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"content": "\u003cp>Do you love photographing science, environment and nature in Northern California? Would you like to collaborate on a 2-minute \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">QUEST\u003c/a> TV short about your photography for an audience of over 100,000 viewers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're launching a call for submissions for our new series of TV shorts, \"YPOQ: Your Photos on QUEST.\" These are broadcast alongside our feature stories. Our pilot YPOQ broadcast in Season 1 featured local photographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.flickr.net/en/2007/09/11/russ-morris-on-kqeds-quest-tonight/\">Russ Morris\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're looking for more than stunning nature photography. We seek to collaborate with a local photographer who is inspired by science, environment and nature in Northern California, and uses innovative approaches to express their unique vision of our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Key Dates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Submissions due: \u003cstrong>February 27th, 2008\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSelection announcenment: \u003cstrong>March 3rd, 2008.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTV Broadcast : \u003cstrong>May 20, 2008.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we can only broadcast one photographer's work on the air on May 20, we also plan to feature selected submissions here on the KQED QUEST Community Science Blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are running this call through \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com\">Flickr\u003c/a>, a website for sharing photos and much more. It's free to join and participate. \u003cstrong>See our \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/groups/kqedquest/discuss/72157603906050491/\">discussion topic on Flickr for details\u003c/a>!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Craig Rosa is the \u003cstrong>Interactive Producer for QUEST\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Do you love photographing science, environment and nature in Northern California? Would you like to collaborate on a 2-minute \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">QUEST\u003c/a> TV short about your photography for an audience of over 100,000 viewers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're launching a call for submissions for our new series of TV shorts, \"YPOQ: Your Photos on QUEST.\" These are broadcast alongside our feature stories. Our pilot YPOQ broadcast in Season 1 featured local photographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.flickr.net/en/2007/09/11/russ-morris-on-kqeds-quest-tonight/\">Russ Morris\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're looking for more than stunning nature photography. We seek to collaborate with a local photographer who is inspired by science, environment and nature in Northern California, and uses innovative approaches to express their unique vision of our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Key Dates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Submissions due: \u003cstrong>February 27th, 2008\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSelection announcenment: \u003cstrong>March 3rd, 2008.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTV Broadcast : \u003cstrong>May 20, 2008.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we can only broadcast one photographer's work on the air on May 20, we also plan to feature selected submissions here on the KQED QUEST Community Science Blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are running this call through \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com\">Flickr\u003c/a>, a website for sharing photos and much more. It's free to join and participate. \u003cstrong>See our \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/groups/kqedquest/discuss/72157603906050491/\">discussion topic on Flickr for details\u003c/a>!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Craig Rosa is the \u003cstrong>Interactive Producer for QUEST\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/cassini.jpg\">\u003cem>Saturn's moon Epimetheus from the Cassini spacecraft.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA\u003cbr>\nand APOD.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the bus in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena/\">Denali National Park\u003c/a> a few years ago, I found myself sitting next a couple from the East Bay. If you’ve ever been on the Denali bus, you know that it’s a long ride and it was just a matter of time before we struck up a conversation. As often happens, we wound up talking about work and then about astronomy research. Both of them were very interested in the field but were unsure of where to find good information on the web. At the time, I hadn’t really thought about that and wasn’t much help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that I’m writing for QUEST, I am much better suited to answer them. I spend a lot of time surfing the web for images and links to websites to provide the full details for readers who want to follow up on my posts. Over the course of a year or so, I’ve discovered quite a few resources and have settled on a few favorites. Of course, being a Berkeley and Cornell grad, I have a few biases…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it is common for a university astronomy department to organize a public outreach campaign. I won’t bother with the obvious disclaimers and instead will just say that two of my favorites are “\u003ca href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/\">Ask an Astronomer\u003c/a>” at Cornell University and the \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/\">Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two sites are quite different. As the name implies, the Cornell site encourages questions and suggestions from readers. The content of the site is therefore governed by the public, covering a wide variety of topics in fairly brief, straightforward language. The Berkeley site is much more structured. They cover the history of cosmology and outline the history of our universe with all the appropriate \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/cosmology.html\">links\u003c/a> (scroll down to see the links). This provides a very detailed and organized explanation of a specific field of astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to universities, there are quite a few NASA missions that maintain excellent public relations. Almost everyone knows the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Mars Rovers\u003c/a>. Both sites are updated almost daily with galleries, discoveries, and recent news. NASA also has several other large missions at other wavelengths that are probably not as well known. Three examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/pub.html\">Chandra\u003c/a> X-ray observatory, the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WMAP\u003c/a> mission, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer\u003c/a> infrared observatory. Like the Hubble and Rover sites, these space-based observatories perform ground-breaking science and do an excellent job explaining their discoveries to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides QUEST, there are also quite a few other excellent blogs out there. Each site has a different approach and finds its own balance between astronomy coverage, opinion, and discussion of general science. One of the most popular is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/\">Bad Astro\u003c/a> site--we even have a link on the right hand side of the QUEST blog web page. You can also check out About.com's \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/computerresources/tp/blogsastrospace.htm\">top ten space and astronomy blogs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, one obvious place to learn about astronomy is from journalists. Two websites that do a very good job of covering the field are \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/\">Space.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns\">New Scientist\u003c/a> (some content requires subscription).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you enjoy beautiful images of the sky, a great place to look is the “\u003ca href=\"http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html\">Astronomy Picture of the Day\u003c/a>.\" This is where I got my image for today. If you look tomorrow you’re guaranteed to find something just as exciting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Saturn's moon Epimetheus from the Cassini spacecraft. Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA and APOD. On the bus in Denali National Park a few years ago, I found myself sitting next a couple from the East Bay. If you’ve ever been on the Denali bus, you know that it’s a long ride and",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/cassini.jpg\">\u003cem>Saturn's moon Epimetheus from the Cassini spacecraft.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA\u003cbr>\nand APOD.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the bus in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena/\">Denali National Park\u003c/a> a few years ago, I found myself sitting next a couple from the East Bay. If you’ve ever been on the Denali bus, you know that it’s a long ride and it was just a matter of time before we struck up a conversation. As often happens, we wound up talking about work and then about astronomy research. Both of them were very interested in the field but were unsure of where to find good information on the web. At the time, I hadn’t really thought about that and wasn’t much help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that I’m writing for QUEST, I am much better suited to answer them. I spend a lot of time surfing the web for images and links to websites to provide the full details for readers who want to follow up on my posts. Over the course of a year or so, I’ve discovered quite a few resources and have settled on a few favorites. Of course, being a Berkeley and Cornell grad, I have a few biases…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, it is common for a university astronomy department to organize a public outreach campaign. I won’t bother with the obvious disclaimers and instead will just say that two of my favorites are “\u003ca href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/\">Ask an Astronomer\u003c/a>” at Cornell University and the \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/\">Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two sites are quite different. As the name implies, the Cornell site encourages questions and suggestions from readers. The content of the site is therefore governed by the public, covering a wide variety of topics in fairly brief, straightforward language. The Berkeley site is much more structured. They cover the history of cosmology and outline the history of our universe with all the appropriate \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/cosmology.html\">links\u003c/a> (scroll down to see the links). This provides a very detailed and organized explanation of a specific field of astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to universities, there are quite a few NASA missions that maintain excellent public relations. Almost everyone knows the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Mars Rovers\u003c/a>. Both sites are updated almost daily with galleries, discoveries, and recent news. NASA also has several other large missions at other wavelengths that are probably not as well known. Three examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/pub.html\">Chandra\u003c/a> X-ray observatory, the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WMAP\u003c/a> mission, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer\u003c/a> infrared observatory. Like the Hubble and Rover sites, these space-based observatories perform ground-breaking science and do an excellent job explaining their discoveries to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides QUEST, there are also quite a few other excellent blogs out there. Each site has a different approach and finds its own balance between astronomy coverage, opinion, and discussion of general science. One of the most popular is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/\">Bad Astro\u003c/a> site--we even have a link on the right hand side of the QUEST blog web page. You can also check out About.com's \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/computerresources/tp/blogsastrospace.htm\">top ten space and astronomy blogs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, one obvious place to learn about astronomy is from journalists. Two websites that do a very good job of covering the field are \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/\">Space.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns\">New Scientist\u003c/a> (some content requires subscription).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you enjoy beautiful images of the sky, a great place to look is the “\u003ca href=\"http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html\">Astronomy Picture of the Day\u003c/a>.\" This is where I got my image for today. If you look tomorrow you’re guaranteed to find something just as exciting!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_orion1.jpg\">\u003cem>More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion\u003cbr>\nin visible light (left) and infrared (right)\u003cbr>\nVisible light image: Akira Fujii;\u003cbr>\nInfrared image: Infrared Astronomical Satellite\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Some months ago my blog, \"SOFIA: Fly By Night,\" talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy\u003c/a>--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built into a Boeing 747 airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA's been flying, and is gearing up to begin its first science flights in the not so distant future. SOFIA even put in an appearance in Bay Area skies a couple of weeks ago with a quick visit to NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View--then it was off again to its base of operations in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having worked on SOFIA's predecessor, the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/lfs/people/burress.html\">Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, in the last seven years of its operation, I thought I'd focus a bit on the science of airborne infrared astronomy, touching a bit on science done on the KAO over its 21-year career at NASA/Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/lfs_tour/telescope/telescope.html\">Why put a telescope on an airplane\u003c/a>? Earth's atmosphere, while transparent to the visible light the human eye can detect, is less so to many other wavelengths of light, including most infrared light. In fact, the water vapor in our atmosphere is pretty much opaque to a wide range of infrared wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KAO flew at and altitude of 41,000 feet to get above as much as 99% of Earth's atmospheric water vapor, giving astronomers a view of the infrared emissions from objects in space almost as if the telescope was out in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's so interesting about looking at infrared light? Aren't visible light images taken from ground-based observatories enough?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently not. Visible light is only a tiny fraction of the overall spectrum of \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\">electromagnetic radiation\u003c/a> (the general term for \"light\" of all types--including gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves and radio waves). There is a wealth of information contained in the entire electromagnetic spectrum that is only hinted at in the visible portion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visible light in our universe comes mostly from the photospheres of stars, either directly or by being reflected by objects such as dust, planets, comets, and the like; all of the light you see in the sky is starlight, either first hand or second hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/univ_index.html\">Infrared light\u003c/a>, however, is a lower energy form of electromagnetic radiation, and is emitted by any object or substance that is even slightly warm. So, interstellar clouds of molecules, rings of dust surrounding stars, atmospheres of planets--just about anything, in fact--emits its own infrared light, and observing the infrared emissions from these objects reveals a great deal about them: their chemical composition, their temperatures and densities, their velocities and structure--and a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One KAO astronomer observed the atmosphere of Venus to measure the relative abundance of hydrogen and deuterium (heavy hydrogen), looking for evidence of past oceans. Another observed Mars, looking for telltales of limestone (a mineral left behind by marine organisms) as evidence of past life on Mars. Others created detailed maps of clouds of complex molecules, probing the composition of the cooler material in our galaxy, as well as other galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list goes on, as there's plenty more cold matter in the universe than hot matter. Cooler matter can be more interesting, too, since complex molecules, like organic compounds and even life, don't form in the sterile heat of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where KAO blazed an infrared contrail in the night skies, SOFIA may now follow and carry on the torch of astronomy, on the wing....\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion in visible light (left) and infrared (right) Visible light image: Akira Fujii; Infrared image: Infrared Astronomical SatelliteSome months ago my blog, "SOFIA: Fly By Night," talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_orion1.jpg\">\u003cem>More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion\u003cbr>\nin visible light (left) and infrared (right)\u003cbr>\nVisible light image: Akira Fujii;\u003cbr>\nInfrared image: Infrared Astronomical Satellite\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Some months ago my blog, \"SOFIA: Fly By Night,\" talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy\u003c/a>--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built into a Boeing 747 airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA's been flying, and is gearing up to begin its first science flights in the not so distant future. SOFIA even put in an appearance in Bay Area skies a couple of weeks ago with a quick visit to NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View--then it was off again to its base of operations in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having worked on SOFIA's predecessor, the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/lfs/people/burress.html\">Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, in the last seven years of its operation, I thought I'd focus a bit on the science of airborne infrared astronomy, touching a bit on science done on the KAO over its 21-year career at NASA/Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/lfs_tour/telescope/telescope.html\">Why put a telescope on an airplane\u003c/a>? Earth's atmosphere, while transparent to the visible light the human eye can detect, is less so to many other wavelengths of light, including most infrared light. In fact, the water vapor in our atmosphere is pretty much opaque to a wide range of infrared wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KAO flew at and altitude of 41,000 feet to get above as much as 99% of Earth's atmospheric water vapor, giving astronomers a view of the infrared emissions from objects in space almost as if the telescope was out in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's so interesting about looking at infrared light? Aren't visible light images taken from ground-based observatories enough?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently not. Visible light is only a tiny fraction of the overall spectrum of \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\">electromagnetic radiation\u003c/a> (the general term for \"light\" of all types--including gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves and radio waves). There is a wealth of information contained in the entire electromagnetic spectrum that is only hinted at in the visible portion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visible light in our universe comes mostly from the photospheres of stars, either directly or by being reflected by objects such as dust, planets, comets, and the like; all of the light you see in the sky is starlight, either first hand or second hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/univ_index.html\">Infrared light\u003c/a>, however, is a lower energy form of electromagnetic radiation, and is emitted by any object or substance that is even slightly warm. So, interstellar clouds of molecules, rings of dust surrounding stars, atmospheres of planets--just about anything, in fact--emits its own infrared light, and observing the infrared emissions from these objects reveals a great deal about them: their chemical composition, their temperatures and densities, their velocities and structure--and a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One KAO astronomer observed the atmosphere of Venus to measure the relative abundance of hydrogen and deuterium (heavy hydrogen), looking for evidence of past oceans. Another observed Mars, looking for telltales of limestone (a mineral left behind by marine organisms) as evidence of past life on Mars. Others created detailed maps of clouds of complex molecules, probing the composition of the cooler material in our galaxy, as well as other galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list goes on, as there's plenty more cold matter in the universe than hot matter. Cooler matter can be more interesting, too, since complex molecules, like organic compounds and even life, don't form in the sterile heat of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where KAO blazed an infrared contrail in the night skies, SOFIA may now follow and carry on the torch of astronomy, on the wing....\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_streak1.gif\">\u003cem>Star or Comet?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Yesterday was a very long day at work. I was stuck in meetings with our collaborators for over 6 hours! To make it worse, we spent the entire time discussing a single topic. I even wrote my last paper on it. What could possibly be so captivating, you ask?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember the \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/12/18/winds-of-change-the-climate-of-the-solar-system/\">I wrote about\u003c/a> a few weeks ago? This stream of protons does more than create comet tails and aurora, it also destroys all of those fancy electronics we work so hard to put into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protons streaming from the sun carry a lot of energy, and they leave a lot of this energy behind as they pass through satellites and astronauts that don’t have the Earth’s atmosphere to protect them. The energy released wrecks havoc on the system, throwing electrons and atoms around like a game of ping-pong. This is one form of radiation damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_comet21.jpg\">\u003cem>Definitely a comet!\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nThis radiation damage is harmless over short periods of time, much like an occasional X-ray at the dentist. However the solar wind becomes a problem for something like the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> or our proposed satellite \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/10/22/beyond-edwins-wildest-dreams/\">SNAP\u003c/a> which are exposed for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how a telescope degrades from exposure to radiation, let me give an extremely quick explanation of how we gather astronomical images. A telescope is very similar to a camera you buy in the store. The large mirror is equivalent to the lens on your camera. The part that suffers the most radiation damage is the Charge Coupled Device, also known as a \u003ca href=\"http://wfc3.gsfc.nasa.gov/MARCONI/basic-device.html\">CCD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CCD is essentially the same as the 8-megapixel chip in your digital camera. This serves as an electronic version of film, recording the image through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/photoelectric.html\">photoelectric effect\u003c/a> rather than through a chemical reaction. If you can still remember how photography was in the days of film, I'm sure you can appreciate the relief of going digital. Astronomers realized this early on and were pioneers in the use of CCDs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photons from the subject of the photograph collide with electrons in the silicon of a CCD, knocking them free from their parent atom. The free electrons are then collected in a well near the site of the collision. Once the exposure is complete, charge is moved one well (or pixel) at a time toward a transistor which then reports the number of electrons found. This process is usually described through the analogy of a bucket brigade passing buckets of water from a reservoir to a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CCD is brand new, the bucket brigade performs almost perfectly. If I want to observe a star, the image comes out crystal clear. However, after enough time in space and in the solar wind, the CCD begins to show its wear. The bucket brigade gets sloppy at work and has to contend with an increasingly difficult obstacle course, spilling a little bit of water (or electrons) during each transfer. That same star now leaves a trail of charge behind and begins to look more like a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if I am observing a star, I want my image to look like a star, not like a comet. Is that really too much to ask? Unfortunately, the CCD will inevitably deteriorate in space and astronomers have to find ways to predict and correct for this deterioration. This is what we spent yesterday discussing. We passed around some pretty good ideas but still have a bit of work to do before we can prove a new method for correcting the images. I just hope we it figured out before our satellite launches in 2015!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: 37.8768\u003cspan class=\"latitude\">\u003c/span>, longitude: -122.251\u003cspan class=\"longitude\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_streak1.gif\">\u003cem>Star or Comet?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Yesterday was a very long day at work. I was stuck in meetings with our collaborators for over 6 hours! To make it worse, we spent the entire time discussing a single topic. I even wrote my last paper on it. What could possibly be so captivating, you ask?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember the \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/12/18/winds-of-change-the-climate-of-the-solar-system/\">I wrote about\u003c/a> a few weeks ago? This stream of protons does more than create comet tails and aurora, it also destroys all of those fancy electronics we work so hard to put into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protons streaming from the sun carry a lot of energy, and they leave a lot of this energy behind as they pass through satellites and astronauts that don’t have the Earth’s atmosphere to protect them. The energy released wrecks havoc on the system, throwing electrons and atoms around like a game of ping-pong. This is one form of radiation damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_comet21.jpg\">\u003cem>Definitely a comet!\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nThis radiation damage is harmless over short periods of time, much like an occasional X-ray at the dentist. However the solar wind becomes a problem for something like the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> or our proposed satellite \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/10/22/beyond-edwins-wildest-dreams/\">SNAP\u003c/a> which are exposed for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how a telescope degrades from exposure to radiation, let me give an extremely quick explanation of how we gather astronomical images. A telescope is very similar to a camera you buy in the store. The large mirror is equivalent to the lens on your camera. The part that suffers the most radiation damage is the Charge Coupled Device, also known as a \u003ca href=\"http://wfc3.gsfc.nasa.gov/MARCONI/basic-device.html\">CCD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CCD is essentially the same as the 8-megapixel chip in your digital camera. This serves as an electronic version of film, recording the image through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/photoelectric.html\">photoelectric effect\u003c/a> rather than through a chemical reaction. If you can still remember how photography was in the days of film, I'm sure you can appreciate the relief of going digital. Astronomers realized this early on and were pioneers in the use of CCDs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photons from the subject of the photograph collide with electrons in the silicon of a CCD, knocking them free from their parent atom. The free electrons are then collected in a well near the site of the collision. Once the exposure is complete, charge is moved one well (or pixel) at a time toward a transistor which then reports the number of electrons found. This process is usually described through the analogy of a bucket brigade passing buckets of water from a reservoir to a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CCD is brand new, the bucket brigade performs almost perfectly. If I want to observe a star, the image comes out crystal clear. However, after enough time in space and in the solar wind, the CCD begins to show its wear. The bucket brigade gets sloppy at work and has to contend with an increasingly difficult obstacle course, spilling a little bit of water (or electrons) during each transfer. That same star now leaves a trail of charge behind and begins to look more like a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if I am observing a star, I want my image to look like a star, not like a comet. Is that really too much to ask? Unfortunately, the CCD will inevitably deteriorate in space and astronomers have to find ways to predict and correct for this deterioration. This is what we spent yesterday discussing. We passed around some pretty good ideas but still have a bit of work to do before we can prove a new method for correcting the images. I just hope we it figured out before our satellite launches in 2015!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: 37.8768\u003cspan class=\"latitude\">\u003c/span>, longitude: -122.251\u003cspan class=\"longitude\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/ilc_gal_moll_5121.png\">\u003cem>Cosmic microwave background and the infant universe.\u003cbr>\nFrom the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WMAP\u003c/a> science team.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It was on the UC Berkeley astronomy website this morning that I was reminded of something I had wanted to post for QUEST. About a month ago, Cal publicly announced the \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/\">Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics\u003c/a>. This was quite a big deal for the Physics and Astronomy departments at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center was founded by George Smoot, who won the Nobel Prize in 2006 and was the focus of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/251\">QUEST TV segment\u003c/a>. As described in our \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/12/04_bccp.shtml\">press release\u003c/a>, George donated the bulk of his prize money to the founding of this new center. His donation seeded the center which now has an endowment exceeding $8 million in little more than a year of fund-raising. After watching my girlfriend raise funds for non-profits around SF, I can say that is quite impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center and endowment ensure that Berkeley remains competitive for years to come in the field of cosmology research. It helps Cal recruit excellent researchers by providing funds for postdoctoral researchers and students. The people supported by the Center can choose any project in the department, projects that I have covered in several of my QUEST articles. It also gives new post-docs the freedom to explore the department before starting on a specific project. This differs from the usual postdoctoral researcher who is recruited by a specific faculty member for a specific project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center will also sponsor researchers' visits to Berkeley from other institutions, educational outreach to K-12 science teachers and several collaborative international workshops on cosmology each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is actually both one of the first and one of the latest institutions to establish a center for cosmology research. In the '90s, we had the Center for Particle Astrophysics, which was funded for 10 years by NSF. I think this was one of the first of its kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few years, a philanthropist named Fred Kavli has funded quite a few cosmology centers all around the world. I just learned that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kavlifoundation.org/\">Kavli foundation\u003c/a> also funds centers in other fields, like nanoscience research at my \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.cornell.edu/KIC/\">alma mater\u003c/a>. The foundation funds 15 centers in all, including ones at \u003ca href=\"http://kni.caltech.edu/\">Caltech\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://kibm.ucsd.edu/\">UC San Diego\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/KIPAC/\">Stanford\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kitp.ucsb.edu/\">UC Santa Barbara\u003c/a> in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a big fan of MASH or Alan Alda, you'll be a big fan of Kavli foundation. I just looked at their web page and see that they have made him the narrator for their astrophysics, neuroscience, and nanoscience initiatives. Maybe we can recruit Donald Sutherland to promote the movie version of the Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: 37.8768\u003cspan class=\"latitude\">\u003c/span>, longitude: -122.251\u003cspan class=\"longitude\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.763553 -122.457913\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Cosmic microwave background and the infant universe. From the WMAP science team.It was on the UC Berkeley astronomy website this morning that I was reminded of something I had wanted to post for QUEST. About a month ago, Cal publicly announced the Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics. This was quite a big deal for the",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/ilc_gal_moll_5121.png\">\u003cem>Cosmic microwave background and the infant universe.\u003cbr>\nFrom the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WMAP\u003c/a> science team.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It was on the UC Berkeley astronomy website this morning that I was reminded of something I had wanted to post for QUEST. About a month ago, Cal publicly announced the \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/\">Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics\u003c/a>. This was quite a big deal for the Physics and Astronomy departments at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center was founded by George Smoot, who won the Nobel Prize in 2006 and was the focus of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/251\">QUEST TV segment\u003c/a>. As described in our \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/12/04_bccp.shtml\">press release\u003c/a>, George donated the bulk of his prize money to the founding of this new center. His donation seeded the center which now has an endowment exceeding $8 million in little more than a year of fund-raising. After watching my girlfriend raise funds for non-profits around SF, I can say that is quite impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center and endowment ensure that Berkeley remains competitive for years to come in the field of cosmology research. It helps Cal recruit excellent researchers by providing funds for postdoctoral researchers and students. The people supported by the Center can choose any project in the department, projects that I have covered in several of my QUEST articles. It also gives new post-docs the freedom to explore the department before starting on a specific project. This differs from the usual postdoctoral researcher who is recruited by a specific faculty member for a specific project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center will also sponsor researchers' visits to Berkeley from other institutions, educational outreach to K-12 science teachers and several collaborative international workshops on cosmology each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is actually both one of the first and one of the latest institutions to establish a center for cosmology research. In the '90s, we had the Center for Particle Astrophysics, which was funded for 10 years by NSF. I think this was one of the first of its kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few years, a philanthropist named Fred Kavli has funded quite a few cosmology centers all around the world. I just learned that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kavlifoundation.org/\">Kavli foundation\u003c/a> also funds centers in other fields, like nanoscience research at my \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.cornell.edu/KIC/\">alma mater\u003c/a>. The foundation funds 15 centers in all, including ones at \u003ca href=\"http://kni.caltech.edu/\">Caltech\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://kibm.ucsd.edu/\">UC San Diego\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/KIPAC/\">Stanford\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kitp.ucsb.edu/\">UC Santa Barbara\u003c/a> in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a big fan of MASH or Alan Alda, you'll be a big fan of Kavli foundation. I just looked at their web page and see that they have made him the narrator for their astrophysics, neuroscience, and nanoscience initiatives. Maybe we can recruit Donald Sutherland to promote the movie version of the Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: 37.8768\u003cspan class=\"latitude\">\u003c/span>, longitude: -122.251\u003cspan class=\"longitude\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.763553 -122.457913\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/726\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/radio2-14_super_laser300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>It's one of the most expensive high-tech projects the United States has ever attempted, and some say it will never work. QUEST visits the National Ignition Facility in Livermore, where scientists will soon aim the world's largest laser at a target the size of a pencil eraser. The goal? Nuclear fusion -- and, they say, the answer to the world's clean energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/726\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/super-laser/\"> listen to the \"Super Laser\" radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources. Also don't miss our \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157603687811897/\">behind-the-scenes photos for this report\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.6871\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.697\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A single email on Sunday afternoon brought my weekend to a screeching halt. Some collaborators made a very exciting discovery and needed to confirm if it was real. This would be the last time we'd have for almost another year on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">10 meter Keck Telescope\u003c/a> so I jumped at the chance and scheduled it into our observing run Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the rest of Sunday studying similar projects and forming my observing strategy. Early Monday morning, with only two hours before the final deadline, I finally got the images I needed from the collaborators. I quickly examined these images and identified the interesting galaxies for our observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I chose the galaxies which looked to be the most distant. We were hoping to find a cluster of galaxies some 10-12 billion light years away. Confirming so many distant galaxies is only possible with a large telescope like Keck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first two hours of the night we observed these galaxies using \u003ca href=\"http://loke.as.arizona.edu/~ckulesa/camp/spectroscopy_intro.html\">spectroscopy\u003c/a>. This technique is essentially inspired by the rainbows at the end of a thunderstorm. Just like the raindrops that create a rainbow, the spectrograph has a prism that separates light into its fundamental colors. The difference in my observations is the light comes from distant galaxies instead of the sun.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/prismdispersion.gif\" title=\"Prism Dispersion\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/prismdispersion.gif\" alt=\"Prism Dispersion\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBecause there are so many galaxies and stars in the sky, the important galaxies have to be singled out and shielded from the not-so-important galaxies--sometimes I wonder if some astronomer in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/andromeda.htm\">Andromeda galaxy\u003c/a> is flagging our Milky Way as one of those not-so-important galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the distractions on the sky are blocked from view with a slitmask. A long and narrow slit is milled into a sheet of aluminum for each object you are studying. The slitmask is aligned to match the positions of the objects that are being targeted. If you were to peek at the sky through the slitmask and telescope, you would only see the handful of galaxies that were hand-selected. Everything else would be blocked by the mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spectroscopy, the light from a galaxy passes through the slit, then through the prism and into the camera. In an observation of a sun-like star using color film, the resulting image would look a lot like a rainbow. In this case I was not observing a star and I was not using color film. The image loses the fancy colors but still carries the same amount of information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, a rainbow can be just as beautiful in black and white as it is in color. The black and white rainbow tells you how much light is at every wavelength. From this information you can infer the properties and the \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/redshift.htm\">redshift\u003c/a> of the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened in last night's observations? We haven't finished the analysis, but I did take a quick look at the data before calling it a night. Skimming through the spectra of all the galaxies in the slitmask, I didn’t find the features I was hoping for. I'll look more carefully at the final processed data, but I have a bad feeling that we didn't confirm this new discovery. Maybe we'll have better luck next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">19.5228\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-155.152 \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A single email on Sunday afternoon brought my weekend to a screeching halt. Some collaborators made a very exciting discovery and needed to confirm if it was real. This would be the last time we'd have for almost another year on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">10 meter Keck Telescope\u003c/a> so I jumped at the chance and scheduled it into our observing run Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent the rest of Sunday studying similar projects and forming my observing strategy. Early Monday morning, with only two hours before the final deadline, I finally got the images I needed from the collaborators. I quickly examined these images and identified the interesting galaxies for our observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I chose the galaxies which looked to be the most distant. We were hoping to find a cluster of galaxies some 10-12 billion light years away. Confirming so many distant galaxies is only possible with a large telescope like Keck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first two hours of the night we observed these galaxies using \u003ca href=\"http://loke.as.arizona.edu/~ckulesa/camp/spectroscopy_intro.html\">spectroscopy\u003c/a>. This technique is essentially inspired by the rainbows at the end of a thunderstorm. Just like the raindrops that create a rainbow, the spectrograph has a prism that separates light into its fundamental colors. The difference in my observations is the light comes from distant galaxies instead of the sun.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/prismdispersion.gif\" title=\"Prism Dispersion\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/prismdispersion.gif\" alt=\"Prism Dispersion\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBecause there are so many galaxies and stars in the sky, the important galaxies have to be singled out and shielded from the not-so-important galaxies--sometimes I wonder if some astronomer in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/andromeda.htm\">Andromeda galaxy\u003c/a> is flagging our Milky Way as one of those not-so-important galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the distractions on the sky are blocked from view with a slitmask. A long and narrow slit is milled into a sheet of aluminum for each object you are studying. The slitmask is aligned to match the positions of the objects that are being targeted. If you were to peek at the sky through the slitmask and telescope, you would only see the handful of galaxies that were hand-selected. Everything else would be blocked by the mask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In spectroscopy, the light from a galaxy passes through the slit, then through the prism and into the camera. In an observation of a sun-like star using color film, the resulting image would look a lot like a rainbow. In this case I was not observing a star and I was not using color film. The image loses the fancy colors but still carries the same amount of information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, a rainbow can be just as beautiful in black and white as it is in color. The black and white rainbow tells you how much light is at every wavelength. From this information you can infer the properties and the \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/redshift.htm\">redshift\u003c/a> of the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened in last night's observations? We haven't finished the analysis, but I did take a quick look at the data before calling it a night. Skimming through the spectra of all the galaxies in the slitmask, I didn’t find the features I was hoping for. I'll look more carefully at the final processed data, but I have a bad feeling that we didn't confirm this new discovery. Maybe we'll have better luck next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">19.5228\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-155.152 \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_io_erupt.gif\">\u003cem>A volcanic eruption on the surface of Io\u003cbr>\ntaken by the Voyager spacecraft. Credit: NASA/Voyager\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Planets hog a lot of press, inside and outside the Solar System, but there's a lot to be said for those \"second class\" worlds that are the satellites of the planets--some of which would be true planets (fascinating ones, too) if it weren't for the fact that they orbit another planet instead of the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd like to point out a few things about these little worlds of which you may not be aware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to start with Earth's own satellite--\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/moons_and_rings.html\">the Moon\u003c/a> (or Luna, by the Latin name). Whether or not large moons are common around Earth-sized planets, they really are not common in our Solar System. Earth has one very sizable moon, a quarter the diameter of Earth itself, whereas none of the other \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\">terrestrial planets\u003c/a> really do. Mars' two moons are pint-sized--roughly comparable to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/view/543\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> in size. And that's it. (I can avoid talking about Pluto's moon, Charon, since Pluto isn't an official planet... please don't throw the rotten fruit!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars' satellites--\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/facts/moons.html\">14-mile Phobos and 6-mile Deimos\u003c/a>--are possibly asteroids captured from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.crystalinks.com/asteroids.html\">Asteroid Belt\u003c/a>, which neighbors Mars. Many of Jupiter's current count of 63 moons are also probably absconded asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's Jupiter where the satellite worlds truly begin, Luna notwithstanding. As I mentioned, some moons would be planets if only they orbited the Sun directly. Jupiter's largest moon (the Solar System's largest, for that matter) is \u003ca href=\"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/fact.html\">Ganymede\u003c/a>, with a diameter that exceeds that of Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of Jupiter's four large \"Galilean\" moons, \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetaryexploration.net/jupiter/io/\">Io\u003c/a>, is the most volcanically active object known in the Solar System. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm\">Europa\u003c/a> has \u003ca href=\"http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~pesti/europa/\">probable oceans of water\u003c/a> hidden under its fractured icy crust --oceans, I said, perhaps as deep as 30 miles! Think of the possibilities with that much liquid water! The heating that powers Io's volcanoes and keeps Europa's oceans thawed comes from tidal stressing by Jupiter's powerful gravity--another interesting planet-moon interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oddity about many of the moons of the Solar System--including our own--is that they are \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Tidal_lock\">gravitationally locked\u003c/a> to their parent planet. That is, like our Moon, they always keep the same side facing their planet. What this also means is that, as the moon orbits its planet, the same face always leads \"forward,\" in its direction of travel, the other side always trailing aft--in some cases producing amusing results. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Iapetus\">Saturn's Iapetus\u003c/a> is half bright white and half dark, its face that leads the way in its orbit around Saturn collecting ice particles in much the way that the wind-ward side of a house collects snow, which piles up on that side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's Titan is definitely a world unto itself, with a cold nitrogen atmosphere much thicker than even Earth's, clouds and haze of methane and ethane, as well as precipitation, runoff, \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070207.html\">lakes\u003c/a>, and even seas of these compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the ice volcanoes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/enceladu.htm\">Enceladus\u003c/a> (Saturn) and \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap971123.html\">Triton\u003c/a> (Neptune), the great ice chasm of \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-details.cfm?imageID=1011\">Tethys\u003c/a> (Saturn), and... much more than I can even list in this blog!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And don't forget the one thing moons have that their planets don't: location! Imagine the view you'd have from the moon of a gas giant planet: a view of the gas giant-- magnificent clouded Jupiter, stunning ringed Saturn, blue-green Uranus and Neptune. You don't find views like these from a planet... at least, not in our Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8148\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.178\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "A volcanic eruption on the surface of Io taken by the Voyager spacecraft. Credit: NASA/VoyagerPlanets hog a lot of press, inside and outside the Solar System, but there's a lot to be said for those "second class" worlds that are the satellites of the planets--some of which would be true planets (fascinating ones, too) if",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_io_erupt.gif\">\u003cem>A volcanic eruption on the surface of Io\u003cbr>\ntaken by the Voyager spacecraft. Credit: NASA/Voyager\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Planets hog a lot of press, inside and outside the Solar System, but there's a lot to be said for those \"second class\" worlds that are the satellites of the planets--some of which would be true planets (fascinating ones, too) if it weren't for the fact that they orbit another planet instead of the Sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd like to point out a few things about these little worlds of which you may not be aware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to start with Earth's own satellite--\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/moons_and_rings.html\">the Moon\u003c/a> (or Luna, by the Latin name). Whether or not large moons are common around Earth-sized planets, they really are not common in our Solar System. Earth has one very sizable moon, a quarter the diameter of Earth itself, whereas none of the other \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planet\">terrestrial planets\u003c/a> really do. Mars' two moons are pint-sized--roughly comparable to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/view/543\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> in size. And that's it. (I can avoid talking about Pluto's moon, Charon, since Pluto isn't an official planet... please don't throw the rotten fruit!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars' satellites--\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/facts/moons.html\">14-mile Phobos and 6-mile Deimos\u003c/a>--are possibly asteroids captured from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.crystalinks.com/asteroids.html\">Asteroid Belt\u003c/a>, which neighbors Mars. Many of Jupiter's current count of 63 moons are also probably absconded asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's Jupiter where the satellite worlds truly begin, Luna notwithstanding. As I mentioned, some moons would be planets if only they orbited the Sun directly. Jupiter's largest moon (the Solar System's largest, for that matter) is \u003ca href=\"http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/fact.html\">Ganymede\u003c/a>, with a diameter that exceeds that of Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of Jupiter's four large \"Galilean\" moons, \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetaryexploration.net/jupiter/io/\">Io\u003c/a>, is the most volcanically active object known in the Solar System. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm\">Europa\u003c/a> has \u003ca href=\"http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~pesti/europa/\">probable oceans of water\u003c/a> hidden under its fractured icy crust --oceans, I said, perhaps as deep as 30 miles! Think of the possibilities with that much liquid water! The heating that powers Io's volcanoes and keeps Europa's oceans thawed comes from tidal stressing by Jupiter's powerful gravity--another interesting planet-moon interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oddity about many of the moons of the Solar System--including our own--is that they are \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Tidal_lock\">gravitationally locked\u003c/a> to their parent planet. That is, like our Moon, they always keep the same side facing their planet. What this also means is that, as the moon orbits its planet, the same face always leads \"forward,\" in its direction of travel, the other side always trailing aft--in some cases producing amusing results. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Iapetus\">Saturn's Iapetus\u003c/a> is half bright white and half dark, its face that leads the way in its orbit around Saturn collecting ice particles in much the way that the wind-ward side of a house collects snow, which piles up on that side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's Titan is definitely a world unto itself, with a cold nitrogen atmosphere much thicker than even Earth's, clouds and haze of methane and ethane, as well as precipitation, runoff, \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070207.html\">lakes\u003c/a>, and even seas of these compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the ice volcanoes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/enceladu.htm\">Enceladus\u003c/a> (Saturn) and \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap971123.html\">Triton\u003c/a> (Neptune), the great ice chasm of \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-details.cfm?imageID=1011\">Tethys\u003c/a> (Saturn), and... much more than I can even list in this blog!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And don't forget the one thing moons have that their planets don't: location! Imagine the view you'd have from the moon of a gas giant planet: a view of the gas giant-- magnificent clouded Jupiter, stunning ringed Saturn, blue-green Uranus and Neptune. You don't find views like these from a planet... at least, not in our Solar System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8148\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.178\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/712\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/2-12_cal_warming300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>For decades, California has gotten waivers in order to enact air quality standards more strict than federal law demands. But this time, for the first time, the Environmental Protection Agency said no. And the reason was that California hadn't given a compelling reason why it should have authority to regulate the tailpipe emissions that cause global warming. State leaders from the Governor to the Attorney General to the Air Resources Board immediately vowed to go to court to get that authority. Meanwhile, Amy Standen went looking for answers about what other options the state can pursue. Turns out, Professor Dan Sperling, director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at UC Davis, has a lot of ideas about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/712\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/712\"> listen to the \"Cutting Tailpine Emissions\" radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7631\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.439\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen! You can hear the sounds of the ocean, but is it getting quieter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_conch.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last week while snorkeling in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roat%C3%A1n\">Roatan, Hondoruas\u003c/a>, I came face to face with a Conch. Not a shiny shell in a gift shop, but a moving creature, shuffling along the sea floor, munching on grasses and just being a mollusk. I was in awe. My crew was still digesting the Conch Soup from the previous night and would soon tap our feet to a Garifuna performance complete with Conch Shell blowing. And haven't we all picked one up off of someone’s coffee table and listened to sounds of the ocean? I am sure I am not the only one who associates the Conch Shell, and so many shells, with jewelry, lamps, ash trays, picture frames, instruments, Bo Derek, and at times, dinner. But this, this was a living creature, using the shell for what it was created for; a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study of shells, both amateur and professional, is called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchology\">Conchology\u003c/a>. There are millions of Conchology practitioners, or collectors, who feel drawn to collect shells. They are inspired by their spirals, blown away by their beauty, and drawn to keep them in their desire to connect with the earth. Many study shells scientifically and their findings can lead to conservation awareness, medical advances and my favorite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/03/abalone_shell_s.php\">biomimicry ideas\u003c/a>. I do not aim to deny anyone these experiences, but do wish to know how to collect shells, and all items from nature, responsibly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a conservation teacher, I have often talked to kids about picking flowers, etc. At times I will teach the ditty, \"\u003cem>One for the butterflies, one for the bees, one for the beetles and one for me,\u003c/em>\" honoring the deep need to be close to nature, while teaching that other creatures need these treasures for survival. Therefore, we share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tips for collection shells might be:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Adhere to the environmental regulations of the state and country you are in (for California, go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/fishing\">www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/fishing\u003c/a>)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Put things back where you found them as you look\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take only shells with nobody home\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Be aware of your source and their conservation practices before you buy\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Join a club that practices responsible collection\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Other ideas would be appreciated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the boat on the way back from the snorkeling, one woman could not resist. She had a shiny, pink Conch Shell on her lap. The guide attempted to explain why tourists are not allowed to take the shells directly from the ocean. As the woman protested, a hermit crab popped out of the shell and gave the woman a surprising poke. Over the edge and into the sea went the shell and its guest. When we listen to the ocean, it sometimes speaks for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amyg.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Gotliffe\u003c/strong> is Conservation Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Oakland Zoo\">The Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7502\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.148\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen! You can hear the sounds of the ocean, but is it getting quieter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_conch.jpg\">\u003c/span>Last week while snorkeling in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roat%C3%A1n\">Roatan, Hondoruas\u003c/a>, I came face to face with a Conch. Not a shiny shell in a gift shop, but a moving creature, shuffling along the sea floor, munching on grasses and just being a mollusk. I was in awe. My crew was still digesting the Conch Soup from the previous night and would soon tap our feet to a Garifuna performance complete with Conch Shell blowing. And haven't we all picked one up off of someone’s coffee table and listened to sounds of the ocean? I am sure I am not the only one who associates the Conch Shell, and so many shells, with jewelry, lamps, ash trays, picture frames, instruments, Bo Derek, and at times, dinner. But this, this was a living creature, using the shell for what it was created for; a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study of shells, both amateur and professional, is called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchology\">Conchology\u003c/a>. There are millions of Conchology practitioners, or collectors, who feel drawn to collect shells. They are inspired by their spirals, blown away by their beauty, and drawn to keep them in their desire to connect with the earth. Many study shells scientifically and their findings can lead to conservation awareness, medical advances and my favorite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/03/abalone_shell_s.php\">biomimicry ideas\u003c/a>. I do not aim to deny anyone these experiences, but do wish to know how to collect shells, and all items from nature, responsibly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a conservation teacher, I have often talked to kids about picking flowers, etc. At times I will teach the ditty, \"\u003cem>One for the butterflies, one for the bees, one for the beetles and one for me,\u003c/em>\" honoring the deep need to be close to nature, while teaching that other creatures need these treasures for survival. Therefore, we share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tips for collection shells might be:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Adhere to the environmental regulations of the state and country you are in (for California, go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/fishing\">www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/fishing\u003c/a>)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Put things back where you found them as you look\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take only shells with nobody home\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Be aware of your source and their conservation practices before you buy\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Join a club that practices responsible collection\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Other ideas would be appreciated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_sst.jpg\">\u003c/span>Several billion years ago, our solar system was nothing more than a nondescript cloud of gas. There was no sun, no planets-- just a lot of hydrogen, a bit of helium, and trace amounts of the carbon, oxygen and the other elements that we take for granted here on Earth. How is it that the Earth came look so different from that original cloud?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may remember from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/\">brief description of the planets\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/12/05/global-warming-on-venus/\">my last post\u003c/a> that the composition of the inner planets is actually quite different from that of the outer planets. The inner planets are dense and rocky while the outer planets are composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_aurora.jpg\">\u003c/span>It is not a coincidence that the composition of the outer planets so closely resembles the original solar system. As that \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/nebular.html\">primordial cloud of hydrogen and helium\u003c/a> began to collapse, specific climate patterns began to settle across the solar system. Those climate patterns are almost entirely responsible for the ways in which each planet formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should come as no surprise that the regions of the solar system closest to the sun became the hottest and the regions furthest from the sun the coldest. Like climate on Earth, winds permeate the solar system, and material is thrown off the surface of the Sun and into space. This material is ejected at a rate equal in mass to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=transamericapyramid-sanfrancisco-ca-usa\">Transamerica Pyramid building\u003c/a> every second! This stream of particles is called \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">the solar wind\u003c/a>. Although you cannot see the solar wind, you may have noticed it indirectly-- the solar wind is responsible for such lovely phenomena as \u003ca href=\"http://www.travel.hickerphoto.com/aurora_borealis.jsp\">aurora\u003c/a> and comet tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature differences also helped create the solar system we see now. High temperatures closer to the sun boiled the hydrogen and helium off the forming inner planets, like steam rising from a pot of water. At present, what little hydrogen is left on the inner planets is locked up in compounds like water and methane. After the boiling, storms of solar wind swept away the stray particles, pushing them into the outer reaches of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer planets were much cooler and much more massive, and captured a lot of that stray helium and hydrogen. The hydrogen and helium on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune did not boil at a temperature high enough to escape the planets' gravity and remain even today. Because of this capture of the original gases in the solar system, the outer planets look a lot like the original gas cloud that spawned all of us. But given that we need the atmosphere we have, we are probably better off here on Earth. It has all worked out for the best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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