efficiency and could save you a wad of cash. “Any time it rolls through a duct, you’re investing money into that air, and if you’re not containing that or controlling that airflow, you are throwing money literally out the window,” said Mattox. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue,\" said Kerr.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Laurie Kerr is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityenergyproject.org/about/\">City Energy Project,\u003c/a> an initiative of the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Institute for Market Transformation. She says we don’t hear a lot about buildings, but in fact, nationally they’re responsible for about 40 percent of our carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue. So if something happened, a big storm and it knocked out the electricity for the area, a building that has really good insulation and isn’t leaking is going to maintain its habitability a lot longer than one that doesn’t have a good building envelope, which is the wrapping of the building,” said Kerr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerr says old buildings need checkups, just as people do when they’re under the weather. Calling in some house doctors -- a professional energy audit -- can be a good way to think through your options, such as sealants, roof insulation, lighting changes, and window and HVAC upgrades. An audit will give you a sense of what options would deliver the best return on investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like people, each older building is unique, and most could benefit from a performance boost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How to Plant a Backyard Rain Garden",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s springtime, and many people are putting on their gardening gloves and planting some tomatoes or maybe tulips in their backyard. But there’s another kind of garden that you might want to consider, especially if you live in a rainy place with old and overburdened sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what folks in Parma, Ohio, have done. The Cleveland suburb is a typical neighborhood with homes, lawns, and sidewalks, but there’s something missing: grass. Jen Greiser, a natural resource manager for the Cleveland Metroparks, explains that this is intentional. “For homeowners that signed on to the project, we installed what we call ‘right of way’ rain gardens, and so we worked with a contractor to take up the grass and dig some depressional planting beds and install some plants,” said Greiser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70839\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Storm_Drain-from-wikimedia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Storm_Drain-from-wikimedia-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Heavy rains can overload the sewers in some cities and cause raw sewage to enter waterways. Photo credit: wikimedia\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains can overload the sewers in some cities and cause raw sewage to enter waterways. Photo credit: Wikimedia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project is one of many initiatives in this area and across the country that use plantings and greenery to help trap stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio is a rainy place, and all that water -- if not absorbed into the soil -- runs off, mixes with pollutants and sewage, overloads the wastewater treatment plants, and ends up spewing out untreated into Lake Erie. This isn’t a good thing for people or wildlife or the lake’s overall ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key strategies for keeping stormwater out of the lake and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\">in the soil\u003c/a> is to create what’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Finfrastructure%2Fgreeninfrastructure%2Findex.cfm%23tabs-1\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater runoff can be stemmed on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlct.org%2Fassets%2FResource%2FMiscellaneous%2FGreen-Infrastructure-2012-07-11.PDF\">large scale \u003c/a>with stuff like urban trees, wetland protection, permeable pavement, and floodplain management. But it can also be done on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlct.org%2Fassets%2FResource%2FMiscellaneous%2FGreen-Infrastructure-2012-07-11.PDF\">smaller scale\u003c/a> by individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/purple-cone-flower-via-flickr-Karen-Blaha.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/purple-cone-flower-via-flickr-Karen-Blaha-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Purple Coneflowers, also known as Echinacea, are an attractive plant for a rain garden but watch out for deer, who love to munch them. Photo credit: Flickr / Karen Blaha\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple Coneflowers, also known as Echinacea, are an attractive plant for a rain garden but watch out for deer, who love to munch them. Photo credit: Flickr / Karen Blaha\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spirit of springtime, the Metroparks’ Jen Greiser shared some tips with me on how to plant a backyard rain garden that can reduce local runoff and provide some attractive landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get started she suggests a little observation during the next rainy day. “Just put on a raincoat, grab an umbrella, run outside, and stand out there for a little while,” said Greiser. Your neighbors might wonder what you’re doing, she warned, but don’t let that deter you. It’s important to find out where the water’s pooling up. This is the spot to plant your rain garden. And it doesn’t have to be huge: it can fit right into other landscaping schemes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, it’s time to get your hands dirty with some digging. “Instead of our traditional planting beds that are raised above the ground, we’re kind of flipping that over and we’re going to have a more bowl-shaped area for planting,” said Greiser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Switchgrass_roots-wikimedia-Lee-R.-DeHaan.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Switchgrass_roots-wikimedia-Lee-R.-DeHaan-450x108.jpg\" alt=\"Plants with deep root systems, like this switchgrass, are good choices for a backyard rain garden.\" width=\"450\" height=\"108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants with deep root systems, like this switchgrass, are good choices for a backyard rain garden. Photo credit: Wikimedia / Lee R. DeHaan\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You want to fill out your bowl with plants that have deep root systems. Native grasses and shrubs take their roots deep into the ground, so they loosen up the soil and allow for more water to seep in. A mowed lawn, in comparison, has a really shallow root system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also pick deep-rooted ornamental plants, but watch out for the tastier varietals like \u003ca href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_loca2.pdf\">cardinal flower\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_ecpu.pdf\">purple coneflower\u003c/a>, which Greiser says can just be deer candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might also want to consider some soil amendments, especially if your soil contains a lot of clay. Mixing in some sand or compost helps water infiltrate through heavy clay. If your backyard soil is already pretty sandy, then a shallow rain garden should work just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rain-barrel-flickr-Digi_D.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rain-barrel-flickr-Digi_D-190x253.jpg\" alt=\"Another option for controlling stormwater on your property is to place a rain barrel beneath the downspout of your gutter. The collected water can be used for watering plants or washing cars. Photo credit: Flickr / Digi_D\" width=\"190\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Another option for controlling stormwater on your property is to place a rain barrel beneath the downspout of your gutter. The collected water can be used for watering plants or washing cars. Photo credit: Flickr / Digi_D\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then wait for the rain. Your garden should soak up the water in just a day or two, so there’s no standing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greiser says backyards are an important part of overall stormwater management plans for areas like northeast Ohio, where residential parcels abound. “While they seem small in and of themselves, the residential areas make up such a great percentage of our land use here, so they’re really critical, and to the extent that we can get whole neighborhoods involved, it’s a cumulative effect,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities even offer incentives to residents who plant rain gardens in their yards. The Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District will \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neorsd.org%2FI_Library.php%3Fa%3Ddownload_file%26LIBRARY_RECORD_ID%3D4725\">knock off 25 percent \u003c/a>from a homeowner’s stormwater fee (if and when\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fmetro%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F11%2Fsewer_district_officials_notif.html\"> those fees \u003c/a>resurface after ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neorsd.org%2Fstormwaterprogram.php\">court battles)\u003c/a>. Other metropolitan areas, like cities in \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Projects/RGRebate/RGRebate.html\">New Jersey\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://rainwise.seattle.gov/city/seattle/overview\">Washington,\u003c/a> give a major rebate to cover the cost of a rain garden installation. One pilot program in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsciencematters%2Fjanuary2011%2Frainbarrels.htm\">Cincinnati \u003c/a>actually paid\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 254px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rainy-leaf-via-Pixabay-by-gama.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rainy-leaf-via-Pixabay-by-gama-254x169.jpg\" alt=\"When in doubt, think like a rain drop. Wherever water pools up in your yard is the best spot to plant a rain garden. Photo credit: Pixabay / gama\" width=\"254\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When in doubt, think like a rain drop. Wherever water pools up in your yard is the best spot to plant a rain garden. Photo credit: Pixabay / gama\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>people to plant them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jen Greiser says would-be rain gardeners should aim to get their plants in during the spring to soak up all the May showers, though a fall planting would also work well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your green thumb is a little rusty, just remember to think like a raindrop and you can’t go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/doc/Homeowners_Guide_Stormwater_Management.pdf\">Rain Garden Manual for Homeowners\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/doc/Homeowners_Guide_Stormwater_Management.pdf\">A Homeowner’s Guide to Stormwater Management\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/maescapes/rain-gardens/plants-rain-gardens\">Rain Gardens - Plants\u003c/a>, from Penn State Extension\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.rainscaping.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.main/typeID/37/index.htm\">Rain Garden Plants\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/I_Library.php?SOURCE=library/2011NR05b_Native-Plants-for-Horticultural-Plantings.pdf&a=download_file&LIBRARY_RECORD_ID=5791\">Ohio Native Plant Suggestions for Horticultural Plantings\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://blog.nwf.org/2014/03/your-backyard-a-stormwater-sponge/\">Your Backyard: A Stormwater Sponge\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s springtime, and many people are putting on their gardening gloves and planting some tomatoes or maybe tulips in their backyard. But there’s another kind of garden that you might want to consider, especially if you live in a rainy place with old and overburdened sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what folks in Parma, Ohio, have done. The Cleveland suburb is a typical neighborhood with homes, lawns, and sidewalks, but there’s something missing: grass. Jen Greiser, a natural resource manager for the Cleveland Metroparks, explains that this is intentional. “For homeowners that signed on to the project, we installed what we call ‘right of way’ rain gardens, and so we worked with a contractor to take up the grass and dig some depressional planting beds and install some plants,” said Greiser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70839\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Storm_Drain-from-wikimedia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Storm_Drain-from-wikimedia-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Heavy rains can overload the sewers in some cities and cause raw sewage to enter waterways. Photo credit: wikimedia\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains can overload the sewers in some cities and cause raw sewage to enter waterways. Photo credit: Wikimedia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project is one of many initiatives in this area and across the country that use plantings and greenery to help trap stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio is a rainy place, and all that water -- if not absorbed into the soil -- runs off, mixes with pollutants and sewage, overloads the wastewater treatment plants, and ends up spewing out untreated into Lake Erie. This isn’t a good thing for people or wildlife or the lake’s overall ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key strategies for keeping stormwater out of the lake and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\">in the soil\u003c/a> is to create what’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Finfrastructure%2Fgreeninfrastructure%2Findex.cfm%23tabs-1\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater runoff can be stemmed on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlct.org%2Fassets%2FResource%2FMiscellaneous%2FGreen-Infrastructure-2012-07-11.PDF\">large scale \u003c/a>with stuff like urban trees, wetland protection, permeable pavement, and floodplain management. But it can also be done on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlct.org%2Fassets%2FResource%2FMiscellaneous%2FGreen-Infrastructure-2012-07-11.PDF\">smaller scale\u003c/a> by individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/purple-cone-flower-via-flickr-Karen-Blaha.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/purple-cone-flower-via-flickr-Karen-Blaha-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Purple Coneflowers, also known as Echinacea, are an attractive plant for a rain garden but watch out for deer, who love to munch them. Photo credit: Flickr / Karen Blaha\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple Coneflowers, also known as Echinacea, are an attractive plant for a rain garden but watch out for deer, who love to munch them. Photo credit: Flickr / Karen Blaha\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spirit of springtime, the Metroparks’ Jen Greiser shared some tips with me on how to plant a backyard rain garden that can reduce local runoff and provide some attractive landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get started she suggests a little observation during the next rainy day. “Just put on a raincoat, grab an umbrella, run outside, and stand out there for a little while,” said Greiser. Your neighbors might wonder what you’re doing, she warned, but don’t let that deter you. It’s important to find out where the water’s pooling up. This is the spot to plant your rain garden. And it doesn’t have to be huge: it can fit right into other landscaping schemes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, it’s time to get your hands dirty with some digging. “Instead of our traditional planting beds that are raised above the ground, we’re kind of flipping that over and we’re going to have a more bowl-shaped area for planting,” said Greiser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Switchgrass_roots-wikimedia-Lee-R.-DeHaan.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Switchgrass_roots-wikimedia-Lee-R.-DeHaan-450x108.jpg\" alt=\"Plants with deep root systems, like this switchgrass, are good choices for a backyard rain garden.\" width=\"450\" height=\"108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants with deep root systems, like this switchgrass, are good choices for a backyard rain garden. Photo credit: Wikimedia / Lee R. DeHaan\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You want to fill out your bowl with plants that have deep root systems. Native grasses and shrubs take their roots deep into the ground, so they loosen up the soil and allow for more water to seep in. A mowed lawn, in comparison, has a really shallow root system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also pick deep-rooted ornamental plants, but watch out for the tastier varietals like \u003ca href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_loca2.pdf\">cardinal flower\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_ecpu.pdf\">purple coneflower\u003c/a>, which Greiser says can just be deer candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might also want to consider some soil amendments, especially if your soil contains a lot of clay. Mixing in some sand or compost helps water infiltrate through heavy clay. If your backyard soil is already pretty sandy, then a shallow rain garden should work just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rain-barrel-flickr-Digi_D.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rain-barrel-flickr-Digi_D-190x253.jpg\" alt=\"Another option for controlling stormwater on your property is to place a rain barrel beneath the downspout of your gutter. The collected water can be used for watering plants or washing cars. Photo credit: Flickr / Digi_D\" width=\"190\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Another option for controlling stormwater on your property is to place a rain barrel beneath the downspout of your gutter. The collected water can be used for watering plants or washing cars. Photo credit: Flickr / Digi_D\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then wait for the rain. Your garden should soak up the water in just a day or two, so there’s no standing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greiser says backyards are an important part of overall stormwater management plans for areas like northeast Ohio, where residential parcels abound. “While they seem small in and of themselves, the residential areas make up such a great percentage of our land use here, so they’re really critical, and to the extent that we can get whole neighborhoods involved, it’s a cumulative effect,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities even offer incentives to residents who plant rain gardens in their yards. The Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District will \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neorsd.org%2FI_Library.php%3Fa%3Ddownload_file%26LIBRARY_RECORD_ID%3D4725\">knock off 25 percent \u003c/a>from a homeowner’s stormwater fee (if and when\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fmetro%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F11%2Fsewer_district_officials_notif.html\"> those fees \u003c/a>resurface after ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neorsd.org%2Fstormwaterprogram.php\">court battles)\u003c/a>. Other metropolitan areas, like cities in \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Projects/RGRebate/RGRebate.html\">New Jersey\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://rainwise.seattle.gov/city/seattle/overview\">Washington,\u003c/a> give a major rebate to cover the cost of a rain garden installation. One pilot program in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/index.php?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsciencematters%2Fjanuary2011%2Frainbarrels.htm\">Cincinnati \u003c/a>actually paid\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 254px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rainy-leaf-via-Pixabay-by-gama.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/rainy-leaf-via-Pixabay-by-gama-254x169.jpg\" alt=\"When in doubt, think like a rain drop. Wherever water pools up in your yard is the best spot to plant a rain garden. Photo credit: Pixabay / gama\" width=\"254\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When in doubt, think like a rain drop. Wherever water pools up in your yard is the best spot to plant a rain garden. Photo credit: Pixabay / gama\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>people to plant them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jen Greiser says would-be rain gardeners should aim to get their plants in during the spring to soak up all the May showers, though a fall planting would also work well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your green thumb is a little rusty, just remember to think like a raindrop and you can’t go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/doc/Homeowners_Guide_Stormwater_Management.pdf\">Rain Garden Manual for Homeowners\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/doc/Homeowners_Guide_Stormwater_Management.pdf\">A Homeowner’s Guide to Stormwater Management\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/maescapes/rain-gardens/plants-rain-gardens\">Rain Gardens - Plants\u003c/a>, from Penn State Extension\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.rainscaping.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.main/typeID/37/index.htm\">Rain Garden Plants\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/I_Library.php?SOURCE=library/2011NR05b_Native-Plants-for-Horticultural-Plantings.pdf&a=download_file&LIBRARY_RECORD_ID=5791\">Ohio Native Plant Suggestions for Horticultural Plantings\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://blog.nwf.org/2014/03/your-backyard-a-stormwater-sponge/\">Your Backyard: A Stormwater Sponge\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda",
"title": "Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70443 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/LiedBridge_20120807_Forsberg_491-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new tool called the Drought Risk Atlas promises to help decision-makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought. The Atlas was developed and launched by the \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/\">National Drought Mitigation Center \u003c/a>at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers a variety of tools and data related to drought, including reports on precipitation, water supply, vegetation, climate, and drought indices. A climatologist with the Center, Mark Svoboda, explained how their latest innovation will help inform our understanding of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70340 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtriskatlas-e1399334774136-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"droughtriskatlas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you explain the Drought Risk Atlas and what it’s going to be used for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions we always get from the newspapers and radio and TV and people in general is, how does this drought compare to the Dust Bowl years or the ’70s or '88? Everyone seems to have a drought they remember. The\u003ca href=\"http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/\"> Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/a> was built with the idea that for the best climate stations out there that have really nice, long-term histories and not a lot of missing data, we can go back and look at the drought history. We’ve built a nice visual interface for that. People that want to download the raw data can get it, but it’s also a nice way to come in and look at the spatial behavior of drought, the intensity of drought. How large of an area, how long did it last, how often does that sort of drought come around? That was the motivation in building this tool, to help decision makers, citizens, and the media. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re going to generate more than 500,000 maps of drought for each week of every year back to the early 1900s.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">For a citizen, what can they expect to see and draw from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can search and hopefully find your station in the town you live in. If that doesn't exist or doesn't have a long history, there will be a station close to you. We've clumped these stations into clusters that have similar drought behavior. You can find your location, then look at drought and how it's behaved over time in your region with a variety of maps, time series, and all sorts of neat visualization tools on the interface. And that's all free and available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\" alt=\"droughtmonitor\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Drought Monitor releases weekly reports on drought conditions across the country. You can find more at droughtmonitor.unl.edu\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">Why is this needed or useful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s to give people a better sense of how they might need to adapt, preparing to get a different mindset about droughts, that they’re a normal part of our climate. We’ve seen [droughts] in the past and we’ll see them in the future with a changing climate. Are these droughts changing in their frequency? Are we seeing them become more intense but more short-lived, are they long-lived but of just a moderate intensity? Knowing how that impacts you and your operation, whether you’re a farmer or rancher or whoever it might be, may help us look to what we should expect from droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70340 size-thumbnail\">Do you think our ability to predict and prepare for drought is improving or has improved during the last few decades?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This can help folks better hedge their bets... What sort of operational decisions they'll make could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I think it's improved, but it has an awful long way to go. Especially in this part of the country, we're sort of landlocked. When you hear about El Niño and La Niña, things that are in the news quite often, they have a much stronger relationship to driving weather along the coastal areas of the country, or the Gulf Coast region, for example. In Nebraska it's not quite as strong, but there are indicators out there that if the ocean's in a certain state, whether abnormally warm or cold, you might expect to have a better chance of seeing drought. This can help folks better hedge their bets. Maybe what sort of operational decisions they'll make, depending on their business, could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance. But the forecast skill depends on a strong oceanic state, and the problem we've had the last two winters -- it's been neutral, not abnormally warm or cool in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php\">ENSO \u003c/a>(El Niño-Southern Oscillation) region of the equatorial Pacific. So the forecast hasn't been very skillful. So, in those times you want to always be prepared for drought as if it will occur any year, not just when there's a forecast to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 179px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/022806_svoboda037a-179x253.jpg\" alt=\"022806_svoboda037a\" width=\"179\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Svoboda has been with the National Drought Mitigation Center since it formed in 1995. As the NDMC’s Monitoring Program Area Leader, his duties include overseeing the center’s operational drought monitoring activities and providing expertise on climate and water management issues. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">Will the Drought Risk Atlas help predict drought and prepare for drought in the future, knowing the historical record?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where I think this tool will be useful is if you see a forecast for drought, or if you’re in a certain stage of drought, you can go back in the Atlas and look at other periods of drought that behaved the same way and maybe you’ll have a better anticipation of what impacts might be coming if this drought continues, if it gets more intense. If it covers a larger area, will this affect my water supply? Everyone will have a different question they want answered, but our goal was to provide some of the visualization tools that can answer several questions, and most questions we've anticipated. And if it doesn't, we've encouraged people to contact us and let us know what they'd like to see in the Atlas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some irrigators in Nebraska have talked about the “new normal” -- meaning they’re getting used to operating with less water year after year. Do you think the same concept applies to drought, in the sense that we’re in these longer phases of drought or maybe we’re entering a longer dry period?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">That’s the kicker question. The million-dollar question is, is this an interlude? We may go back into wetter times. The models that the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) released in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/\">its report\u003c/a> still show the continuing trend of a hotter atmosphere, which exacerbates drought, but also a moister atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say, the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> So it depends on the timing of these rains, how many days in between these rains. But in general, it’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed. And if that shift continues long enough -- say, a couple decades -- that would mean more of a climate shift to the climate regime of a region. We would call that more arid, or aridity, which is a permanent feature of the climate, versus drought, which is a temporary departure from the normal of a region’s climate. So, droughts are going to then be the departure from that new, drier regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">This interview has been condensed and edited. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70443 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/LiedBridge_20120807_Forsberg_491-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new tool called the Drought Risk Atlas promises to help decision-makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought. The Atlas was developed and launched by the \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/\">National Drought Mitigation Center \u003c/a>at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers a variety of tools and data related to drought, including reports on precipitation, water supply, vegetation, climate, and drought indices. A climatologist with the Center, Mark Svoboda, explained how their latest innovation will help inform our understanding of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70340 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtriskatlas-e1399334774136-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"droughtriskatlas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you explain the Drought Risk Atlas and what it’s going to be used for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions we always get from the newspapers and radio and TV and people in general is, how does this drought compare to the Dust Bowl years or the ’70s or '88? Everyone seems to have a drought they remember. The\u003ca href=\"http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/\"> Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/a> was built with the idea that for the best climate stations out there that have really nice, long-term histories and not a lot of missing data, we can go back and look at the drought history. We’ve built a nice visual interface for that. People that want to download the raw data can get it, but it’s also a nice way to come in and look at the spatial behavior of drought, the intensity of drought. How large of an area, how long did it last, how often does that sort of drought come around? That was the motivation in building this tool, to help decision makers, citizens, and the media. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re going to generate more than 500,000 maps of drought for each week of every year back to the early 1900s.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">For a citizen, what can they expect to see and draw from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can search and hopefully find your station in the town you live in. If that doesn't exist or doesn't have a long history, there will be a station close to you. We've clumped these stations into clusters that have similar drought behavior. You can find your location, then look at drought and how it's behaved over time in your region with a variety of maps, time series, and all sorts of neat visualization tools on the interface. And that's all free and available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\" alt=\"droughtmonitor\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Drought Monitor releases weekly reports on drought conditions across the country. You can find more at droughtmonitor.unl.edu\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">Why is this needed or useful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s to give people a better sense of how they might need to adapt, preparing to get a different mindset about droughts, that they’re a normal part of our climate. We’ve seen [droughts] in the past and we’ll see them in the future with a changing climate. Are these droughts changing in their frequency? Are we seeing them become more intense but more short-lived, are they long-lived but of just a moderate intensity? Knowing how that impacts you and your operation, whether you’re a farmer or rancher or whoever it might be, may help us look to what we should expect from droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70340 size-thumbnail\">Do you think our ability to predict and prepare for drought is improving or has improved during the last few decades?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This can help folks better hedge their bets... What sort of operational decisions they'll make could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I think it's improved, but it has an awful long way to go. Especially in this part of the country, we're sort of landlocked. When you hear about El Niño and La Niña, things that are in the news quite often, they have a much stronger relationship to driving weather along the coastal areas of the country, or the Gulf Coast region, for example. In Nebraska it's not quite as strong, but there are indicators out there that if the ocean's in a certain state, whether abnormally warm or cold, you might expect to have a better chance of seeing drought. This can help folks better hedge their bets. Maybe what sort of operational decisions they'll make, depending on their business, could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance. But the forecast skill depends on a strong oceanic state, and the problem we've had the last two winters -- it's been neutral, not abnormally warm or cool in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php\">ENSO \u003c/a>(El Niño-Southern Oscillation) region of the equatorial Pacific. So the forecast hasn't been very skillful. So, in those times you want to always be prepared for drought as if it will occur any year, not just when there's a forecast to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 179px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/022806_svoboda037a-179x253.jpg\" alt=\"022806_svoboda037a\" width=\"179\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Svoboda has been with the National Drought Mitigation Center since it formed in 1995. As the NDMC’s Monitoring Program Area Leader, his duties include overseeing the center’s operational drought monitoring activities and providing expertise on climate and water management issues. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">Will the Drought Risk Atlas help predict drought and prepare for drought in the future, knowing the historical record?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where I think this tool will be useful is if you see a forecast for drought, or if you’re in a certain stage of drought, you can go back in the Atlas and look at other periods of drought that behaved the same way and maybe you’ll have a better anticipation of what impacts might be coming if this drought continues, if it gets more intense. If it covers a larger area, will this affect my water supply? Everyone will have a different question they want answered, but our goal was to provide some of the visualization tools that can answer several questions, and most questions we've anticipated. And if it doesn't, we've encouraged people to contact us and let us know what they'd like to see in the Atlas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some irrigators in Nebraska have talked about the “new normal” -- meaning they’re getting used to operating with less water year after year. Do you think the same concept applies to drought, in the sense that we’re in these longer phases of drought or maybe we’re entering a longer dry period?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">That’s the kicker question. The million-dollar question is, is this an interlude? We may go back into wetter times. The models that the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) released in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/\">its report\u003c/a> still show the continuing trend of a hotter atmosphere, which exacerbates drought, but also a moister atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say, the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> So it depends on the timing of these rains, how many days in between these rains. But in general, it’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed. And if that shift continues long enough -- say, a couple decades -- that would mean more of a climate shift to the climate regime of a region. We would call that more arid, or aridity, which is a permanent feature of the climate, versus drought, which is a temporary departure from the normal of a region’s climate. So, droughts are going to then be the departure from that new, drier regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ho-Chunk Nation Promotes Native Edible Plants",
"title": "Ho-Chunk Nation Promotes Native Edible Plants",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Wisconsin/Radio/Stream/Nativeagriculture.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69868\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000023-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"While Bill Greendeer embraces the return of indigenous plants on his land, he also welcomes the native species. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Bill Greendeer embraces the return of indigenous plants on his land, he also welcomes the native species. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ancestors of the Ho-Chunk Nation survived off the land in western Wisconsin for thousands of years. With modern farming techniques and high-tech distractions, however, some tribal members are losing their connection to the native plants. Efforts are now underway to reintroduce indigenous plants to everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ho-Chunk member Bill Greendeer spoke to me as he made his way through a patch of cattails on his land. Soon the tops of the plants will be green and edible. And like many of the plants growing here, cattails have more than one use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dig down into here,” Greendeer said. “There's medicine that grows in the root of this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer is surrounded by food. A few feet away there is a cluster of watercress growing on top of a bubbling, cold-water stream. There's sumac in the distance, and milkweed and mint will soon be popping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69867\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer peers into one of the freshwater springs on his land. Beds of hearty watercress grow on the water’s surface. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer peers into one of the freshwater springs on his land. Beds of hearty watercress grow on the water’s surface. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It's just amazing the foods that are out there and nobody has any idea about it,” Greendeer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer's knowledge of native plants was part of his upbringing. He and his siblings would join their mother to collect ferns, flowers, and aronia berries in the forest. His father was a healer who taught him about the medicinal and spiritual qualities of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Greendeer wants to pass on his knowledge of the indigenous plants to others. He wants to use his property as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to try to teach people that you can actually survive out there without having to turn your fields over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They talk about so many people starving on this side of the earth. If we actually got smart and learned what's out there, what we're walking in, we'd be able to provide a lot of food for people,” Greendeer continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000030-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer and Juliee de la Terre are passionate about rewilding, or bringing back the native plants and animals, on not just Bill's land, but elsewhere throughout the area. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer and Juliee de la Terre are passionate about rewilding, or bringing back the native plants and animals, on not just Bill's land, but elsewhere throughout the area. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Juliee de la Terre is helping Greendeer develop a plan for his land. Near the top of the to-do list is getting people to reconsider what they deem to be weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the seed of the wild carrot, this is what it looks like,” de la Terre said, sifting through seeds. “Some people call it Queen Anne's lace and they say it's a pretty nasty weed and they hate it, but you can eat it. It's a pretty strong tasting little white carrot, but it's edible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De la Terre, who is non-Native, and Greendeer are not alone in their efforts. Other members of the Ho-Chunk Nation are working to make sure the knowledge of indigenous plants and the act of gathering them are not lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Quackenbush is a tribal historic preservation officer for the Ho-Chunk Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The gathering of plants is] still alive and well,” Quackenbush said, “but to a lesser degree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the knowledge of the native plants is not being passed down to youth as much as it was in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[They have] the convenience of going to the grocery store and working 40 hours a week and then buying canned goods,” he said. “This process here is what's being taught to our children nowadays, so the assimilation process takes place a little bit more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quackenbush says the historic loss of the Ho-Chunk land has also restricted tribal members from accessing indigenous plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69866\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 142px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000024.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69866\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000024-142x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer holds a dam support stick carved by the beavers while standing on one of the many beaver dams on his land in Vernon County. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"142\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer holds a dam support stick carved by the beavers while standing on one of the many beaver dams on his land in Vernon County. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPRenous plants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Ho-Chunk Nation is taking steps to reintroduce the plants on the land it does own. For example, restoration work on its \u003cstrong>Šanak Ska, or White Otter, property\u003c/strong> brought back diverse native edibles. The land is used as an educational tool and also gives the tribal community a place to collect plants. Another similar project is in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De la Terre says non-Native people have a lot to learn from the Ho-Chunk, and she is seeing those efforts evolve in their own ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There [are] a lot of people trying to reconnect,” she said. “Bill's idea on his land is one of millions of people trying to do it. There's a bunch of people trying to grow gardens in their backyard -- that's their idea of reconnecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer says bringing back the native plants is just good for the environment, and the effort is going to take all cultures working together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it's up to everybody to take care of [the plants],” he said, “not just me or not just the Natives. We all have to learn to walk lightly and look around and see what we have.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Bill Greendeer has been letting indigenous plants return to his farm in southwest Wisconsin. The native plants are abundant and edible.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Wisconsin/Radio/Stream/Nativeagriculture.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69868\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000023-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"While Bill Greendeer embraces the return of indigenous plants on his land, he also welcomes the native species. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Bill Greendeer embraces the return of indigenous plants on his land, he also welcomes the native species. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ancestors of the Ho-Chunk Nation survived off the land in western Wisconsin for thousands of years. With modern farming techniques and high-tech distractions, however, some tribal members are losing their connection to the native plants. Efforts are now underway to reintroduce indigenous plants to everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ho-Chunk member Bill Greendeer spoke to me as he made his way through a patch of cattails on his land. Soon the tops of the plants will be green and edible. And like many of the plants growing here, cattails have more than one use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dig down into here,” Greendeer said. “There's medicine that grows in the root of this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer is surrounded by food. A few feet away there is a cluster of watercress growing on top of a bubbling, cold-water stream. There's sumac in the distance, and milkweed and mint will soon be popping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69867\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer peers into one of the freshwater springs on his land. Beds of hearty watercress grow on the water’s surface. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer peers into one of the freshwater springs on his land. Beds of hearty watercress grow on the water’s surface. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It's just amazing the foods that are out there and nobody has any idea about it,” Greendeer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer's knowledge of native plants was part of his upbringing. He and his siblings would join their mother to collect ferns, flowers, and aronia berries in the forest. His father was a healer who taught him about the medicinal and spiritual qualities of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Greendeer wants to pass on his knowledge of the indigenous plants to others. He wants to use his property as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to try to teach people that you can actually survive out there without having to turn your fields over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They talk about so many people starving on this side of the earth. If we actually got smart and learned what's out there, what we're walking in, we'd be able to provide a lot of food for people,” Greendeer continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000030-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer and Juliee de la Terre are passionate about rewilding, or bringing back the native plants and animals, on not just Bill's land, but elsewhere throughout the area. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer and Juliee de la Terre are passionate about rewilding, or bringing back the native plants and animals, on not just Bill's land, but elsewhere throughout the area. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Juliee de la Terre is helping Greendeer develop a plan for his land. Near the top of the to-do list is getting people to reconsider what they deem to be weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the seed of the wild carrot, this is what it looks like,” de la Terre said, sifting through seeds. “Some people call it Queen Anne's lace and they say it's a pretty nasty weed and they hate it, but you can eat it. It's a pretty strong tasting little white carrot, but it's edible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De la Terre, who is non-Native, and Greendeer are not alone in their efforts. Other members of the Ho-Chunk Nation are working to make sure the knowledge of indigenous plants and the act of gathering them are not lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Quackenbush is a tribal historic preservation officer for the Ho-Chunk Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The gathering of plants is] still alive and well,” Quackenbush said, “but to a lesser degree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the knowledge of the native plants is not being passed down to youth as much as it was in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[They have] the convenience of going to the grocery store and working 40 hours a week and then buying canned goods,” he said. “This process here is what's being taught to our children nowadays, so the assimilation process takes place a little bit more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quackenbush says the historic loss of the Ho-Chunk land has also restricted tribal members from accessing indigenous plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69866\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 142px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000024.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69866\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000024-142x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer holds a dam support stick carved by the beavers while standing on one of the many beaver dams on his land in Vernon County. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"142\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer holds a dam support stick carved by the beavers while standing on one of the many beaver dams on his land in Vernon County. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPRenous plants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Ho-Chunk Nation is taking steps to reintroduce the plants on the land it does own. For example, restoration work on its \u003cstrong>Šanak Ska, or White Otter, property\u003c/strong> brought back diverse native edibles. The land is used as an educational tool and also gives the tribal community a place to collect plants. Another similar project is in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De la Terre says non-Native people have a lot to learn from the Ho-Chunk, and she is seeing those efforts evolve in their own ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There [are] a lot of people trying to reconnect,” she said. “Bill's idea on his land is one of millions of people trying to do it. There's a bunch of people trying to grow gardens in their backyard -- that's their idea of reconnecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer says bringing back the native plants is just good for the environment, and the effort is going to take all cultures working together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it's up to everybody to take care of [the plants],” he said, “not just me or not just the Natives. We all have to learn to walk lightly and look around and see what we have.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Repairing the Land After Frac Sand is Removed",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just beneath the green, rolling hills of western Wisconsin lies a key ingredient feeding the energy boom across America: sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The durable sand that’s perfect for hydraulic fracturing is being mined faster than ever before, causing concern about what the land will look like after the rush ends. Now, researchers in a small western Wisconsin county are looking for the best ways to repair the land before the companies leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg\" alt=\"Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\" width=\"604\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69937\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At wells across the country, Wisconsin sand is mixed with water and chemicals and forced into rock formations at intense pressures. The process releases valuable oil and natural gas, in a process commonly known as “fracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin law requires frac sand companies to show local governments how they’ll fill in their mines in a way that will avoid future soil erosion and runoff at the site – what the industry calls “reclamation.” Exactly how they do that is basically up to companies, leaving unanswered questions about how the soil is impacted by mining and how healthy it may be after a company moves out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to answer those questions, a first-of-its-kind study is underway in Chippewa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically removing the soil, we’re stockpiling it, we’re mining out material that’s below the soil and now we’re putting that soil back on the surface,” said Holly Dolliver, a soil scientist at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and a lead researcher on the project. “Presumably, there’s going to be some changes that are going to happen to that soil when we scrape it off and stockpile it for a period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FracSandConveyor-450x237.jpg\" alt=\"A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND) \" width=\"450\" height=\"237\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To quantify those changes, Dolliver and a group of graduate students will spend this summer measuring soil before it's scraped away for mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be looking at the physical characteristics of the soil, we’ll be looking at the chemical characteristics, and we’ll be looking at the biological characteristics of the soil in that natural or native setting,” said Dolliver. “And, then with that data, we’re going to be able to look at that soil after it’s been reclaimed and actually be able to quantify what those changes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolliver and her team will establish test plots where they’ll add varying levels of nutrients like manure and agricultural lime to see which promotes better biological activity and plant growth. But she says one of the most unique parts of the study will be determining whether fine clays and silts – currently considered waste by frac sand companies – can be used to improve water retention in reclaimed soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To our knowledge, no one has ever attempted to look at using the fines in the reclamation process,” said Dolliver. “Like all waste materials that get generated, we’re trying to find a beneficial use for this material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69940\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SandPile-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of the frac sand mines in Wisconsin were built after 2010, Badger Mining Company, based in the city of Berlin, has been mining and reclaiming land for more than 30 years. Marty Lehman, an associate with Badger, says reclamation is a learning process and that he’s excited to see what the Chippewa County study will find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great opportunity to help develop new techniques,” said Lehman. “They’ll have ideas that maybe we didn’t have. They’ll try things that maybe we didn’t try. We’ll have experience and hands-on examples of what can be done, or what we tried that didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Masterpole is the director of the Chippewa County Land Conservation and Forest Management Department, which is sponsoring the reclamation study. He says the\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>overall goal is to find best practices that companies across Wisconsin can use to make sure thousands of acres of land slated for mining can become productive again after companies have moved on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until now we have very limited experiences, collectively, in reclamation,” said Masterpole. “There have been a couple companies that have a pretty good track record, but for many of us reclamation means just getting a site stabilized. But we think that we need to be able to move beyond that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chippewa County land reclamation study will last five years, with additional soil monitoring expected well into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just beneath the green, rolling hills of western Wisconsin lies a key ingredient feeding the energy boom across America: sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The durable sand that’s perfect for hydraulic fracturing is being mined faster than ever before, causing concern about what the land will look like after the rush ends. Now, researchers in a small western Wisconsin county are looking for the best ways to repair the land before the companies leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg\" alt=\"Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\" width=\"604\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69937\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At wells across the country, Wisconsin sand is mixed with water and chemicals and forced into rock formations at intense pressures. The process releases valuable oil and natural gas, in a process commonly known as “fracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin law requires frac sand companies to show local governments how they’ll fill in their mines in a way that will avoid future soil erosion and runoff at the site – what the industry calls “reclamation.” Exactly how they do that is basically up to companies, leaving unanswered questions about how the soil is impacted by mining and how healthy it may be after a company moves out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to answer those questions, a first-of-its-kind study is underway in Chippewa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically removing the soil, we’re stockpiling it, we’re mining out material that’s below the soil and now we’re putting that soil back on the surface,” said Holly Dolliver, a soil scientist at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and a lead researcher on the project. “Presumably, there’s going to be some changes that are going to happen to that soil when we scrape it off and stockpile it for a period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FracSandConveyor-450x237.jpg\" alt=\"A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND) \" width=\"450\" height=\"237\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To quantify those changes, Dolliver and a group of graduate students will spend this summer measuring soil before it's scraped away for mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be looking at the physical characteristics of the soil, we’ll be looking at the chemical characteristics, and we’ll be looking at the biological characteristics of the soil in that natural or native setting,” said Dolliver. “And, then with that data, we’re going to be able to look at that soil after it’s been reclaimed and actually be able to quantify what those changes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolliver and her team will establish test plots where they’ll add varying levels of nutrients like manure and agricultural lime to see which promotes better biological activity and plant growth. But she says one of the most unique parts of the study will be determining whether fine clays and silts – currently considered waste by frac sand companies – can be used to improve water retention in reclaimed soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To our knowledge, no one has ever attempted to look at using the fines in the reclamation process,” said Dolliver. “Like all waste materials that get generated, we’re trying to find a beneficial use for this material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69940\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SandPile-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of the frac sand mines in Wisconsin were built after 2010, Badger Mining Company, based in the city of Berlin, has been mining and reclaiming land for more than 30 years. Marty Lehman, an associate with Badger, says reclamation is a learning process and that he’s excited to see what the Chippewa County study will find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great opportunity to help develop new techniques,” said Lehman. “They’ll have ideas that maybe we didn’t have. They’ll try things that maybe we didn’t try. We’ll have experience and hands-on examples of what can be done, or what we tried that didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Masterpole is the director of the Chippewa County Land Conservation and Forest Management Department, which is sponsoring the reclamation study. He says the\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>overall goal is to find best practices that companies across Wisconsin can use to make sure thousands of acres of land slated for mining can become productive again after companies have moved on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until now we have very limited experiences, collectively, in reclamation,” said Masterpole. “There have been a couple companies that have a pretty good track record, but for many of us reclamation means just getting a site stabilized. But we think that we need to be able to move beyond that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chippewa County land reclamation study will last five years, with additional soil monitoring expected well into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Getting Up Close with Cranes",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/gettingupclosewithcranes3_20_14web01.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Nebraska may look like nothing but flat cornfields from a car speeding down Interstate 80, but it’s an incredibly important stopover point for millions of migrating birds, whose wings and cries fill the skies each spring. One of the most studied and iconic of these species is the sandhill crane, which has been making this annual migration for centuries. Roughly 500,000 cranes travel through Nebraska in the spring, where they descend upon the shallow Platte River, its sandbars, and nearby wetlands to rest and feed before continuing north to breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68966\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68966 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0226-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe, and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the ground was still frozen on a March afternoon on Mormon Island in central Nebraska. This “island” runs for several miles between two channels of the Platte River. Mary Harner, director of science at the \u003ca href=\"http://cranetrust.org/\">Crane Trust\u003c/a>, led the way to a wet meadow: low-lying, undulating grasslands near the Platte, carved by older flows of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on an ice-covered portion of the slough roughly 20 feet across, Harner explained that once the ice melts, this area will have flowing water. These aptly named wet meadows are closely connected to the groundwater just below the surface, and they're usually marsh-like in spring and summer. Their moist soil makes it easier for birds to find bugs and plants to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied crane migration for decades, but they're now using cameras to get an up-close view of how the birds use this critical habitat. Last spring, Harner and other researchers set up 10 game cameras over multiple sites in the meadow. The small, camouflaged cameras were programmed to take pictures every half hour or when they detected motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0221-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had cameras paired between the low wet areas and the nearby drier areas going from south to north across this island,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though this habitat is critical for cranes and other migratory birds, during the last century much of it disappeared as the land was developed for agriculture or towns and cities. The Crane Trust is one of several organizations working on conserving what remains along the central Platte, using methods that mimic historic forces on this river habitat, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/\">like prescribed fire and grazing with cattle and bison\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These wet meadow habitats are very rare. They’re one of the first habitats to be lost when river flows are diminished and floodplains are converted from their natural state. So we’re here to first and foremost protect the remaining grasslands and meadows like this,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0239-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"228\" height=\"152\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner and her colleagues think these cameras might help them learn more about how and why the birds use these areas, which will help their conservation work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Johnsgard, a renowned ornithologist and retired biology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, has spent his career studying cranes and other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring biology of cranes is really important because these six weeks or so that the birds spend in the Platte Valley are critically important for them to acquire the amount of fat -- energy -- that they need for the rest of their spring and summer activities. So it really is important to get this kind of data,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane video cameras have been around for a while, but most of the data on cranes has come from aerial surveys, thermal imaging, and people watching from wildlife blinds. Using the cameras to get thousands of up-close images offers a different way to study sandhill crane biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69099 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/CraneTrust2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You get an enormous sample of thousands of data points and from that you can look at them statistically and figure out exactly what percentage of time birds are doing different things. It gives a set of real data instead of general perceptions,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data would be almost impossible to get without human presence affecting crane behavior, according to Greg Wright, wildlife biologist at the Crane Trust. He noted that part of the initial study involved figuring out where to put the cameras. “We didn’t know exactly how they would respond to these cameras being out there. The camera is small and fairly discreet, and it’s camouflaged, but still, in a grassland anything sticks out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright said their time-lapse photography approach builds on previous wildlife studies, and cranes make ideal subjects for this kind of technology because of their “fidelity” to the Platte River, where they’ve returned year after year for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nature of cameras, when you can’t move them, you need a bird that has some sort of fidelity to a site. Other than nests, there’s not too many places that birds return to again and again in a way that you’d have enough images to be able to discover a pattern. Cranes fit that bill,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for the study came from existing collaboration with the \u003ca href=\"http://p-b-t.net/\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a> project, a public/private partnership of the University of Nebraska, NET Television, and Michael Forsberg Photography, which has been collecting time-lapse images across the river system for the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69021\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0219-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner said changing technology has recently made these kinds of studies much cheaper and easier for researchers. Photos and videos are also more accessible for the general public than papers or graphs, Harner said, “being able show how the groundwater is pulsing and how these grasslands are essentially breathing … it just brings it to life in ways that are nearly impossible to visualize otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Student interns helped classify more than 67,000 unique behaviors from tens of thousands of images collected last March and April. Wright said their initial findings show cranes tend to congregate in the wetter parts of the meadows, where they did more bathing and resting, compared to drier upland areas, where they mostly ate and moved around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69022 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0284-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think we were surprised that there were these strong differences between the uplands and the sloughs -- the water areas,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camera data also offered rare glimpses of birds spending the night in the meadows rather than returning to the river as they normally do. Wright said that this spring the Crane Trust will use the cameras to study nighttime behavior of cranes on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the birds are necessarily doing. We know they stay on the river. But to be able to have a camera right there on the roost and see those birds throughout the night… We’ll be able to see their activity pattern through the night,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project should help researchers and the public alike learn more about Nebraska’s annual winged travelers and their spring visits along the central Platte.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For decades, scientists have studied the annual migration of sandhill cranes through central Nebraska. A new project is using time-lapse cameras to capture and study crane behavior.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/gettingupclosewithcranes3_20_14web01.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Nebraska may look like nothing but flat cornfields from a car speeding down Interstate 80, but it’s an incredibly important stopover point for millions of migrating birds, whose wings and cries fill the skies each spring. One of the most studied and iconic of these species is the sandhill crane, which has been making this annual migration for centuries. Roughly 500,000 cranes travel through Nebraska in the spring, where they descend upon the shallow Platte River, its sandbars, and nearby wetlands to rest and feed before continuing north to breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68966\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68966 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0226-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe, and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the ground was still frozen on a March afternoon on Mormon Island in central Nebraska. This “island” runs for several miles between two channels of the Platte River. Mary Harner, director of science at the \u003ca href=\"http://cranetrust.org/\">Crane Trust\u003c/a>, led the way to a wet meadow: low-lying, undulating grasslands near the Platte, carved by older flows of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on an ice-covered portion of the slough roughly 20 feet across, Harner explained that once the ice melts, this area will have flowing water. These aptly named wet meadows are closely connected to the groundwater just below the surface, and they're usually marsh-like in spring and summer. Their moist soil makes it easier for birds to find bugs and plants to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied crane migration for decades, but they're now using cameras to get an up-close view of how the birds use this critical habitat. Last spring, Harner and other researchers set up 10 game cameras over multiple sites in the meadow. The small, camouflaged cameras were programmed to take pictures every half hour or when they detected motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0221-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had cameras paired between the low wet areas and the nearby drier areas going from south to north across this island,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though this habitat is critical for cranes and other migratory birds, during the last century much of it disappeared as the land was developed for agriculture or towns and cities. The Crane Trust is one of several organizations working on conserving what remains along the central Platte, using methods that mimic historic forces on this river habitat, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/\">like prescribed fire and grazing with cattle and bison\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These wet meadow habitats are very rare. They’re one of the first habitats to be lost when river flows are diminished and floodplains are converted from their natural state. So we’re here to first and foremost protect the remaining grasslands and meadows like this,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0239-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"228\" height=\"152\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner and her colleagues think these cameras might help them learn more about how and why the birds use these areas, which will help their conservation work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Johnsgard, a renowned ornithologist and retired biology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, has spent his career studying cranes and other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring biology of cranes is really important because these six weeks or so that the birds spend in the Platte Valley are critically important for them to acquire the amount of fat -- energy -- that they need for the rest of their spring and summer activities. So it really is important to get this kind of data,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane video cameras have been around for a while, but most of the data on cranes has come from aerial surveys, thermal imaging, and people watching from wildlife blinds. Using the cameras to get thousands of up-close images offers a different way to study sandhill crane biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69099 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/CraneTrust2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You get an enormous sample of thousands of data points and from that you can look at them statistically and figure out exactly what percentage of time birds are doing different things. It gives a set of real data instead of general perceptions,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data would be almost impossible to get without human presence affecting crane behavior, according to Greg Wright, wildlife biologist at the Crane Trust. He noted that part of the initial study involved figuring out where to put the cameras. “We didn’t know exactly how they would respond to these cameras being out there. The camera is small and fairly discreet, and it’s camouflaged, but still, in a grassland anything sticks out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright said their time-lapse photography approach builds on previous wildlife studies, and cranes make ideal subjects for this kind of technology because of their “fidelity” to the Platte River, where they’ve returned year after year for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nature of cameras, when you can’t move them, you need a bird that has some sort of fidelity to a site. Other than nests, there’s not too many places that birds return to again and again in a way that you’d have enough images to be able to discover a pattern. Cranes fit that bill,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for the study came from existing collaboration with the \u003ca href=\"http://p-b-t.net/\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a> project, a public/private partnership of the University of Nebraska, NET Television, and Michael Forsberg Photography, which has been collecting time-lapse images across the river system for the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69021\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0219-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner said changing technology has recently made these kinds of studies much cheaper and easier for researchers. Photos and videos are also more accessible for the general public than papers or graphs, Harner said, “being able show how the groundwater is pulsing and how these grasslands are essentially breathing … it just brings it to life in ways that are nearly impossible to visualize otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Student interns helped classify more than 67,000 unique behaviors from tens of thousands of images collected last March and April. Wright said their initial findings show cranes tend to congregate in the wetter parts of the meadows, where they did more bathing and resting, compared to drier upland areas, where they mostly ate and moved around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69022 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0284-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think we were surprised that there were these strong differences between the uplands and the sloughs -- the water areas,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camera data also offered rare glimpses of birds spending the night in the meadows rather than returning to the river as they normally do. Wright said that this spring the Crane Trust will use the cameras to study nighttime behavior of cranes on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the birds are necessarily doing. We know they stay on the river. But to be able to have a camera right there on the roost and see those birds throughout the night… We’ll be able to see their activity pattern through the night,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Vacant+to+vibrant/Stream/vacantstreamwfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vacant lots are a big problem for cities that have lost a lot of their population, like Detroit and Cleveland. That’s got people tinkering with ways to do something meaningful with the space, such as plant an urban farm or create a neighborhood park. But those options take money, time, and maintenance, so researchers in Cleveland are testing a way to help revitalize an area -- and improve stormwater management -- without breaking the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Cleveland is home to 20,000 vacant lots. Last fall I trudged through one of them with Sandra Albro, a researcher with the Cleveland Botanical Garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There used to be an abandoned building here, flanked by houses in the city’s\u003ca href=\"http://slavicvillage.org/\" target=\"_blank\"> Slavic Village\u003c/a> neighborhood. In its place Albro’s team is installing a rain garden amid rumbling Bobcats, bags of mulch, and plenty of mud. Galoshes were in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68248\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Slavic-Village-Vacant-to-Vibrant-046.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68248\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Slavic-Village-Vacant-to-Vibrant-046-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandra Albro plants her rain garden with greenery that will help mitigate stormwater problems. Credit: Anne Glausser. \" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandra Albro plants the vacant lot with greenery that will help mitigate the city's stormwater problems. Credit: Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Situated on a slope, at the base of the site is a big, bean-shaped indentation in the soil that will soon be planted with thirsty native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're hoping to accomplish with these beans, our little rain gardens, is to just slow the water down and capture it long enough to let it \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">infiltrate into the soil\u003c/a>,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “beans” are part of an \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/urbanwaters\" target=\"_blank\">EPA-funded research study\u003c/a> looking at lower cost, lower maintenance ways to transform vacant land while benefiting communities and the environment. In the environmental engineering community, this kind of project is often called \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albro has set up nine “beans” in this neighborhood and will be comparing their ability to capture stormwater runoff to control sites they’re also monitoring. Regardless of what the data yield, Albro said “greening” projects like this tend to benefit communities in many ways. “There's been a lot of evidence showing that intensive green in neighborhoods improves property values by about 30 percent,” she said. “It reduces violent crime and improves human health indicators. And then on the green infrastructure side, I mean, we do know that green infrastructure can absorb millions of gallons of stormwater every year, so we're hoping to achieve a mixture of those two things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is a big issue in cities like Cleveland. Heavy rains overwhelm the sewer system here, forcing \u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/cso_edu.php\" target=\"_blank\">raw sewage to discharge\u003c/a> into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622-453x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cleveland_vacants_8-15-13\" width=\"386\" height=\"306\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cleveland's vacant spaces, highlighted in orange, all present opportunities for green revitalization. Credit: Sandra Albro.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Albro hopes data from this study, and others like it, will help cities make smart land-use decisions. “We're definitely not promising this is the be all, end all of vacant land reuse and green infrastructure, but in two years we will be able to tell you exactly how it works and what the pros and cons are,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right as Albro planted the site’s first seedling, an aster, the sky turned gray. I camped out under Marlane Weslian’s umbrella. Weslian is a longtime resident and works for the area development group. She said she joined the project because she cares about stormwater issues, but mostly to help her neighborhood get back on its feet. “I've actually been living in the neighborhood since 1972. I raised my kids here and I'm living here now with my partner and I'm not gonna leave. It's a great neighborhood. We'll weather all the ups and downs. We always have,” Weslian said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s plan is to tap into this sense of neighborhood pride, and recruit local volunteers to tend the rain gardens. Urban planners with whom I spoke, including Terry Schwarz with the Kent State Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, say this kind of dual-purpose green infrastructure project could go a long way in helping Cleveland dust off and rebuild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take a neighborhood that's on the -- maybe on the brink -- that has demolition and some vacant land but also has residents living there who would really like to see their neighborhood turn around, these individual vacant parcels become really important,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're hoping to accomplish with these beans, our little rain gardens, is to just slow the water down and capture it long enough to let it \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">infiltrate into the soil\u003c/a>,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “beans” are part of an \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/urbanwaters\" target=\"_blank\">EPA-funded research study\u003c/a> looking at lower cost, lower maintenance ways to transform vacant land while benefiting communities and the environment. In the environmental engineering community, this kind of project is often called \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albro has set up nine “beans” in this neighborhood and will be comparing their ability to capture stormwater runoff to control sites they’re also monitoring. Regardless of what the data yield, Albro said “greening” projects like this tend to benefit communities in many ways. “There's been a lot of evidence showing that intensive green in neighborhoods improves property values by about 30 percent,” she said. “It reduces violent crime and improves human health indicators. And then on the green infrastructure side, I mean, we do know that green infrastructure can absorb millions of gallons of stormwater every year, so we're hoping to achieve a mixture of those two things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is a big issue in cities like Cleveland. Heavy rains overwhelm the sewer system here, forcing \u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/cso_edu.php\" target=\"_blank\">raw sewage to discharge\u003c/a> into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622-453x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cleveland_vacants_8-15-13\" width=\"386\" height=\"306\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cleveland's vacant spaces, highlighted in orange, all present opportunities for green revitalization. Credit: Sandra Albro.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Albro hopes data from this study, and others like it, will help cities make smart land-use decisions. “We're definitely not promising this is the be all, end all of vacant land reuse and green infrastructure, but in two years we will be able to tell you exactly how it works and what the pros and cons are,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right as Albro planted the site’s first seedling, an aster, the sky turned gray. I camped out under Marlane Weslian’s umbrella. Weslian is a longtime resident and works for the area development group. She said she joined the project because she cares about stormwater issues, but mostly to help her neighborhood get back on its feet. “I've actually been living in the neighborhood since 1972. I raised my kids here and I'm living here now with my partner and I'm not gonna leave. It's a great neighborhood. We'll weather all the ups and downs. We always have,” Weslian said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s plan is to tap into this sense of neighborhood pride, and recruit local volunteers to tend the rain gardens. Urban planners with whom I spoke, including Terry Schwarz with the Kent State Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, say this kind of dual-purpose green infrastructure project could go a long way in helping Cleveland dust off and rebuild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take a neighborhood that's on the -- maybe on the brink -- that has demolition and some vacant land but also has residents living there who would really like to see their neighborhood turn around, these individual vacant parcels become really important,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Dredging Up a Problem",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to maintain open navigation channels for ships, sediment buildup in waterways has to be scooped out periodically through a process known as dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Great Lakes states, 60 commercial ports rely on this practice. When dredged material is contaminated, it raises questions about how to dispose of it safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/cuyahoga/\">Cuyahoga River\u003c/a> in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/dredge/\">dredging. \u003c/a> The standard practice has been to put the river muck in confined disposal facilities (\u003ca href=\"http://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Facts%20About/facts-about-confined-disposal-facilities.pdf\">CDFs\u003c/a>). But now there’s a controversial new \u003ca href=\"http://wwwapp.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/401Applications/CHD2014/134292-Cuyahoga2014Dredge401application.pdf\">proposal\u003c/a> on the table to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie, a source of drinking water for more than 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt are hauled into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.portofcleveland.com/\">Port of Cleveland\u003c/a> and unloaded. This commerce supports more than 17,000 jobs, all of which depend on the shipping channel remaining clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment naturally flows downstream with the current, and when it does it clogs things up. To keep the channel open, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> removes enough sediment each year to fill a stadium (approximately 250,000 cubic yards).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is then what to do with the spoils, what to do with what you dredge up from the bottom. So we’ve constantly got this, not ‘Where’s Waldo?’ but ‘Where to Put Waldo?’” said Eric Fitch, an environmental science professor at Marietta College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, it’s been put in confined disposal facilities near the Erie shore. Now the Army Corps, the agency charged with maintaining the nation’s navigation channels, wants to dump it into the open lake instead. Fitch said this might be a reasonable plan, though he’d like to see some pilot testing first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">Other Great Lakes harbors\u003c/a> already submerge their dredged material in fresh water. As much as 50 percent of dredged Great Lakes sediment is placed in the open lake, once it is determined to be largely free of contaminants. Some states, including Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have attempted to ban the practice due to concerns about lingering sediment contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some northeast Ohio residents, environmental groups, and politicians vocally oppose this idea of lake dumping and say it’s an ill-advised cost-cutting measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea at this point how it will contaminate the water process [or] what we’ll have to do to add additional chemicals and treatments,” said Cleveland council member Michael Polensek at a recent public hearing held by the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long-time resident George Havens also testified at the meeting. “I’ve been living in Cleveland for 89 years and drinking this water. I’d like to continue to drink it a little bit longer. Dumping anything into the lake is unscientific, unimaginative, uncivilized, and barbaric,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/sediments.html\">Great Lakes basin\u003c/a> has a long history of industrial pollution, and some of those pollutants, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/about.htm\">PCBs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/factshts/pahs.pdf\">PAHs\u003c/a>, heavy metals, DDT, and its metabolite DDE, persist in the buried sediment. Current urban and agricultural runoff also contributes to the problem. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/CivilWorks/PublicReview/ClevelandOpenLakeEA-FinalDraft.pdf\">Army Corps says according to their tests on the Cuyahoga River, the sediment in the proposed dredging location is not as contaminated\u003c/a> as it used to be. But they have faced pushback not only from citizens and NGOs but also from the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day they need to meet the Ohio EPA water quality standards,” said Ohio EPA Northeast Office District Chief Kurt Princic, “and we don’t feel that’s being met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohio EPA has to sign off on the Army Corps proposal before it can move forward. Princic says they’re concerned because the dredged material would be dumped close to the city’s drinking water intake valves. Fish toxicity is another concern. They also question the methods by which the Army Corps arrived at their conclusion that the sediment is safe enough to put in the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Asquith, dredging program manager for the Army Corps’s Buffalo District, said the sampling methods employed were appropriate for the situation. “All the material there is recent and storm-derived. It’s not a situation where you have legacy contamination over years of material being placed there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Akron geoscientist John Peck reviewed the Corps’s methodology, and is still on the fence about whether this is a good idea or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outstanding question for him was why didn’t they take samples from deeper down, where they would be dredging? “I just wonder, because you’ll vary the floods, you’ll vary the type of sediment, you’ll vary the contaminants, maybe one should just take a sediment core,” Peck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns like this have environmental groups calling for the Ohio EPA to put the brakes on the plan and allow for further review of the science and a discussion of other disposal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"A Common Yellowthroat perches on top of the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River.\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Common Yellowthroat perches on shrubbery at the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River. Photo by Laura Gooch / Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the Army Corps is required to deal with the material in the least expensive environmentally acceptable manner, there are other options for it. It could be stored more efficiently at the current confined disposal sites and eke out, by some estimates, another 20 years of storage. Or it could be \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2004_08_20_oceans_regulatory_dumpdredged_framework_techframework.pdf\">remediated\u003c/a> and put to \u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">beneficial use. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Green Bay, Wisconsin, uses dredged material to reconstruct a series of barrier islands, creating habitat for pelicans, cormorants, and other species. Grand Haven, Michigan, mixes their dredged material with composted municipal yard waste to create topsoil. Chicago has also experimented with reuse with their “Mud to Parks” project. At the Port of Duluth-Superior in Minnesota and Wisconsin, dredged material replaces fill dirt on construction sites, and it’s also used in asphalt production. And even Cleveland has a history of putting it to beneficial use: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/Coastal_Main_Menu/PublicAccess/CU_ClevLakefrontNaturePreserve_Dike14/tabid/22784/Default.aspx\">Dike 14 Nature Preserve\u003c/a> is made up of material dredged from the Cuyahoga in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is expected from Ohio EPA by the end of March as to whether material from the Cuyahoga River will be allowed in Lake Erie. Rejecting this proposal would send the Army Corps of Engineers back to the drawing board to find another place to put this season’s cache of muck.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Cuyahoga River in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent dredging to keep the shipping channels open. Now a controversial new proposal to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie has residents worried about contamination of the public water supply. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to maintain open navigation channels for ships, sediment buildup in waterways has to be scooped out periodically through a process known as dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Great Lakes states, 60 commercial ports rely on this practice. When dredged material is contaminated, it raises questions about how to dispose of it safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/cuyahoga/\">Cuyahoga River\u003c/a> in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/dredge/\">dredging. \u003c/a> The standard practice has been to put the river muck in confined disposal facilities (\u003ca href=\"http://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Facts%20About/facts-about-confined-disposal-facilities.pdf\">CDFs\u003c/a>). But now there’s a controversial new \u003ca href=\"http://wwwapp.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/401Applications/CHD2014/134292-Cuyahoga2014Dredge401application.pdf\">proposal\u003c/a> on the table to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie, a source of drinking water for more than 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt are hauled into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.portofcleveland.com/\">Port of Cleveland\u003c/a> and unloaded. This commerce supports more than 17,000 jobs, all of which depend on the shipping channel remaining clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment naturally flows downstream with the current, and when it does it clogs things up. To keep the channel open, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> removes enough sediment each year to fill a stadium (approximately 250,000 cubic yards).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is then what to do with the spoils, what to do with what you dredge up from the bottom. So we’ve constantly got this, not ‘Where’s Waldo?’ but ‘Where to Put Waldo?’” said Eric Fitch, an environmental science professor at Marietta College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, it’s been put in confined disposal facilities near the Erie shore. Now the Army Corps, the agency charged with maintaining the nation’s navigation channels, wants to dump it into the open lake instead. Fitch said this might be a reasonable plan, though he’d like to see some pilot testing first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">Other Great Lakes harbors\u003c/a> already submerge their dredged material in fresh water. As much as 50 percent of dredged Great Lakes sediment is placed in the open lake, once it is determined to be largely free of contaminants. Some states, including Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have attempted to ban the practice due to concerns about lingering sediment contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some northeast Ohio residents, environmental groups, and politicians vocally oppose this idea of lake dumping and say it’s an ill-advised cost-cutting measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea at this point how it will contaminate the water process [or] what we’ll have to do to add additional chemicals and treatments,” said Cleveland council member Michael Polensek at a recent public hearing held by the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long-time resident George Havens also testified at the meeting. “I’ve been living in Cleveland for 89 years and drinking this water. I’d like to continue to drink it a little bit longer. Dumping anything into the lake is unscientific, unimaginative, uncivilized, and barbaric,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/sediments.html\">Great Lakes basin\u003c/a> has a long history of industrial pollution, and some of those pollutants, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/about.htm\">PCBs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/factshts/pahs.pdf\">PAHs\u003c/a>, heavy metals, DDT, and its metabolite DDE, persist in the buried sediment. Current urban and agricultural runoff also contributes to the problem. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/CivilWorks/PublicReview/ClevelandOpenLakeEA-FinalDraft.pdf\">Army Corps says according to their tests on the Cuyahoga River, the sediment in the proposed dredging location is not as contaminated\u003c/a> as it used to be. But they have faced pushback not only from citizens and NGOs but also from the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day they need to meet the Ohio EPA water quality standards,” said Ohio EPA Northeast Office District Chief Kurt Princic, “and we don’t feel that’s being met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohio EPA has to sign off on the Army Corps proposal before it can move forward. Princic says they’re concerned because the dredged material would be dumped close to the city’s drinking water intake valves. Fish toxicity is another concern. They also question the methods by which the Army Corps arrived at their conclusion that the sediment is safe enough to put in the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Asquith, dredging program manager for the Army Corps’s Buffalo District, said the sampling methods employed were appropriate for the situation. “All the material there is recent and storm-derived. It’s not a situation where you have legacy contamination over years of material being placed there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Akron geoscientist John Peck reviewed the Corps’s methodology, and is still on the fence about whether this is a good idea or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outstanding question for him was why didn’t they take samples from deeper down, where they would be dredging? “I just wonder, because you’ll vary the floods, you’ll vary the type of sediment, you’ll vary the contaminants, maybe one should just take a sediment core,” Peck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns like this have environmental groups calling for the Ohio EPA to put the brakes on the plan and allow for further review of the science and a discussion of other disposal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"A Common Yellowthroat perches on top of the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River.\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Common Yellowthroat perches on shrubbery at the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River. Photo by Laura Gooch / Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the Army Corps is required to deal with the material in the least expensive environmentally acceptable manner, there are other options for it. It could be stored more efficiently at the current confined disposal sites and eke out, by some estimates, another 20 years of storage. Or it could be \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2004_08_20_oceans_regulatory_dumpdredged_framework_techframework.pdf\">remediated\u003c/a> and put to \u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">beneficial use. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Green Bay, Wisconsin, uses dredged material to reconstruct a series of barrier islands, creating habitat for pelicans, cormorants, and other species. Grand Haven, Michigan, mixes their dredged material with composted municipal yard waste to create topsoil. Chicago has also experimented with reuse with their “Mud to Parks” project. At the Port of Duluth-Superior in Minnesota and Wisconsin, dredged material replaces fill dirt on construction sites, and it’s also used in asphalt production. And even Cleveland has a history of putting it to beneficial use: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/Coastal_Main_Menu/PublicAccess/CU_ClevLakefrontNaturePreserve_Dike14/tabid/22784/Default.aspx\">Dike 14 Nature Preserve\u003c/a> is made up of material dredged from the Cuyahoga in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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