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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/cows2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/cows2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cows\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12029\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To raw-milk cheese lovers, pasteurization is the enemy of locavore cheese. Pasteurization may kill microbes like e.coli, but, they say, it also kills a cheese’s \u003ci>terroir\u003c/i>, the unique taste associated with a particular place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent Fancy Food Show at San Francisco’s Moscone Center, I met Gildas Cochennec, a director of export with Fromi Rungis, a French cheese exporter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In France, Cochennec explained, there are no limits on the kinds of unpasteurized cheeses that can be sold in stores. (Here in the US, raw-milk cheese must be aged 60 days.) That gives the French access to a range of fresh, soft raw-milk cheeses we Americans don’t get. (For instance, “true” camembert, which in France is produced with unpasteurized milk.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Cochennec what we’re missing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/French Importer.mp3\"]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to Gildas Cochennec discuss the flavor of raw-milk vs. pasteurized milk cheese.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, for our radio story, we paid a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointreyescheese.com/\">Point Reyes Farmstead Cheese Compan\u003c/a>y, which is situated on 700 spectacular acres of farmland overlooking Tomales Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmstead is best known for its award- winning Original Blue. Jill Giacomini-Basch -- one of four sisters who grew up here and, in 2000, returned to start the company -- says this cheese couldn't be made anywhere else. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The milk here is really reflective of the climate, the grasses, the moderate temperature,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every step involved in making this 20 dollar-a-pound blue cheese takes place here, in Point Reyes. The dairy's Holstein cows graze these fields, and every afternoon, their milk is pumped uphill to the make-house, where it’s mixed with cultures, blue mold, salt, and enzymes. Then the curds are poured into round plastic forms, salted, wrapped, and aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At no point is the milk pasteurized, or, heated to kill bacteria. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Besides destroying the potential bad bacteria,” says head cheesemaker Kuba Hemmerling, pasteurization also destroys “the good bacteria. So obviously you take some of the flavors out of your cheese.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The French have a word for this: \u003cem>terroir\u003c/em>. It refers to the flavor of a particular place at a particular time of year. “I would call it more -- in a good way – farmy,” says Hemmerling. “You taste more of the farm, where the cows were, and what was happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selling raw, or unpasteurized, milk \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm079516.htm\">is illegal in most states\u003c/a>. But, under federal law, raw-milk \u003ci>cheese\u003c/i> is OK, as long as it’s been aged at least 60 days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at Farmstead, the cheese is aged for about five months, well over that minimum. The idea is that the aging process both adds to the flavor and kills off harmful bacteria like e. coli O157-H7, which can make its way from an animal’s manure into its milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in recent months, two recalls involving e. coli in raw-milk cheese have brought that law into question: in November, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls/ucm234691.htm\">at Bravo Farms\u003c/a>, near Fresno, then in December, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm237304.htm\">Sally Jackson Cheese\u003c/a>, in Washington State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Acheson, a former associate commissioner for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, says laboratory tests have suggested that e.coli O157, and possibly other microbes, as well, can survive the 60-day aging process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s real concern that the 60 days isn’t long enough,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, there are about 40 reported cases a year of people getting sick from raw-milk cheese, nationwide, according to the Centers for Disease Control. During a 15-year period between 1993 and 2008, two people died from those illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a small fraction of the outbreaks that have been traced back to ground beef, for example, and the number has stayed fairly constant. Still, the FDA says raw-milk cheese is a growing concern. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the agency is increasing inspections at creameries across the country and, officials there say, revisiting the science behind the 60-day rule. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on what it finds out, the FDA could extend its minimum aging period. Or, it could follow the lead of Australia and Korea, and outlaw raw-milk cheese entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Hyatt, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cheesesociety.org/\">American Cheese Society\u003c/a> says this scare over raw-milk cheese gives her a sense of déjà vu, to the early 2000s, when a series of cheese recalls created, she says, “a similar energy, or vibe, shall we say, in the industry.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those concerns died down, Hyatt says, once Americans realized that as much as a third of the cheese on supermarket shelves comes from raw milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parmigiano-Reggiano, Gruyere, Roquefort,” she lists, “they are all made with raw milk and have been for thousands of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyatt says rather than outlaw raw-milk cheeses, the FDA \u003ca href=\"http://www.cheesesociety.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=304\">should work with producers\u003c/a> to make sure their facilities are as clean as possible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recalls, she says, have been a wake up call “that cheesemakers need to bump it up a notch. And I think a majority of our cheesemakers already do that, as evidenced by the fact that these issues don’t really surface that often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Jill Giacomini Bacsh and I take off our hairnets and plastic booties, which are required in the make-room, we step through what looks like a stream of bubbles that pulses onto the floor every ten minutes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giacomini Basch says precautions like these are life or death to her family's operation. The recalls are a reminder of just how easy it would be to lose this land whose flavors her family works so hard to preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really can’t be too careful,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-07-quest.mp3\"]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/local-cheese-makers-fear-a-raw-deal\">Local Cheese Makers Fear a Raw Deal\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vat2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vat2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vat\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12027\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vat2.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vat2-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.17667141871774 -122.75161743164062\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Cochennec what we’re missing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/French Importer.mp3\"]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to Gildas Cochennec discuss the flavor of raw-milk vs. pasteurized milk cheese.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, for our radio story, we paid a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointreyescheese.com/\">Point Reyes Farmstead Cheese Compan\u003c/a>y, which is situated on 700 spectacular acres of farmland overlooking Tomales Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmstead is best known for its award- winning Original Blue. Jill Giacomini-Basch -- one of four sisters who grew up here and, in 2000, returned to start the company -- says this cheese couldn't be made anywhere else. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The milk here is really reflective of the climate, the grasses, the moderate temperature,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every step involved in making this 20 dollar-a-pound blue cheese takes place here, in Point Reyes. The dairy's Holstein cows graze these fields, and every afternoon, their milk is pumped uphill to the make-house, where it’s mixed with cultures, blue mold, salt, and enzymes. Then the curds are poured into round plastic forms, salted, wrapped, and aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At no point is the milk pasteurized, or, heated to kill bacteria. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Besides destroying the potential bad bacteria,” says head cheesemaker Kuba Hemmerling, pasteurization also destroys “the good bacteria. So obviously you take some of the flavors out of your cheese.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The French have a word for this: \u003cem>terroir\u003c/em>. It refers to the flavor of a particular place at a particular time of year. “I would call it more -- in a good way – farmy,” says Hemmerling. “You taste more of the farm, where the cows were, and what was happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selling raw, or unpasteurized, milk \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm079516.htm\">is illegal in most states\u003c/a>. But, under federal law, raw-milk \u003ci>cheese\u003c/i> is OK, as long as it’s been aged at least 60 days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at Farmstead, the cheese is aged for about five months, well over that minimum. The idea is that the aging process both adds to the flavor and kills off harmful bacteria like e. coli O157-H7, which can make its way from an animal’s manure into its milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in recent months, two recalls involving e. coli in raw-milk cheese have brought that law into question: in November, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls/ucm234691.htm\">at Bravo Farms\u003c/a>, near Fresno, then in December, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm237304.htm\">Sally Jackson Cheese\u003c/a>, in Washington State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Acheson, a former associate commissioner for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, says laboratory tests have suggested that e.coli O157, and possibly other microbes, as well, can survive the 60-day aging process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s real concern that the 60 days isn’t long enough,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, there are about 40 reported cases a year of people getting sick from raw-milk cheese, nationwide, according to the Centers for Disease Control. During a 15-year period between 1993 and 2008, two people died from those illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a small fraction of the outbreaks that have been traced back to ground beef, for example, and the number has stayed fairly constant. Still, the FDA says raw-milk cheese is a growing concern. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the agency is increasing inspections at creameries across the country and, officials there say, revisiting the science behind the 60-day rule. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on what it finds out, the FDA could extend its minimum aging period. Or, it could follow the lead of Australia and Korea, and outlaw raw-milk cheese entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Hyatt, who heads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cheesesociety.org/\">American Cheese Society\u003c/a> says this scare over raw-milk cheese gives her a sense of déjà vu, to the early 2000s, when a series of cheese recalls created, she says, “a similar energy, or vibe, shall we say, in the industry.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those concerns died down, Hyatt says, once Americans realized that as much as a third of the cheese on supermarket shelves comes from raw milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parmigiano-Reggiano, Gruyere, Roquefort,” she lists, “they are all made with raw milk and have been for thousands of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyatt says rather than outlaw raw-milk cheeses, the FDA \u003ca href=\"http://www.cheesesociety.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=304\">should work with producers\u003c/a> to make sure their facilities are as clean as possible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recalls, she says, have been a wake up call “that cheesemakers need to bump it up a notch. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-cfls-got-their-bad-rap\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/bulb3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The evolution of the light bulb.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California begins its long goodbye to the light bulb – at least the one Thomas Edison helped invent over a century ago. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007\">The law\u003c/a>, signed by President George W. Bush back in 2007, \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2011/01/california-100-watt-bulb-new-incandescent-.html\">phases out the old, energy-hogging 100-watt incandescents\u003c/a> in favor of newer bulbs that are just as bright, but use at least 28-percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the rest of the country will follow suit. By 2014, the traditional 75 and 40-watt incandescent bulbs will be gone, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law leaves consumers with several choices. Among them are halogen bulbs, which are an updated and more energy-efficient take on the old incandescent bulbs, and compact fluorescents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CFLs are some of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=LB\">most efficient bulbs on the market\u003c/a>. But they’ve long suffered an image problem, according to Michael Siminovich, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/\">California Lighting Technology Center\u003c/a>, at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-24-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-cfls-got-their-bad-rap\">How CFLs Got Their Bad Rap\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If you go into a home today in the US, fluorescents are the exception,” Siminovich says. “We should have transformed this marketplace by now, but by and large it’s been a dismal failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened? According to Siminovich, there were two big misconceptions and one big mistake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misperception number one: \u003cb>The light from CFLs is ugly and unflattering.\u003c/b> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Siminovich, this is both the oldest complaint in the book and the easiest to resolve. He takes me over to a wall of wooden cubbies, each about a foot square. Installed in each is a different type of bulb, including several CFLs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the first CFL, my hand looks pale and sickly. I tell Siminovich I look like a corpse. “Yep,” he says, “and this is how bad it is in some people’s homes.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those people simply bought the wrong type of compact florescent. CFLs with\u003ca href=\"http://www.lightingfacts.com/default.aspx?cp=content/label\"> high K (Kelvin) numbers \u003c/a>–around 5000 — give off a cool, blue-green light. But get one with a lower K number, say 3000, and it’s as warm as any incandescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misperception number two: \u003cb>CFLs aren’t well- made\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siminovich says initially, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/energy-environment/28bulbs.html?th&emc=th\">that was true\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many bulbs, he says were touted as lasting for five years. “So when you stick this in and then it dies six months later. That \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/energy-environment/28bulbs.html?th&emc=th\">leaves a terrible experience in your mind.\u003c/a>” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to what Siminovich says was the big mistake. It has to do with the reason CFLs became so ubiquitous, in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an explanation, I called Max Neubauer, research associate with the American Council on Energy Efficiency, a nonprofit advocacy group in Washington DC. The ACEE evaluates and compares various states’ efficiency programs. (California consistently ranks at the top of the list.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says from a state government standpoint, CFLs are pretty much efficiency 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at any state that’s invested in energy efficiency, chances are they’ve invested in some sort of lighting program, including buying a lot of CFLs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At both the state and federal level, government agencies \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704259704576033890595565026.html\">have spent billions\u003c/a> of dollars subsidizing CFLs. Here in California alone, energy utilities, like PG&E, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/energy/energy+efficiency/\">are spending over 500 million ratepayer dollars\u003c/a>, over the course of seven years, on CFLs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when you buy tens of millions of light bulbs at a time, you probably want to get the cheapest ones you can find, says Siminovich. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what did the poor lamp manufacturers do? They compromised some of the color, some of the quality, so we ended up with a lot of compact fluorescent lamps that don’t satisfy people’s preferences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short: state and federal agencies bought millions of inexpensive and low-quality CFL bulbs. Many of the bulbs burned out early or made people look corpse-like. That’s how CFLs got their bad rap. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, the bulbs have made a difference in energy use, although their exact contribution is hard to quantify. The ACEE’s Max Neubauer believes CFLs aren’t a bad first step for states to take, especially if they follow it up with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/06/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">more sophisticated efficiency programs\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Siminovich, those early investments in CFLs were a missed opportunity to have achieved greater savings, earlier on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A more expensive lamp — $5, $4 — a lamp that produces great color, lasts five years, is dimmable,” he says, “we could have transformed the marketplace.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it took a while, but today that’s what’s happening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Home Depot in Daly City, there are still some 100-watt bulbs on the shelves, but when they sell out, it’s over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assistant Manager Brian Thomas says when customers ask about the phase-out, he has a very simple response. “We show them our display.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The display is a table with about a dozen lit bulbs of different types, including traditional incandescents, and CFLs. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-cfls-got-their-bad-rap\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/bulb3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The evolution of the light bulb.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California begins its long goodbye to the light bulb – at least the one Thomas Edison helped invent over a century ago. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007\">The law\u003c/a>, signed by President George W. Bush back in 2007, \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2011/01/california-100-watt-bulb-new-incandescent-.html\">phases out the old, energy-hogging 100-watt incandescents\u003c/a> in favor of newer bulbs that are just as bright, but use at least 28-percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the rest of the country will follow suit. By 2014, the traditional 75 and 40-watt incandescent bulbs will be gone, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law leaves consumers with several choices. Among them are halogen bulbs, which are an updated and more energy-efficient take on the old incandescent bulbs, and compact fluorescents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CFLs are some of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=LB\">most efficient bulbs on the market\u003c/a>. But they’ve long suffered an image problem, according to Michael Siminovich, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/\">California Lighting Technology Center\u003c/a>, at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-24-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-cfls-got-their-bad-rap\">How CFLs Got Their Bad Rap\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If you go into a home today in the US, fluorescents are the exception,” Siminovich says. “We should have transformed this marketplace by now, but by and large it’s been a dismal failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened? According to Siminovich, there were two big misconceptions and one big mistake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misperception number one: \u003cb>The light from CFLs is ugly and unflattering.\u003c/b> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Siminovich, this is both the oldest complaint in the book and the easiest to resolve. He takes me over to a wall of wooden cubbies, each about a foot square. Installed in each is a different type of bulb, including several CFLs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the first CFL, my hand looks pale and sickly. I tell Siminovich I look like a corpse. “Yep,” he says, “and this is how bad it is in some people’s homes.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those people simply bought the wrong type of compact florescent. CFLs with\u003ca href=\"http://www.lightingfacts.com/default.aspx?cp=content/label\"> high K (Kelvin) numbers \u003c/a>–around 5000 — give off a cool, blue-green light. But get one with a lower K number, say 3000, and it’s as warm as any incandescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misperception number two: \u003cb>CFLs aren’t well- made\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siminovich says initially, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/energy-environment/28bulbs.html?th&emc=th\">that was true\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many bulbs, he says were touted as lasting for five years. “So when you stick this in and then it dies six months later. That \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/energy-environment/28bulbs.html?th&emc=th\">leaves a terrible experience in your mind.\u003c/a>” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to what Siminovich says was the big mistake. It has to do with the reason CFLs became so ubiquitous, in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an explanation, I called Max Neubauer, research associate with the American Council on Energy Efficiency, a nonprofit advocacy group in Washington DC. The ACEE evaluates and compares various states’ efficiency programs. (California consistently ranks at the top of the list.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says from a state government standpoint, CFLs are pretty much efficiency 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at any state that’s invested in energy efficiency, chances are they’ve invested in some sort of lighting program, including buying a lot of CFLs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At both the state and federal level, government agencies \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704259704576033890595565026.html\">have spent billions\u003c/a> of dollars subsidizing CFLs. Here in California alone, energy utilities, like PG&E, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/energy/energy+efficiency/\">are spending over 500 million ratepayer dollars\u003c/a>, over the course of seven years, on CFLs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when you buy tens of millions of light bulbs at a time, you probably want to get the cheapest ones you can find, says Siminovich. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what did the poor lamp manufacturers do? They compromised some of the color, some of the quality, so we ended up with a lot of compact fluorescent lamps that don’t satisfy people’s preferences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short: state and federal agencies bought millions of inexpensive and low-quality CFL bulbs. Many of the bulbs burned out early or made people look corpse-like. That’s how CFLs got their bad rap. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, the bulbs have made a difference in energy use, although their exact contribution is hard to quantify. The ACEE’s Max Neubauer believes CFLs aren’t a bad first step for states to take, especially if they follow it up with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/06/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">more sophisticated efficiency programs\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Siminovich, those early investments in CFLs were a missed opportunity to have achieved greater savings, earlier on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A more expensive lamp — $5, $4 — a lamp that produces great color, lasts five years, is dimmable,” he says, “we could have transformed the marketplace.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it took a while, but today that’s what’s happening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Home Depot in Daly City, there are still some 100-watt bulbs on the shelves, but when they sell out, it’s over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assistant Manager Brian Thomas says when customers ask about the phase-out, he has a very simple response. “We show them our display.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The display is a table with about a dozen lit bulbs of different types, including traditional incandescents, and CFLs. Thomas points to the CFL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at this and you can’t tell me that’s less bright than a normal incandescent, right? And it’s dimmable. I mean it’s not only better for the environment, but it’s going to save them money down the long run. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.551087 -121.716295\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Goodbye to the Bevatron",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio3-28_Bevatron3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>By 1954, ten years after the first atomic bombs leveled Hisroshima and Nagasaki, many of the scientists who had helped develop America’s nuclear arsenal had returned to the US. After years of working on weapons of mass destruction -- and seeing those theories become reality -- many turned to some of the most basic questions imaginable: How did the universe begin? What is it made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places they came to ask those questions was \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>, in the Berkeley hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart Loken is a physicist with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and every day on his way to work he passes by a decrepit-looking building about the size and shape of a small sports stadium. Its windows are knocked out, there's a junk pile of old doors and pipes in front. It's called the Bevatron. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-17-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">Goodbye to the Bevatron\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5798_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the highest energy accelerator in the world,” says Loken, pointing to the ruins. “It was commissioned with a single goal in mind, which was to produce experimental evidence of the \u003ca href=\"http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2009/11/bevatronantiproton-bit-of-history.html\">existence of the anti-proton\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand – or at least, approach understanding -- the anti-proton, you have to back up, all the way up to the event that physicists consider the very beginning of the universe, 14 billion years ago: The big bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any model of the big bang that makes any sense to us creates equal amounts of matter and \u003ca href=\"http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html\">antimatter \u003c/a>from the vacuum,” says Persis Drell, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Lab\u003c/a>, at Stanford. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5804_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>Some of the Bevatron’s waste was radioactive, and had to be hauled to hazardous waste sites, such as in Kettleman City.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drell says matter is pretty straightforward. It's what makes up your coffee cup, your brain, the visible universe. But for every subatomic particle that makes up matter, there’s a matching particle, an anti-particle, with the opposite electrical charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you create matter, you always create an equal amount of antimatter,” Drell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists knew the anti-matter had to be out there, but for the most part, they couldn't see it. So, they decided to look for one type of anti-matter in particular, the anti-proton. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The anti-proton was the thing that would confirm the fact that there is an antimatter world, in addition to the matter world that we see every day,” says Stewart Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if scientists could produce an anti-proton, it would mean that our understanding of the Big Bang, and the makeup of our universe was basically on the right track. If not, well, it was back to square one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they built the Bevatron to test their theory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5817_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5817_600\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11567\">\u003cem>Five Nobel Prizes were won based on work at the Bevatron, including the 1959 nobel Prize in Physics, for the discovery of the anti-proton.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment began with a thin cloud of hydrogen gas. First, scientists extracted protons from the hydrogen atoms, and injected them into the accelerator chamber. As the protons whipped around and around the chamber they went faster and faster, until they approached the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to get to high enough energy that when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">particles smash together\u003c/a>, you can turn that energy into the production of new particles,” says Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened. As the particles approached light speed, the Bevatron performed a feat Einstein himself described with the equation E=MC2: That mass and energy are different manifestations of the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since mass and energy are essentially interchangeable, the Bevatron was able to transform matter into energy, and energy back into even more matter… including, in 1955, for the first time ever, antimatter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We smashed proton against proton and in the end we had proton, proton, antiproton and another proton to balance it out,” Loken says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work won Bevatron scientists the \u003ca href=\"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/\">1959 Nobel Prize in physics\u003c/a>. It was the first of four Nobels to come from research done here - as well as new insights into things like radiation treatment for cancer, and how to keep astronauts safe from radiation in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the late 1980s, the Bevatron had become obsolete. In 1993, it closed its doors for good. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking down the Bevatron is a huge endeavor. When it's finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Community/construction/b51.html\">demolished\u003c/a>, in 2011, it will have cost the country 50 million dollars. Part of the expense will be from removing a protective layer of concrete blocks that kept scientists safe from radiation released by the accelerator. Now, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-04-01/bay-area/17368125_1_lab-two-years-lawrence-berkeley-national-laboratory-particle\">those blocks\u003c/a> must be hauled away to hazardous waste sites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the work that in some ways began here… much of it has moved to the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Cern, Switzerland. Where scientists – including from Berkeley – are trying to get a better understanding of how the universe began. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio3-28_Bevatron3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>By 1954, ten years after the first atomic bombs leveled Hisroshima and Nagasaki, many of the scientists who had helped develop America’s nuclear arsenal had returned to the US. After years of working on weapons of mass destruction -- and seeing those theories become reality -- many turned to some of the most basic questions imaginable: How did the universe begin? What is it made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places they came to ask those questions was \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>, in the Berkeley hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart Loken is a physicist with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and every day on his way to work he passes by a decrepit-looking building about the size and shape of a small sports stadium. Its windows are knocked out, there's a junk pile of old doors and pipes in front. It's called the Bevatron. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-17-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">Goodbye to the Bevatron\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5798_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the highest energy accelerator in the world,” says Loken, pointing to the ruins. “It was commissioned with a single goal in mind, which was to produce experimental evidence of the \u003ca href=\"http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2009/11/bevatronantiproton-bit-of-history.html\">existence of the anti-proton\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand – or at least, approach understanding -- the anti-proton, you have to back up, all the way up to the event that physicists consider the very beginning of the universe, 14 billion years ago: The big bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any model of the big bang that makes any sense to us creates equal amounts of matter and \u003ca href=\"http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html\">antimatter \u003c/a>from the vacuum,” says Persis Drell, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Lab\u003c/a>, at Stanford. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5804_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>Some of the Bevatron’s waste was radioactive, and had to be hauled to hazardous waste sites, such as in Kettleman City.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drell says matter is pretty straightforward. It's what makes up your coffee cup, your brain, the visible universe. But for every subatomic particle that makes up matter, there’s a matching particle, an anti-particle, with the opposite electrical charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you create matter, you always create an equal amount of antimatter,” Drell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists knew the anti-matter had to be out there, but for the most part, they couldn't see it. So, they decided to look for one type of anti-matter in particular, the anti-proton. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The anti-proton was the thing that would confirm the fact that there is an antimatter world, in addition to the matter world that we see every day,” says Stewart Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if scientists could produce an anti-proton, it would mean that our understanding of the Big Bang, and the makeup of our universe was basically on the right track. If not, well, it was back to square one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they built the Bevatron to test their theory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5817_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5817_600\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11567\">\u003cem>Five Nobel Prizes were won based on work at the Bevatron, including the 1959 nobel Prize in Physics, for the discovery of the anti-proton.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment began with a thin cloud of hydrogen gas. First, scientists extracted protons from the hydrogen atoms, and injected them into the accelerator chamber. As the protons whipped around and around the chamber they went faster and faster, until they approached the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to get to high enough energy that when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">particles smash together\u003c/a>, you can turn that energy into the production of new particles,” says Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened. As the particles approached light speed, the Bevatron performed a feat Einstein himself described with the equation E=MC2: That mass and energy are different manifestations of the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since mass and energy are essentially interchangeable, the Bevatron was able to transform matter into energy, and energy back into even more matter… including, in 1955, for the first time ever, antimatter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We smashed proton against proton and in the end we had proton, proton, antiproton and another proton to balance it out,” Loken says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work won Bevatron scientists the \u003ca href=\"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/\">1959 Nobel Prize in physics\u003c/a>. It was the first of four Nobels to come from research done here - as well as new insights into things like radiation treatment for cancer, and how to keep astronauts safe from radiation in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the late 1980s, the Bevatron had become obsolete. In 1993, it closed its doors for good. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking down the Bevatron is a huge endeavor. When it's finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Community/construction/b51.html\">demolished\u003c/a>, in 2011, it will have cost the country 50 million dollars. Part of the expense will be from removing a protective layer of concrete blocks that kept scientists safe from radiation released by the accelerator. Now, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-04-01/bay-area/17368125_1_lab-two-years-lawrence-berkeley-national-laboratory-particle\">those blocks\u003c/a> must be hauled away to hazardous waste sites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the work that in some ways began here… much of it has moved to the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Cern, Switzerland. Where scientists – including from Berkeley – are trying to get a better understanding of how the universe began. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio5-14_neighborhood_power3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Marco Sorani lives with his wife and two daughters in a single-story Mediterranean-style house near San Francisco's Lake Merced. While Sorani loves the place, he has some complaints about the way heat moves from one end of the house to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the living room and the bedrooms, he says, “there can be as much as a 15-degree spread. If we’re watching TV late at night, we’ll be so ridiculously bundled up with blanket and sweatshirts that it’s almost comical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should Sorani decide to fix this problem -- by insulating his basement, for example, or buying new windows -- he’ll get help doing it from a new state program called Energy Upgrade California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-10-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">California's Basement Bargains on Home Efficiency\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The way it works is that utilities – in this case, Pacific Gas & Electric -- help pay the costs of insulating customers’ homes, using money collected from ratepayers monthly energy bills. If the Sorani family’s monthly energy bill drops 10 percent, they'll get a thousand dollar rebate. If it drops 40 percent, they’ll get four thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, the program is designed to give a boost to the state’s building industry, where unemployment rates can be twice as high as other industries. In order to participate, Sorani will have to work with a licensed contractor, one that's been trained specifically to work with Energy Upgrade California. The contractors apply for permits, and complete the paperwork necessary for taking advantage of various rebates and tax credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically the concept that most of us in California live in homes that aren’t well insulated,” says Dian Grueneich, an an appointee of former Governor Schwarzenegger to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>, which oversees PG&E and other utilities. She’s one of the people responsible for Energy Upgrade California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way we’re going to change that is this massive effort, of going into every home in the state, and improving them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project will be voluntary and, as you might expect, expensive. To reach the first 52 thousand homes, utilities throughout the state will spend $113 million, all of it collected from monthly utility bills. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act will provide another $160 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the program succeeds, Grueneich says the utilities -- and by extension, the rest of us -- all save money. “You add it up on a large scale like California, and what they don’t have to do is build power plants and transmission lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, traditionally, building power plants and transmission lines is how utilities make money. From an environmental perspective, energy efficiency makes a lot of sense. But what's in it for the utilities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three decades ago, California took a major success toward solving this problem, by designing a system known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/sector/state-policy/california\">decoupling\u003c/a>.” It’s now been replicated in several other states. The idea is that by restructuring the market, the system might incentivize efficiency, so that utilities make more money when they sell less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last five years, efficiency has become a very expensive endeavor. In fact, some critics, such as Cheryl Cox, argue that it’s become much too expensive. Cox is a Policy Adviser with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/dra/\">Division of Ratepayer Advocates\u003c/a>, a group that's\u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/DRA/energy/sim10.htm\"> been critical\u003c/a> of the utility programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since 2006, when utilities began administering these efficiency programs, ratepayers have spent about 7 billion dollars – that will be through 2012.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That comes out to about $3 dollars a month, from almost every home in the state. Where has all this money gone? Well, perhaps the biggest chunk of has gone to pay for one, single technology: light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2006 utilities have bought well over a hundred million CFL light bulbs, paid for out of our monthly energy bills. Those bulbs were given away for free or sold at steep discount at hardware stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program has been controversial. On the one hand, CFLs are an easy fix. They use a quarter of the electricity that incandescent bulbs do, and they’re quick to install.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, says Cheryl Cox, the light bulb program has a high degree of what’s called “free-ridership.” A lot of people would have bought the bulbs anyway, even without the subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to be looking at how we can value long-term savings,” says Cox, “not light bulbs that maybe last two years. We need to look at how we can \u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/DRA/energy/ee/Long-Term+Energy+Efficiency+Strategic+Plan.htm\">use those ratepayer dollars more cost-effectively\u003c/a> and more strategically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Energy Upgrade California, which targets not specific gadgets, like light bulbs, but a person’s entire house. Compared to what the state has spent on light bulbs, energy upgrade California is still a small slice of the pie, says Cox, but it’s a start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grueneich agrees. “What’s amazing,” she says, “is that we didn’t all embark on this ten years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to energy efficiency, Californians have a lot to be proud of, says Devra Wang, of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dwang/cpuc_awards_final_incentive_fo.html\">debate\u003c/a> is really over whether the programs are doing an amazing job, or just a very good job,” says Devra Wang, who directs the California Energy Program for the Natural resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang says that despite bigger houses, more electronics, and more air conditioning, the average Californian \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenfeld_Effect\">uses as much electricity as we did 30 years ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has kept its per-capita energy consumption flat over the last 30 years, while the rest of the country has increased about 50 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, she says, is that Energy Upgrade California will help keep that strong track record in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>To participate in Energy Upgrade California, the first step is to get in touch with \u003ca href=\"http://cbpcapublicutilities.org/find-your-territory/participating-contractors/\">a participating contractor\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/energysavingprograms/euca.shtml\">Rebate amounts\u003c/a> depend on how much efficiency work you do.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>If you live outside of SMUD, PG&E or SoCalGas service areas, select your county from the pull-down list on the following page to learn about local equivalent energy upgrade programs. \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7634259 -122.4586312\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio5-14_neighborhood_power3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Marco Sorani lives with his wife and two daughters in a single-story Mediterranean-style house near San Francisco's Lake Merced. While Sorani loves the place, he has some complaints about the way heat moves from one end of the house to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the living room and the bedrooms, he says, “there can be as much as a 15-degree spread. If we’re watching TV late at night, we’ll be so ridiculously bundled up with blanket and sweatshirts that it’s almost comical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should Sorani decide to fix this problem -- by insulating his basement, for example, or buying new windows -- he’ll get help doing it from a new state program called Energy Upgrade California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-10-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">California's Basement Bargains on Home Efficiency\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The way it works is that utilities – in this case, Pacific Gas & Electric -- help pay the costs of insulating customers’ homes, using money collected from ratepayers monthly energy bills. If the Sorani family’s monthly energy bill drops 10 percent, they'll get a thousand dollar rebate. If it drops 40 percent, they’ll get four thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, the program is designed to give a boost to the state’s building industry, where unemployment rates can be twice as high as other industries. In order to participate, Sorani will have to work with a licensed contractor, one that's been trained specifically to work with Energy Upgrade California. The contractors apply for permits, and complete the paperwork necessary for taking advantage of various rebates and tax credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically the concept that most of us in California live in homes that aren’t well insulated,” says Dian Grueneich, an an appointee of former Governor Schwarzenegger to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>, which oversees PG&E and other utilities. She’s one of the people responsible for Energy Upgrade California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way we’re going to change that is this massive effort, of going into every home in the state, and improving them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project will be voluntary and, as you might expect, expensive. To reach the first 52 thousand homes, utilities throughout the state will spend $113 million, all of it collected from monthly utility bills. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act will provide another $160 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the program succeeds, Grueneich says the utilities -- and by extension, the rest of us -- all save money. “You add it up on a large scale like California, and what they don’t have to do is build power plants and transmission lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, traditionally, building power plants and transmission lines is how utilities make money. From an environmental perspective, energy efficiency makes a lot of sense. But what's in it for the utilities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three decades ago, California took a major success toward solving this problem, by designing a system known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/sector/state-policy/california\">decoupling\u003c/a>.” It’s now been replicated in several other states. The idea is that by restructuring the market, the system might incentivize efficiency, so that utilities make more money when they sell less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last five years, efficiency has become a very expensive endeavor. In fact, some critics, such as Cheryl Cox, argue that it’s become much too expensive. Cox is a Policy Adviser with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/dra/\">Division of Ratepayer Advocates\u003c/a>, a group that's\u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/DRA/energy/sim10.htm\"> been critical\u003c/a> of the utility programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since 2006, when utilities began administering these efficiency programs, ratepayers have spent about 7 billion dollars – that will be through 2012.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That comes out to about $3 dollars a month, from almost every home in the state. Where has all this money gone? Well, perhaps the biggest chunk of has gone to pay for one, single technology: light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2006 utilities have bought well over a hundred million CFL light bulbs, paid for out of our monthly energy bills. Those bulbs were given away for free or sold at steep discount at hardware stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program has been controversial. On the one hand, CFLs are an easy fix. They use a quarter of the electricity that incandescent bulbs do, and they’re quick to install.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, says Cheryl Cox, the light bulb program has a high degree of what’s called “free-ridership.” A lot of people would have bought the bulbs anyway, even without the subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to be looking at how we can value long-term savings,” says Cox, “not light bulbs that maybe last two years. We need to look at how we can \u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/DRA/energy/ee/Long-Term+Energy+Efficiency+Strategic+Plan.htm\">use those ratepayer dollars more cost-effectively\u003c/a> and more strategically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Energy Upgrade California, which targets not specific gadgets, like light bulbs, but a person’s entire house. Compared to what the state has spent on light bulbs, energy upgrade California is still a small slice of the pie, says Cox, but it’s a start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grueneich agrees. “What’s amazing,” she says, “is that we didn’t all embark on this ten years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to energy efficiency, Californians have a lot to be proud of, says Devra Wang, of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dwang/cpuc_awards_final_incentive_fo.html\">debate\u003c/a> is really over whether the programs are doing an amazing job, or just a very good job,” says Devra Wang, who directs the California Energy Program for the Natural resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang says that despite bigger houses, more electronics, and more air conditioning, the average Californian \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenfeld_Effect\">uses as much electricity as we did 30 years ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has kept its per-capita energy consumption flat over the last 30 years, while the rest of the country has increased about 50 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, she says, is that Energy Upgrade California will help keep that strong track record in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>To participate in Energy Upgrade California, the first step is to get in touch with \u003ca href=\"http://cbpcapublicutilities.org/find-your-territory/participating-contractors/\">a participating contractor\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/energysavingprograms/euca.shtml\">Rebate amounts\u003c/a> depend on how much efficiency work you do.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>If you live outside of SMUD, PG&E or SoCalGas service areas, select your county from the pull-down list on the following page to learn about local equivalent energy upgrade programs. \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/visiting-the-dentist-chair-of-the-future\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/dentist3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It probably goes without saying -- the dentist’s chair isn’t the most popular place to visit. But going to the dentist may one day be a very different experience. Researchers at the University of California San Francisco are developing new technology that may make a dentist’s drill less common. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside one of the treatment rooms at the \u003ca href=\"http://dentistry.ucsf.edu\">UCSF School of Dentistry\u003c/a>, Dr. Peter Rechmann is holding a small tool that could be a very big leap forward in dentistry -- a laser. Unlike that familiar drill we love to hate, a laser drills into a tooth without making contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-03-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/visiting-the-dentist-chair-of-the-future\">Visiting the Dentist Chair of the Future\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“So you don’t feel vibration. Yes, you hear the sound, you hear the tck tck tck, but that’s it,” says Rechmann. That makes a big difference, especially when Rechmann is working with younger patients. “Kids typically fear things more than adults. And they don’t care, they like it. Sometimes they say, ‘Oh, that was interesting’.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lasers have been used in dentistry for about a decade, but mostly on soft tissues like gums. Rechmann says laser drills are becoming more common now that the cost is coming down. And he expects lasers to soon play an even bigger role by actually helping to prevent cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rechmann holds a pulled tooth and fires short laser pulses at a small area on the outside. “The temperature on the enameled surface gets heated up to between 400 and 1000 degrees Celsius. It sounds terrible but it’s not. It’s really just the outer surface,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extreme temperature slightly alters the make up of the outer tooth enamel which, Rechmann says, makes it more resistant to tooth decay. They’re now testing the treatment in clinical trials and it could be available in one to three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you treat this once, OK, you should still keep on brushing your teeth, but it’s really strongly protecting your teeth,” says Rechmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, what our teeth really need protection from are our own bacteria. They’re specially adapted to live in our mouth, which, with all the food we chew, is a pretty nice place to call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very nice place. It’s nice and warm and comfortable,” says John Featherstone, Dean of the UCSF School of Dentistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bacteria produce acid – that’s their major waste product. And that acid dissolves the enamel in the teeth.” Featherstone says in the past, dentistry has been focused on cleaning up the damage done by these bacteria. Now, he also sees the field moving towards prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can diagnose as we can now early on, what it tells us is that there’s disease process going on and we have to halt the disease process,” says Featherstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But given our teeth brushing habits - or lack thereof - Featherstone says there will probably always be a need to fill cavities. But what if cavities could fill themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-Filling Cavities\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stefan Habelitz is standing in front of a refrigerator that holds 20,000 pulled teeth, collected from local dental clinics. Habelitz is a material scientist. He studies the structure of teeth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing, a really amazing structure. For an engineer, it’s a real feast,” says Habelitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in our body. It’s designed to break apart foods like seeds or hard candy. “But if it can’t, it will release stress by forming fractures, by forming cracks,” Habelitz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tiny cracks are actually good -- they’re part of the tooth’s design. They prevent it from being broken by one big crack. The problem with our teeth, Habelitz says, is that unlike our bones or skin, we can’t regrow tooth enamel. At least, not by ourselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So let’s just drop these teeth in here.” Habelitz takes a few teeth with very large cavities and drops them into a beaker filled with a special solution. Tooth enamel is made of a mineral - so Habelitz says it’s not too difficult to remineralize or rebuild the enamel. That’s something the fluoride in toothpaste helps do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But once the bacteria makes it through the enamel, then it has been so far impossible to remineralize these legions,” says Habelitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because deeper in the tooth in the material called dentin, minerals are mixed with organic structures, which are much harder to regrow. What Habelitz has in this beaker is a special compound that regrows the minerals and bonds them to the organic structures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So only when that link is established, the tissue that you build up again actually will be strong enough and stiff enough to support the pressure that you apply when you chew on your teeth,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, Habelitz says this process could be done right inside a patient’s mouth. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/visiting-the-dentist-chair-of-the-future\">Visiting the Dentist Chair of the Future\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“So you don’t feel vibration. Yes, you hear the sound, you hear the tck tck tck, but that’s it,” says Rechmann. That makes a big difference, especially when Rechmann is working with younger patients. “Kids typically fear things more than adults. And they don’t care, they like it. Sometimes they say, ‘Oh, that was interesting’.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lasers have been used in dentistry for about a decade, but mostly on soft tissues like gums. Rechmann says laser drills are becoming more common now that the cost is coming down. 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But what if cavities could fill themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-Filling Cavities\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stefan Habelitz is standing in front of a refrigerator that holds 20,000 pulled teeth, collected from local dental clinics. Habelitz is a material scientist. He studies the structure of teeth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing, a really amazing structure. For an engineer, it’s a real feast,” says Habelitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in our body. It’s designed to break apart foods like seeds or hard candy. “But if it can’t, it will release stress by forming fractures, by forming cracks,” Habelitz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tiny cracks are actually good -- they’re part of the tooth’s design. They prevent it from being broken by one big crack. The problem with our teeth, Habelitz says, is that unlike our bones or skin, we can’t regrow tooth enamel. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-jet-lag-resets-the-body-clock\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/Hamster30011.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evolutionarily speaking, there is nothing natural about flying 600 miles per hour, crossing entire continents in the space of a day. Case in point, this, from a commercial airline pilot:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are certain moments when you’re flying, and maybe you see the sunset twice in a six-hour period,\" says Patrick Smith, a columnist for Salon and host of askthepilot.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I recently flew from LA to Taipei,\" he continues. \"Coming from another part of the country to the time I landed in Taipei, I think I endured 20 something straight hours of darkness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[audio:http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/12/2010-12-13-quest.mp3]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-jet-lag-resets-the-body-clock\">How Jet Lag Resets the Body Clock\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, some British scientists did an experiment, involving two groups of airline workers. The first were people who worked ticket counters, who stayed on the ground in one city. The second were flight attendants, who frequently changed time zones and were always jet lagged. Each group took a series of basic memory tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ljkriegs/\" target=\"_top\">Lance Kriegfeld\u003c/a> is a professor of neurobiology at the University of California-Berkeley. He says the flight attendants did much worse. \"They had a grossly reduced reaction time and percent correct on a relatively simple task.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, their brains weren’t working as well. And not, says Kriegsfeld, because they were tired. Brain scans revealed that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v4/n6/abs/nn0601_567.html\">brains of the jet-lagged workers were actually smaller\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriegsfeld was so intrigued by this study that he decided to replicate it, but this time using hamsters. Using artificial light, Kriegsfeld's shifted the hamster's day length by six hours. It was as if, he says, the hamsters had flown to Paris. Only instead, they got dissected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriegsfeld paper -- published earlier this month in the scientific journal PLoS One -- involves a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which is critical for learning and memory. When he looked at this tissue in hamsters, he found that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015267\">jet-lagged hamsters had half as many new brain cells as they should have had\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Czeisler, a sleep expert at Harvard Medical School, says that to understand the ways that jet lag affects humans, it's helpful to look back to an experiment done in 1729, by a French astronomer named Jean Jacques Ortous de Mairan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, says Czeisler, scientists were interested in why certain plants closed their leaves at night, and then opened them up in the day. What aspect of the sun were the plants responding to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, de Marian took what must have then seemed like an odd approach: He put the plants in a dark closet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lo and behold,\" says Czeisler, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html\">the leaves of the plant opened\u003c/a>, even though they had not been exposed to the sun that day.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants, it turned out, weren’t following the sun at all. They were following their own internal clocks. It’s called a circadian rhythm, and we humans have them too. Or rather, the clocks, you might say, have US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have daily rhythms in reaction time,\" says UC Berkeley's Lance Kriegsfeld, \"daily rhythms in cognitive function and concentration, daily rhythms in coordination and balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sense of balance, the timing of our digestion, and the rapidity of our reaction time – all these things, says Kriegsfeld, change over the course of the day. Try doing any of them at the wrong time of day, and we just won’t do them as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to jet lag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we upset the apple cart,\" says Czeisler, \"it's like an internal temporal chaos.\" Changing time zones is physically confusing, he says. Some parts of our body think it’s daytime, others think it’s night. Czeisler says it's as if the conductor of an orchestra has disappeared. \"Suddenly, the orchestra sounds like cacophony.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physical toll this takes has been documented not just in pilots and flight attendants, who move frequently between time zones, but in people who work night shifts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596307\">Studies put these people at higher risk of breast cancer\u003c/a>, digestion and fertility problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czeisler says there is evidence from animal studies that recurrent shifting of circadian rhythms decreases lifespan in those animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way that airlines and other employers could help protect their employees would be to keep them on regular shifts, so that they are always waking and falling asleep at more or less the same time. Or, change shifts gradually, so that workers have time to adjust to a new schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, that’s a luxury Patrick Smith, the pilot, rarely gets. He says he knows the risks, but he loves his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once upon a time it took weeks to cross the ocean in a sailing ship,\" says Smith. \"Now we can do it in a matter of hours -- traveling hundreds of miles per hour above the earth, in almost perfect safety. It’s remarkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we fly airplanes we are literally transcending the world we evolved to live in. Smith says that's a trade off he's wiling to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8690722 -122.2920557\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ljkriegs/\" target=\"_top\">Lance Kriegfeld\u003c/a> is a professor of neurobiology at the University of California-Berkeley. He says the flight attendants did much worse. \"They had a grossly reduced reaction time and percent correct on a relatively simple task.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, their brains weren’t working as well. And not, says Kriegsfeld, because they were tired. Brain scans revealed that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v4/n6/abs/nn0601_567.html\">brains of the jet-lagged workers were actually smaller\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriegsfeld was so intrigued by this study that he decided to replicate it, but this time using hamsters. Using artificial light, Kriegsfeld's shifted the hamster's day length by six hours. It was as if, he says, the hamsters had flown to Paris. Only instead, they got dissected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriegsfeld paper -- published earlier this month in the scientific journal PLoS One -- involves a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which is critical for learning and memory. When he looked at this tissue in hamsters, he found that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015267\">jet-lagged hamsters had half as many new brain cells as they should have had\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Czeisler, a sleep expert at Harvard Medical School, says that to understand the ways that jet lag affects humans, it's helpful to look back to an experiment done in 1729, by a French astronomer named Jean Jacques Ortous de Mairan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, says Czeisler, scientists were interested in why certain plants closed their leaves at night, and then opened them up in the day. What aspect of the sun were the plants responding to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, de Marian took what must have then seemed like an odd approach: He put the plants in a dark closet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lo and behold,\" says Czeisler, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html\">the leaves of the plant opened\u003c/a>, even though they had not been exposed to the sun that day.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants, it turned out, weren’t following the sun at all. They were following their own internal clocks. It’s called a circadian rhythm, and we humans have them too. Or rather, the clocks, you might say, have US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have daily rhythms in reaction time,\" says UC Berkeley's Lance Kriegsfeld, \"daily rhythms in cognitive function and concentration, daily rhythms in coordination and balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sense of balance, the timing of our digestion, and the rapidity of our reaction time – all these things, says Kriegsfeld, change over the course of the day. Try doing any of them at the wrong time of day, and we just won’t do them as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to jet lag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we upset the apple cart,\" says Czeisler, \"it's like an internal temporal chaos.\" Changing time zones is physically confusing, he says. Some parts of our body think it’s daytime, others think it’s night. Czeisler says it's as if the conductor of an orchestra has disappeared. \"Suddenly, the orchestra sounds like cacophony.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physical toll this takes has been documented not just in pilots and flight attendants, who move frequently between time zones, but in people who work night shifts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596307\">Studies put these people at higher risk of breast cancer\u003c/a>, digestion and fertility problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czeisler says there is evidence from animal studies that recurrent shifting of circadian rhythms decreases lifespan in those animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way that airlines and other employers could help protect their employees would be to keep them on regular shifts, so that they are always waking and falling asleep at more or less the same time. Or, change shifts gradually, so that workers have time to adjust to a new schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, that’s a luxury Patrick Smith, the pilot, rarely gets. He says he knows the risks, but he loves his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once upon a time it took weeks to cross the ocean in a sailing ship,\" says Smith. \"Now we can do it in a matter of hours -- traveling hundreds of miles per hour above the earth, in almost perfect safety. It’s remarkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we fly airplanes we are literally transcending the world we evolved to live in. Smith says that's a trade off he's wiling to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8690722 -122.2920557\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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