Dive into our extensive selection of stories about our beautiful bay.
Mercury in San Francisco Bay
Got Mercury? The New EPA Ruling And The San Francisco Bay
"A Big, Captivating Idea": The Bay Area Ridge Trail
The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco's "Sludge Puddle"
From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply
Rough Waters for Sea Level Rise Planning
Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work
Science on the SPOT: Journey of the San Francisco Bay Trail
Sea Lions, Herring, and Climate Change
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As part of her day job, she has scaled Sierra Nevada peaks, run from charging elephant seals, and desperately tried to get her sea legs - all in pursuit of good radio. Her work has appeared on Marketplace, Living on Earth, Science Friday and NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered. 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She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"acurry":{"type":"authors","id":"6444","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6444","found":true},"name":"Arwen Curry","firstName":"Arwen","lastName":"Curry","slug":"acurry","email":"acurry@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Arwen Curry is Associate Producer of TV at KQED Science. She comes to KQED from documentary film, and is director of \u003cem>Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin\u003c/em>, a feature documentary about the influential science fiction writer. She was Associate Producer of the films \u003cem>Regarding Susan Sontag\u003c/em>, \u003cem>American Jerusalem: Jews and the Making of San Francisco\u003c/em>, \u003cem>EAMES: The Architect & The Painter\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Utopia in Four Movements\u003c/em>, and co-produced and directed \u003cem>Stuffed\u003c/em>, a short film about compulsive hoarding. Arwen was editor of the punk magazine \u003cem>Maximum Rock 'n' Roll\u003c/em>, and has been a contributor to Radio Lab and McSweeney’s. She is a Bay Area native and a graduate of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Arwen Curry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acurry"},"jennifer-skene":{"type":"authors","id":"10200","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10200","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Skene","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Skene","slug":"jennifer-skene","email":"jen@skene.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jennifer Skene develops curriculum on climate change and ocean sciences at the Lawrence Hall of Science and teaches biology and science communication at Mills College and the University of California Berkeley. She has a degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from UC Berkeley. She started working with QUEST in 2008 as an intern. She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"},"david-mcguire":{"type":"authors","id":"10217","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10217","found":true},"name":"David McGuire","firstName":"David","lastName":"McGuire","slug":"david-mcguire","email":"sharkfilms@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"An avid writer, surfer and ocean voyager, \u003cstrong>David McGuire\u003c/strong> is the founder of the conservation non profit Sea Stewards and is an advocate for a healthy ocean. As Captain, Dive Master and Cinematographer, David has explored the world ocean on numerous sailing voyages collecting media with an emphasis on ocean awareness.Educated in Marine Biology, he holds a masters degree in Environmental Health and has worked in education and public health at the University of California at Berkeley for over a decade. David is the writer, producer and underwater cinematographer of the award winning documentary \u003cem>Sharks: Stewards of the Reef\u003c/em>, and was writer and cinematographer on a film on \u003cem>California Marine Protected Areas\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Palmyra Atoll\u003c/em>. David has written, filmed and produced a new documentary on the \u003cem>Sharks of San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> and has worked as cameraman on feature films such as \u003cem>180 South\u003c/em> and \u003cem>A Beautiful Wave\u003c/em>. His underwater filmwork on San Francisco elasmobranches and ecosystems continues and he frequently donates his work for conservation causes. As Field and Research Associate with the California Academy of Sciences, David is Project Manager of a shark research program on the San Francisco Bay and has initiated a new sharks awareness campaign: Shark Sanctuary San Francisco. Through expedition sailing and video production, Sea Stewards is exploring and explaining our ocean world, influencing policies and practices from sustainable fishing to marine protection. Through Sea Steward Studios, our Media Production work is used to influence sound policies and sustainable ocean practices. Current work includes a series on Sea Turtle Conservation in Mexico, a film with partners Team Fish Finders using local fishermen to promote catch and release and a documentary on local sustainable seafood and a Cordell Banks Expedition.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4dbf6a1c294c9fe26d626d16fedae47?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David McGuire | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4dbf6a1c294c9fe26d626d16fedae47?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4dbf6a1c294c9fe26d626d16fedae47?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/david-mcguire"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17506":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17506","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17506","score":null,"sort":[1446732000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","title":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay","publishDate":1446732000,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Dr. Jane Hightower’s sick patients weren’t getting better, and she wanted to know why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the California Pacific Medical Center physician’s well-heeled patients were coming into her clinic complaining of fatigue, or trouble thinking – an on-and-off feeling of not being well. Sometimes it was problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, or a metallic taste in the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, she began keeping a tally of what they ate. Fish, it turned out – a lot of it. Specifically large fish, like shark, tuna, swordfish, cod and ahi tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible cause began to emerge for their ailments: mercury, a potent neurotoxin that builds up in fish and can cause serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a Pacific Heights practice,” said Hightower. “They’re not fishing in Martinez. They’re fishing at Bryans and Whole Foods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another at-risk population in the Bay Area, she said, are lower income folks, who do spend time fishing out on the piers in Martinez, Berkeley, Pinole and other East Bay cities every season not only for recreation, but to supplement the family dinner table. The striped bass, sturgeon and halibut they bring home can be loaded with mercury, which is widespread in the bay but impossible to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82595\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Mercury is invisible and prevalent throughout the bay system,” said Sejal Choksi, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that works to reduce pollution in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once known as “mad hatter disease” after the afflicted Victorian hatmakers who used mercury to produce the felt in their wares, the creeping symptoms of mercury include tremors, problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, as well as stranger effects like pathological shyness and irritability. The toxin can cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with an immune-compromised system is at greater risk for deleterious effects of mercury, which is also neurotoxic to developing brains, making it especially dangerous for pregnant and nursing women, babies, and small children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury is found primarily around the bay in a red rock known as cinnabar. When it settles in waterways, bacteria transform it into a highly toxic form known as methyl mercury, which is easily absorbed by marine plants and the tiny aquatic organisms that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82596\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In wildlife, mercury in high concentrations can cause developmental problems, just as it does in humans,” said Choksi. “If you’ve got mercury impairing wildlife and their immune systems, then they’re more susceptible to infectious diseases; they can have cancerous growths. It’s pretty much the same as in the human population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take much to constitute a problem. Mercury pollution is measured in parts per billion – the amount contained in a drop of water in a backyard swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the amount you might find in an old thermometer is enough to cause significant contamination,” said Bruce Wolfe, executive officer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>, the state agency that oversees water pollution in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does all this mercury come from? Mercury enters the bay watershed from a number of sources, including stormwater and wastewater runoff from local oil refineries and cement kilns. Significant quantities also drift through the air from coal-burning power plants in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest culprit can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/\">at very root of California’s history and prosperity\u003c/a>. In the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, Gold Rush miners also mined mercury in copious amounts in the cinnabar-rich hills just south of San Jose. To extract mercury, crushed ore was heated in furnaces and transformed into a vapor. As the gas cooled and condensed, it turned into a liquid form known as quicksilver, which is naturally attracted to gold. Sierra miners used it to separate gold from crushed rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82597\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82597\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \u003ccite>(Painting by Charles Christian Nahl and August Wenderoth, 1851/1852. Photograph by Ad Meskens.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the early 1900s, miners had switched to cyanide to extract gold, but mercury still had many uses – in industry, medicine, dentistry (it was used for fillings) and common household products. Even though the mines in the Almaden Hills near San Jose closed decades ago, all that mining left behind a legacy -- rocky deposits from the old furnaces are still leaching mercury into the surrounding creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 2,000 pounds of mercury enter the bay each year from all these different sources. The bay is slowly cleaning itself, washing an estimated 3,100 pounds a year out to sea. But at the present rate, it will take generations for the bay to flush out so much mercury that fish are no longer contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the process, in 2008 the regional water board launched an ambitious, multi-billion dollar cleanup plan called a Total Daily Maximum Load. \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/TMDLs/sfbaymercury/sfbaymercurytmdl_info_sheet.pdf\">The multifaceted plan\u003c/a> aimed to reduce both the mercury entering the bay and the amount of the toxin that converts to its poisonous methylmercury form. The plan also provided for advanced monitoring to better understand how mercury makes its way through the watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after the TMDL plan went into effect, progress has been made in reducing urban wastewater runoff. Most of the contaminated South Bay mining waste sites have been, or are being, cleaned up, and efforts are underway to remove toxic sediment within the Guadalupe River and its tributaries and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82599\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this accounts for only a small fraction of the total load entering the Bay. The greatest source is the legacy poison on the bay floor, which steadily erodes over time and is nearly impossible to clean up. Seven years after the TMDL went into effect, toxic levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a tentative revision of the TMDL planned for 2018. In the meantime, the Water Board estimates that it will take more than 100 years for the Bay to recover. At a minimum, three generations will be impacted by the potent and long-lasting poison still lingering in the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that’s too long to wait for cleaner waters. They want to see enforceable urban stormwater limits for mercury, an accounting of mercury pollution from crude oil refineries, and a full inventory of old mining sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process gets you a lot of planning and paperwork but not tangible reduction of mercury in the bay,” said Choksi. “We want to see zero mercury in the bay and we want to see it soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/2011SFbay.html\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for the state’s advisory on eating fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/24/mercury-poisoning-interview-with-dr-jane-hightower-web-only/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to listen to tips from Dr. Jane Hightower about how to avoid mercury in your diet. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/pdf/SFBayAdvisory21May2011.pdf\">here\u003c/a> to learn more about mercury contamination in the bay. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's a hidden danger that has been lurking in the San Francisco Bay since the days of Gold Rush mining: mercury. In 2008, the regional Water Board launched a multi-billion-dollar plan to clean up this potent neurotoxin, but mercury levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444410507,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1250},"headData":{"title":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay","datePublished":"2015-11-05T14:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-09T17:08:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17506 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/05/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay/","disqusTitle":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/cpwQ5OFIZRQ","source":"Environment","path":"/quest/17506/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Jane Hightower’s sick patients weren’t getting better, and she wanted to know why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the California Pacific Medical Center physician’s well-heeled patients were coming into her clinic complaining of fatigue, or trouble thinking – an on-and-off feeling of not being well. Sometimes it was problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, or a metallic taste in the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, she began keeping a tally of what they ate. Fish, it turned out – a lot of it. Specifically large fish, like shark, tuna, swordfish, cod and ahi tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible cause began to emerge for their ailments: mercury, a potent neurotoxin that builds up in fish and can cause serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a Pacific Heights practice,” said Hightower. “They’re not fishing in Martinez. They’re fishing at Bryans and Whole Foods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another at-risk population in the Bay Area, she said, are lower income folks, who do spend time fishing out on the piers in Martinez, Berkeley, Pinole and other East Bay cities every season not only for recreation, but to supplement the family dinner table. The striped bass, sturgeon and halibut they bring home can be loaded with mercury, which is widespread in the bay but impossible to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82595\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Mercury is invisible and prevalent throughout the bay system,” said Sejal Choksi, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that works to reduce pollution in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once known as “mad hatter disease” after the afflicted Victorian hatmakers who used mercury to produce the felt in their wares, the creeping symptoms of mercury include tremors, problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, as well as stranger effects like pathological shyness and irritability. The toxin can cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with an immune-compromised system is at greater risk for deleterious effects of mercury, which is also neurotoxic to developing brains, making it especially dangerous for pregnant and nursing women, babies, and small children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury is found primarily around the bay in a red rock known as cinnabar. When it settles in waterways, bacteria transform it into a highly toxic form known as methyl mercury, which is easily absorbed by marine plants and the tiny aquatic organisms that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82596\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In wildlife, mercury in high concentrations can cause developmental problems, just as it does in humans,” said Choksi. “If you’ve got mercury impairing wildlife and their immune systems, then they’re more susceptible to infectious diseases; they can have cancerous growths. It’s pretty much the same as in the human population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take much to constitute a problem. Mercury pollution is measured in parts per billion – the amount contained in a drop of water in a backyard swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the amount you might find in an old thermometer is enough to cause significant contamination,” said Bruce Wolfe, executive officer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>, the state agency that oversees water pollution in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does all this mercury come from? Mercury enters the bay watershed from a number of sources, including stormwater and wastewater runoff from local oil refineries and cement kilns. Significant quantities also drift through the air from coal-burning power plants in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest culprit can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/\">at very root of California’s history and prosperity\u003c/a>. In the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, Gold Rush miners also mined mercury in copious amounts in the cinnabar-rich hills just south of San Jose. To extract mercury, crushed ore was heated in furnaces and transformed into a vapor. As the gas cooled and condensed, it turned into a liquid form known as quicksilver, which is naturally attracted to gold. Sierra miners used it to separate gold from crushed rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82597\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82597\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \u003ccite>(Painting by Charles Christian Nahl and August Wenderoth, 1851/1852. Photograph by Ad Meskens.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the early 1900s, miners had switched to cyanide to extract gold, but mercury still had many uses – in industry, medicine, dentistry (it was used for fillings) and common household products. Even though the mines in the Almaden Hills near San Jose closed decades ago, all that mining left behind a legacy -- rocky deposits from the old furnaces are still leaching mercury into the surrounding creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 2,000 pounds of mercury enter the bay each year from all these different sources. The bay is slowly cleaning itself, washing an estimated 3,100 pounds a year out to sea. But at the present rate, it will take generations for the bay to flush out so much mercury that fish are no longer contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the process, in 2008 the regional water board launched an ambitious, multi-billion dollar cleanup plan called a Total Daily Maximum Load. \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/TMDLs/sfbaymercury/sfbaymercurytmdl_info_sheet.pdf\">The multifaceted plan\u003c/a> aimed to reduce both the mercury entering the bay and the amount of the toxin that converts to its poisonous methylmercury form. The plan also provided for advanced monitoring to better understand how mercury makes its way through the watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after the TMDL plan went into effect, progress has been made in reducing urban wastewater runoff. Most of the contaminated South Bay mining waste sites have been, or are being, cleaned up, and efforts are underway to remove toxic sediment within the Guadalupe River and its tributaries and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82599\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this accounts for only a small fraction of the total load entering the Bay. The greatest source is the legacy poison on the bay floor, which steadily erodes over time and is nearly impossible to clean up. Seven years after the TMDL went into effect, toxic levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a tentative revision of the TMDL planned for 2018. In the meantime, the Water Board estimates that it will take more than 100 years for the Bay to recover. At a minimum, three generations will be impacted by the potent and long-lasting poison still lingering in the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that’s too long to wait for cleaner waters. They want to see enforceable urban stormwater limits for mercury, an accounting of mercury pollution from crude oil refineries, and a full inventory of old mining sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process gets you a lot of planning and paperwork but not tangible reduction of mercury in the bay,” said Choksi. “We want to see zero mercury in the bay and we want to see it soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/2011SFbay.html\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for the state’s advisory on eating fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/24/mercury-poisoning-interview-with-dr-jane-hightower-web-only/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to listen to tips from Dr. Jane Hightower about how to avoid mercury in your diet. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/pdf/SFBayAdvisory21May2011.pdf\">here\u003c/a> to learn more about mercury contamination in the bay. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17506/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_1103","quest_1233","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_9890","quest_2257","quest_13393","quest_2487","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_81704","label":"source_quest_17506"},"quest_28681":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28681","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28681","score":null,"sort":[1324659629000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"got-mercury-the-new-epa-ruling-and-its-impact-on-fish-in-the-bay","title":"Got Mercury? The New EPA Ruling And The San Francisco Bay","publishDate":1324659629,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28694\" title=\"got mercury\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"got mercury\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/bd8b3f37edf5716d8525796d005dd086!OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\">EPA unveiled a new rule\u003c/a> protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/mats/\" target=\"_blank\">Mercury and Air Toxic Standards\u003c/a> announced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-p-jackson/mercury-emissions-standards_b_1162892.html?ref=green\" target=\"_blank\">EPA administrator Lisa Jackson\u003c/a> on December 21st require the electrical industry to limit stack emissions of mercury, arsenic and other toxic pollutants that originate from coal and oil-fired power plants and end up in America's air, water and food. Power plants are the largest source of mercury emissions at around 50 tons of mercury pollution annually. Because the particles are heavier than air, the mercury eventually falls back down and is deposited in rivers, lakes and oceans where it is converted into a more toxic form called methylmercury. This builds up in the food chain, meaning that fish at the top, such as striped bass, blue fin tuna and shark, carry the highest levels of the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates that 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 cases of aggravated asthma among children annually by 2016 will be prevented, as well as other health benefits. Women, children and the developing fetus are most at risk for serious health problems resulting from mercury exposure. Between 300,000 and 600,000 of the 4 million babies born in the U.S. each year are exposed to significant amounts of the neurotoxin while in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using scrubbers and other well-demonstrated technology, the rule requires power companies install equipment or shut down old plants by 2014 with the possibility of an extension into a fourth year. Seventeen states have already required the industry to apply the clean technology. These older US plants, operating mostly in the Midwest and East, can affect our Bay Area waterways and we will benefit from the new rule. However, most of the mercury in the San Francisco Bay enters from spills, the air, or water runoff from land from natural sources and historical mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury levels will remain high in many species of San Francisco Bay and some ocean fish as well as other toxins like PCBs. The California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\" target=\"_blank\">OEHHA\u003c/a>) monitored contaminants in chemical contaminants in fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the EPA rule is good news for Americans, we must be cautious about what fish and how much fish we consume. Some fish from San Francisco Bay like rockfish and smelt are low in mercury and can be safely eaten. Others like wild king salmon are high in Omega-3s that have been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health. Others like sharks, striped bass and other top predators like swordfish and tuna bio-concentrate mercury and should be avoided, especially by women 18-45 and children under 7 years. The point is to ask where your fish is coming from, how was it caught and how much can you eat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.gotmercury.org/article.php?list=type&type=75\" target=\"_blank\">mercury calculator\u003c/a> on the \"Got Mercury?\" website allows one to calculate how much mercury they are consuming and if it exceeds advisory guidelines produced by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Got Mercury\" Campaign, a project of the Turtle Island Restoration network based in Marin County, is building awareness about toxic mercury in commonly eaten seafood. To reduce risk from mercury exposure, \"Got Mercury\" is asking the government to increase health advisories and reduce action levels for mercury in fish. The program is also petitioning the FDA to lower the legal mercury action level from 1 part per million (ppm) to 0.5 ppm to be in line with the Environmental Protection Agency’s mercury standards for recreationally caught fish and to require seafood sellers to post mercury in fish warning signs.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the EPA unveiled a new rule protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366739032,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":618},"headData":{"title":"Got Mercury? The New EPA Ruling And The San Francisco Bay | KQED","description":"This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the EPA unveiled a new rule protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Got Mercury? The New EPA Ruling And The San Francisco Bay","datePublished":"2011-12-23T17:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T17:43:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"28681 http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/23/got-mercury-the-new-epa-ruling-and-its-impact-on-fish-in-the-bay/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/23/got-mercury-the-new-epa-ruling-and-its-impact-on-fish-in-the-bay/","disqusTitle":"Got Mercury? The New EPA Ruling And The San Francisco Bay","path":"/quest/28681/got-mercury-the-new-epa-ruling-and-its-impact-on-fish-in-the-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28694\" title=\"got mercury\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"got mercury\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/bd8b3f37edf5716d8525796d005dd086!OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\">EPA unveiled a new rule\u003c/a> protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/mats/\" target=\"_blank\">Mercury and Air Toxic Standards\u003c/a> announced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-p-jackson/mercury-emissions-standards_b_1162892.html?ref=green\" target=\"_blank\">EPA administrator Lisa Jackson\u003c/a> on December 21st require the electrical industry to limit stack emissions of mercury, arsenic and other toxic pollutants that originate from coal and oil-fired power plants and end up in America's air, water and food. Power plants are the largest source of mercury emissions at around 50 tons of mercury pollution annually. Because the particles are heavier than air, the mercury eventually falls back down and is deposited in rivers, lakes and oceans where it is converted into a more toxic form called methylmercury. This builds up in the food chain, meaning that fish at the top, such as striped bass, blue fin tuna and shark, carry the highest levels of the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates that 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 cases of aggravated asthma among children annually by 2016 will be prevented, as well as other health benefits. Women, children and the developing fetus are most at risk for serious health problems resulting from mercury exposure. Between 300,000 and 600,000 of the 4 million babies born in the U.S. each year are exposed to significant amounts of the neurotoxin while in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using scrubbers and other well-demonstrated technology, the rule requires power companies install equipment or shut down old plants by 2014 with the possibility of an extension into a fourth year. Seventeen states have already required the industry to apply the clean technology. These older US plants, operating mostly in the Midwest and East, can affect our Bay Area waterways and we will benefit from the new rule. However, most of the mercury in the San Francisco Bay enters from spills, the air, or water runoff from land from natural sources and historical mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury levels will remain high in many species of San Francisco Bay and some ocean fish as well as other toxins like PCBs. The California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\" target=\"_blank\">OEHHA\u003c/a>) monitored contaminants in chemical contaminants in fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the EPA rule is good news for Americans, we must be cautious about what fish and how much fish we consume. Some fish from San Francisco Bay like rockfish and smelt are low in mercury and can be safely eaten. Others like wild king salmon are high in Omega-3s that have been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health. Others like sharks, striped bass and other top predators like swordfish and tuna bio-concentrate mercury and should be avoided, especially by women 18-45 and children under 7 years. The point is to ask where your fish is coming from, how was it caught and how much can you eat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.gotmercury.org/article.php?list=type&type=75\" target=\"_blank\">mercury calculator\u003c/a> on the \"Got Mercury?\" website allows one to calculate how much mercury they are consuming and if it exceeds advisory guidelines produced by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Got Mercury\" Campaign, a project of the Turtle Island Restoration network based in Marin County, is building awareness about toxic mercury in commonly eaten seafood. To reduce risk from mercury exposure, \"Got Mercury\" is asking the government to increase health advisories and reduce action levels for mercury in fish. The program is also petitioning the FDA to lower the legal mercury action level from 1 part per million (ppm) to 0.5 ppm to be in line with the Environmental Protection Agency’s mercury standards for recreationally caught fish and to require seafood sellers to post mercury in fish warning signs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28681/got-mercury-the-new-epa-ruling-and-its-impact-on-fish-in-the-bay","authors":["10217"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_3309","quest_1009","quest_1099","quest_1791","quest_13202","quest_13364","quest_13365"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_28694","label":"quest_3359"},"quest_26175":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26175","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26175","score":null,"sort":[1319227839000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail","title":"\"A Big, Captivating Idea\": The Bay Area Ridge Trail","publishDate":1319227839,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26185\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Sierra Vista TRail_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26185\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve adds five miles of hiking and biking trails to the Bay Area Ridge Trail. (Photo courtesy of Stephen Joseph)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it's complete, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail\u003c/a> will stretch 550 miles around the Bay Area. It'll link the redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains to the Golden Gate Bridge, the vineyards of Napa and Sonoma to the Eucalyptus groves of Tilden Park in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as often as possible, it'll give hikers, mountain bikers, and horseback riders a view of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\">the bay\u003c/a> that is the \"centralizing feature\" of this region, says Janet McBride, executive director of the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/ridgetrailoverviewmapsep09.pdf\">See the full map of the Bay Area Ridge Trail (pdf).\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nMcBride and her staff of six work out of a cluttered office in San Francisco’s Presidio district. It’s an incongruously small operation for such a vast project. So far, it's taken 20 years to complete the first 332 miles of the Bay Ridge trail. McBride predicts it'll be another 20 years before it's complete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as an Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Toddlers today who are just beginning to walk, when they celebrate their 21st birthday, they could travel continuously along the ridge trail route,\" says McBride. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TrailMap_Cropped\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-26184\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New, Five-Mile Addition \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 22nd, McBride and others will be at the Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/\">celebrating\u003c/a> the latest addition to the Bay Trail: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/sierra.html\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>. Sierra Vista's five miles of trails constitute the biggest section of Bay Area Ridge trail to open up on four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the trail is reachable from Alum Rock Park -- one of the oldest parks in California -- by a steep climb up grassy slopes and through oak woodlands to an altitude of 2500 feet. The reward is a spectacular view over Silicon Valley, clear across to the Santa Cruz Mountains. You can actually look \u003cem>down\u003c/em> at planes taking off from San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to build a staging area at the top, with a small parking lot, restrooms and some informational signs, so that people can come here directly, without having to hike all the way up from the valley floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, this is ranch land. But today, Sierra Vista's only permanent residents are Corriente cattle, here to do absolutely nothing but munch on grass, to keep the risk of wildfires down and help maintain wildlife habitat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Litwin, a volunteer coordinator for the Santa Clara Open Space Authority, points out that the peace and quiet up on Sierra Vista are in stark contrast to what's going on below, in the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26183\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"LItwin_Mackenzie_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26183\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Clara Open Space Authority's Dana Litwin and Andrea Mackenzie helped secure the latest chunk of the Ridge Trail, overlooking San Jose.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If you want to get away from a screen for a while, you can come up here and get that break and be reminded that there are things that have value that were here long before any of us.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAn Expensive, Time-Consuming Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obtaining this land took about five years of negotiations with a handful of landowners, descendants of ranching families. Much – though not all – of the money came from a $12 dollar parcel tax on every home in Santa Clara County. The planned staging area will cost about $400,000. Then, there will be the costs of maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of calculations \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-ridge-trail/ci_15159951\">are being carried out\u003c/a> in all nine Bay Area counties, as local open space districts try to figure out how to make their respective chunks of the Ridge Trail a reality. The negotiations are often complicated and can last years. Some landowners are willing to put easements on their land that protect the trail in perpetuity; others sell the land outright. Many landowners worry about trespassing, trash, and property values. Sometimes they can be convinced, other times the trail must be re-routed around them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all costs money. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to what counties have been able to raise independently, much of the money is from the state: open space bonds approved by California voters. But most of that money runs out in two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet McBride says in a tight economic climate, it’s hard to know when is the right time to come back to voters to ask for more money. But she's optimistic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m confident that Californians, and especially residents in the Bay Area are not going to walk away from their parks and open spaces,\" McBride says. \"It’s just too important to our quality of life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Downhill_CREDIT OSA STAFF_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Vista trail (photo courtesy of Open Space Authority staff)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Like the great pyramids of Egypt, the 550-mile Ridge Trail will take generations to complete. Think of it as a local Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370996956,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":810},"headData":{"title":"\"A Big, Captivating Idea\": The Bay Area Ridge Trail | KQED","description":"Like the great pyramids of Egypt, the 550-mile Ridge Trail will take generations to complete. Think of it as a local Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"\"A Big, Captivating Idea\": The Bay Area Ridge Trail","datePublished":"2011-10-21T20:10:39.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:29:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"26175 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=26175","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/","disqusTitle":"\"A Big, Captivating Idea\": The Bay Area Ridge Trail","path":"/quest/26175/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-24-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26185\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Sierra Vista TRail_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26185\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve adds five miles of hiking and biking trails to the Bay Area Ridge Trail. (Photo courtesy of Stephen Joseph)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it's complete, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail\u003c/a> will stretch 550 miles around the Bay Area. It'll link the redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains to the Golden Gate Bridge, the vineyards of Napa and Sonoma to the Eucalyptus groves of Tilden Park in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as often as possible, it'll give hikers, mountain bikers, and horseback riders a view of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\">the bay\u003c/a> that is the \"centralizing feature\" of this region, says Janet McBride, executive director of the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/ridgetrailoverviewmapsep09.pdf\">See the full map of the Bay Area Ridge Trail (pdf).\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nMcBride and her staff of six work out of a cluttered office in San Francisco’s Presidio district. It’s an incongruously small operation for such a vast project. So far, it's taken 20 years to complete the first 332 miles of the Bay Ridge trail. McBride predicts it'll be another 20 years before it's complete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as an Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Toddlers today who are just beginning to walk, when they celebrate their 21st birthday, they could travel continuously along the ridge trail route,\" says McBride. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TrailMap_Cropped\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-26184\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New, Five-Mile Addition \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 22nd, McBride and others will be at the Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/\">celebrating\u003c/a> the latest addition to the Bay Trail: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/sierra.html\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>. Sierra Vista's five miles of trails constitute the biggest section of Bay Area Ridge trail to open up on four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the trail is reachable from Alum Rock Park -- one of the oldest parks in California -- by a steep climb up grassy slopes and through oak woodlands to an altitude of 2500 feet. The reward is a spectacular view over Silicon Valley, clear across to the Santa Cruz Mountains. You can actually look \u003cem>down\u003c/em> at planes taking off from San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to build a staging area at the top, with a small parking lot, restrooms and some informational signs, so that people can come here directly, without having to hike all the way up from the valley floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, this is ranch land. But today, Sierra Vista's only permanent residents are Corriente cattle, here to do absolutely nothing but munch on grass, to keep the risk of wildfires down and help maintain wildlife habitat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Litwin, a volunteer coordinator for the Santa Clara Open Space Authority, points out that the peace and quiet up on Sierra Vista are in stark contrast to what's going on below, in the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26183\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"LItwin_Mackenzie_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26183\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Clara Open Space Authority's Dana Litwin and Andrea Mackenzie helped secure the latest chunk of the Ridge Trail, overlooking San Jose.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If you want to get away from a screen for a while, you can come up here and get that break and be reminded that there are things that have value that were here long before any of us.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAn Expensive, Time-Consuming Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obtaining this land took about five years of negotiations with a handful of landowners, descendants of ranching families. Much – though not all – of the money came from a $12 dollar parcel tax on every home in Santa Clara County. The planned staging area will cost about $400,000. Then, there will be the costs of maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of calculations \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-ridge-trail/ci_15159951\">are being carried out\u003c/a> in all nine Bay Area counties, as local open space districts try to figure out how to make their respective chunks of the Ridge Trail a reality. The negotiations are often complicated and can last years. Some landowners are willing to put easements on their land that protect the trail in perpetuity; others sell the land outright. Many landowners worry about trespassing, trash, and property values. Sometimes they can be convinced, other times the trail must be re-routed around them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all costs money. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to what counties have been able to raise independently, much of the money is from the state: open space bonds approved by California voters. But most of that money runs out in two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet McBride says in a tight economic climate, it’s hard to know when is the right time to come back to voters to ask for more money. But she's optimistic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m confident that Californians, and especially residents in the Bay Area are not going to walk away from their parks and open spaces,\" McBride says. \"It’s just too important to our quality of life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Downhill_CREDIT OSA STAFF_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Vista trail (photo courtesy of Open Space Authority staff)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26175/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10318","quest_252","quest_10313","quest_10319","quest_10315","quest_10317","quest_13203","quest_2074","quest_13202","quest_10316","quest_10314"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_26185","label":"quest_3359"},"quest_25947":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25947","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25947","score":null,"sort":[1318624246000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle","title":"The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco's \"Sludge Puddle\"","publishDate":1318624246,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-17-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay was almost entirely privately owned. Even if you’d wanted to go down and sit by the water, you couldn’t have. And you probably wouldn't have wanted to in the first place, says David Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bay was choked with sewage and toxic waste. There were no environmental laws, no regulations. The bay was really dying before our eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25953\" title=\"bayside junk\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk-350x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SF Bay was a convenient place fo dump garbage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lewis is executive director of Save the Bay. For decades, he says, the bay had functioned as official and unofficial trash dump for nearly every city on its perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Bay's Grim Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumping garbage into the bay wasn’t only convenient, it served the larger goal of getting rid of the bay entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a proposal by the Rockefeller brothers,\" says Lewis, \"to actually chop down the top of San Bruno Mountain and move it by conveyor belt to the west side of the bay, creating more fill the size of Manhattan out in the bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Richard Walker, a professor of geography at UC Berkeley, this was the ethos of the day: The bay served no purpose. To fill it up was to make it useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d had the depression, the war. There was lot of money to be made in expanding cities, expanding highways, building bridges,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a study showing that 70 percent of the San Francisco Bay could be filled and transformed into usable land. The City of Berkeley, meanwhile, had proposed to double its size by extending three miles into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25954\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25954\" title=\"Esther Kay Sylvia_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Save the Bay's founders: Kay Kerr, Sylvia McLaughlin, and Esther Gulick\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This caught the attention of three Berkeley women: \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-10-05/living/17512857_1_berkeley-hills-point-molate-shoreline\">Sylvia McLaughlin\u003c/a>, Catherine \"Kay\" Kerr, and Esther Gulick. Married to prominent UC Berkeley faculty members, the women had strong political connections in the area, as well as to local groups such as the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to call a meeting of local conservationists (the word \"environmentalist\" didn't exist yet). Once those activists found out about the plans for the bay, surely they'd swing into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were all busy doing their own things,\" recalls McLaughlin, who is now 94 and lives in the Berkeley hills. \"They were saving the redwoods, this and that. They said they they understood the need but they were too busy to help.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA New Movement Takes Shape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, in 1961, Save the Bay was born as a campaign to stop cities from filling in the Bay. McLaughlin says it was not always a popular position to take. \"I got called all kinds of names, not very complementary,\" she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while developers complained, Save the Bay was growing as an organization, in ways that other groups hadn’t thought to do in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-25956\" title=\"Warning sign_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj-297x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They very wisely turned themselves into a mass organization by charging $1 for membership,\" says UC Berkeley's Walker. \"And they very quickly had thousands, even tens of thousands of members within two years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast membership, Save the Bay rallied the media. Pete Seeger even wrote \u003ca href=\"http://new.music.yahoo.com/pete-seeger/tracks/70-miles--177241411\">a song about the Bay\u003c/a>, calling it a \"sludge puddle, sad and gray.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this point, says Walker, environmentalism had been a small, elite movement. But Save the Bay changed that. It resembled other major movements of the day, civil rights, free speech, and, eventually, the anti-war movement: Popular movements of ordinary people, trying to change policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Save the Bay is absolutely there at the birth of that kind of popular environmentalism,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Worked.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 1965, California passed the McAteer Petris Act, which created a new agency, the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, which has the power to stop development on the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to that, to the 1972 Clean Water Act and other laws, the bay is much cleaner. And after decades of shrinking, it’s getting bigger, thanks to wetland restoration. That leaves a host of new challenges, including sea level rise and invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re starting from a different place now than we were in the sixties. And that is thanks to the deceptively simple idea that occurred to Sylvia McLaughlin, while looking out of her window, half a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is something we don’t have a lot of other places,\" she says \"and we have to take care of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can watch excerpts of the wonderful, four-part documentary \"Saving the Bay,\" on \u003ca href=\"http://www.savingthebay.org/\">the show's website\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/saving_the_bay_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dumping garbage into the bay wasn’t only convenient, it served the larger goal of getting rid of the bay entirely. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370996992,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/saving_the_bay_slideshow/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":795},"headData":{"title":"The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco's \"Sludge Puddle\" | KQED","description":"Dumping garbage into the bay wasn’t only convenient, it served the larger goal of getting rid of the bay entirely. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco's \"Sludge Puddle\"","datePublished":"2011-10-14T20:30:46.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:29:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25947 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=25947","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/14/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/","disqusTitle":"The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco's \"Sludge Puddle\"","path":"/quest/25947/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-17-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-17-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay was almost entirely privately owned. Even if you’d wanted to go down and sit by the water, you couldn’t have. And you probably wouldn't have wanted to in the first place, says David Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bay was choked with sewage and toxic waste. There were no environmental laws, no regulations. The bay was really dying before our eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25953\" title=\"bayside junk\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk-350x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SF Bay was a convenient place fo dump garbage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lewis is executive director of Save the Bay. For decades, he says, the bay had functioned as official and unofficial trash dump for nearly every city on its perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Bay's Grim Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumping garbage into the bay wasn’t only convenient, it served the larger goal of getting rid of the bay entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a proposal by the Rockefeller brothers,\" says Lewis, \"to actually chop down the top of San Bruno Mountain and move it by conveyor belt to the west side of the bay, creating more fill the size of Manhattan out in the bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Richard Walker, a professor of geography at UC Berkeley, this was the ethos of the day: The bay served no purpose. To fill it up was to make it useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d had the depression, the war. There was lot of money to be made in expanding cities, expanding highways, building bridges,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a study showing that 70 percent of the San Francisco Bay could be filled and transformed into usable land. The City of Berkeley, meanwhile, had proposed to double its size by extending three miles into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25954\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25954\" title=\"Esther Kay Sylvia_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Save the Bay's founders: Kay Kerr, Sylvia McLaughlin, and Esther Gulick\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This caught the attention of three Berkeley women: \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-10-05/living/17512857_1_berkeley-hills-point-molate-shoreline\">Sylvia McLaughlin\u003c/a>, Catherine \"Kay\" Kerr, and Esther Gulick. Married to prominent UC Berkeley faculty members, the women had strong political connections in the area, as well as to local groups such as the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to call a meeting of local conservationists (the word \"environmentalist\" didn't exist yet). Once those activists found out about the plans for the bay, surely they'd swing into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were all busy doing their own things,\" recalls McLaughlin, who is now 94 and lives in the Berkeley hills. \"They were saving the redwoods, this and that. They said they they understood the need but they were too busy to help.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA New Movement Takes Shape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, in 1961, Save the Bay was born as a campaign to stop cities from filling in the Bay. McLaughlin says it was not always a popular position to take. \"I got called all kinds of names, not very complementary,\" she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while developers complained, Save the Bay was growing as an organization, in ways that other groups hadn’t thought to do in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-25956\" title=\"Warning sign_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj-297x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They very wisely turned themselves into a mass organization by charging $1 for membership,\" says UC Berkeley's Walker. \"And they very quickly had thousands, even tens of thousands of members within two years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast membership, Save the Bay rallied the media. Pete Seeger even wrote \u003ca href=\"http://new.music.yahoo.com/pete-seeger/tracks/70-miles--177241411\">a song about the Bay\u003c/a>, calling it a \"sludge puddle, sad and gray.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this point, says Walker, environmentalism had been a small, elite movement. But Save the Bay changed that. It resembled other major movements of the day, civil rights, free speech, and, eventually, the anti-war movement: Popular movements of ordinary people, trying to change policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Save the Bay is absolutely there at the birth of that kind of popular environmentalism,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Worked.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 1965, California passed the McAteer Petris Act, which created a new agency, the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, which has the power to stop development on the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to that, to the 1972 Clean Water Act and other laws, the bay is much cleaner. And after decades of shrinking, it’s getting bigger, thanks to wetland restoration. That leaves a host of new challenges, including sea level rise and invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re starting from a different place now than we were in the sixties. And that is thanks to the deceptively simple idea that occurred to Sylvia McLaughlin, while looking out of her window, half a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is something we don’t have a lot of other places,\" she says \"and we have to take care of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can watch excerpts of the wonderful, four-part documentary \"Saving the Bay,\" on \u003ca href=\"http://www.savingthebay.org/\">the show's website\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/saving_the_bay_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25947/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13203","quest_10277","quest_13202","quest_2487","quest_10275","quest_10276"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_25984","label":"quest_3359"},"quest_22231":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_22231","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"22231","score":null,"sort":[1312574427000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply","title":"From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply","publishDate":1312574427,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-08-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel boring machine\" title=\"hetch640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time we see this machine, it'll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you head past East Palo Alto, toward the soon-to-be western end of the new Bay tunnel, it is easy to start thinking you're in the wrong place. There's nothing to see, just acres of flat bayside grassland off of Highway 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, suddenly, there it is: a big, deep hole in the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What looks like a round elevator shaft the width of a five-lane freeway is the start of \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectDetail.aspx?prj_id=259\">a tunnel\u003c/a> that will, eventually, stretch five miles across the Bay. Bob Mues, like a lot of people here, says it’s one of the most exciting engineering projects he’s ever worked on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like me, he’s wearing a hard hat, neon vest, and safety glasses. \u003ci>(See them for yourself in the slide show farther down on this page.)\u003c/i> He’s a construction manager for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which is running this project. Mues says this is the first tunnel \u003ci>ever\u003c/i> dug beneath the bay, despite what many BART riders may believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was around when we built the BART tunnel,\" he says. \"The BART tunnel is a sunken tube.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>(Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see an amazing 1940 silent film about Hetch Hetchy's construction -- a colossal undertaking at the time -- starring the ever-thirsty \"Miss San Francisco.\" A few highlights: a 28.5 mile tunnel \"the longest ever driven by man,\" workers being searched for tobacco before they enter the mine... probably a good idea when you're working with explosives, and the moment, on October 28, 1943, when the first trickle of water from Hetchy Hetchy reached the Peninsula.)\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mues points to the bottom of the shaft, to a white steel cylinder the size of a school bus, with a red tip. This is the star of the show, a state-of-the-art tunnel boring machine, arrived from Japan in May. To picture how it works, think about a circular cheese grater. The kind where you crank the wheel, and grated cheese falls out the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the machine does more than just dig. Mues says it functions like an underground factory. \"The machine eats dirt, and extrudes finished concrete pipe in 5-foot lengths,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that discarded dirt (with a consistency like potters' clay, Mues says) will ooze out past the drill and onto conveyor belts that snake back through the tunnel, to Palo Alto. From there, it'll be trucked to Bair Island, near Redwood City, where it'll be used for \u003ca href=\"http://www.redwoodcity.org/manager/news/2007/bair-restoration.html\">wetland restoration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the next time anyone sees the drill, it’ll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark. Mues says tunnel construction will take about 23 months. On average, that's 50 feet of tunnel a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hetch Hetchy's Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay tunnel is just one part of a \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">vast overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, which carries water 167 miles from the Tuolumne River, near Yosemite, to Bay Area taps. There are \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectList.aspx\">81 projects in all\u003c/a>: pipes, water treatment centers, dams, reservoirs, all replaced or retrofitted with stronger, more durable parts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, these projects will cost 4.6 billion dollars, and if you drink Hetch Hetchy water, you’re helping pay for it, thanks to a ballot measure that voters approved in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it seems surprising, especially in this current budget climate, that Hetch Hetchy customers would have approved such an expensive project, one that essentially doubles many customers’ water bills (at a time when water systems seemed to be working just fine), consider what was then still a recent memory: Loma Prieta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Really, 1989 was a catalyst,\" says David Schwartz, an earthquake geologist with the United States Geological Survey. \"It told everyone 'Hey, wake up Bay Area. You know, we’ve gone a long time, since 1906 with nothing happening, but we have big quakes in our future.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and other geologists believe the next big quake is likely to come from the Hayward Fault, which runs through Berkeley and Oakland. Carbon dating shows that over the last 1700 years, the Hayward Fault has erupted approximately once every 140 years. The last major quake on it was in 1868, 143 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So certainly in the next couple decades we really expect to see a 6.8 or a 6.9, maybe a 7 on the Hayward Fault,\" says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/hetchhetchy_radio_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All earthquakes are wake-up calls. Take the 1906 quake, which rendered San Francisco, and its fire stations, virtually without water for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially the entire city burned down,\" says Julie Labonte. She's a civil engineer tasked with overseeing all 81 projects of the Water System Improvement Program, as it's called. Labonte says after 1906, city officials vowed never to let the city burn again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s when city officials went to the Department of the Interior, to petition for the rights to water on the Hetch Hetchy Valley,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision -- to build a dam in Yosemite -- sparked \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/ca/hetchhetchy/\">a bitter battle\u003c/a> with the Sierra Club. Some environmentalists still want the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">dam torn down\u003c/a>. But today, Hetch Hetchy supplies 90 percent of the water to San Francisco and Penninsula residents. It’s some of the cleanest water in the country. The 1906 earthquake is what got the system built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers at the Bay tunnel hope they can get it done before the next big quake hits. The tunnel is designed to last a century. It’s projected to cost $313 million and be complete by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Bay Area's vast Hetchy Hetchy system, \"a dream in granite, concrete, and steel,\" is getting an overhaul. The system carries water 167 miles from Yosemite to Bay Area taps; pretty soon that voyage will include the Bay's first true tunnel. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370997185,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/hetchhetchy_radio_slideshow/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":972},"headData":{"title":"From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply | KQED","description":"The Bay Area's vast Hetchy Hetchy system, "a dream in granite, concrete, and steel," is getting an overhaul. The system carries water 167 miles from Yosemite to Bay Area taps; pretty soon that voyage will include the Bay's first true tunnel. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply","datePublished":"2011-08-05T20:00:27.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:33:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"22231 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=22231","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/05/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/","disqusTitle":"From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply","path":"/quest/22231/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-08-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-08-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel boring machine\" title=\"hetch640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time we see this machine, it'll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you head past East Palo Alto, toward the soon-to-be western end of the new Bay tunnel, it is easy to start thinking you're in the wrong place. There's nothing to see, just acres of flat bayside grassland off of Highway 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, suddenly, there it is: a big, deep hole in the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What looks like a round elevator shaft the width of a five-lane freeway is the start of \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectDetail.aspx?prj_id=259\">a tunnel\u003c/a> that will, eventually, stretch five miles across the Bay. Bob Mues, like a lot of people here, says it’s one of the most exciting engineering projects he’s ever worked on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like me, he’s wearing a hard hat, neon vest, and safety glasses. \u003ci>(See them for yourself in the slide show farther down on this page.)\u003c/i> He’s a construction manager for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which is running this project. Mues says this is the first tunnel \u003ci>ever\u003c/i> dug beneath the bay, despite what many BART riders may believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was around when we built the BART tunnel,\" he says. \"The BART tunnel is a sunken tube.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>(Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see an amazing 1940 silent film about Hetch Hetchy's construction -- a colossal undertaking at the time -- starring the ever-thirsty \"Miss San Francisco.\" A few highlights: a 28.5 mile tunnel \"the longest ever driven by man,\" workers being searched for tobacco before they enter the mine... probably a good idea when you're working with explosives, and the moment, on October 28, 1943, when the first trickle of water from Hetchy Hetchy reached the Peninsula.)\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mues points to the bottom of the shaft, to a white steel cylinder the size of a school bus, with a red tip. This is the star of the show, a state-of-the-art tunnel boring machine, arrived from Japan in May. To picture how it works, think about a circular cheese grater. The kind where you crank the wheel, and grated cheese falls out the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the machine does more than just dig. Mues says it functions like an underground factory. \"The machine eats dirt, and extrudes finished concrete pipe in 5-foot lengths,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that discarded dirt (with a consistency like potters' clay, Mues says) will ooze out past the drill and onto conveyor belts that snake back through the tunnel, to Palo Alto. From there, it'll be trucked to Bair Island, near Redwood City, where it'll be used for \u003ca href=\"http://www.redwoodcity.org/manager/news/2007/bair-restoration.html\">wetland restoration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the next time anyone sees the drill, it’ll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark. Mues says tunnel construction will take about 23 months. On average, that's 50 feet of tunnel a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hetch Hetchy's Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay tunnel is just one part of a \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">vast overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, which carries water 167 miles from the Tuolumne River, near Yosemite, to Bay Area taps. There are \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectList.aspx\">81 projects in all\u003c/a>: pipes, water treatment centers, dams, reservoirs, all replaced or retrofitted with stronger, more durable parts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, these projects will cost 4.6 billion dollars, and if you drink Hetch Hetchy water, you’re helping pay for it, thanks to a ballot measure that voters approved in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it seems surprising, especially in this current budget climate, that Hetch Hetchy customers would have approved such an expensive project, one that essentially doubles many customers’ water bills (at a time when water systems seemed to be working just fine), consider what was then still a recent memory: Loma Prieta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Really, 1989 was a catalyst,\" says David Schwartz, an earthquake geologist with the United States Geological Survey. \"It told everyone 'Hey, wake up Bay Area. You know, we’ve gone a long time, since 1906 with nothing happening, but we have big quakes in our future.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and other geologists believe the next big quake is likely to come from the Hayward Fault, which runs through Berkeley and Oakland. Carbon dating shows that over the last 1700 years, the Hayward Fault has erupted approximately once every 140 years. The last major quake on it was in 1868, 143 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So certainly in the next couple decades we really expect to see a 6.8 or a 6.9, maybe a 7 on the Hayward Fault,\" says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/hetchhetchy_radio_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All earthquakes are wake-up calls. Take the 1906 quake, which rendered San Francisco, and its fire stations, virtually without water for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially the entire city burned down,\" says Julie Labonte. She's a civil engineer tasked with overseeing all 81 projects of the Water System Improvement Program, as it's called. Labonte says after 1906, city officials vowed never to let the city burn again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s when city officials went to the Department of the Interior, to petition for the rights to water on the Hetch Hetchy Valley,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision -- to build a dam in Yosemite -- sparked \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/ca/hetchhetchy/\">a bitter battle\u003c/a> with the Sierra Club. Some environmentalists still want the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">dam torn down\u003c/a>. But today, Hetch Hetchy supplies 90 percent of the water to San Francisco and Penninsula residents. It’s some of the cleanest water in the country. The 1906 earthquake is what got the system built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers at the Bay tunnel hope they can get it done before the next big quake hits. The tunnel is designed to last a century. It’s projected to cost $313 million and be complete by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/22231/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_9961","quest_9962","quest_3608","quest_9960","quest_13203","quest_13202","quest_2490","quest_3321","quest_9958","quest_9959"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_22272","label":"quest_3359"},"quest_21396":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_21396","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"21396","score":null,"sort":[1311966042000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning","title":"Rough Waters for Sea Level Rise Planning","publishDate":1311966042,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21399\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Saltworks-640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Saltworks-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Saltworks-640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21399\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt ponds in Redwood City where the new Saltworks development is proposed. Photo: Lauren Sommer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What do Bay Area airports and some big Silicon Valley companies have in common? They sit right on the edge of San Francisco Bay, where sea level rise is expected to have a big impact by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may seem far in the future, but state agencies are preparing for climate change now by writing new rules for construction along the bay's shoreline. As you can imagine, developers and environmentalists aren't exactly seeing eye to eye. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's evident on a patch of land at the edge of the bay in Redwood City. For more than a century, it's been home to one thing: salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As you look out, you can see it looks sort of like a frozen pond,\" says David Smith, a Senior Vice President with DMB Associates. He's standing next to flat, industrial ponds filled with crystallizing salt. \"On a typical season, you would hope to establish a layer of 8 to 12 inches.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/salt/\">Cargill Salt\u003c/a> owns these ponds as part of their salt-harvesting operations. Smith is with a developer that's working with Cargill on a different vision for these more than 1400 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Welcome to the Redwood City Saltworks site,\" he says. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">Saltworks\u003c/a> is DMB's proposal for 8,000 to 12,000 new housing units. \"Half of the site would be dedicated to open spaces uses including tidal marsh restoration and then the other half would be this integrated, transit-oriented development.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says it's housing that's sorely needed in the Bay Area. \"You have had the explosion of economic success of Silicon Valley. We should be ashamed of our inability or unwillingness to provide housing to support those workers and that economic activity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lewis, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, is on the other side of the issue. \"This site is not a site for housing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salt ponds in Redwood City are actually one of the last unprotected areas that could be restored to tidal marsh for San Francisco Bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like a pretty typical story: a developer wants prime land to build on and environmental groups want to see wildlife habitat restored. But there's a twist, as David Smith points to on one particular map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Waters Rising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're looking at is a blue inundation zone and it depicts the projections for sea level rise for the region around Redwood City,\" Smith says, pointing to map showing the low-lying parts of the bay's shoreline at risk from sea level rise – which includes the land we're standing on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says their plan calls for a three mile levee to protect the development from the bay. Projections from state scientists show sea level could rise by nearly six feet by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd like to ignore it. But if we ignore it, we're ignoring it at our own economic peril,\" says Will Travis, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/\">Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a>. BCDC is the state agency with jurisdiction over the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're building things now that will be around for a hundred years. And we should, we believe, think about how those cities, how those communities will remain viable and sustainable,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCDC is \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/proposed_bay_plan/bp_amend_1-08.shtml\">writing new regulations\u003c/a> for development along the shore, which they'll use in future permitting decisions. They've been guided by a state plan from the Schwarzenegger administration called the California Climate Adaptation Strategy. It discourages building in low-lying areas and encourages wetland restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wetlands are wonderful for dealing with climate change. Wetlands soak up flood water. So the wider the wetland in the front, the lower the levee can be in the back,\" says Travis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Battle Over Shoreline Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when BCDC released the first draft of its new development policy two years ago, the agency faced a wave of protest, especially from folks who see bay front property as prime real estate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It tried to do too much too fast,\" says Jim Wunderman, president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacouncil.org/\">Bay Area Council\u003c/a>, a group representing business interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should be absolutely concerned about sea level rise, but we shouldn't allow the concern about it to say let's just stop doing everything,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of bay-front cities had the same complaint. Public meetings got ugly. \"People said things that they probably weren't proud of when the meeting was over and I know we've had epithets hurled at us,\" says Wunderman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So BCDC backed off a little, saying that new development would be considered on a case by case basis. David Lewis of Save the Bay says those changes concern him, because the policy is leading the way for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most small cities don't have the resources to change the way they plan and permit developments with a big change like sea level rise. I think BCDC's at the forefront and it should be brave about doing the right thing,\" says Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Travis of BCDC says the changes were necessary, so the plan works for the dozens of cities it involves. \"We want to achieve environmental protection. We have to, but not at the expense of regional prosperity. So we're trying to achieve that balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge, Travis says, is making a global issue like climate change part of regional planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A society likes dealing with climate change at the abstract. It's when you actually get down to doing something about it that people have concerns.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, BCDC expects to finalize the sea level rise policy that will govern development along San Francisco Bay for years to come.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/proposed_bay_plan/bp_amend_1-08.shtml\">More about BCDC's Sea Level Rise Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/climate_change/index_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Sea Level Rise Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What do Bay Area airports and some big Silicon Valley companies have in common? They sit right on the edge of San Francisco Bay, where sea level rise is expected to have a big impact by the end of the century. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1313430366,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":998},"headData":{"title":"Rough Waters for Sea Level Rise Planning | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Rough Waters for Sea Level Rise Planning","datePublished":"2011-07-29T19:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2011-08-15T17:46:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"21396 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/29/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning/","disqusTitle":"Rough Waters for Sea Level Rise Planning","path":"/quest/21396/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-01-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21399\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Saltworks-640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Saltworks-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Saltworks-640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21399\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt ponds in Redwood City where the new Saltworks development is proposed. Photo: Lauren Sommer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What do Bay Area airports and some big Silicon Valley companies have in common? They sit right on the edge of San Francisco Bay, where sea level rise is expected to have a big impact by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may seem far in the future, but state agencies are preparing for climate change now by writing new rules for construction along the bay's shoreline. As you can imagine, developers and environmentalists aren't exactly seeing eye to eye. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's evident on a patch of land at the edge of the bay in Redwood City. For more than a century, it's been home to one thing: salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As you look out, you can see it looks sort of like a frozen pond,\" says David Smith, a Senior Vice President with DMB Associates. He's standing next to flat, industrial ponds filled with crystallizing salt. \"On a typical season, you would hope to establish a layer of 8 to 12 inches.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/salt/\">Cargill Salt\u003c/a> owns these ponds as part of their salt-harvesting operations. Smith is with a developer that's working with Cargill on a different vision for these more than 1400 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Welcome to the Redwood City Saltworks site,\" he says. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">Saltworks\u003c/a> is DMB's proposal for 8,000 to 12,000 new housing units. \"Half of the site would be dedicated to open spaces uses including tidal marsh restoration and then the other half would be this integrated, transit-oriented development.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says it's housing that's sorely needed in the Bay Area. \"You have had the explosion of economic success of Silicon Valley. We should be ashamed of our inability or unwillingness to provide housing to support those workers and that economic activity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lewis, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, is on the other side of the issue. \"This site is not a site for housing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salt ponds in Redwood City are actually one of the last unprotected areas that could be restored to tidal marsh for San Francisco Bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like a pretty typical story: a developer wants prime land to build on and environmental groups want to see wildlife habitat restored. But there's a twist, as David Smith points to on one particular map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Waters Rising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're looking at is a blue inundation zone and it depicts the projections for sea level rise for the region around Redwood City,\" Smith says, pointing to map showing the low-lying parts of the bay's shoreline at risk from sea level rise – which includes the land we're standing on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says their plan calls for a three mile levee to protect the development from the bay. Projections from state scientists show sea level could rise by nearly six feet by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd like to ignore it. But if we ignore it, we're ignoring it at our own economic peril,\" says Will Travis, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/\">Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a>. BCDC is the state agency with jurisdiction over the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're building things now that will be around for a hundred years. And we should, we believe, think about how those cities, how those communities will remain viable and sustainable,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCDC is \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/proposed_bay_plan/bp_amend_1-08.shtml\">writing new regulations\u003c/a> for development along the shore, which they'll use in future permitting decisions. They've been guided by a state plan from the Schwarzenegger administration called the California Climate Adaptation Strategy. It discourages building in low-lying areas and encourages wetland restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wetlands are wonderful for dealing with climate change. Wetlands soak up flood water. So the wider the wetland in the front, the lower the levee can be in the back,\" says Travis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Battle Over Shoreline Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when BCDC released the first draft of its new development policy two years ago, the agency faced a wave of protest, especially from folks who see bay front property as prime real estate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It tried to do too much too fast,\" says Jim Wunderman, president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacouncil.org/\">Bay Area Council\u003c/a>, a group representing business interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should be absolutely concerned about sea level rise, but we shouldn't allow the concern about it to say let's just stop doing everything,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of bay-front cities had the same complaint. Public meetings got ugly. \"People said things that they probably weren't proud of when the meeting was over and I know we've had epithets hurled at us,\" says Wunderman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So BCDC backed off a little, saying that new development would be considered on a case by case basis. David Lewis of Save the Bay says those changes concern him, because the policy is leading the way for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most small cities don't have the resources to change the way they plan and permit developments with a big change like sea level rise. I think BCDC's at the forefront and it should be brave about doing the right thing,\" says Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Travis of BCDC says the changes were necessary, so the plan works for the dozens of cities it involves. \"We want to achieve environmental protection. We have to, but not at the expense of regional prosperity. So we're trying to achieve that balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge, Travis says, is making a global issue like climate change part of regional planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A society likes dealing with climate change at the abstract. It's when you actually get down to doing something about it that people have concerns.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, BCDC expects to finalize the sea level rise policy that will govern development along San Francisco Bay for years to come.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/proposed_bay_plan/bp_amend_1-08.shtml\">More about BCDC's Sea Level Rise Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/climate_change/index_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Sea Level Rise Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/21396/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_284","quest_340","quest_9791","quest_9821","quest_9818","quest_13203","quest_13202","quest_2423","quest_2483","quest_9820","quest_9819"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_21399","label":"quest_3359"},"quest_20389":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20389","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20389","score":null,"sort":[1310763611000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work","title":"Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work","publishDate":1310763611,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20423\" title=\"Gull-photo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Gull-photo-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California gull tagged by USGS scientists. Credit: Josh Ackerman/USGS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most ambitious wetland restoration projects in the country is underway in San Francisco Bay. For more than a century, the South Bay shoreline has been home to industrial salt ponds. Now, thousands of acres of those ponds are being restored for shorebirds and wildlife. But that is creating an opportunity for a very problematic bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area's gulls are well-known to San Francisco Giants fans. At one recent game, as the Giants staged a late comeback during the ninth inning hundreds of gulls appeared out of the night sky. Like clockwork, they show up just before the game ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Don't ask me how. They just know,\" says Mike Krukow, a broadcaster with the Giants. \"They come in and it's always with two outs to go in the ninth inning and there they are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attraction, of course, is the food. \"It's pizza. They've got garlic fries. They really love the garlic fries by the way,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How gulls time their arrival so well is a little bit of a mystery. But their numbers have grown so high that the ballpark is considering bringing in a falcon to scare them away. But that's not possible everywhere...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay Shorebirds on the Menu\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the bay near Alviso, a crew from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> is working on a small island in the middle of a former salt pond. It's home to a colony of \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Forsters_Tern/lifehistory\">Forster's terns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hey, what was the band number on that chick?\" asks Garth Herring, one of the scientists on the project. The team measures and bands the small, speckled tern chicks. A few of them get radio transmitters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When that transmitter is attached to a live chick, the transmitter beeps at a very specific rate,\" says Herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the chick dies, the beep slows down. But you might wonder – why do they need to know if a chick is dead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just to the north of us roughly about a mile, there's one of the largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/california_gull/id\">California gull\u003c/a> colonies. They'll come in, grab the chick. And they get back to the gull colony and they regurgitate to their chicks,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At which point the tern chick – and transmitter – is inside the gull – until it passes through, that is. That's when Herring and his team go looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty common that we find just a small pile of bones, the radio transmitter and the band that was associated with that Forster's tern chick,\" says Herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herring says they've found that gulls only prey on the terns at certain times of day. \"It's timed pretty well with when the local landfill sites are closing down. They're flying back to the colonies and are picking up chicks probably around 6 o'clock on average.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, 40 percent of the tern chicks they tagged were eaten by gulls. \"It certainly does suggest that California gulls do have the potential to have a big impact on these breeding water birds here,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gulls Gone Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're the big bully,\" says Cheryl Strong , a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. \"They're very opportunistic and they do really well with humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California gulls didn't always call San Francisco Bay home. In the 1980s, a small group began nesting on one of the salt ponds. Now, that population has exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California gulls are one of the earliest nesting species and they're also probably the most aggressive. So they show up first that they can easily take over an area,\" says Strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a> has spent millions restoring pond habitat for Forster's terns, American avocets and the threatened western snowy plover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's a conservation Catch-22. As more habitat is restored for shorebirds, it also creates more habitat for gulls. And as former salt ponds are flooded during the restoration, the gulls are looking for new places to nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With 40,000 gulls, there's not a lot of room for other birds,\" says Strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strong says the Fish and Wildlife Service is writing a plan to manage the gulls. One option is killing the birds. But gulls can live up to 25 years and with an endless food source at landfills nearby, she says there's only so much they could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're talking about removing birds lethally, it's just not feasible. They are a part of our landscape, like it or not,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, they're trying something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gull Hazing Underway\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So up ahead there are some gulls doing some courtship behaviors on the levee which is definitely a bad sign,\" says Caitlin Robinson-Nilsen of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbbo.org/\">San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory\u003c/a>. She's looking at a large flock of gulls on a salt pond near Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is one of the areas where we definitely don't want them to nest. One of the salt ponds we're standing right next to is a historic nesting site of the western snowy plover.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Robinson-Nilsen's job is to haze the gulls. She uses a whistle and walks down the levee. The gulls aren't happy about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll dive bomb you and hit you in your head. They're very good at pooping you. They have pretty good aim that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson-Nislen says they're hazing gulls twice a day to keep them from nesting next to sensitive shorebirds. So far, it looks like it's working. But with millions of tax dollars being spent on restoring more habitat, biologists expect they'll be doing a lot more gull management in the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/outreach.aspx?RecordID=54\">Help Track the California Gull\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the most ambitious wetland restoration projects in the country is underway in San Francisco Bay. Thousands of acres of those ponds are being restored for shorebirds and wildlife. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443826119,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1010},"headData":{"title":"Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work","datePublished":"2011-07-15T21:00:11.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:48:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20389 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/15/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/","disqusTitle":"Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work","path":"/quest/20389/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-18-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20423\" title=\"Gull-photo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Gull-photo-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California gull tagged by USGS scientists. Credit: Josh Ackerman/USGS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most ambitious wetland restoration projects in the country is underway in San Francisco Bay. For more than a century, the South Bay shoreline has been home to industrial salt ponds. Now, thousands of acres of those ponds are being restored for shorebirds and wildlife. But that is creating an opportunity for a very problematic bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area's gulls are well-known to San Francisco Giants fans. At one recent game, as the Giants staged a late comeback during the ninth inning hundreds of gulls appeared out of the night sky. Like clockwork, they show up just before the game ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Don't ask me how. They just know,\" says Mike Krukow, a broadcaster with the Giants. \"They come in and it's always with two outs to go in the ninth inning and there they are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attraction, of course, is the food. \"It's pizza. They've got garlic fries. They really love the garlic fries by the way,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How gulls time their arrival so well is a little bit of a mystery. But their numbers have grown so high that the ballpark is considering bringing in a falcon to scare them away. But that's not possible everywhere...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay Shorebirds on the Menu\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the bay near Alviso, a crew from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> is working on a small island in the middle of a former salt pond. It's home to a colony of \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Forsters_Tern/lifehistory\">Forster's terns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hey, what was the band number on that chick?\" asks Garth Herring, one of the scientists on the project. The team measures and bands the small, speckled tern chicks. A few of them get radio transmitters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When that transmitter is attached to a live chick, the transmitter beeps at a very specific rate,\" says Herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the chick dies, the beep slows down. But you might wonder – why do they need to know if a chick is dead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just to the north of us roughly about a mile, there's one of the largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/california_gull/id\">California gull\u003c/a> colonies. They'll come in, grab the chick. And they get back to the gull colony and they regurgitate to their chicks,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At which point the tern chick – and transmitter – is inside the gull – until it passes through, that is. That's when Herring and his team go looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty common that we find just a small pile of bones, the radio transmitter and the band that was associated with that Forster's tern chick,\" says Herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herring says they've found that gulls only prey on the terns at certain times of day. \"It's timed pretty well with when the local landfill sites are closing down. They're flying back to the colonies and are picking up chicks probably around 6 o'clock on average.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, 40 percent of the tern chicks they tagged were eaten by gulls. \"It certainly does suggest that California gulls do have the potential to have a big impact on these breeding water birds here,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gulls Gone Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're the big bully,\" says Cheryl Strong , a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. \"They're very opportunistic and they do really well with humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California gulls didn't always call San Francisco Bay home. In the 1980s, a small group began nesting on one of the salt ponds. Now, that population has exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California gulls are one of the earliest nesting species and they're also probably the most aggressive. So they show up first that they can easily take over an area,\" says Strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a> has spent millions restoring pond habitat for Forster's terns, American avocets and the threatened western snowy plover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's a conservation Catch-22. As more habitat is restored for shorebirds, it also creates more habitat for gulls. And as former salt ponds are flooded during the restoration, the gulls are looking for new places to nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With 40,000 gulls, there's not a lot of room for other birds,\" says Strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strong says the Fish and Wildlife Service is writing a plan to manage the gulls. One option is killing the birds. But gulls can live up to 25 years and with an endless food source at landfills nearby, she says there's only so much they could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're talking about removing birds lethally, it's just not feasible. They are a part of our landscape, like it or not,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, they're trying something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gull Hazing Underway\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So up ahead there are some gulls doing some courtship behaviors on the levee which is definitely a bad sign,\" says Caitlin Robinson-Nilsen of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbbo.org/\">San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory\u003c/a>. She's looking at a large flock of gulls on a salt pond near Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is one of the areas where we definitely don't want them to nest. One of the salt ponds we're standing right next to is a historic nesting site of the western snowy plover.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Robinson-Nilsen's job is to haze the gulls. She uses a whistle and walks down the levee. The gulls aren't happy about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll dive bomb you and hit you in your head. They're very good at pooping you. They have pretty good aim that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson-Nislen says they're hazing gulls twice a day to keep them from nesting next to sensitive shorebirds. So far, it looks like it's working. But with millions of tax dollars being spent on restoring more habitat, biologists expect they'll be doing a lot more gull management in the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/outreach.aspx?RecordID=54\">Help Track the California Gull\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20389/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_284","quest_340","quest_9791","quest_9821","quest_9818","quest_13203","quest_13","quest_2423","quest_2483","quest_9820","quest_9819"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_20423","label":"quest_3359"},"quest_18960":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_18960","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"18960","score":null,"sort":[1310497717000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-journey-of-the-san-francisco-bay-trail","title":"Science on the SPOT: Journey of the San Francisco Bay Trail","publishDate":1310497717,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Journey of the San Francisco Bay Trail | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>A dedicated group of outdoor lovers and trail planners is working to build a 500-mile biking and hiking trail along the entire shoreline of San Francisco and San Pablo bays. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"San Francisco Bay Trail\" href=\"http://www.baytrail.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Trail\u003c/a> project was started in the 1980s to build a “ring around the Bay.” The project has been compared to the 2,200-mile \u003ca title=\"Appalachian Trail Conservancy\" href=\"http://www.appalachiantrail.org/\">Appalachian Trail\u003c/a> in that it connects the communities along the way. But the Bay Trail is unique because it circles a body of water and does so in a major metropolitan area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 310 miles of the San Francisco Bay Trail have been completed as of this summer, and it turns out that Richmond is the city with the most miles of trail so far: 30. It makes sense if you think that Richmond is the city with the longest shoreline in the Bay Area. The city has also been lucky enough to have a group of volunteers who in the late 1990s created the \u003ca title=\"Trails for Richmond Action Committee\" href=\"http://www.pointrichmond.com/baytrail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trails for Richmond Action Committee \u003c/a>with the goal to finish the Bay Trail in that city. They have 11 miles left to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our video takes you on a journey along several sections of the Bay Trail in Richmond. We start out bird-watching at \u003ca title=\"Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/miller_knox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline\u003c/a>, then ride to the wetlands north of \u003ca title=\"Pt. Isabel Regional Shoreline\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/pt_isabel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pt. Isabel Regional Shoreline\u003c/a>, and end up at the newest section of the Bay Trail, which circles a \u003ca title=\"Map of the Landfill Loop of the San Francisco Bay Trail\" href=\"http://www.pointrichmond.com/baytrail/pdfs/WildcatMarsh.LandfillLoop.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">former landfill \u003c/a>off the Richmond Parkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our video, we wanted to somehow recreate the experience of watching the scenery change as you move along the Bay Trail. So we asked Bay Trail project manager \u003ca href=\"http://baytrail.abag.ca.gov/contact.html\">Laura Thompson\u003c/a> to ride her bicycle as we interviewed her, and we came up with our own low-tech “dolly” so that we could film her as we rode alongside. Check out the photos:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A dedicated group of outdoor lovers and trail planners is working to build a 500-mile trail around San Francisco Bay. Come along as QUEST hikes and bikes the newest section. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974080,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":323},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Journey of the San Francisco Bay Trail | KQED","description":"A dedicated group of outdoor lovers and trail planners is working to build a 500-mile trail around San Francisco Bay. Come along as QUEST hikes and bikes the newest section. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: Journey of the San Francisco Bay Trail","datePublished":"2011-07-12T19:08:37.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:21:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdgpHrPuV-4","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/18960/science-on-the-spot-journey-of-the-san-francisco-bay-trail","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A dedicated group of outdoor lovers and trail planners is working to build a 500-mile biking and hiking trail along the entire shoreline of San Francisco and San Pablo bays. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"San Francisco Bay Trail\" href=\"http://www.baytrail.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Trail\u003c/a> project was started in the 1980s to build a “ring around the Bay.” The project has been compared to the 2,200-mile \u003ca title=\"Appalachian Trail Conservancy\" href=\"http://www.appalachiantrail.org/\">Appalachian Trail\u003c/a> in that it connects the communities along the way. But the Bay Trail is unique because it circles a body of water and does so in a major metropolitan area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 310 miles of the San Francisco Bay Trail have been completed as of this summer, and it turns out that Richmond is the city with the most miles of trail so far: 30. It makes sense if you think that Richmond is the city with the longest shoreline in the Bay Area. The city has also been lucky enough to have a group of volunteers who in the late 1990s created the \u003ca title=\"Trails for Richmond Action Committee\" href=\"http://www.pointrichmond.com/baytrail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trails for Richmond Action Committee \u003c/a>with the goal to finish the Bay Trail in that city. They have 11 miles left to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our video takes you on a journey along several sections of the Bay Trail in Richmond. We start out bird-watching at \u003ca title=\"Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/miller_knox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline\u003c/a>, then ride to the wetlands north of \u003ca title=\"Pt. Isabel Regional Shoreline\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/pt_isabel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pt. Isabel Regional Shoreline\u003c/a>, and end up at the newest section of the Bay Trail, which circles a \u003ca title=\"Map of the Landfill Loop of the San Francisco Bay Trail\" href=\"http://www.pointrichmond.com/baytrail/pdfs/WildcatMarsh.LandfillLoop.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">former landfill \u003c/a>off the Richmond Parkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our video, we wanted to somehow recreate the experience of watching the scenery change as you move along the Bay Trail. So we asked Bay Trail project manager \u003ca href=\"http://baytrail.abag.ca.gov/contact.html\">Laura Thompson\u003c/a> to ride her bicycle as we interviewed her, and we came up with our own low-tech “dolly” so that we could film her as we rode alongside. Check out the photos:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/18960/science-on-the-spot-journey-of-the-san-francisco-bay-trail","authors":["6186"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_293","quest_320","quest_3923","quest_3310","quest_8738","quest_1035","quest_1369","quest_3351","quest_8736","quest_2141","quest_8737","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2431","quest_2487","quest_8735","quest_8739"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_18969","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_15489":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15489","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15489","score":null,"sort":[1309194296000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sea-lions-herring-and-climate-change","title":"Sea Lions, Herring, and Climate Change","publishDate":1309194296,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Pier391.jpg\">\u003cem>San Francisco's Pier 39 is home to only a few sea lions this summer.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent Saturday sightseeing in San Francisco with a friend visiting from out of town, and I thought I’d check in on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/pinnipeds/california-sea-lion/\">sea lions\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pier39.com/Information/webcamnew.htm\">Pier 39\u003c/a>. Just a few years ago, there were about 1600 of them, slithering on and off the wooden docks, basking in the sun, and barking at one another. Then in 2009, most of them swam away, as QUEST blogger Amy Gotliffe \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/11/wonderin-where-the-lions-are/\">explained\u003c/a>. The sea lions’ favorite food, herring, was in short supply, so they went to Oregon to feast on anchovies and salmon. Now the herring are making a comeback—will the sea lions return too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This weekend the floating wooden palates at Pier 39 were mostly bare; there were perhaps a dozen sea lions. We would expect the sea lion numbers to be low this time of year, herring or no herring. In the summer, sea lions travel down south (the Channel Islands, San Diego, Baja) to breed. But there were still fewer sea lions at Pier 39 than in summers past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions will eat a lot of different prey items: octopus, squid, small sharks. But their bread and butter is herring, which have been hard to find in recent years. The herring fishery is the only fishery still in operation in San Francisco Bay, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_13280772\">closed\u003c/a> during the 2009/2010 season (December through April), because there were so few fish. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/web-only-articles/a-good-season-for-bay-herring\">the herring fishery opened again\u003c/a>, but with a lower quota than in the past, to allow the fish to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few hypotheses about why the herring numbers dipped so low in 2009. First, herring lay their eggs in the brackish waters of the estuaries around San Francisco Bay. Each female fish can lay up to 50,000 eggs, which are a prized commodity in Japan. However, the years leading up to 2009 were drought years, so the estuaries were saltier than usual. That may have affected the herrings’ spawning success. Second, the 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill may have affected herring health. Researchers found oil-soaked embryos, which were deformed. Third, herring declines may be the result of climate change. As surface waters get warmer, there is less mixing with cold, nutrient-rich water from the bottom of the ocean. There are also big patches of the ocean that have very little oxygen. These hypoxic zones are deadly to their inhabitants, and are affecting many marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the herring appear to be making a comeback, possibly because the past few years have been wet and the estuaries are sufficiently fresh, or because the spilled oil has been flushed from the Bay. Time will tell whether the sea lions follow their food and return to Pier 39. I hope they come back—along with the twists and turns of Lombard Street and the Golden Gate Bridge, the Embarcadero’s sea lions are one of my favorite San Francisco treasures to show off to visiting friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.809079 -122.411934\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I thought I’d check in on the sea lions at Pier 39. Just a few years ago, there were about 1600 of them. Then in 2009, most of them swam away.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311702907,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":519},"headData":{"title":"Sea Lions, Herring, and Climate Change | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sea Lions, Herring, and Climate Change","datePublished":"2011-06-27T17:04:56.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-26T17:55:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15489 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15489","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/27/sea-lions-herring-and-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"Sea Lions, Herring, and Climate Change","path":"/quest/15489/sea-lions-herring-and-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Pier391.jpg\">\u003cem>San Francisco's Pier 39 is home to only a few sea lions this summer.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent Saturday sightseeing in San Francisco with a friend visiting from out of town, and I thought I’d check in on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/pinnipeds/california-sea-lion/\">sea lions\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pier39.com/Information/webcamnew.htm\">Pier 39\u003c/a>. Just a few years ago, there were about 1600 of them, slithering on and off the wooden docks, basking in the sun, and barking at one another. Then in 2009, most of them swam away, as QUEST blogger Amy Gotliffe \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/11/wonderin-where-the-lions-are/\">explained\u003c/a>. The sea lions’ favorite food, herring, was in short supply, so they went to Oregon to feast on anchovies and salmon. Now the herring are making a comeback—will the sea lions return too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This weekend the floating wooden palates at Pier 39 were mostly bare; there were perhaps a dozen sea lions. We would expect the sea lion numbers to be low this time of year, herring or no herring. In the summer, sea lions travel down south (the Channel Islands, San Diego, Baja) to breed. But there were still fewer sea lions at Pier 39 than in summers past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions will eat a lot of different prey items: octopus, squid, small sharks. But their bread and butter is herring, which have been hard to find in recent years. The herring fishery is the only fishery still in operation in San Francisco Bay, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_13280772\">closed\u003c/a> during the 2009/2010 season (December through April), because there were so few fish. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/web-only-articles/a-good-season-for-bay-herring\">the herring fishery opened again\u003c/a>, but with a lower quota than in the past, to allow the fish to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few hypotheses about why the herring numbers dipped so low in 2009. First, herring lay their eggs in the brackish waters of the estuaries around San Francisco Bay. Each female fish can lay up to 50,000 eggs, which are a prized commodity in Japan. However, the years leading up to 2009 were drought years, so the estuaries were saltier than usual. That may have affected the herrings’ spawning success. Second, the 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill may have affected herring health. Researchers found oil-soaked embryos, which were deformed. Third, herring declines may be the result of climate change. As surface waters get warmer, there is less mixing with cold, nutrient-rich water from the bottom of the ocean. There are also big patches of the ocean that have very little oxygen. These hypoxic zones are deadly to their inhabitants, and are affecting many marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the herring appear to be making a comeback, possibly because the past few years have been wet and the estuaries are sufficiently fresh, or because the spilled oil has been flushed from the Bay. Time will tell whether the sea lions follow their food and return to Pier 39. I hope they come back—along with the twists and turns of Lombard Street and the Golden Gate Bridge, the Embarcadero’s sea lions are one of my favorite San Francisco treasures to show off to visiting friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.809079 -122.411934\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15489/sea-lions-herring-and-climate-change","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_1099","quest_1102","quest_3963","quest_2034","quest_2487","quest_2560","quest_2561"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_15491","label":"quest_3359"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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