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What you had back then were very elevated levels of ozone, and of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Particulate\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate\">particulate matter\u003c/a> from heavy industry and automobiles,” said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a>, in San Francisco. ”They used to contribute to levels on the order of three or four times what you see today.“\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s population has nearly doubled since then, to more than 7 million people. But the region’s air has become steadily cleaner. In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason? \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/\">The Clean Air Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the nation’s cornerstone environmental laws, the Clean Air Act turns 40 this week. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Richard Nixon signed the law in December, 1970, the landmark legislation will be commemorated a bit early at an \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">EPA \u003c/a>conference Tuesday in Washington D.C. with a day of celebrations, speeches and public events around the country designed to highlight the public health and environmental benefits from the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been ahead of the rest of the country in reducing smog. Because of the state’s large population and hot weather, state lawmakers approved the first \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Air pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution\">air pollution\u003c/a> regulations in 1946. Since then, California was first to require smog checks for cars, first to ban \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Gasoline\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline\">leaded gasoline\u003c/a>, first to require catalytic converters on cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of what we’ve done here in the Bay Area is duplicated elsewhere,” said Broadbent. “You can go back east and find our rules just with a different title and different number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act tied all the state rules together. It required the federal government for the first time to set standards for six major types of air pollution: soot, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Tropospheric ozone\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone\">ground level ozone\u003c/a>, a major source of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/8.13.1962Stoehli._scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area factory, 1962\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law ushered in a wave of state and federal standards, from scrubbers on smokestacks to the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Some of the results are dramatic. New cars sold today, with computerized emission systems and other high-tech devices, emit 99 percent less tailpipe pollution than cars sold in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the job isn’t done, say health experts and air regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal standards have become more stringent, resulting in 13 days last year when the Bay Area exceeded the new national standard for ground-level ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the pollution from trucks and other diesel-powered equipment, called particulate matter (PM), has until recently largely flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny diesel soot particles are inhaled deep into the lungs and have been shown to cause life-shortening health problems ranging from respiratory illness to heart problems, asthma, and cancer. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a> estimates that diesel soot from ships, trains and trucks causes as many as 2,400 premature deaths statewide each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/Plans/Clean-Air-Plans.aspx\">Air District study\u003c/a> concluded that exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 microns in width and smaller (PM 2.5) is by far the leading public health risk from air pollution in the Bay Area, accounting for more than 90 percent of premature mortality related to air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have done a great job of reducing smog levels here in the Bay Area. But there are these communities in and around the Bay Area that still of course, we believe, experience elevated levels of toxic air \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution\">contaminants\u003c/a>,” said Broadbent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has identified several “\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/CARE-Program.aspx\">hot spots\u003c/a>” or communities at much higher risk of exposure to dangerous levels of diesel particulate and other types of air pollution including Richmond, the West Oakland/ Berkeley corridor and Bayview Hunter’s Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Port-of-Oakland_CAA_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Port of Oakland, a major source of particulate matter pollution in West Oakland\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local, state and federal rules have begun to address particulate pollution. In 2006, the EPA mandated the use of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Ultra-low sulfur diesel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low_sulfur_diesel\">ultra-low sulfur diesel\u003c/a> fuel. California has also required that all ships within 24 miles of California ports to burn low-sulfur fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increasingly we recognize the health impacts of ozone and of particulate matter,” said Dr. Tom Dailey, chief of pulmonary medicine at Santa Clara Kaiser Permanente Medical Center. “That’s why the diesel engine regulations have been so important. None of us can escape the air that we breathe and the idea of getting these pollutants out of our air has been shown to decrease the incidence of heart attacks, stroke, and asthma exacerbations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Denny Larson of the environmental justice organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gcmonitor.org/index.php\">Global Community Monitor\u003c/a>, says that while these regulations are a move in the right direction, thousands of toxic air contaminants remain unmonitored and under-regulated in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toxic, cancer-causing \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Volatile organic compound\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound\">volatile organic compounds\u003c/a> such as benzene and hydrogen sulfide are extremely dangerous to public health and quite present in the Bay Area particularly around oil refineries and other \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Fossil fuel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel\">fossil fuel\u003c/a> industries,” Larson said. “Right now, we don’t have federal standards like we do for those smog-forming pollutants for those. And there aren’t a lot of requirements to monitor for them either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made significant progress in the 40 years of the Clean Air Act,” he added. “But that’s been limited to a very narrow spectrum of air pollutants and has left out almost entirely the air quality concerns and health of millions of Americans who live near industrial facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest frontier in air regulation is in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the state Air Resources Board and the Bay Area air district are in the process of writing new regulations to control and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a fairly aggressive program,” said Broadbent. “We’ve been looking at cities and counties putting grants out to inventory greenhouse gas emissions as well as to put in strategies that are energy conservation type measures. And we were one of the first in the state, possibly the nation, to put a greenhouse gas fee on businesses emitting greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because transportation is still California’s largest source of carbon dioxide, with passenger vehicles and light duty trucks creating more than 30 percent of total climate change emissions, state lawmakers in 2002 passed a new law requiring all new cars sold in California to reduce greenhouse emissions 30 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nationally, the EPA plans to significantly expand the scope of the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from factories, power plants and other industrial source starting next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new approach is controversial. Some business groups have argued that clean air laws already are costly for industry, and that a new layer of climate change regulation, particularly in a bad economy, will cost jobs. Proposition 23, on California’s November ballot, would suspend AB 32, the state’s landmark greenhouse gas law, until unemployment falls to 5.5 percent for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m glad we’re celebrating this but in some ways, it’s bittersweet,” said Dailey. “We still have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>MORE VIDEO & AUDIO\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earth-day-tv-special-where-weve-been-where-were-headed\">Earth Day Special: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Headed\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/242\">Earth Day Radio Special: The History of Environmental Justice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Perilous Diesel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Truckers Clean Up Their Act\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s Asthma: \u003ca href=\"http://\">What Brought on the Epidemic?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LISTEN TO KQED NEWS INTERVIEW WITH REPORTER AMY MILLER\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marking a Milestone for Clean Air in the Bay Area and Beyond \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials today are marking a milestone in the fight to clean up the nation’s environment. Forty years ago, Congress passed the Clean Air Act. The law aimed to tackle the impact of air pollution from cars, industry, and other sources by setting the first nationwide limits on pollutants. Since then, levels of toxic pollutants like lead, ozone and carbon monoxide have dropped dramatically. But the victory hasn’t been complete. Particulate pollution from diesel fuel still represents a widespread health risk and battles are still ahead as regulators take on the task of cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Host Kelly Wilkinson talks about the impact of the Clean Air Act and the pollution challenges ahead with Amy Miller, reporter and producer for KQED’s Quest science and environment program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch6 class=\"zemanta-related-title\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Related articles by Zemanta\u003c/h6>\n\u003cul class=\"zemanta-article-ul\">\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://climateofourfuture.org/epa-adopts-strong-protections-against-air-pollution-from-cement-kilns/\">“EPA Adopts Strong Protections Against Air Pollution from Cement Kilns” and related posts\u003c/a> (climateofourfuture.org)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/like-a-good-neighbor-the-clean-air-act-is-there.php?campaign=th_rss\">Like a Good Neighbor, the Clean Air Act is There\u003c/a> (treehugger.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/big-birthdays-for-clean-air-act-and-opec/\">Big Birthdays for Clean Air Act and OPEC\u003c/a> (dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/clean-air-act-turns-40/\">Clean Air Act Turns 40\u003c/a> (green.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: medium none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=f0e94b7a-d72c-4d12-aae5-538f8aad33ac\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7667851 -122.4125425\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit. On the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act, we examine the impacts that the law has had on public health, business, and environmental justice in the Bay Area and what still needs to be done to improve the quality of our air.",
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"description": "In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit. On the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act, we examine the impacts that the law has had on public health, business, and environmental justice in the Bay Area and what still needs to be done to improve the quality of our air.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/1268590-R01-032_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area smog, 1968\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those too young to remember the Bay Area 40 years ago, it’s hard to imagine the mostly clear skies that Bay Area residents enjoy today filled with choking smog from factories, cars and garbage fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air pollution back in the ‘50s and ‘60s was considerably higher than it is today. What you had back then were very elevated levels of ozone, and of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Particulate\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate\">particulate matter\u003c/a> from heavy industry and automobiles,” said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a>, in San Francisco. ”They used to contribute to levels on the order of three or four times what you see today.“\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s population has nearly doubled since then, to more than 7 million people. But the region’s air has become steadily cleaner. In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason? \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/\">The Clean Air Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the nation’s cornerstone environmental laws, the Clean Air Act turns 40 this week. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Richard Nixon signed the law in December, 1970, the landmark legislation will be commemorated a bit early at an \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">EPA \u003c/a>conference Tuesday in Washington D.C. with a day of celebrations, speeches and public events around the country designed to highlight the public health and environmental benefits from the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been ahead of the rest of the country in reducing smog. Because of the state’s large population and hot weather, state lawmakers approved the first \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Air pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution\">air pollution\u003c/a> regulations in 1946. Since then, California was first to require smog checks for cars, first to ban \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Gasoline\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline\">leaded gasoline\u003c/a>, first to require catalytic converters on cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of what we’ve done here in the Bay Area is duplicated elsewhere,” said Broadbent. “You can go back east and find our rules just with a different title and different number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act tied all the state rules together. It required the federal government for the first time to set standards for six major types of air pollution: soot, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Tropospheric ozone\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone\">ground level ozone\u003c/a>, a major source of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/8.13.1962Stoehli._scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area factory, 1962\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law ushered in a wave of state and federal standards, from scrubbers on smokestacks to the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Some of the results are dramatic. New cars sold today, with computerized emission systems and other high-tech devices, emit 99 percent less tailpipe pollution than cars sold in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the job isn’t done, say health experts and air regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal standards have become more stringent, resulting in 13 days last year when the Bay Area exceeded the new national standard for ground-level ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the pollution from trucks and other diesel-powered equipment, called particulate matter (PM), has until recently largely flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny diesel soot particles are inhaled deep into the lungs and have been shown to cause life-shortening health problems ranging from respiratory illness to heart problems, asthma, and cancer. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a> estimates that diesel soot from ships, trains and trucks causes as many as 2,400 premature deaths statewide each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/Plans/Clean-Air-Plans.aspx\">Air District study\u003c/a> concluded that exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 microns in width and smaller (PM 2.5) is by far the leading public health risk from air pollution in the Bay Area, accounting for more than 90 percent of premature mortality related to air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have done a great job of reducing smog levels here in the Bay Area. But there are these communities in and around the Bay Area that still of course, we believe, experience elevated levels of toxic air \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution\">contaminants\u003c/a>,” said Broadbent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has identified several “\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/CARE-Program.aspx\">hot spots\u003c/a>” or communities at much higher risk of exposure to dangerous levels of diesel particulate and other types of air pollution including Richmond, the West Oakland/ Berkeley corridor and Bayview Hunter’s Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Port-of-Oakland_CAA_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Port of Oakland, a major source of particulate matter pollution in West Oakland\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local, state and federal rules have begun to address particulate pollution. In 2006, the EPA mandated the use of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Ultra-low sulfur diesel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low_sulfur_diesel\">ultra-low sulfur diesel\u003c/a> fuel. California has also required that all ships within 24 miles of California ports to burn low-sulfur fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increasingly we recognize the health impacts of ozone and of particulate matter,” said Dr. Tom Dailey, chief of pulmonary medicine at Santa Clara Kaiser Permanente Medical Center. “That’s why the diesel engine regulations have been so important. None of us can escape the air that we breathe and the idea of getting these pollutants out of our air has been shown to decrease the incidence of heart attacks, stroke, and asthma exacerbations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Denny Larson of the environmental justice organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gcmonitor.org/index.php\">Global Community Monitor\u003c/a>, says that while these regulations are a move in the right direction, thousands of toxic air contaminants remain unmonitored and under-regulated in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toxic, cancer-causing \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Volatile organic compound\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound\">volatile organic compounds\u003c/a> such as benzene and hydrogen sulfide are extremely dangerous to public health and quite present in the Bay Area particularly around oil refineries and other \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Fossil fuel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel\">fossil fuel\u003c/a> industries,” Larson said. “Right now, we don’t have federal standards like we do for those smog-forming pollutants for those. And there aren’t a lot of requirements to monitor for them either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made significant progress in the 40 years of the Clean Air Act,” he added. “But that’s been limited to a very narrow spectrum of air pollutants and has left out almost entirely the air quality concerns and health of millions of Americans who live near industrial facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest frontier in air regulation is in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the state Air Resources Board and the Bay Area air district are in the process of writing new regulations to control and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a fairly aggressive program,” said Broadbent. “We’ve been looking at cities and counties putting grants out to inventory greenhouse gas emissions as well as to put in strategies that are energy conservation type measures. And we were one of the first in the state, possibly the nation, to put a greenhouse gas fee on businesses emitting greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because transportation is still California’s largest source of carbon dioxide, with passenger vehicles and light duty trucks creating more than 30 percent of total climate change emissions, state lawmakers in 2002 passed a new law requiring all new cars sold in California to reduce greenhouse emissions 30 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nationally, the EPA plans to significantly expand the scope of the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from factories, power plants and other industrial source starting next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new approach is controversial. Some business groups have argued that clean air laws already are costly for industry, and that a new layer of climate change regulation, particularly in a bad economy, will cost jobs. Proposition 23, on California’s November ballot, would suspend AB 32, the state’s landmark greenhouse gas law, until unemployment falls to 5.5 percent for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m glad we’re celebrating this but in some ways, it’s bittersweet,” said Dailey. “We still have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>MORE VIDEO & AUDIO\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earth-day-tv-special-where-weve-been-where-were-headed\">Earth Day Special: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Headed\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/242\">Earth Day Radio Special: The History of Environmental Justice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Perilous Diesel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Truckers Clean Up Their Act\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s Asthma: \u003ca href=\"http://\">What Brought on the Epidemic?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LISTEN TO KQED NEWS INTERVIEW WITH REPORTER AMY MILLER\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marking a Milestone for Clean Air in the Bay Area and Beyond \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials today are marking a milestone in the fight to clean up the nation’s environment. Forty years ago, Congress passed the Clean Air Act. The law aimed to tackle the impact of air pollution from cars, industry, and other sources by setting the first nationwide limits on pollutants. Since then, levels of toxic pollutants like lead, ozone and carbon monoxide have dropped dramatically. But the victory hasn’t been complete. Particulate pollution from diesel fuel still represents a widespread health risk and battles are still ahead as regulators take on the task of cutting greenhouse gas emissions. 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"disqusTitle": "New Laser Could Create Atomic "Movies"",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LCLS-Undulator-Hall-credit-Gabriela-Quiros_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The new X-ray laser at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory could one day produce atomic \"movies.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watching how plants transform sunlight into sugars, potentially leading to new fuels. Understanding how magnetic fields switch back and forth, a key step in developing faster computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have big hopes for the world’s first X-ray laser, a $420 million project unveiled Monday afternoon in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Science and technology has formed a lot of the basis of the wealth in the United States over the past several decades,” U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu told a standing-room-only audience at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, where the laser was dedicated. “And we will need science and technology to solve some of our most pressing problems, including that of transitioning to clean energy and solving our climate problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Steven-Chu-Rep.-Zoe-Lofgren-and-Rep.-Mike-Honda-credit-Brad-Plummer-SLAC_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu talks to reporters. Also in the photo, Rep. Zoe Lofgren and Rep. Mike Honda . Courtesy of SLAC.\u003c/em>\u003c/span> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu said that the Obama administration wants to double science funding over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction began on the project, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://slacportal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/Pages/Default.aspx\">Linac Coherent Light Source\u003c/a> in 2006, led by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, \u003ca href=\"http://www.anl.gov/\">Argonne National Laboratory\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/\">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\u003c/a>. Stanford operates the SLAC National Laboratory for the Department of Energy, which provided the funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Creating atomic \"movies\"\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The light source is the first of a new generation of imaging tools that produce X-ray pulses – like bursts of strobe lights – that are 100 to 1,000 times shorter than was previously possible. Scientists hope that the short pulses will allow them to take photos of atoms moving around, a process that happens in a period of time so short that it’s measured in a unit of time called a femtosecond, which lasts one millionth of one billionth of a second. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flashing these very short pulses of X-rays onto atoms in motion is akin to using a very fast shutter speed in a still camera to make a crisp photo of a moving object, said SLAC director Persis Drell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see what atoms are doing, on the time scale they’re actually doing things, which is femtoseconds,” she said. “And no one’s ever come close to that before.” Scientists hope that one day these atomic “photos” will form the basis of atomic stop-motion “movies.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Turning a nuisance into a powerful X-ray machine\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Light sources are machines that use bright X-rays to make images. They’ve been around since the 1960s and have their origin in the particle accelerators of that era, where fundamental particles like electrons were smashed into other particles to investigate the tiny constituents of the atom. Researchers noticed that as the electrons sped up inside the accelerators, they let off X-rays, which were a nuisance because they meant that the electrons were losing energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists quickly figured out that they had a powerful tool in their hands. These X-rays were several thousand times brighter than the ones used to make images of the human body in a hospital. Once researchers learned how to harness them, they had machines that could easily make images of the precise structure of tiny things like water molecules, viruses, and proteins inside the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From their structure we try to infer how they work,” said Joachim Stohr, director of the new light source. This has helped with drug development, he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we would love to do is take a movie of how a drug can inhibit a reaction or initiate a reaction,” Stohr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/injection_model-credit-SLAC_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>In this artist's rendition, the X-ray laser hits a biological sample and photographs it at the same time. The blue and orange square shows what a \"photo\" would look like. Courtesy of SLAC.\u003c/em>\u003c/span> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>One billion times brighter\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new light source not only produces shorter pulses of X-rays than \u003ca href=\"http://ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/\">existing light sources at SLAC\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. These pulses are also a billion times brighter because all the photons, or packages of light, are made to act together, in what’s called a “coherent” way. This is what makes the new machine a laser, said SLAC physicist Paul Emma, who was in charge of getting the new light source up and running. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new machine was turned on in April, 2009 and has operated as expected. Japan and Germany are also building X-ray lasers. And the Department of Energy has given the go-ahead for the design of phase two of the SLAC X-ray laser. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Putting SLAC’s linear accelerator to new use\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To produce X-ray pulses, the new machine starts out with electrons that are accelerated to near the speed of light in the last third of SLAC’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">two-mile linear particle accelerator\u003c/a>. That linear accelerator, which was famous for being the longest in the world when it opened in 1968, was used to confirm the existence of the fundamental building blocks of the atom, called quarks. The linear accelerator is no longer used for particle physics experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the electrons travel down the linear accelerator, they’re squeezed into small bunches. Then a series of magnets called undulators, organized in a 430-foot line, wiggle the electron bunches back and forth and shake off the intense X-rays. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has to be done exquisitely precisely,” said SLAC director Drell. “Those undulators have to be aligned to maybe a fifth of the diameter of a human hair. It’s a major technical feat to get everything to line up to make this work.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday’s event was something of a homecoming for Chu, a former professor of physics at Stanford and director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory until he was tapped by President Obama last year to run the Department of Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu was part of committees in the 1990s that studied the viability of laser projects like the one he dedicated Monday. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997 for research into the cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the new laser, Chu said that “it feeds all the technologies, from the material science that is needed for the next generation of semi-conductors and computers, to the pharmaceuticals, the biotechnology, and finally, to the energy technologies that we’re going to have to develop in the future.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/wvvt3ylFoh0&hl=en&fs=1\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/wvvt3ylFoh0&hl=en&fs=1\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Video:\u003c/b> SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Director Persis Drell explains how the new X-ray laser could help scientists learn more about how plants turn the energy from the sun into fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>More video:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nWatch QUEST TV's segment about the history of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, called \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators\">Homegrown Particle Accelerators\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.460293 -122.233785\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LCLS-Undulator-Hall-credit-Gabriela-Quiros_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The new X-ray laser at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory could one day produce atomic \"movies.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watching how plants transform sunlight into sugars, potentially leading to new fuels. Understanding how magnetic fields switch back and forth, a key step in developing faster computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have big hopes for the world’s first X-ray laser, a $420 million project unveiled Monday afternoon in Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Science and technology has formed a lot of the basis of the wealth in the United States over the past several decades,” U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu told a standing-room-only audience at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, where the laser was dedicated. “And we will need science and technology to solve some of our most pressing problems, including that of transitioning to clean energy and solving our climate problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Steven-Chu-Rep.-Zoe-Lofgren-and-Rep.-Mike-Honda-credit-Brad-Plummer-SLAC_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu talks to reporters. Also in the photo, Rep. Zoe Lofgren and Rep. Mike Honda . Courtesy of SLAC.\u003c/em>\u003c/span> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu said that the Obama administration wants to double science funding over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction began on the project, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://slacportal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/Pages/Default.aspx\">Linac Coherent Light Source\u003c/a> in 2006, led by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, \u003ca href=\"http://www.anl.gov/\">Argonne National Laboratory\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/\">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\u003c/a>. Stanford operates the SLAC National Laboratory for the Department of Energy, which provided the funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Creating atomic \"movies\"\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The light source is the first of a new generation of imaging tools that produce X-ray pulses – like bursts of strobe lights – that are 100 to 1,000 times shorter than was previously possible. Scientists hope that the short pulses will allow them to take photos of atoms moving around, a process that happens in a period of time so short that it’s measured in a unit of time called a femtosecond, which lasts one millionth of one billionth of a second. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flashing these very short pulses of X-rays onto atoms in motion is akin to using a very fast shutter speed in a still camera to make a crisp photo of a moving object, said SLAC director Persis Drell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see what atoms are doing, on the time scale they’re actually doing things, which is femtoseconds,” she said. “And no one’s ever come close to that before.” Scientists hope that one day these atomic “photos” will form the basis of atomic stop-motion “movies.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Turning a nuisance into a powerful X-ray machine\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Light sources are machines that use bright X-rays to make images. They’ve been around since the 1960s and have their origin in the particle accelerators of that era, where fundamental particles like electrons were smashed into other particles to investigate the tiny constituents of the atom. Researchers noticed that as the electrons sped up inside the accelerators, they let off X-rays, which were a nuisance because they meant that the electrons were losing energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists quickly figured out that they had a powerful tool in their hands. These X-rays were several thousand times brighter than the ones used to make images of the human body in a hospital. Once researchers learned how to harness them, they had machines that could easily make images of the precise structure of tiny things like water molecules, viruses, and proteins inside the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From their structure we try to infer how they work,” said Joachim Stohr, director of the new light source. This has helped with drug development, he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we would love to do is take a movie of how a drug can inhibit a reaction or initiate a reaction,” Stohr said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/injection_model-credit-SLAC_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>In this artist's rendition, the X-ray laser hits a biological sample and photographs it at the same time. The blue and orange square shows what a \"photo\" would look like. Courtesy of SLAC.\u003c/em>\u003c/span> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>One billion times brighter\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new light source not only produces shorter pulses of X-rays than \u003ca href=\"http://ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/\">existing light sources at SLAC\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. These pulses are also a billion times brighter because all the photons, or packages of light, are made to act together, in what’s called a “coherent” way. This is what makes the new machine a laser, said SLAC physicist Paul Emma, who was in charge of getting the new light source up and running. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new machine was turned on in April, 2009 and has operated as expected. Japan and Germany are also building X-ray lasers. And the Department of Energy has given the go-ahead for the design of phase two of the SLAC X-ray laser. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Putting SLAC’s linear accelerator to new use\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To produce X-ray pulses, the new machine starts out with electrons that are accelerated to near the speed of light in the last third of SLAC’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">two-mile linear particle accelerator\u003c/a>. That linear accelerator, which was famous for being the longest in the world when it opened in 1968, was used to confirm the existence of the fundamental building blocks of the atom, called quarks. The linear accelerator is no longer used for particle physics experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the electrons travel down the linear accelerator, they’re squeezed into small bunches. Then a series of magnets called undulators, organized in a 430-foot line, wiggle the electron bunches back and forth and shake off the intense X-rays. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has to be done exquisitely precisely,” said SLAC director Drell. “Those undulators have to be aligned to maybe a fifth of the diameter of a human hair. It’s a major technical feat to get everything to line up to make this work.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday’s event was something of a homecoming for Chu, a former professor of physics at Stanford and director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory until he was tapped by President Obama last year to run the Department of Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu was part of committees in the 1990s that studied the viability of laser projects like the one he dedicated Monday. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997 for research into the cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the new laser, Chu said that “it feeds all the technologies, from the material science that is needed for the next generation of semi-conductors and computers, to the pharmaceuticals, the biotechnology, and finally, to the energy technologies that we’re going to have to develop in the future.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/wvvt3ylFoh0&hl=en&fs=1\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/wvvt3ylFoh0&hl=en&fs=1\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Video:\u003c/b> SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Director Persis Drell explains how the new X-ray laser could help scientists learn more about how plants turn the energy from the sun into fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>More video:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nWatch QUEST TV's segment about the history of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, called \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators\">Homegrown Particle Accelerators\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’re enthralled by the Large Hadron Collider, you’ll want to watch QUEST’s story on atom smashers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST journeys back in time to find out how\u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\"> physicists on the UC Berkeley campus in the 1930s\u003c/a>, and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> in Menlo Park in the 1970s, created so-called “atom smashers” that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to the quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homegrown particle accelerators paved the way for the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a>, so big that its 17-mile underground tunnel straddles the border between Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators\">12-minute television story\u003c/a> starts with the building of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a>, a particle accelerator that UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence conceived of in 1930. Its \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">first iteration\u003c/a> fit in the palm of his hand. It was a breakthrough because without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, of course. It was used to build the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. For our TV story, we filmed at the \u003ca href=\"http://cyclotron.lbl.gov/index.html\">88-inch cyclotron\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Berkeley Lab, as it’s referred to, was the laboratory that Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/411a_particle3001.jpg\" alt=\"Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6832\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 88-inch cyclotron was built in 1961, three years after Lawrence died, and is very much an active research tool. Physicists are still using it to create \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2009/09/24/114-confirmed/\">elements with big nuclei\u003c/a>. But about 40 percent of the cyclotron’s time is dedicated to something completely different. It is one of only two facilities in California where you can test the computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to what they encounter in space. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">our story\u003c/a>, we follow this testing process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also tell part of the history of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>. What was then the longest particle accelerator in the world began to operate in Menlo Park in 1966. This linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider, a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark. This breakthrough helped physicists come up with our current understanding of how matter is organized, a theory called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.particleadventure.org\">Standard Model of particle physics\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working on the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs in hopes of making discoveries that will answer some of the questions that the Standard Model now leaves unanswered. For example, what is the invisible “dark matter” that makes up 25 percent of the universe? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both at SLAC and at the Berkeley Lab, particle accelerators are being used for exciting new work. The X-rays emitted by accelerated particles, which were at first considered a nuisance, were quickly harnessed in the 1970s to make detailed images. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/\">synchrotron radiation\u003c/a> is now used to understand everything from the structure of proteins that could lead to drug development, to materials that could one day be used to build faster computers, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/investigating-darwins-legacy\">fossils that help prove Darwin’s theory of evolution\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/Mythbusters_and_buster.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A touching Mythbusters family portrait: Jamie Hyneman (L), Adam Savage (R), and (what’s left of) the original Buster.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(\u003cstrong>Editor’s note: \u003c/strong>We have a guest blogger this week, KQED’s Michael Kadel who accompanied us on a visit to our explosive San Francisco neighbors, the Mythbusters.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once one strays from Public Broadcasting into the abyss of cable TV, it’s easy to find one’s self without any thoughtful, science-based content in sight. For fans of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/\">NOVA\u003c/a> and KQED’s QUEST, there is one little island of knowledge in the sea of commercial programming, the Discovery Channel’s \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/mythbusters/\">MythBusters\u003c/a>. I recently got the chance to visit the set and talk to Jamie and Adam about myth busting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>M5, Jamie Hyneman’s company and the warehouse and build-set for MythBusters, is truly a sight to behold. The walls and ceilings are festooned with creations from both the show and from Jamie’s years of prototyping and special effects work. The pneumatic shark hangs from the ceiling above a more recent piece – the windshield from this season’s Soda Cup Killer. Moving away from the back wall of the warehouse I saw the remote controlled tank treads from the “improved” 7Up vending machine, the duct tape boat, and the jetpack from way back in episode 32. Beyond the cool factor of being on the set of one of my favorite shows, what really struck me was the engineering prowess and innate understanding of physics that Jamie and his co-host Adam Savage possess. They were nice enough to talk to Craig Rosa and I during their lunch break from filming the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked them if the Bay Area was a good place to film the MythBusters, and as with most things, there is an upside and a downside. California is very particular about what can be set on fire, spilled, exploded, or shot into pieces, and as a result quite a bit of paperwork can stand between an idea and an segment actually coming to fruition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s regulations are strict to protect our wide-ranging environmental resources. On the other hand, as Adam related, those very resources are one of the huge upsides to filming here. “We have every climate we could want within a day’s drive from snowy mountains, to clear water, to high desert, low desert, rain forest. And we’ve utilized that, we’ve done a tremendous amount of shooting within a 3, 4, or 5 hour drive.” Northern California’s other great resource, as Adam puts it, is the “brain trust of the Bay Area.” They’ve formed great relationships with the doctors and scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/\">UCBerkeley\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu\">Stanford\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">JPL\u003c/a> as well as the surround law enforcement agencies including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alamedacountysheriff.org/\">Alameda Sheriff’s department\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.ssf.ca.us/index.aspx?nid=248\">South San Francisco Police Department\u003c/a>, and just about every fire department within a 50 mile radius of San Francisco. The community support and available knowledge of the Bay Area has been a huge boon for the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mythbusters is in its 8th season on the Discovery channel. So if you’ve ever wondered how best to lose a following car during a high-speed chase tune in to MythBusters Spy Car Escape on April 7th.\u003cbr>\nIf you find you are more often stuck in traffic on the Bay Bridge and less often pursued by a spy you may also be interested in QUEST’s upcoming April 6th episode which delves into the technology that will help the new Bay Bridge withstand the next “big one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.750354 -122.395675\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/magnet_iron_filings.jpg\">\u003cem>Iron filings reveal the pattern of a magnet's invisible force field.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Saturday, March 20th, was not only Vernal Equinox, but the annual \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2010/index.php\">Sun-Earth Day\u003c/a>: a NASA-promoted effort around the country to focus attention on the special connections between the Sun and the Earth. 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(It's always fun to feel the pull of attraction between two magnets, but there's something extraordinary about feeling the push of repulsion—your mind just expects to see little bumpers on the magnets, but there's seemingly nothing there!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/our_protective_shield/01/01.html\">Earth itself is a giant magnet\u003c/a>, as most of us know—but what many of the adults found surprising and intriguing is the polarity of Earth's magnetic field. Using small magnetic compasses, we sought out the Earth's magnetic poles: north and south. By taking careful notice of which type of magnetic pole the compass needle ends pointed to, the fact that the magnetic pole of the Earth up near the geographic north pole is a south—or 'S'—magnetic pole was revealed! 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Numerous \u003ca href=\"http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-images.html\">ultraviolet images\u003c/a> of the Sun were available on computer screens around the lab for visitors to compare the magnetic patterns and shapes to. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had more: building an electromagnet from wire, an iron nail, and a battery. This demonstrates how magnetic fields are created by moving electric charge—in the electrically conductive wire of the electromagnet, in the circulation of electrical current inside the Earth's iron core, and in the motions of plasma on the Sun. It's all moving electricity, friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also conducted \"Magnetic Yacht Races\": pushing, via the repulsion of like poles, a floating, magnetized 'yacht' across a pond of water. The challenge of steering and propelling the yachts led to some interesting yacht designs; certain configurations of packing peanuts and iron nails proved easier to maneuver and accelerate than others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Sun Earth Day 2010! I wonder what we'll be doing next year….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/magnet_iron_filings.jpg\">\u003cem>Iron filings reveal the pattern of a magnet's invisible force field.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Saturday, March 20th, was not only Vernal Equinox, but the annual \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2010/index.php\">Sun-Earth Day\u003c/a>: a NASA-promoted effort around the country to focus attention on the special connections between the Sun and the Earth. This year's theme: Magnetic Storms!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That gave me a lot to work with—Sun-Earth Day usually does, but the more opportunity to create hands-on experiences for our visitors, the better, and when it comes to curious natural phenomena, magnetism is a fertile subject for all sorts of seemingly magical fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, I turned Chabot's Chemistry/Physics classroom into a public magnetism laboratory, giving visitors a chance to learn, or relearn, some of the basics of magnets, as well as to connect the tabletop experiments to phenomena that take place on enormous scales on the Sun and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First was \u003cem>magnetic polarity\u003c/em>: playing with a set of magnets, visitors got a feel for the behavior of magnetic poles—N and S—and how opposite poles attract and like poles repel. (It's always fun to feel the pull of attraction between two magnets, but there's something extraordinary about feeling the push of repulsion—your mind just expects to see little bumpers on the magnets, but there's seemingly nothing there!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/our_protective_shield/01/01.html\">Earth itself is a giant magnet\u003c/a>, as most of us know—but what many of the adults found surprising and intriguing is the polarity of Earth's magnetic field. Using small magnetic compasses, we sought out the Earth's magnetic poles: north and south. By taking careful notice of which type of magnetic pole the compass needle ends pointed to, the fact that the magnetic pole of the Earth up near the geographic north pole is a south—or 'S'—magnetic pole was revealed! This is why in physics we are often careful to refer to magnetic poles as 'S' and 'N', not south and north, to avoid confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"soldout": {
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